Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English–Maithili)
Section 1 — Reused Romans Baseline Terms Occurring in Mark
| Term | Original | Maithili | Risk | Doctrine | Mark Reference(s) | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | सुसमाचार | High | Gospel | 1:1,14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 14:9; 16:15 | REUSE — see note: functions as book-title in Mark 1:1 |
| son_of_god | υἱὸς θεοῦ | परमेश्वरक पुत्र | Critical | Sonship/Deity of Christ | 1:1,11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7; 14:61-62; 15:39 | REUSE |
| holy_spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | पवित्र आत्मा | Critical | Holy Spirit | 1:8,10,12; 3:29; 12:36; 13:11 | REUSE |
| kingdom_of_god | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | परमेश्वरक राज्य | Medium | Kingdom of God | 1:15; 4:11,26,30; 9:1,47; 10:14-15,23-25; 12:34; 14:25 | REUSE |
| faith | πίστις | विश्वास | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2:5; 4:40; 5:34,36; 9:23-24; 10:52; 11:22-24 | REUSE |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | पाप | High | Sin | 1:4-5; 2:5-10; 3:28-29 | REUSE |
| law | νόμος | व्यवस्था | High | (implicit — scribal debates) | 12:28-31 (context) | REUSE |
| messiah / christ | Χριστός | मसीह | Critical | Messianic Secret / Promise | 1:1,34; 8:29-30; 9:41; 12:35; 13:21-22; 14:61-62; 15:32 | REUSE |
| prophet | προφήτης | भविष्यद्वक्ता | Low | Inspiration/Fulfillment | 1:2; 6:4,15; 8:28; 11:32; 13:22 | REUSE |
| lord | κύριος | प्रभु | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:3; 2:28; 5:19; 7:28; 11:3,9; 12:36-37 | REUSE |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω | पुनरुत्थान | Critical | Resurrection | 6:14,16; 8:31; 9:9-10,31; 10:34; 12:18-27; 14:28; 16:6 | REUSE |
| covenant | διαθήκη | वाचा | High | Necessity of the Cross | 14:24 | REUSE |
| election / elect | ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτοί | परमेश्वरक चुनाव | High | Effectual Calling (eschatological, corporate) | 13:20,22,27 | REUSE |
| father | πατήρ | पिता | Critical | Father | 8:38; 11:25; 13:32; 14:36 | REUSE |
| abba | ἀββά | अब्बा | High | Adoption/Intimacy in Prayer | 14:36 | REUSE |
| god | θεός | परमेश्वर | Critical | God | throughout | REUSE |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | यीशु | Critical | Christology | throughout | REUSE |
| glory | δόξα | महिमा | High | Deity of Christ | 8:38; 10:37; 13:26 | REUSE |
| gentiles | ἔθνη | अन्यजाति | Medium | Unity of Jews/Gentiles (narrative anticipation) | 7:24-30; 10:33,42; 11:17; 13:10 | REUSE |
| mission | (ἀποστολή-concept) | सुसमाचार प्रचार | Medium | Mission to the Nations | 13:10; 16:15 | REUSE |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | प्रेरित | Medium | Apostleship | 3:14; 6:30 | REUSE |
| power_of_god | δύναμις | परमेश्वरक सामर्थ्य | High | Authority over Nature/Sickness | 5:30; 6:2,5,14; 9:1,39; 12:24; 13:26 | REUSE |
| israel | Ἰσραήλ | इस्राएल | Medium | Covenant | 12:29; 15:32 | REUSE |
| david | Δαυίδ | दाऊद | Low | Davidic Covenant | 2:25; 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37 | REUSE |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | उत्साहित करब | Low | (entreaty sense predominates in Mark) | 1:40; 5:23; 7:32; 8:22 | REUSE — note: in Mark, mostly the “entreaty/beg” sense, not “encourage” |
Section 2 — New Terms Introduced by Mark (require addition to translation_memory.json)
| Term (EN) | Original | Transliteration | Maithili Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Category | Key Mark References | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| teacher | διδάσκαλος | didaskalos | गुरु | High | Servanthood / Authority | 4:38; 9:17,38; 10:17,20,35; 12:14,19,32 | शिक्षक (too flat/secular for vocative address) | Follows established North Indian Bible precedent; must carry a standing note distinguishing Jesus from guru-shishya lineage/initiation religion |
| repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia | मन फेरब / मनफिराव | High | Faith and Discipleship | 1:4,15; 6:12 | पश्चाताप (too colored by ritual-penance/expiation) | Native construction on फेरब preferred; पश्चाताप may be glossed but flagged |
| baptism | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma | बपतिस्मा | High | Kingdom Breaking In / Necessity of the Cross | 1:4-11; 10:38-39; 16:16 | स्नान (too close to ritual purificatory bathing) | Metaphorical extension to suffering at 10:38-39 needs its own sub-note |
| unclean spirit / demon | ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα / δαιμόνιον | akatharton pneuma / daimonion | दुष्ट आत्मा | High | Authority over Sin, Sickness, Nature | 1:23-27,34,39; 3:11,22; 5:1-13; 7:25-30; 9:17-29 | भूत-प्रेत (assimilates to folk-exorcist ojha tradition) | दुष्ट आत्मा keeps Jesus’ command-authority distinct from folk-exorcism technique |
| authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | अधिकार | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22,27; 2:10; 3:15; 6:7; 10:42; 11:28-33 | शक्ति (Shakta-goddess associations, already forbidden in baseline for “power”); सामर्थ्य (reserved for dynamis) | Must be kept distinct from both baseline power-terms |
| synagogue | συναγωγή | synagōgē | आराधनालय | Medium | (setting term) | 1:21,23,29,39; 3:1; 6:2 | मन्दिर (Hindu temple, already forbidden for church) | Distinct architecturally/theologically from मन्दिर |
| leprosy / cleanse | λέπρα, λεπρός / καθαρίζω | lepra, lepros / katharizō | कोढ़ / शुद्ध करब | Medium | Authority over Sickness | 1:40-45 | — | Ritual-purity domain distinct from पवित्र (holiness); शुद्ध is contextually correct here unlike in holiness contexts |
| forgive sins | ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας | aphiēmi hamartias | पाप क्षमा करब | High | Authority over Sin | 2:5-10 | प्रायश्चित्त-style repeated ritual atonement | Decisive divine declaration, not repeatable ritual expiation |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | sabbaton | विश्रामदिन | Medium | (covenant/law background) | 2:23-28; 3:2-4; 6:2 | — | Mosaic covenant institution, not a deity-specific devotional weekday |
| sinners / tax collectors | ἁμαρτωλοί / τελῶναι | hamartōloi / telōnai | पापी / महसूल लेनिहार | Low-Medium | Universal Human Accountability (narrative anticipation) | 2:15-17 | — | Roman-occupation social category; avoid conflating with local caste-exclusion logic |
| fasting | νηστεύω / νηστεία | nēsteuō | उपवास | Medium | Faith and Discipleship | 2:18-20 | — | Distinguish from Hindu vrata merit-fasting |
| Pharisees / scribes | Φαρισαῖοι / γραμματεῖς | Pharisaioi / grammateis | फरीसी / शास्त्री | Medium | (opposition figures) | 2:16,18,24; 3:6,22; 7:1,5; 12:38 | पंडित (already flagged in baseline for apostle/Panjikaran collision) | शास्त्री is a functional-analogy bridge only, not doctrinal equivalence |
| blasphemy against the Spirit | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον | blasphēmia eis to pneuma to hagion | पवित्र आत्माक निन्दा | Critical | The Unforgivable Sin | 3:28-29 | निन्दा alone (too weak/generic) | Must always be qualified by REUSE पवित्र आत्मा |
| Beelzebul | Βεελζεβούλ | Beelzeboul | बील्ज़बूल | Low | (Satanology, proper name) | 3:22 | — | Proper name; gloss as prince of demons |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς | Satanas | शैतान | Low-Medium | Kingdom Breaking In (conflict w/ Satan’s kingdom) | 1:13; 3:23-26; 4:15; 8:33 | — | Already broad South Asian loanword; note it is a proper title |
| parable | παραβολή | parabolē | दृष्टान्त | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 3:23; 4:2-34; 7:17; 12:1,12; 13:28 | — | Preserve reveal-and-conceal function (4:11-12), not mere illustrative story |
| mystery of the kingdom | μυστήριον | mystērion | रहस्य | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4:11 | भेद (too mundane) | Distinguish from Tantric/Puranic esoteric initiation-knowledge |
| Legion | λεγιών | legiōn | लीजियन | Low | Authority over Nature/Sin/Demons | 5:9,15 | — | Proper name; gloss as Roman military unit |
| healing/saving (physical) | σῴζω (healing sense) | sōzō | नीक कएल / चंगा कएल | High | Authority over Sickness (linked to Salvation) | 5:23,28,34; 6:56; 10:52 | REUSE उद्धार (reserved for soteriological sense) | Flag underlying single-verb Greek wordplay with salvation in translator notes |
| ”It is I” (divine self-disclosure) | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | ई हम छी | Critical | Authority over Nature / Deity of Christ | 6:50; 14:62 | — | Echoes divine self-disclosure (cf. Exod 3:14); cross-reference both occurrences |
| tradition of the elders | παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων | paradosis tōn presbyterōn | पुरनका लोकनिक परम्परा | Medium | (law/tradition contrast) | 7:3,5,8-9,13 | — | Bounded critique of human tradition over God’s Word; not a blanket dismissal of custom |
| defile | κοινόω | koinoō | भ्रष्ट करब / अशुद्ध करब | Medium | Sin (internal vs. external) | 7:15,18,20,23 | — | Defilement is internal/moral, per 7:20-23 |
| Corban | κορβᾶν | korban | कोरबान | Low | (tradition critique) | 7:11 | — | Requires explanatory gloss |
| Ephphatha | Ἐφφαθά | Ephphatha | एफ्फाथा | Low | Authority over Sickness | 7:34 | — | Aramaic; gloss “be opened” |
| leaven (metaphor) | ζύμη | zymē | खमीर | Low | (corrupting influence) | 8:15 | — | Standard metaphor, minimal risk |
| cross / crucify | σταυρός / σταυρόω | stauros / staurŏō | क्रूस / क्रूस पर चढ़ाएब | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:34; 10:21 (implicit); 15:13-32 | — | Retain specific historical execution-referent throughout |
| deny self | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν | aparneomai heauton | अपन आपकेँ इनकार करब | High | The Necessity of the Cross / Discipleship | 8:34 | वैराग्य/सन्यास framing (ascetic self-detachment for personal liberation) | Distinguish from regional renunciation traditions; relational/christocentric not self-liberating |
| soul/life (given up) | ψυχή | psychē | प्राण | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 8:35-37; 10:45 | आत्मा (risks transmigration/reincarnation association) | Deliberately avoid आत्मा given its reserved doctrinal use for Holy Spirit |
| transfiguration | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | रूपान्तरण | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 9:2-8 | — | Distinguish sharply from Krishna’s Vishvarupa-revelation narrative |
| beloved (Son) | ἀγαπητός | agapētos | प्रिय | Medium | Sonship of Christ | 1:11; 9:7; 12:6 | — | Keep filial/paternal register, not romantic-devotional (bhakti-prem) coloring |
| Gehenna / hell | γέεννα | geenna | नरक | High | Necessity of the Cross (warning); Judgment | 9:43-48 | — | Final/non-cyclical, unlike Hindu narak’s temporary-purgation cosmology |
| cause to stumble | σκανδαλίζω | skandalizō | ठोकर खिआएब | Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 9:42-47 | — | Ensure moral-spiritual (not merely physical) sense |
| divorce | ἀπολύω | apolyō | विवाह-विच्छेद / तलाक | Medium | (marriage/creation ordinance) | 10:2-12 | — | Rooted in creation ordinance; unrelated to Panjikaran lineage concerns |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | अनन्त जीवन | Critical | Ransom for Many / Salvation | 10:17,30 | मोक्ष (forbidden — cyclical liberation) | Unending resurrection-life in fellowship with God, not escape-from-cycle |
| Hosanna | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | होशाना | Low | (liturgical acclamation) | 11:9-10 | — | Transliterate per आमीन/हल्लेलूयाह convention |
| temple (Jerusalem) | ἱερόν / ναός | hieron / naos | मन्दिर | High | (setting; Necessity of the Cross) | 11:11,15-17,27; 13:1-3; 14:58; 15:29,38 | — | Literal old-covenant sanctuary; explicitly NOT to be used for मण्डली (church) — the baseline prohibition on मन्दिर=church remains fully in force |
| cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | kephalē gōnias | कोनाक मुख्य पाथर | Low-Medium | (rejection/vindication motif) | 12:10-11 | — | Architectural metaphor; explain rather than rename |
| Caesar | Καῖσαρ | Kaisar | कैसर | Low | (civil authority) | 12:14-17 | — | Cross-reference Romans 13 civil-authority teaching |
| love (Great Commandment) | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | agapē / agapaō | प्रेम | Medium | (comprehensive covenant obedience) | 12:28-31,33 | — | Distinguish covenantal love-obedience from bhakti-prem devotional register |
| abomination of desolation | βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | bdelygma tēs erēmōseōs | उजाड़क घृणित वस्तु | Medium | (eschatological warning) | 13:14 | — | Requires exegetical footnote (Daniel background) |
| false christs / false prophets | ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται | pseudochristoi / pseudoprophētai | झूठ मसीह / झूठ भविष्यद्वक्ता | High | Messianic Secret (guarding true identity) | 13:22 | — | General discernment warning; do not name specific regional traditions |
| watch/be alert | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | जागल रहब | Low | (eschatological ethic) | 13:33-37; 14:34,37-38 | — | Minimal collision risk |
| Passover | πάσχα | pascha | फसह | Medium | The Necessity of the Cross | 14:1,12,14,16 | — | No regional festival equivalent; do not equate with Holi or similar |
| body / blood (of the covenant) | σῶμα / αἷμα | sōma / haima | देह / लहू | Critical | The Ransom for Many / Necessity of Cross | 14:22-24 | — | Must echo 10:45’s “for many”; not equivalent to prasad or blood-sacrifice ritual |
| betray/hand over | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | पकड़ा देब | Low-Medium | (narrative; divine plan) | 14:10-11,18,21,41-44 | — | Covers both treachery and the divine “handing-over” nuance |
| King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | यहूदीक राजा | Medium | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 15:2,9,12,18,26 | — | Preserve the mocking-but-true irony |
| Eloi Eloi lama sabachthani | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί | Ēlōi Ēlōi lema sabachthani | एलोई, एलोई, लमा शबक्तनी | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:34 | — | Do not soften the dereliction; cite REUSE परमेश्वर in the gloss |
| temple curtain/veil | καταπέτασμα | katapetasma | मन्दिरक पर्दा | High | Necessity of the Cross (access opened) | 15:38 | — | Major symbol; needs explanatory note |
| ascension | ἀναλαμβάνω | analambanō | स्वर्गारोहण | Medium | (Christ’s exaltation) | 16:19 | — | Distinguish eternal heaven from cyclical svarga-loka |
| signs (accompanying belief) | σημεῖα | sēmeia | चिन्ह | Low | (mission/authentication) | 16:17-18 | — | Not to be confused with astrological ज्योतिष चिन्ह |
Section 3 — Risk Summary for Mark-Specific New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 13 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 9 | Automated review |
Critical-tier new terms requiring standing translator notes: Son of Man (मनुष्यक पुत्र, treated under Section 1’s messiah/christ family but tracked separately in 07_semantic_analysis.md — see below), blasphemy against the Spirit, soul/life given up (प्राण), transfiguration (रूपान्तरण), eternal life (अनन्त जीवन), ransom (छुटकारा मोल), “for many” (बहुतक बदलामे / बहुतक हेतु), “It is I” (ई हम छी), body/blood of the covenant, Eloi Eloi lama sabachthani.
Note on Son of Man: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου / मनुष्यक पुत्र is Mark’s single most frequent Christological title (14 occurrences: 2:10,28; 8:31,38; 9:9,12,31; 10:33,45; 13:26; 14:21[×2],41,62) and is added here as its own Critical-tier entry:
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Maithili | Risk | Doctrine Category | Key References | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | मनुष्यक पुत्र | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God; Ransom for Many | 2:10,28; 8:31,38; 9:9,12,31; 10:33,45; 13:26; 14:21,41,62 | नरपुत्र (obscure); generic “human being” gloss (flattens the title) | Structurally parallels REUSE परमेश्वरक पुत्र (-क genitive); unites full humanity with Daniel 7 authority; never flatten to generic “a human being” |
Section 4 — Doctrine Category Cross-Reference (curriculum doctrines → key terms)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms |
|---|---|
| Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | Son of Man, son_of_god (REUSE), King of the Jews, transfiguration, ransom (λύτρον), “for many” |
| The Kingdom of God Breaking In | kingdom_of_god (REUSE), parable, mystery of the kingdom, unclean spirit/demon, Satan |
| Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | faith (REUSE), repentance, deny self, teacher (गुरु) |
| The Necessity of the Cross | cross/crucify, cup (ποτήριον), baptism (metaphorical), Passover, body/blood of the covenant, Eloi Eloi lama sabachthani, temple curtain |
| Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | servant (διάκονος), slave (δοῦλος), authority (ἐξουσία), κατακυριεύω/κατεξουσιάζω |
| The Messianic Secret | messiah/christ (REUSE), false christs/false prophets, Son of Man |
| Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | authority (ἐξουσία), unclean spirit/demon, forgive sins, leprosy/cleanse, “It is I” (ἐγώ εἰμι), power_of_god (REUSE) |
| The Ransom for Many | ransom (λύτρον), “for many” (ἀντὶ/ὑπὲρ πολλῶν), soul/life (ψυχή), servant, slave, body/blood of the covenant |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json (incrementing the version number per the enforcement procedure in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md) before Phase 2 segment translation of the Mark curriculum begins. All Critical and High tier entries above require human theologian sign-off prior to first use in a translated segment.
Critical Risk Terms
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punaruthān
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्जीवन
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER पुनर्जन्म. Predicted at 8:31; 9:9-10,31; 10:34; debated with the Sadducees at 12:18-27; fulfilled at the empty tomb 16:1-8, where the standing distinction from reincarnation must be applied at the narrative climax.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, मालिक
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in OT citation (1:3; 12:36-37), Sabbath-lordship claim (2:28), and narrative address (5:19; 7:28; 11:3,9). Maintain honorific verb agreement consistently; keep distinct from प्रभुता जमाएब (illegitimate ‘lording it over,’ 10:42), which shares this root but names its corrupted counterfeit.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक पुत्र
Transliteration: parameśvarak putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरक अंश, देवपुरुष
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark’s opening (1:1, textually disputed but present in the majority tradition), the baptism (1:11), demonic confessions (3:11; 5:7), the Transfiguration (9:7), the trial (14:61-62), and the centurion’s climactic Gentile confession (15:39).
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त पुरुष, अवतारी पुरुष
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s confession (8:29) is Mark’s narrative hinge, immediately followed by the Messianic Secret’s silencing command (8:30); also at the trial (14:61-62) and mockery (15:32). Never assimilated to Ram/Krishna as awaited avatar-figures.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, सृष्टिकर्ता
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 8:38 (Son of Man in his Father’s glory), 11:25 (forgiveness), 13:32 (the Father’s exclusive knowledge of the day/hour), and 14:36 (Gethsemane, paired with अब्बा).
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: parameśvar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: भगवान, ईश्वर
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark; never भगवान or ईश्वर. Directly cited in the dereliction cry gloss (15:34, एलोई एलोई).
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशु
Transliteration: Yīśu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईसा
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never ईसा.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Descends on Jesus at baptism as a dove (1:10) and empowers his ministry (3:29; 12:36; 13:11). Never ब्रह्म or परमात्मा. Always qualifies निन्दा at 3:28-29 in the compound पवित्र आत्माक निन्दा.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: मनुष्यक पुत्र
Transliteration: manuṣyak putra
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Rejected alternatives: नरपुत्र, generic ‘a human being’ gloss
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW. Mark’s single most frequent Christological title (2:10,28; 8:31,38; 9:9,12,31; 10:33,45; 13:26; 14:21[x2],41,62 — 14 occurrences). Must never be flattened to a generic phrase for ‘a human being.’ Deliberately structured to parallel परमेश्वरक पुत्र’s -क genitive, uniting full humanity (able to suffer, serve, die) with Daniel 7’s authority to judge and reign, confirmed at 14:62. Requires a standing translator note at first occurrence (2:10) and human theologian review at every occurrence.
Psyche Soul Life
Approved rendering: प्राण
Transliteration: prāṇ
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा
Original: ψυχή
Category: Ransom for Many
NEW, core passage term (10:45; also 8:35-37). आत्मा is deliberately avoided given its strong association with the transmigrating self of Hindu reincarnation theology and its reserved doctrinal use within पवित्र आत्मा. प्राण conveys total self-giving without this collision.
Ransom Lytron
Approved rendering: छुटकारा मोल
Transliteration: chuṭkārā mol
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: vague ‘help/deliverance’, प्रायश्चित्त-style ritual-offset framing
Original: λύτρον
Category: Ransom for Many
NEW, single highest-stakes term in the core passage (10:45). Must never flatten to vague help/deliverance, never assimilate to a karma-debt/ritual-expiation framework, and never reduce to a merely economic transaction devoid of substitutionary weight. Historical bonded-labor/debt-bondage illustration usable ONLY as an explicitly marked illustration, never equivalence. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Anti Pollon For Many
Approved rendering: बहुतक बदलामे (10:45) / बहुतक हेतु (14:24)
Transliteration: bahutak badalāme / bahutak hetu
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν / ὑπὲρ πολλῶν
Category: Ransom for Many
NEW, core passage term (10:45), echoed with a different preposition at 14:24. Must preserve the substitutionary ‘instead of’ sense at 10:45 (not diluted to a vaguer benefit-sense) and must remain cross-referenced with 14:24 so the Gospel’s intentional echo between the ransom-saying and the Last Supper word survives translation.
Blasphemy Against Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्माक निन्दा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmāk nindā
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: निन्दा alone
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον
Category: Sin
NEW. Occurs at 3:28-29. निन्दा alone is generic ‘insult/slander’ and must always be qualified (पवित्र आत्माक निन्दा) to retain its weight as the one sin Jesus calls unforgivable. Human theologian review required at every occurrence.
Ego Eimi
Approved rendering: ई हम छी
Transliteration: ī ham chī
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW. Occurs at 6:50 (walking on water) and climactically at 14:62 (before the high priest). Echoes divine self-disclosure (cf. Exodus 3:14); requires a translator note connecting both occurrences and mandatory human theologian review at 14:62. Honorific verb register must be consistently dignified.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: क्रूस / क्रूस पर चढ़ाएब
Transliteration: krūs / krūs par caṛhāeb
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW. Metaphorical first occurrence at 8:34 (‘take up his cross’); literal fulfillment at 15:13-32. Must retain the specific, historical Roman-execution referent throughout, never generalized into an abstract ‘burden’ symbol. Human theologian review required throughout the crucifixion narrative.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: रूपान्तरण
Transliteration: rūpāntaraṇ
Doctrine: The Transfiguration and the Glory of Christ
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW. Occurs at 9:2-8. Risks direct assimilation to Krishna’s Vishvarupa (universal-form) revelation to Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita. Must be marked as a unique, unrepeatable revelation of glory the incarnate Son already and permanently possesses, confirmed uniquely by the Father’s voice and the Law/Prophets’ witness — not one form among several available to a devoted seeker. Requires human theologian review comparable to the baseline’s incarnation/avatar caution.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: अनन्त जीवन
Transliteration: anant jīvan
Doctrine: Eternal Life versus Worldly Gain
Rejected alternatives: मोक्ष
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Occurs at 10:17,30. Must not be conflated with मोक्ष (already forbidden in the baseline — cyclical liberation/escape from rebirth). Names unending resurrection-life in personal fellowship with God through Christ, received by grace-enabled faith (10:27), connecting to the baseline’s Critical grace/works contrast.
Body Blood
Approved rendering: देह / लहू
Transliteration: deh / lahū
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW. Occurs at 14:22-24. ‘Poured out for many’ must echo 10:45’s ransom saying (see anti_pollon_for_many). Must not be assimilated to Hindu prasad or regional Shakta blood-sacrifice traditions; a unique, once-for-all covenant memorial. Human theologian review required.
Eloi Eloi
Approved rendering: एलोई, एलोई, लमा शबक्तनी
Transliteration: elōī elōī lamā śabaktanī
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction and the Nature of the Atonement
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW. Occurs at 15:34, citing Psalm 22:1. Expresses genuine God-forsakenness in bearing sin’s penalty; must not be softened, explained away, or muted. Requires human theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: सुसमाचार
Transliteration: susamācār
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: नीक खबर, शुभ सन्देश
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark 1:1 सुसमाचार additionally functions as the book’s own title/genre-marker, not only a proclaimed message — a dual function absent from Romans; render identically at 1:1,14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 14:9; 16:15.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: biswas
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्ति
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Mark repeatedly pairs fear and faith (4:40; 5:36; 6:50; 9:23-24; 10:52; 16:8); render विश्वास consistently across all occurrences so the thematic thread is visible.
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: byavasthā
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, नियम
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER धर्म. Background to Sabbath/purity controversies (chs. 2-3, 7) and the Great Commandment discussion (12:28-31).
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāp
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Appears in the baptismal preaching (1:4-5) and the paralytic’s forgiveness (2:5-10); qualifies निन्दा at 3:28-29 (पवित्र आत्माक निन्दा).
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: तेज, ज्योति
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark 10:37, James and John wrongly assume Jesus’ ‘glory’ means an enthroned court rank — the very misunderstanding 10:35-45 corrects; also at 8:38 and 13:26 (the Son of Man’s future glory).
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, बिआह-सम्बन्ध
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the Last Supper word ‘my blood of the covenant’ (14:24), directly invoking Exodus 24:8 and the baseline’s Davidic-covenant entry.
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक चुनाव
Transliteration: parameśvarak cunāv
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, किस्मत, प्रारब्ध
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark’s eschatological discourse (13:20,22,27) ‘the elect’ functions corporately and eschatologically — those God gathers at Christ’s return — rather than in Romans’ individual-soteriological argument; rendering is unchanged.
Abba
Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 14:36, Gethsemane, immediately preceding the ποτήριον/cup request that echoes 10:38 — retain transliteration, do not reduce to पिता alone.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: parameśvarak sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: शक्ति, बल
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never शक्ति. Occurs where healing power ‘goes out’ from Jesus (5:30), astonishment at his mighty works (6:2,14), and the Son of Man’s future power (9:1; 13:26); kept distinct from the new term अधिकार (exousia, the right to command).
Teacher
Approved rendering: गुरु
Transliteration: guru
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: शिक्षक
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Direct vocative address to Jesus (4:38; 9:17,38; 10:17,20,35; 12:14,19,32; 13:1). गुरु is the central authority-figure of Mithila’s guru-shishya tradition, reinforced by active Shaiva/Tantra diksha (initiation) culture where a guru’s authority is transmitted through ritual initiation and lineage. Standing note required: Jesus’ teaching authority is inherent, requiring no diksha, no hereditary transmission, and no ongoing guru-cult devotion.
Repentance
Approved rendering: मन फेरब / मनफिराव
Transliteration: man pherab / manphirāv
Doctrine: Repentance and Conversion
Rejected alternatives: पश्चाताप
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Faith
NEW. Occurs at 1:4,15; 6:12. पश्चाताप is rejected as primary rendering because it is strongly colored by ritual penance/expiation practices (pilgrimage, fasting, gifts to Brahmins) that offset karmic debt. मन फेरब/मनफिराव preferred as a native, non-ritual construction on the verb फेरब/फिरब (‘to turn’); पश्चाताप may be glossed as a familiar synonym only with a clarifying note.
Baptism
Approved rendering: बपतिस्मा
Transliteration: baptismā
Doctrine: Baptism, Literal and as Metaphor for Suffering
Rejected alternatives: स्नान
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Kingdom
NEW. First (literal) occurrence 1:4-11; metaphorical extension to suffering at 10:38-39; command at 16:16. Must be distinguished from regional ritual purificatory bathing (स्नान), including sacred river/pond festival bathing customs. Establish the disambiguating note at 1:4-11 first occurrence so it can be reused, not re-argued, later.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: दुष्ट आत्मा
Transliteration: duṣṭa ātmā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demonic Powers
Rejected alternatives: भूत-प्रेत
Original: ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα / δαιμόνιον
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Occurs at 1:23-27,34,39; 3:11,22; 5:1-13; 7:25-30; 9:17-29. The everyday Maithili term भूत-प्रेत is tied to the active folk-exorcism (ojha/sokha) tradition of mantra-and-technique practice and risks reducing Jesus’ exorcisms to a folk-exorcist parallel. दुष्ट आत्मा preferred as more theologically controlled; भूत-प्रेत permitted only in an explanatory gloss.
Authority
Approved rendering: अधिकार
Transliteration: adhikār
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: शक्ति, सामर्थ्य
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
NEW. Foundational Markan theme (1:22,27; 2:10; 3:15; 6:7; 11:28-33), climaxing in 10:42’s contrast with worldly domination. Must be kept distinct from सामर्थ्य (reserved for dynamis, ‘power of God’) and especially from शक्ति (already forbidden in the baseline for Shakta-goddess associations).
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: प्रभुता जमाएब
Transliteration: prabhutā jamāeb
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Servanthood
NEW, core passage term (10:42). Because this shares its root with the Critical-risk baseline term प्रभु (Lord, exclusive to Christ’s Lordship), it must always be unmistakably framed as illegitimate, self-serving domination — ‘the way the Gentiles do it’ — never read as describing Christ’s own Lordship. Must always co-occur with the negative frame of v.43 (‘not so among you’).
Exercise Authority Over
Approved rendering: अधिकार जमाएब
Transliteration: adhikār jamāeb
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
NEW, core passage term (10:42), built on अधिकार. Must clearly read as the corrupted, self-serving form of authority Jesus forbids among his disciples, contrasted with his own inherent, legitimate authority; same negative-frame requirement as प्रभुता जमाएब.
Doulos Slave
Approved rendering: दास
Transliteration: dās
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
NEW, core passage term (10:44), the strongest servitude term in Koine Greek. दास is already a familiar, largely positive self-designation in Mithila’s Vaishnava bhakti idiom (devotee as ‘das’ of a chosen deity). Risks being heard as a merit-accruing devotional posture rather than Jesus’ call to genuinely lose status for others’ sake, patterned on Christ’s self-emptying in v.45 without merit accrued. Translator note required at every occurrence.
Cup Poterion
Approved rendering: कटोरा
Transliteration: kaṭorā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: नैवेद्य पात्र, आचमन/तीर्थ-जल
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW, core passage term (10:38-39), recurring at Gethsemane (14:36). Ordinary household bowl-word, but the metaphor risks assimilation to a ritual offering-vessel or shared ceremonial blessing-drink. Requires a translator note: the cup names Jesus’ appointed suffering and death, not a ritual vessel or shared blessing-drink.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: पाप क्षमा करब
Transliteration: pāp kṣamā karab
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin
Rejected alternatives: प्रायश्चित्त-style repeated ritual atonement
Original: ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sin
NEW. Occurs at 2:1-12. Must convey a decisive divine declaration removing guilt, exercised uniquely by Jesus’ own authority, not repeated ritual atonement/expiation offerings.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: रहस्य
Transliteration: rahasya
Doctrine: The Mystery of the Kingdom Disclosed by Grace
Rejected alternatives: भेद
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Occurs at 4:11. रहस्य risks assimilation to Mithila’s Tantric/Puranic esoteric-knowledge traditions, where secret knowledge is disclosed only to ritually qualified initiates through a guru-lineage. Mark’s μυστήριον is disclosed by God’s sovereign grace, not earned through esoteric practice.
Healing Sozo
Approved rendering: नीक कएल / चंगा कएल
Transliteration: nīk kael / cangā kael
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Rejected alternatives: उद्धार (reserved for the soteriological sense)
Original: σῴζω (healing sense)
Category: Authority
NEW. Occurs at 5:23,28,34; 6:56; 10:52. Mark’s single Greek verb spans healing and salvation; a translator note should flag the underlying wordplay so the theological resonance (healings as signs of fuller salvation) is not entirely lost even though Maithili renders the two senses with different words.
Deny Self
Approved rendering: अपन आपकेँ इनकार करब
Transliteration: apan āpkeṁ inkār karab
Doctrine: Discipleship and Self-Denial
Rejected alternatives: वैराग्य/सन्यास ascetic-renunciation framing
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Occurs at 8:34. Must be distinguished from regional ascetic renunciation traditions pursued for the practitioner’s own spiritual advancement/liberation. Biblical self-denial is relational and christocentric, losing status/life for Christ’s sake, not a self-liberating technique.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: नरक
Transliteration: narak
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 9:43-48. In Hindu cosmology नरक typically denotes temporary punitive realms endured before rebirth within samsara. Mark’s γέεννα denotes final, unquenchable, irreversible judgment; must be explicitly marked as final and non-cyclical wherever used doctrinally.
Temple
Approved rendering: मन्दिर
Transliteration: mandir
Doctrine: The Temple and Access to God
Original: ἱερόν / ναός
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW. Occurs at 11:11,15-17,27; 13:1-3; 14:58; 15:29,38. मन्दिर is the accurate architectural/functional term for the literal old-covenant Jerusalem sanctuary; every occurrence should carry a note (at least at first use) clarifying it is NOT a regional Hindu deity’s temple, and must never be confused with मण्डली (the church) — the baseline’s prohibition on मन्दिर=church remains fully in force.
False Christs Prophets
Approved rendering: झूठ मसीह / झूठ भविष्यद्वक्ता
Transliteration: jhūṭh masīh / jhūṭh bhaviṣyadvaktā
Doctrine: False Christs and the Need for Discernment
Original: ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: Messianic Secret
NEW. Occurs at 13:22. Given the regional prevalence of self-declared gurus/babas claiming messianic-like authority, this has genuine contemporary force; frame as a general discernment warning without naming any specific regional tradition or figure.
Katapetasma Veil
Approved rendering: मन्दिरक पर्दा
Transliteration: mandirak pardā
Doctrine: The Temple and Access to God
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW. Occurs at 15:38. Major theological symbol (access to God opened through Christ’s atoning death); low natural cultural-collision risk but high doctrinal significance, warranting an explanatory note at every use.
Medium Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक राज्य
Transliteration: parameśvarak rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरक राष्ट्र
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Mark’s parables (ch.4) uniquely dramatize the ‘breaking-in-now, growing-later’ tension; also at 1:15; 9:1,47; 10:14-15,23-25; 12:34; 14:25. Distinguished from a political/dynastic kingdom, a live sensitivity given Mithila’s own Raja Janak royal-kingdom heritage.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजाति
Transliteration: anyajāti
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: विदेशी
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Used both in the ‘rulers of the nations’ sense (10:42) and in Gentile-inclusion narrative anticipation (7:24-30; 11:17; 13:10) — Mark enacts narratively what Romans later expounds doctrinally.
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेरित
Transliteration: prerit
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: दूत, पंडित
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Founding-narrative sense: the Twelve appointed and named (3:14) and sent out with delegated, derivative authority (6:7-13,30). पंडित remains rejected per the baseline’s Panjikaran-lineage collision note.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the Shema citation (12:29) and the mockery at the cross (15:32).
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:25, and repeatedly around the Bartimaeus and triumphal-entry narratives (10:47-48; 11:10) and the messianic debate (12:35-37).
Mission
Approved rendering: सुसमाचार प्रचार
Transliteration: susamācār pracār
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: मिशन
Original: (ἀποστολή concept) / κηρύσσω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 13:10 (‘the gospel must first be proclaimed to all nations’) and 16:15 (Great Commission material).
Diakonos Servant
Approved rendering: सेवक
Transliteration: sevak
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
NEW, core passage term (10:43). सेवक carries real social-status weight in Mithila’s jajmani hereditary service-caste system. Must be marked as voluntary, Christlike service freely chosen by anyone seeking true greatness, not caste-assigned servitude imposed by birth.
Right Left Hand
Approved rendering: दहिन्ना हाथ / बाम हाथ
Transliteration: dahinnā hāth / bām hāth
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἐκ δεξιῶν / ἐξ ἀριστερῶν (εὐωνύμων)
Category: Servanthood
NEW, core passage term (10:37,40; echoed at 16:19). Retain the royal-court honor-seating image without importing regional durbar hierarchy imagery so vividly that the passage reads as commending court etiquette rather than exposing wrongful ambition.
Hetoimastai Prepared
Approved rendering: तैयार कएल गेल अछि
Transliteration: taiyār kael gel achi
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, प्रारब्ध
Original: ἡτοίμασται (ἑτοιμάζω)
Category: Providence
NEW, core passage term (10:40). Must not suggest impersonal fate/destiny; this is the Father’s personal, purposive arrangement, consistent with the baseline’s परमेश्वरक विधान framework.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: आराधनालय
Transliteration: ārādhanālay
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: मन्दिर
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
NEW. Occurs at 1:21,23,29,39; 3:1; 6:2. Must be clearly distinguished from a Hindu मन्दिर (image-centered temple worship, already forbidden in the baseline for ‘church’); the synagogue is a non-image-based assembly for scripture and prayer.
Leprosy Cleanse
Approved rendering: कोढ़ / शुद्ध करब
Transliteration: koṛh / śuddha karab
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Original: λέπρα, λεπρός / καθαρίζω
Category: Authority
NEW. Occurs at 1:40-45. Unlike ‘holy’ (where the baseline rejects शुद्ध in favor of पवित्र), here शुद्ध करब is contextually correct because the underlying Levitical category genuinely is ritual-purity restoration, a different semantic domain from moral holiness.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: विश्रामदिन
Transliteration: viśrāmdin
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Purpose of the Law
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
NEW. Occurs at 2:23-28; 3:2-4; 6:2. Must not be confused with a fixed weekday devoted to a particular deity (e.g., weekdays associated with Shiva/Hanuman devotion); Jesus reframes its purpose (‘made for man,’ 2:27) without abolishing its covenantal origin.
Sinners Tax Collectors
Approved rendering: पापी / महसूल लेनिहार
Transliteration: pāpī / mahasūl lenihār
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτωλοί / τελῶναι
Category: Sin
NEW. Occurs at 2:15-17. This social stigma is rooted in first-century collaboration with Roman occupation; avoid over-mapping onto local caste-based social exclusion, which operates on a different social logic.
Fasting
Approved rendering: उपवास
Transliteration: upavās
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: νηστεύω / νηστεία
Category: Faith
NEW. Occurs at 2:18-20. उपवास is strongly associated with Hindu vrata (vow-fasting) practices oriented toward securing merit or blessing (e.g., Chhath, Ekadashi). Jesus frames fasting as fitting mourning in the bridegroom’s absence, not a merit-earning vow.
Pharisees Scribes
Approved rendering: फरीसी / शास्त्री
Transliteration: Pharīsī / śāstrī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: पंडित
Original: Φαρισαῖοι / γραμματεῖς
Category: Church
NEW. शास्त्री may evoke a Hindu shastra-scholar; NT ‘scribes’ were a specific Second Temple Jewish legal-scriptural office. The functional analogy is a bridge only, not doctrinal equivalence. पंडित avoided per the baseline’s apostle/Panjikaran collision note.
Satan
Approved rendering: शैतान
Transliteration: śaitān
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Occurs at 1:13; 3:23-26; 4:15; 8:33 (Peter rebuked as ‘Satan’ — requires a note this is a sharp rebuke, not a claim about Peter’s identity). Already a broad South Asian loanword; note it is a proper title, not a common noun for generic evil.
Parable
Approved rendering: दृष्टान्त
Transliteration: dṛṣṭānta
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Occurs at 3:23; 4:2-34; 7:17; 12:1,12; 13:28. Translators must preserve 4:11-12’s distinctive claim that parables both reveal and conceal depending on the hearer’s response, unlike typical devotional dṛṣṭānta aimed at uniform edification.
Tradition Of Elders
Approved rendering: पुरनका लोकनिक परम्परा
Transliteration: purankā lokanik paramparā
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus God’s Commandment
Original: παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Covenant
NEW. Occurs at 7:3,5,8-9,13. Jesus’ critique is bounded to this specific human oral-legal tradition; must not read as a blanket dismissal of all Maithil cultural custom or ancestral practice.
Defile
Approved rendering: भ्रष्ट करब / अशुद्ध करब
Transliteration: bhraṣṭa karab / aśuddha karab
Doctrine: Inner Defilement versus Ritual Purity
Original: κοινόω
Category: Sin
NEW. Occurs at 7:15,18,20,23. Central point (7:20-23): true defilement is internal/moral, not dietary/external — a reframing that must not be blunted.
Beloved
Approved rendering: प्रिय
Transliteration: priya
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
NEW. Occurs at 1:11; 9:7; 12:6. प्रिय is also the standard term of devotional address in Vaishnava bhakti poetry (Radha-Krishna literature, Vidyapati’s own register); keep firmly filial/paternal (Father addressing Son), not romantic-devotional coloring.
Skandalizo
Approved rendering: ठोकर खिआएब
Transliteration: ṭhokar khiāeb
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: σκανδαλίζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Occurs at 9:42-47. Ensure the moral-spiritual sense (leading another into sin) is clear, not merely physical stumbling.
Divorce
Approved rendering: विवाह-विच्छेद / तलाक
Transliteration: vivāh-vicched / talāk
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce
Original: ἀπολύω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Occurs at 10:2-12. Rooted in God’s creation ordinance (10:6-9); must not be conflated with Mithila’s Panjikaran lineage-verification marriage customs, which concern a different social-genealogical function.
Agape Love
Approved rendering: प्रेम
Transliteration: prem
Doctrine: The Great Commandment: Comprehensive Love
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Occurs at 12:28-31,33. प्रेम is the central vocabulary of Vaishnava bhakti devotional literature; translators must mark the Great Commandment as covenantal, comprehensive obedience-love rooted in the Shema, not the romantic/aesthetic bhakti-prem register.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: उजाड़क घृणित वस्तु
Transliteration: ujāṛak ghṛṇit vastu
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 13:14, citing Daniel. A technical apocalyptic allusion with no natural regional parallel; requires a substantial exegetical footnote rather than a cultural-bridge caution.
Passover
Approved rendering: फसह
Transliteration: phasah
Doctrine: Passover Fulfilled in Christ
Original: πάσχα
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW. Occurs at 14:1,12,14,16. Requires substantial OT background explanation (Exodus deliverance/Passover-lamb typology); must not be equated with a regional spring/harvest festival such as Holi.
Paradidomi Betray
Approved rendering: पकड़ा देब
Transliteration: pakaṛā deb
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW. Occurs at 14:10-11,18,21,41-44. Ensure both the treachery and the ‘handing-over’ action are conveyed; the term also describes God’s own handing-over of the Son within the divine plan.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: यहूदीक राजा
Transliteration: yahūdīk rājā
Doctrine: The Ironic Kingship of the Crucified Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Suffering Servant and Son of God
NEW. Occurs at 15:2,9,12,18,26. The mocking-but-true irony must be preserved — the cross inscription states, unknowingly, the deepest truth of the narrative.
Ascension
Approved rendering: स्वर्गारोहण
Transliteration: svargārohaṇ
Doctrine: The Ascension and Exaltation of Christ
Original: ἀναλαμβάνω
Category: Christology
NEW. Occurs at 16:19. स्वर्ग in Hindu cosmology denotes a temporary merit-based reward-abode exited through further rebirth; biblical heaven is God’s eternal dwelling and Christ’s permanent enthronement. Completes the honor-seat imagery of 10:37,40, now occupied by Christ alone.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: भविष्यद्वक्ता
Transliteration: bhaviṣyadvaktā
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ज्योतिषी
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Cited at 1:2 (Isaiah/Malachi) and used of Jesus popularly (6:4,15; 8:28) and of John the Baptist (11:32).
Exhort
Approved rendering: उत्साहित करब
Transliteration: utsāhit karab
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark this term predominantly carries the entreaty/beg sense (1:40; 5:23; 7:32; 8:22), not the encouragement sense more common in Romans; render the entreaty sense with विनती per the baseline’s own context-sensitivity provision.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: बील्ज़बूल
Transliteration: Bīlzabūl
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Proper name (3:22); transliterate with a brief gloss identifying Satan/prince of demons, not a regional deity.
Legion
Approved rendering: लीजियन
Transliteration: lījiyan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demonic Powers
Original: λεγιών
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Proper name (5:9,15); transliterate and gloss as a Roman military unit-size, signifying the overwhelming number of spirits.
Corban
Approved rendering: कोरबान
Transliteration: korbān
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus God’s Commandment
Original: κορβᾶν
Category: Covenant
NEW. Occurs at 7:11; transliterate with explanatory gloss, not renaming.
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: एफ्फाथा
Transliteration: ephphāthā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Original: Ἐφφαθά
Category: Authority
NEW. Aramaic healing command (7:34); transliterate, gloss ‘be opened.‘
Leaven
Approved rendering: खमीर
Transliteration: khamīr
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ζύμη
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Metaphor for corrupting influence (8:15, ‘leaven of the Pharisees and Herod’); standard metaphor, minimal risk.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: होशाना
Transliteration: hośānā
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Worship
NEW. Liturgical acclamation, ‘save now’ (11:9-10), rooted in the उद्धार root; transliterate per the baseline’s आमीन/हल्लेलूयाह convention.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: कोनाक मुख्य पाथर
Transliteration: konāk mukhya pāthar
Doctrine: The Cornerstone: Rejection and Vindication
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
NEW. Architectural metaphor (12:10-11, citing Psalm 118:22) for Christ’s rejection-then-vindication; explain rather than rename, with light awareness of mild resonance with regional foundation-stone (bhoomi puja) rituals.
Caesar
Approved rendering: कैसर
Transliteration: kaisar
Doctrine: Civil Authority
Original: Καῖσαρ
Category: Ethics
NEW. Proper name (12:14-17); transliterate. Cross-reference Romans 13’s civil-authority teaching for translators working across both curricula.
Gregoreo Watch
Approved rendering: जागल रहब
Transliteration: jāgal rahab
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 13:33-37; 14:34,37-38; ethical-eschatological exhortation, minimal collision risk.
Semeia Signs
Approved rendering: चिन्ह
Transliteration: cinha
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: σημεῖα
Category: Mission
NEW. Occurs at 16:17-18 (longer ending). Not to be confused with astrological ‘signs’ (ज्योतिष चिन्ह).
Referenced passages