Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians (English–Maithili)
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Romans Translation Memory
| # | English Term | Maithili Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Category | Galatians Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gospel | सुसमाचार | susamācār | High | Gospel | 1:6-11; 2:2,5,7,14; 3:8; 4:13 | Reuse exactly; Galatians’ central “true gospel vs. false gospel” contrast makes this term load-bearing throughout ch. 1-2. |
| 2 | Grace | अनुग्रह | anugraha | High | Grace | 1:3,6,15; 2:9,21; 5:4; 6:18 | Reuse exactly; central to Law and Grace doctrine. |
| 3 | Faith | विश्वास | biswās | High | Faith | 1:23; 2:16(x3),20; 3:2,5-9,11-12,14,22-26; 5:5-6,22; 6:10 | Reuse exactly; central to Justification by Faith doctrine. Note context-sensitive πίστις Χριστοῦ genitive discussed in 07 — objective-genitive reading recommended for consistency. |
| 4 | Righteousness | धार्मिकता | dhārmiktā | Critical | Salvation / Justification by Faith | 2:21; 3:6,21; 5:5 | Reuse exactly; never धर्म or सतीत्व. |
| 5 | Justification / Justified | धर्मी घोषित कएल जाएब | dharmī ghoṣit kael jaeb | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16(x3),17; 3:8,11,24; 5:4 | Reuse exactly, verb-inflected as needed; single most load-bearing phrase in the core passage. |
| 6 | Imputed Righteousness | आरोपित धार्मिकता | āropit dhārmiktā | Critical | Justification by Faith | 3:6 | Identical Genesis 15:6 citation as Romans 4:3; must render identically across both books for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| 7 | Apostle | प्रेरित | prerit | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:1,17,19 | Reuse exactly. |
| 8 | Called / Calling | बजाओल / बजाओल जाएब | bajāol / bajāol jāeb | High | Divine Calling | 1:6,15; 5:8,13 | Reuse exactly; context-sensitive (calling to grace, to freedom). |
| 9 | Holy Spirit | पवित्र आत्मा | pavitra ātmā | Critical | Sanctification | 3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 5:5,16-18,22,25; 6:1,8 | Reuse exactly; central to Flesh versus Spirit doctrine throughout ch. 3-6. |
| 10 | Adoption | पुत्रत्व प्रदान | putratva pradān | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:5 | Reuse exactly. |
| 11 | Resurrection | पुनरुत्थान | punaruthān | Critical | Resurrection | 1:1 | Reuse exactly; never पुनर्जन्म. |
| 12 | Lord | प्रभु | prabhu | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:3; 6:14,18 | Reuse exactly. |
| 13 | Son of God | परमेश्वरक पुत्र | parameśvarak putra | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 2:20; 4:4 (as “his Son”) | Reuse exactly; full phrase, native genitive -क required. |
| 14 | Incarnation (theological reference point) | देहधारण | dehadhāraṇ | Critical | Incarnation | 4:4 (“born of a woman, born under the law”) | Reuse exactly; never अवतार; translator note distinguishing from regional avatar-narrative required. |
| 15 | Peace | शान्ति | śānti | Medium | Peace with God | 1:3; 5:22; 6:16 | Reuse exactly. |
| 16 | Fellowship | सङ्गति | saṅgati | Low | Christian Fellowship | 2:9 | Reuse exactly. |
| 17 | Church | मण्डली | maṇḍalī | Medium | Church as God’s People | 1:2,13,22 | Reuse exactly. |
| 18 | Kingdom of God | परमेश्वरक राज्य | parameśvarak rājya | Medium | Kingdom Mission | 5:21 | Reuse exactly. |
| 19 | Law | व्यवस्था | byavasthā | High | Law and Grace / The Law’s Purpose | 2:16,19,21; 3:2,5,10-13,17-19,21,23-24; 4:4-5,21(x2); 5:3-4,14,18,23; 6:2,13 | Reuse exactly; never धर्म. The single most frequent load-bearing term in the letter; note the distinct “law of Christ” phrase at 6:2 requires disambiguating framing (see Section B). |
| 20 | Sin | पाप | pāp | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:4; 2:17-18; 3:22; 6:1 | Reuse exactly. |
| 21 | Gentiles | अन्यजाति | anyajāti | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 1:16; 2:2,8-9,12,14-15; 3:8,14 | Reuse exactly; never conflate with जाति/caste sense. |
| 22 | Glory | महिमा | mahimā | High | Deity of Christ / Doxology | 1:5,24 | Reuse exactly. |
| 23 | Messiah / Christ | मसीह / ख्रीष्ट | masīh / khrīṣṭ | Critical | Messianic Promise | throughout (as name-title “Christ”: ख्रीष्ट; as OT-fulfillment emphasis “Messiah”: मसीह) | Reuse exactly; ख्रीष्ट used as name-title per established transliteration list; मसीह reserved for OT-fulfillment emphasis contexts (e.g., 3:16 seed argument). |
| 24 | Covenant | वाचा | vācā | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:15,17; 4:24(x2) | Reuse exactly. |
| 25 | Israel | इस्राएल | Isrāel | Medium | Israel of God (unresolved exegetical crux) | 6:16 | Reuse exactly; do not resolve the “Israel of God” interpretive ambiguity through translation choice. |
| 26 | Jesus | यीशु | Yīśu | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Reuse exactly. |
| 27 | God | परमेश्वर | parameśvar | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout | Reuse exactly; never भगवान/ईश्वर. |
| 28 | Father | पिता | pitā | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | 1:1,3,4; 4:2,6 | Reuse exactly. |
| 29 | Abba | अब्बा | abbā | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:6 | Reuse exactly; identical phrase to Romans 8:15, “अब्बा, पिता.” |
| 30 | Exhort / Encourage | उत्साहित करब | utsāhit karab | Low | Mutual Edification | 5:1 (implied hortatory sections), 6:1-10 | Reuse exactly for building-up senses in the paraenetic sections. |
| 31 | David (proper name convention, referenced for consistency though not occurring in Galatians) | दाऊद | Dāūd | Low | — | not occurring | Listed for cross-book consistency of proper-name conventions only. |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Galatians (Proposed for Registration)
| # | English Term | Maithili Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Category | Key Passages | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | Works of the Law | व्यवस्थाक काज | byavasthāk kāj | Critical | Law and Grace / Justification by Faith | 2:16(x3); 3:2,5,10 | व्यवस्थाक कर्म | कर्म rejected because it directly names the Hindu karma-merit doctrine; काज (“deed/task”) is native Maithili vocabulary carrying no karma-theology weight. Central antithesis of the whole letter. |
| 33 | Flesh (literal/neutral sense) | शरीर | śarīr | Medium | Humanity of Christ / general anthropology | 2:20 (“in the flesh”); 4:13-14,23,29; 6:12-13 | — | Ordinary physical/bodily sense; must be kept distinct from sense below. |
| 34 | Flesh (sinful nature, opposed to Spirit) | शरीरक स्वभाव / पापमय प्रवृत्ति | śarīrak svabhāv / pāpmay pravṛtti | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 3:3; 5:13,16-21,24; 6:8 | शरीर (alone, undifferentiated) | CRITICAL two-sense policy required (see 07_semantic_analysis.md, Gal. 5 section): a single undifferentiated rendering risks either denigrating the body itself or reducing “flesh” to bodily acts alone rather than the whole corrupted disposition. Requires theologian sign-off on the two-term policy at Phase 1 Step 2. |
| 35 | Crucified with Christ | ख्रीष्टक संग क्रूसित भेल छी | khrīṣṭak saṅg krūsit bhel chī | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:19-20; 5:24; 6:14 | generic “sacrificed with Christ” (bali/yajna framing) | Uses established क्रूस/क्रूसित loanword; must not be replaced with regional ritual-sacrifice vocabulary (bali, yajna), which names a different act (offering) rather than judicial execution/co-death. |
| 36 | Love (agape) | प्रेम | prem | High | Faith Working through Love / Fruit of the Spirit | 2:20; 5:6,13-14,22 | — (no viable native alternative identified; risk managed via translator notes, not substitution) | Distinguish clearly at prominent occurrences from Vidyapati-tradition Radha-Krishna shringara-prem (romantic/aesthetic devotional love); consider qualifying phrase निःस्वार्थ प्रेम (“selfless love”) at first occurrence (2:20). |
| 37 | Promise | प्रतिज्ञा | pratijñā | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14,16-22,29; 4:23,28 | — | Must remain terminologically distinct from वाचा (covenant) and व्यवस्था (law) so Paul’s promise-precedes-law argument remains visible. |
| 38 | Seed / Offspring | वंश | vanś | Critical | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16,19,29 | सन्तान (used only for the broader “children/descendants” sense, not for the singular-collective grammatical argument) | Preserve singular-collective grammatical form consistently across 3:16 (Christ) and 3:29 (believers collectively); translator’s note on Paul’s grammatical argument required. |
| 39 | Blessing | आशीष / आशीर्वाद | āśīṣ / āśīrvād | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:8-9,14 | — | Keep conceptually allied with, and consistent alongside, अनुग्रह (grace); avoid implying the blessing is elder/guru-merit-conditioned as in common regional usage of आशीर्वाद. |
| 40 | Curse | श्राप | śrāp | High | The Law’s Purpose / Crucified with Christ | 3:10,13(x2) | — | Anchor as God’s own covenant-legal verdict (Deut 27:26 citation), not a magical/ancestral curse subject to folk-ritual removal. |
| 41 | Redeemed (from the curse) | छुटकारा | chuṭkārā | Critical | Crucified with Christ / The Law’s Purpose | 3:13 | — | Reuses the baseline’s permitted “specific rescue-narrative” sense of छुटकारा; paired with श्राप बनि गेला (“became a curse”) for the full substitutionary statement. Requires theologian review. |
| 42 | Guardian / Tutor (paidagōgos) | अनुशासक | anuśāsak | Medium-High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24-25 | गुरु, शिक्षक | गुरु/शिक्षक rejected as they would elevate the law’s role to an honored teacher-figure, whereas paidagōgos names a subordinate, disciplinary household-slave role now superseded. |
| 43 | Guardians and Managers (epitropoi kai oikonomoi) | संरक्षक आ भण्डारी | saṅrakṣak ā bhaṇḍārī | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 4:2 | — | Roman legal-guardianship custom; translator’s note recommended. |
| 44 | Mediator | मध्यस्थ | madhyasth | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 3:19-20 | — | Related to baseline’s मध्यस्थता (intercession); Moses as a lesser, historical mediator, distinct from Christ’s ultimate mediatorship. |
| 45 | Elemental Principles of the World | संसारिक तत्त्व | sansārik tattva | High | The Law’s Purpose / Flesh versus Spirit | 4:3,9 | ग्रह-तत्त्व (rejected — would directly imply astrological planetary elements) | Translator’s note required distinguishing basic religious/legalistic bondage-principles from astrological elemental forces (grah/nakṣatra), a live regional category. |
| 46 | Heir / Inheritance | उत्तराधिकारी / उत्तराधिकार | uttarādhikārī / uttarādhikār | High | Adoption and Sonship / Abrahamic Covenant | 3:29; 4:1,7,30 | — | Must be framed as spiritual inheritance via faith-union with Christ, not requiring Panjikaran-style genealogical proof. |
| 47 | Freedom / Liberty | स्वतंत्रता | svatantratā | High | Freedom in Christ | 2:4; 5:1,13 | मुक्ति, मोक्ष | मुक्ति/मोक्ष rejected per baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule for “salvation”; freedom here is relational-legal freedom from the law’s condemning claim and sin’s dominion, not release from saṃsāra. |
| 48 | Slavery / Bondage | दासता | dāsatā | High | Freedom in Christ / Law and Grace | 2:4; 4:1,3,7-9,24-25,30-31; 5:1 | — | Must be understood relationally (bondage to sin/law), not read as commentary on regional social-caste servitude structures. |
| 49 | Yoke | जुआ | juā | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 5:1 | — | Familiar agricultural implement in Mithila; natural metaphor fit. |
| 50 | Servant / Slave (doulos, of Christ) | दास | dās | Medium-High | Paul’s Apostleship / Freedom in Christ | 1:10; 4:1,7 | — | Frame as willing, honored devotion to Christ, not degrading social bondage; note caste-hierarchy sensitivity. |
| 51 | Circumcision | खतना | khatnā | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3,7-9,12; 5:2-3,6,11; 6:12-13,15 | — | HIGH RISK of local Muslim-identity association rather than the letter’s actual Jewish-covenant-sign referent; translator’s note REQUIRED at first major occurrence (5:2). |
| 52 | New Creation | नव सृष्टि | nav sṛṣṭi | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | — | Distinguish from Hindu cosmogonic creation-cycle concepts; this is individual re-creation in Christ, not a cosmic-cycle event. |
| 53 | Fruit of the Spirit | आत्माक फल | ātmāk phal | High | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | — | फल directly underlies कर्मफल (karma-fruit); translator’s note REQUIRED distinguishing Spirit-produced organic fruit from karma-earned consequence. Preserve singular-unified sense where possible. |
| 54 | Works of the Flesh | शरीरक काज | śarīrak kāj | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19-21 | शरीरक कर्म | Parallel काज-pattern to व्यवस्थाक काज for internal consistency; avoids कर्म’s karma-doctrine weight. |
| 55 | Idolatry | मूर्तिपूजा | mūrtipūjā | High | Flesh versus Spirit (vice list) | 5:20 | — | Names actual regional devotional practice; pastoral framing and pacing flagged for theologian + native-speaker joint review. |
| 56 | Sorcery | तंत्र-मंत्र / जादू-टोना | tantra-mantra / jādū-ṭonā | High | Flesh versus Spirit (vice list) | 5:20 | — | Direct collision with active regional folk-religious/occult practice; must be named clearly as condemned, distinct from traditional medicine. |
| 57 | Bewitched (rhetorical) | जादू कएल गेल (भरमाओल) | jādū kael gel (bharamāol) | Critical | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 3:1 | — | RHETORICAL HYPERBOLE for deception, not a literal occult claim; translator’s note REQUIRED. |
| 58 | False Brothers | छद्म भाइ | chhadma bhāi | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 2:4 | — | Covert internal opposition; pastoral framing to avoid inviting uncharitable suspicion of the whole community. |
| 59 | A Different/Distorted Gospel | दोसर सुसमाचार / विकृत सुसमाचार | dosar susamācār / vikṛt susamācār | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:6-7 | — | विकृत preferred wherever illegitimacy is stressed (v.7). |
| 60 | Anathema / Accursed | अभिशप्त होउ | abhiśapt hou | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:8-9 | — | God’s own judicial condemnation, not invocation of occult curse-power; translator’s note recommended. |
| 61 | This Present Evil Age | एहि दुष्ट संसार/समयसँ | ehi duṣṭ sansār/samayasã̃ | High | Crucified with Christ (redemptive-historical framing) | 1:4 | युग | युग rejected — names Hindu cyclical cosmic ages (yuga cycle), opposed to Paul’s linear salvation-historical claim. |
| 62 | Pillars (reputed leaders) | स्तम्भ | stambh | Low | Paul’s Apostleship / Church | 2:9 | — | Transparent metaphor. |
| 63 | Hypocrisy | पाखण्ड | pākhaṇḍ | Low-Medium | Law and Grace (Peter’s inconsistency) | 2:13 | — | Standard term. |
| 64 | Tradition (ancestral) | पैतृक परम्परा | paitṛk paramparā | Medium | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:14 | — | Distinguish critique of tradition-against-gospel from general ancestral respect. |
| 65 | Zeal / Zealous (context-sensitive) | जोश / उत्साह / ईर्ष्या (negative sense) | jośī / utsāh / īrṣyā | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (positive) / Flesh versus Spirit (negative, “jealousy”) | 1:14; 4:18 (positive); 5:20 (negative) | — | Same Greek root (ζηλ-) used positively and negatively; track sense per occurrence, do not use identical Maithili word for both without disambiguation. |
| 66 | Baptism / Baptized | बपतिस्मा | baptismā | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | 3:27 | — | Distinguish from ritual purificatory bathing (e.g., holy-river bathing) common regionally. |
| 67 | Allegory | रूपक | rūpak | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (Hagar/Sarah) | 4:24 | — | Distinguish Paul’s specific, Spirit-authorized apostolic typology from open-ended regional devotional-literary allegorization. |
| 68 | Law of Christ | ख्रीष्टक व्यवस्था | khrīṣṭak byavasthā | High | Law and Grace / Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | — | Reuses व्यवस्था; requires contextual framing to avoid collapsing into the (superseded-as-righteousness-path) Mosaic Law sense used elsewhere in the letter. |
| 69 | Burden (shared, heavy) | बोझ | bojh | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | — | Distinguish from “load” below. |
| 70 | Load (personal responsibility) | अपन बोझ / जिम्मेदारी | apan bojh / jimmedārī | Medium-High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:5 | identical रендering as 6:2’s “burden” | Distinct Greek word (φορτίον vs. βάρος); recommend distinguishing modifier so the two verses do not appear contradictory. |
| 71 | Sow / Reap | बीआ रोपब / बटोरब | bīā ropab / baṭorab | Medium-High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens / Flesh versus Spirit | 6:7-8 | — | Natural agricultural metaphor, but closely parallels a regional karma-proverb; translator’s note recommended clarifying personal-relational (not impersonal-karmic) operation. |
| 72 | Eternal Life | अनन्त जीवन | anant jīvan | High | Flesh versus Spirit / Crucified with Christ | 6:8 | मोक्ष, मुक्ति | Distinguish from liberation-from-rebirth concepts; this is unending resurrection-life in relationship with God. |
| 73 | Household of Faith | विश्वासक परिवार | biswāsak parivār | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens / Church as God’s People | 6:10 | — | Church-family defined by faith, not blood/caste lineage. |
| 74 | Marks/Brand-marks of Jesus | यीशुक चिन्ह/दाग | Yīśuk cinha/dāg | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 6:17 | — | Ancient slave/temple-devotee branding custom; must not be confused with caste-marking or tilak practices. |
Section C — Proper Names (New to Galatians, Established-Convention Renderings)
| English | Maithili | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abraham | अब्राहम | Abrāham | Per established system-prompt transliteration list; central to Abrahamic Covenant doctrine throughout ch. 3-4. |
| Hagar | हाजिरा | Hājirā | Gal 4:24-25 allegory. |
| Sarah | सारा | Sārā | Gal 4:22-31 allegory. |
| Isaac | इसहाक | Isahāk | Gal 4:28. |
| Cephas / Peter | पतरस (कैफा) | Patras (Kaifā) | Gal 1:18; 2:7-9,11,14 uses both Πέτρος and Κηφᾶς for the same person; recommend रendering both as पतरस for reader clarity, with कैफा transliteration available in a footnote at 1:18. |
| Barnabas | बरनबास | Baranabās | Gal 2:1,9,13. |
| Titus | तीतुस | Tītus | Gal 2:1,3. |
| Antioch | अन्ताकिया | Antākiyā | Gal 2:11. |
| Jerusalem | यरूशलेम | Yarūśalem | Gal 1:17-18; 2:1; 4:25-26. |
| Arabia | अरब | Arab | Gal 1:17. |
| Damascus | दमिश्क | Damiśk | Gal 1:17. |
| Sinai | सीनै (पहाड़) | Sīnai (pahāṛ) | Gal 4:24-25. |
Section D — Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (Reused) | Count (New) | Total | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Critical | 8 | 5 | 13 | Human theologian |
| High | 10 | 24 | 34 | Human theologian (High) / Native speaker (some Medium-High borderline entries flagged above) |
| Medium | 3 | 12 | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 2 | 4 | 6 | Automated review |
| Total | 23 | 45 | 68 | — |
Note: several entries above are marked “Medium-High” in the body text where the analysis identified a risk level between the two standard tiers (e.g., burden/load distinction, sow/reap proverb collision); these are conservatively counted as High in this summary table pending theologian adjudication at Phase 1 Step 2.
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json (version incremented) before Phase 2 segment translation of Galatians begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. All Section A entries carry over from the Romans baseline without modification; all Section B and C entries are proposed additions requiring the standard new-term theologian/native-speaker review routing indicated in Section D before final registration.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmiktā
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य, सतीत्व
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 3:21 (‘if a law had been given that could give life, righteousness would indeed be by the law’) makes this term the letter’s central either/or fulcrum; never धर्म or सतीत्व.
Justification
Approved rendering: धर्मी घोषित कएल जाएब
Transliteration: dharmī ghoṣit kael jaeb
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: क्षमा भेटब, पुण्य कमाएब
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. This exact phrase occurs THREE TIMES in the single verse Galatians 2:16 (the curriculum’s core passage); must render identically at every occurrence with zero stylistic variation, verb-inflected only as strictly required.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: आरोपित धार्मिकता
Transliteration: āropit dhārmiktā
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: अर्जित धार्मिकता, सती-धर्म
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 3:6 cites the identical Genesis 15:6 text used in Romans 4:3; must render identically to the Romans package for cross-curriculum consistency, never as अर्जित (earned) righteousness.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmā
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Central to the Flesh versus Spirit doctrine running through Galatians 3-6; never ब्रह्म (impersonal Vedantic Absolute) or परमात्मा alone.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punaruthān
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्जीवन
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 1:1 grounds Paul’s entire apostolic authority in God ‘raising him from the dead’; never पुनर्जन्म (rebirth within samsara).
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, मालिक
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Frames the letter’s opening (1:3) and closing (6:14,18) with honorific verb agreement (छथि) maintained wherever Christ’s Lordship is described, consistent with the Romans 10:9 precedent.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक पुत्र
Transliteration: parameśvarak putra
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरक अंश, देवपुरुष
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ / τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 2:20 (‘faith in the Son of God’) and 4:4-6 invoke Christ’s eternal, unique Sonship; must not be assimilated to the region’s dynastic royal-birth narratives (e.g., Ram’s birth to Dasharath).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारण
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇ
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतार, देह प्रकट
Original: γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός, γενόμενον ὑπὸ νόμον
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 4:4 (‘born of a woman, born under the law’) is the letter’s sole, single highest-stakes Incarnation reference; never अवतार. Mandatory translator’s note distinguishing this from the region’s own Sita-Ram avatar-descent narrative (Janakpur) is required at this verse, as at Romans 1:3.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: masīh
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त पुरुष, अवतारी पुरुष
Original: Χριστός (OT-fulfillment emphasis, e.g. the ‘seed’ argument of 3:16)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Reserved for contexts stressing OT-fulfillment emphasis, most prominently Galatians 3:16’s ‘seed’ argument; never assimilated to Ram or Krishna as awaited avatar-figures in Mithila’s Vaishnava devotional tradition.
Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रीष्ट
Transliteration: khrīṣṭ
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Original: Χριστός (as name-title throughout)
Category: Christology
NEW key added for Galatians (not separately keyed in the Romans baseline, which used मसीह throughout; both traditions are retained side by side). ख्रीष्ट is used as the ordinary name-title form attached to Jesus throughout the letter, per the established system-prompt transliteration list, distinct from मसीह’s OT-fulfillment emphasis reserved for passages like 3:16.
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशु
Transliteration: Yīśu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईसा
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Never ईसा.
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: parameśvar
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: भगवान, ईश्वर
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Never भगवान or ईश्वर.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: pitā
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, सृष्टिकर्ता
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Occurs at Galatians 1:1,3,4; 4:2,6.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्थाक काज
Transliteration: byavasthāk kāj
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: व्यवस्थाक कर्म
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. कर्म is the exact Sanskrit term underlying Hindu karma-merit theology (karmaphal); using it would make Paul’s central point in 2:16 (law-works cannot earn righteousness) read as a restatement of karma doctrine rather than its negation. काज is native Maithili vocabulary carrying no karma-doctrine weight. Mandatory translator’s note required at first occurrence (2:16) explaining this is a fixed technical phrase.
Flesh Sinful Nature
Approved rendering: शरीरक स्वभाव / पापमय प्रवृत्ति
Transliteration: śarīrak svabhāv / pāpmay pravṛtti
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: शरीर (alone, undifferentiated)
Original: σάρξ (moral/sinful-nature sense)
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW — GALATIANS, CRITICAL two-sense policy. The corrupted, self-oriented disposition warring against the Spirit (5:13-24; 6:8; cf. 3:3). A single undifferentiated rendering shared with flesh_neutral risks either an ascetic, body-negative misreading (culturally reinforced by Mithila’s own Shaiva/Vaishnava math renunciation traditions) or reduction of ‘flesh’ to bodily acts alone rather than the whole corrupted inner disposition. Requires theologian sign-off before Phase 2 begins; every occurrence of σάρξ must be individually classified, never defaulted.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रीष्टक संग क्रूसित भेल छी
Transliteration: khrīṣṭak saṅg krūsit bhel chī
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: बलि-आधारित वर्णन (bali/animal-sacrifice framing), यज्ञ-आधारित वर्णन (yajna/fire-offering framing)
Original: συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. Uses the established North Indian Bible-tradition loanword क्रूस/क्रूसित (from Latin crux via Hindi-Urdu Christian usage). Real spiritual union with Christ’s death (Galatians 2:19-20; 5:24; 6:14), not mere imitation of suffering. Must never be paraphrased with regional ritual-sacrifice vocabulary (bali, animal sacrifice; yajna, fire-offering), which names a votive offering performed by a worshipper, categorically different from a judicial execution undergone with Christ. Perfect-tense force (completed act, ongoing effect) should be marked with an appropriate Maithili perfect construction.
Seed Offspring
Approved rendering: वंश
Transliteration: vanś
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: सन्तान (reserved for the broader ‘children/descendants’ sense only, not the grammatical argument)
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS, CRITICAL. वंश functions as a singular-collective noun in Maithili (as in ‘royal lineage’), preserving Paul’s rabbinic-style argument from the grammatically singular Greek noun σπέρμα, applied to Christ as the singular referent at 3:16 and to all believers collectively at 3:29. MANDATORY translator’s note required explaining Paul’s grammatical argument, since it is not self-evident to Maithili readers without it.
Redeemed From Curse
Approved rendering: छुटकारा
Transliteration: chuṭkārā
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. Reuses the baseline’s permitted ‘specific rescue-narrative’ sense of छुटकारा, paired with श्राप बनि गेला (‘became a curse’) at Galatians 3:13 for the full substitutionary statement — one of the most theologically loaded verses in the letter. Requires theologian review to ensure the substitutionary logic (Christ bearing the law’s curse in the place of those under it) is not reduced to a general statement about suffering.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: जादू कएल गेल (भरमाओल)
Transliteration: jādū kael gel (bharamāol)
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: literal magic-spell rendering (‘who has cast a spell on you’)
Original: βασκαίνω
Category: Faith
NEW — GALATIANS, CRITICAL. Paul’s rhetorical-hyperbole accusation (Galatians 3:1) that the Galatians have been ‘bewitched’ — i.e., deceived by false teaching, NOT a literal occult claim. Mithila’s strong living tradition of jādū-ṭonā, ojha practitioners, and tantra-mantra ritual makes a literal rendering read as Paul alleging an actual occult attack. MANDATORY translator’s note required distinguishing rhetorical hyperbole from a literal occult claim.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: सुसमाचार
Transliteration: susamācār
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: नीक खबर, शुभ सन्देश
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 1:6-9 uniquely stakes the letter’s opening argument on there being only ONE legitimate gospel; सुसमाचार must never be pluralized or hedged in a way suggesting multiple equally valid gospels stand alongside it.
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रह
Transliteration: anugraha
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, दया, पुण्य, कर्मफल, भाग
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 2:21 and 5:4 make grace/law-works the letter’s central antithesis; never softened toward कृपा/पुण्य, which would reintroduce a merit framework Paul is refuting throughout the letter.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: biswas
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्ति
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. The πίστις Χριστοῦ genitive (2:16,20; 3:22) is rendered with an explicit object marker (यीशु ख्रीष्टपर विश्वास) for the objective-genitive reading, consistent with the baseline; never भक्ति, which invokes Mithila’s Ram-Sita/Shiva devotional register.
Called
Approved rendering: बजाओल
Transliteration: bajāol
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: आमंत्रित, नेह पाओल
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Context-sensitive across three Galatians senses: called to grace (1:6), to apostolic ministry (1:15), and to freedom (5:13); never human-initiated seeking or fate/destiny (प्रारब्ध).
Calling
Approved rendering: बजाओल जाएब
Transliteration: bajāol jāeb
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: आह्वान
Original: κλῆσις (conceptual; κλητός/καλέω root used verbally throughout Galatians)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Noun-phrase form built on the same native verb root as ‘called’ for consistency.
Adoption
Approved rendering: पुत्रत्व प्रदान
Transliteration: putratva pradān
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: गोद लेब
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 4:1-7 pairs this with heirship (उत्तराधिकारी) far more extensively than Romans; Mithila’s lineage-inheritance customs heighten the risk of a graded, blood-conditioned reading the term must exclude.
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: byavasthā
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, नियम
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. The single most frequent load-bearing term across Galatians (occurring in every chapter 2-6); never धर्म. Requires disambiguating translator’s note at 6:2’s distinct coinage ‘law of Christ’ (ख्रीष्टक व्यवस्था, see law_of_christ entry), which reuses this same word for a different, non-superseded sense in the same letter.
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāp
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Occurs at 1:4; 2:17-18; 3:22; 6:1; distinguished from ritual impurity and impersonal karmic debt.
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: तेज, ज्योति
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Frames the letter’s opening (1:5) and closing (1:24) doxologies; avoid light-imagery terms conflating with Puranic divine-radiance descriptions.
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, बिआह-सम्बन्ध
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 3:15,17 (Abraham’s covenant) and 4:24 (two-covenants allegory); more than a legal contract. Must remain terminologically fenced from प्रतिज्ञा (promise) and व्यवस्था (law) so Paul’s promise-precedes-law argument (3:15-18) remains visible.
Abba
Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: abbā
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 4:6 must render the fixed phrase ‘अब्बा, पिता’ identically to Romans 8:15 for cross-curriculum consistency.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: प्रेम
Transliteration: prem
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
NEW — GALATIANS. No viable native alternative exists; risk is managed via translator notes, not substitution. प्रेम in Mithila’s own celebrated devotional-literary tradition (Vidyapati’s poetry) carries strong Radha-Krishna shringara-bhakti associations — romantic, aesthetic devotional love — whereas agape (Galatians 2:20; 5:6,13-14,22) is self-giving, sacrificial, unmerited love. Qualifying phrase निःस्वार्थ प्रेम (‘selfless love’) recommended at the first prominent occurrence (2:20) and reintroduced at 5:6,13-14,22 where confusion risk recurs.
Promise
Approved rendering: प्रतिज्ञा
Transliteration: pratijñā
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. Must remain terminologically distinct from वाचा (covenant) and व्यवस्था (law) so Paul’s argument that the promise (3:14-22,29) precedes and outlasts the later-given law remains visible rather than collapsing into one generic ‘religious obligation’ concept.
Curse
Approved rendering: श्राप
Transliteration: śrāp
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. The covenant curse pronounced on law-breakers, citing Deuteronomy 27:26 (Galatians 3:10,13). श्राप is an active category in regional folk religion (ancestral curses, deity curses, tantric curses ritually removable by an ojha); must be anchored explicitly as God’s own covenant-legal verdict pronounced in Scripture, never a magical or ancestral curse subject to non-Christian ritual removal.
Guardian Tutor
Approved rendering: अनुशासक
Transliteration: anuśāsak
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: गुरु, शिक्षक
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. Renders paidagōgos (Galatians 3:24-25), a Greco-Roman household slave-attendant supervising a minor child, not a teacher. गुरु/शिक्षक are explicitly rejected because they would elevate the law’s role to an honored teaching office Paul is subordinating and retiring. No precise Mithila cultural equivalent exists; a translator’s note explaining the Greco-Roman custom is required.
Elemental Principles
Approved rendering: संसारिक तत्त्व
Transliteration: sansārik tattva
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: ग्रह-तत्त्व
Original: τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. Renders ta stoicheia tou kosmou (Galatians 4:3,9), basic enslaving religious/legalistic principles (whether Jewish law-observance or pagan religious practice). ग्रह-तत्त्व is explicitly rejected as it would directly imply astrological planetary elements (grah/nakṣatra), a live category consulted via Mithila’s Panchang calendar culture. MANDATORY translator’s note required distinguishing this doctrinal sense from any astrological claim.
Heir
Approved rendering: उत्तराधिकारी
Transliteration: uttarādhikārī
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. Believers as heirs by faith (Galatians 3:29; 4:1,7,30). Inheritance and lineage-verification (Panjikaran) carry major social weight in Mithila; must be clear this is a spiritual inheritance received by faith-union with Christ, not requiring genealogical proof. Paired with 4:1-7’s structural adoption/heirship argument — a dedicated translator’s note is required at that passage, not merely a term-level gloss.
Freedom
Approved rendering: स्वतंत्रता
Transliteration: svatantratā
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. मुक्ति/मोक्ष are already forbidden by the baseline for ‘salvation’ as liberation from the rebirth cycle; the same prohibition extends here. Galatians 5:1 (‘For freedom Christ has set us free’) is the letter’s programmatic thesis statement and the single highest-stakes freedom-vocabulary decision in the whole curriculum; flagged for theologian sign-off at first occurrence.
Slavery Bondage
Approved rendering: दासता
Transliteration: dāsatā
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεία
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. Bondage to sin or the law’s condemning claim (Galatians 2:4; 4:1-9,24-25,30-31; 5:1). Must be understood relationally, not read as commentary on regional social-caste servitude structures still socially present in Mithila.
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: दास
Transliteration: dās
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS. Paul’s self-designation as Christ’s bondservant (Galatians 1:10), deliberately contrasted with being a people-pleaser. दास carries real social-servitude and caste-hierarchy resonance in Mithila; must be clearly framed as willing, honored devotion to Christ, not degrading social bondage.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: खतना
Transliteration: khatnā
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. The established North Indian Bible/Hindi-Urdu Christian term for the letter’s central controversy (Galatians 2:3-9,12; 5:2-6,11; 6:12-13,15). In contemporary Mithila, circumcision is culturally associated primarily with the local Muslim community, not Hindu practice; Maithili readers may misread the entire controversy as a Hindu-Muslim identity question rather than its actual first-century referent (the Mosaic covenant sign). MANDATORY translator’s note required at first major occurrence (5:2).
New Creation
Approved rendering: नव सृष्टि
Transliteration: nav sṛṣṭi
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. The letter’s climactic answer to its central controversy (Galatians 6:15). Risk of assimilation to Hindu cosmogonic creation-cycle concepts (successive cosmic ages/creations under Brahma); must be clarified as God’s individual, once-for-all re-creation of the believer in Christ, not a cosmic-cycle event.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: आत्माक फल
Transliteration: ātmāk phal
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW — GALATIANS, built on the baseline’s आत्मिक वरदान pattern. फल is the exact word underlying कर्मफल (karmaphal), one of the most pervasive concepts in regional popular Hindu theology (actions inevitably yielding appropriate consequence, driving the rebirth cycle). MANDATORY translator’s note required at 5:22 distinguishing Spirit-produced, gift-like fruit from self-earned karma-phal; the singular-unified grammatical sense (one fruit, many facets) should be preserved where Maithili syntax allows.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: शरीरक काज
Transliteration: śarīrak kāj
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: शरीरक कर्म
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW — GALATIANS. Follows the same काज-pattern (not कर्म) established for व्यवस्थाक काज (Galatians 5:19-21), for internal consistency between the letter’s two major ‘works’ phrases and to avoid कर्म’s karma-doctrine weight.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: मूर्तिपूजा
Transliteration: mūrtipūjā
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sin
NEW — GALATIANS. Listed among the works of the flesh (Galatians 5:20). Names, in ordinary Maithili usage, actual devotional practices central to the surrounding Hindu-majority community’s religious life (image worship of Durga, Kali, Shiva, Krishna, including at regionally significant shrines). Doctrinal content must not be altered, but pastoral framing and pacing require joint theologian and native-speaker review.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: तंत्र-मंत्र / जादू-टोना
Transliteration: tantra-mantra / jādū-ṭonā
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin
NEW — GALATIANS. Listed among the works of the flesh (Galatians 5:20). Direct collision with active regional folk-religious practice (ojha exorcism/healing rites, tantric ritual); must be named clearly as a condemned practice, distinct from legitimate traditional medicine.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: छद्म भाइ
Transliteration: chhadma bhāi
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS. Professing believers who covertly opposed the gospel of grace (Galatians 2:4). Must communicate covert, internal opposition without inviting uncharitable suspicion of the whole believing community; pastoral framing recommended.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: दोसर सुसमाचार / विकृत सुसमाचार
Transliteration: dosar susamācār / vikṛt susamācār
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS, built on the baseline’s सुसमाचार. The Judaizing distortion Paul denies is a legitimate gospel at all (Galatians 1:6-7). विकृत (‘distorted/corrupted’) is preferred wherever the text stresses illegitimacy (v.7), over merely दोसर (‘different, other’), which could read as a neutral alternative.
Anathema
Approved rendering: अभिशप्त होउ
Transliteration: abhiśapt hou
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: transliterated अनाथेमा (would be opaque and carry no meaning)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. Paul’s formal, God-directed pronouncement of condemnation on anyone preaching a false gospel (Galatians 1:8-9). Must be understood as God’s own judicial condemnation of false teaching, not an invocation of magical curse-power (a live category in regional folk religion involving ojhas and tantric curse-practice); a translator’s note distinguishing divine judicial pronouncement from occult cursing is recommended.
Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: एहि दुष्ट संसार/समयसँ
Transliteration: ehi duṣṭ sansār/samayasã̃
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: युग
Original: ὁ ἐνεστὼς αἰὼν πονηρός
Category: Eschatology
NEW — GALATIANS. The current bounded era of evil from which Christ’s death rescues believers (Galatians 1:4). युग is explicitly rejected as it names the four cosmic ages (Satya, Treta, Dwapar, Kali Yuga) of regional Hindu cyclical cosmology, fundamentally opposed to Paul’s linear, one-time salvation-historical claim.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रीष्टक व्यवस्था
Transliteration: khrīṣṭak byavasthā
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. Reuses व्यवस्था for a distinct, abiding, love-centered standard fulfilled through mutual burden-bearing (Galatians 6:2). Without careful contextual framing this risks collapsing Paul’s careful distinction between the superseded Mosaic law-as-righteousness-path (argued against throughout ch. 2-5) and this ongoing, Christ-centered ethical standard. A translator’s note distinguishing the two uses of व्यवस्था is required at this verse.
Load
Approved rendering: अपन बोझ / जिम्मेदारी
Transliteration: apan bojh / jimmedārī
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: identical rendering as ‘burden’ (6:2)
Original: φορτίον
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS. Renders φορτίον, a normal, personally-carried load or responsibility (Galatians 6:5), distinct from the shared heavy βάρος of 6:2. Recommend NOT using the identical Maithili word as for ‘burden’ so ‘bear one another’s burdens’ and ‘each will carry his own load’ do not appear self-contradictory when encountered three verses apart.
Sow Reap
Approved rendering: बीआ रोपब / बटोरब
Transliteration: bīā ropab / baṭorab
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW — GALATIANS. The sowing/reaping metaphor (Galatians 6:7-8) transfers naturally into Mithila’s farming culture, but closely parallels a widespread regional folk-proverb about karma (‘jaisan bowb, tehne kaatab’), which in popular usage carries fatalistic karma-cycle connotations. A translator’s note is recommended clarifying that Paul’s principle operates within a personal relationship with God, not as an impersonal, self-operating karmic law. Must be treated as a single fencing project together with fruit_of_the_spirit (5:22), since a reader who resolves 5:22 correctly may quietly re-import a karma reading three verses later without a matching note.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: अनन्त जीवन
Transliteration: anant jīvan
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: मोक्ष, मुक्ति
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW — GALATIANS. The harvest of sowing to the Spirit (Galatians 6:8). Must be clearly distinguished from मोक्ष/मुक्ति (already forbidden by the baseline for ‘salvation’) — this is unending resurrection-life in relationship with the personal God through Christ, not liberation from an impersonal rebirth cycle.
Abraham
Approved rendering: अब्राहम
Transliteration: Abrāham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name — GALATIANS. Central to the Abrahamic Covenant argument (Galatians 3-4). High risk given Mithila’s own strong lineage-verification culture (Panjikaran); ‘sons of Abraham’ (3:7) must be framed as faith-based, not blood-based, descent.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेरित
Transliteration: prerit
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: दूत, पंडित
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 1:1’s ‘not from men nor through man’ is a sharper claim of unmediated divine commissioning than Romans 1:1; risk of conflation with the Maithil Brahmin pandit’s inherited Panjikaran lineage-registry authority is heightened here and requires a translator’s note at 1:1.
Peace
Approved rendering: शान्ति
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: चैन, सुख
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Occurs in the epistolary greeting (1:3) and as a facet of the Spirit’s fruit (5:22).
Church
Approved rendering: मण्डली
Transliteration: maṇḍalī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Household of Faith
Rejected alternatives: मन्दिर, मठ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Never मन्दिर or मठ; ‘the churches of Galatia’ (1:2) and ‘the church of God’ (1:13) name the new-covenant assembly, not a math-style monastic institution.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक राज्य
Transliteration: parameśvarak rājya
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Household of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरक राष्ट्र
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 5:21 (‘will not inherit the kingdom of God’); distinguish from political-kingdom associations given Mithila’s own historic Raja Janak kingdom identity.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजाति
Transliteration: anyajāti
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Universal Equality
Rejected alternatives: विदेशी
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Full inclusion of Gentiles apart from law-observance is Galatians’ central pastoral concern; never conflate with जाति in its caste-lineage sense, a live category under Mithila’s Panjikaran-conscious social structure.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Universal Equality
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. The disputed referent of ‘the Israel of God’ (Galatians 6:16) is a genuine exegetical crux; translators must not resolve the ambiguity beyond what the source text itself resolves.
Flesh Neutral
Approved rendering: शरीर
Transliteration: śarīr
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ (literal/neutral sense)
Category: Anthropology
NEW — GALATIANS. Ordinary physical/bodily sense (Galatians 2:20’s ‘life I now live in the flesh’; 4:13-14,23,29). Must be kept terminologically distinct from flesh_sinful_nature below per the theologian-ratified two-term policy, so readers do not conclude the physical body itself is evil.
Blessing
Approved rendering: आशीष / आशीर्वाद
Transliteration: āśīṣ / āśīrvād
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: εὐλογία (implied; cf. εὐλογηθήσονται, 3:8)
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. Galatians 3:8-9,14 ties ‘blessing’ directly to the Abrahamic promise received by faith. आशीर्वाद in ordinary regional usage often names a blessing bestowed by an elder, guru, or deity, frequently upon request or merit; must be kept conceptually yoked to अनुग्रह (grace) so the unconditioned, sovereign-initiative sense is not lost.
Guardians Managers
Approved rendering: संरक्षक आ भण्डारी
Transliteration: saṅrakṣak ā bhaṇḍārī
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ἐπίτροποι καὶ οἰκονόμοι
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. Renders epitropoi kai oikonomoi (Galatians 4:2), the Roman legal-guardianship-of-a-minor-heir custom; no precise Mithila parallel (Mithila’s own succession customs assume adult male household headship). Translator’s note recommended.
Mediator
Approved rendering: मध्यस्थ
Transliteration: madhyasth
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. Related to the baseline’s मध्यस्थता (intercession). Moses’s mediatorship at the law’s giving (Galatians 3:19-20) must be scoped explicitly as lesser and historical, distinct from Christ’s ultimate mediatorship; avoid conflation with regional intercessory guru or saint figures.
Yoke
Approved rendering: जुआ
Transliteration: juā
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγός
Category: Salvation
NEW — GALATIANS. The ‘yoke of slavery’ image (Galatians 5:1) uses a familiar agricultural implement in Mithila’s farming culture — a genuine linguistic advantage. Risk lies in the paired term दासता, which must be read relationally, not socially.
Tradition
Approved rendering: पैतृक परम्परा
Transliteration: paitṛk paramparā
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Faith
NEW — GALATIANS. Paul’s former devotion to inherited ancestral religious custom (Galatians 1:14). Mithila places strong positive value on पितृ-परम्परा generally; a translator’s note is recommended clarifying the critique targets tradition set against gospel revelation specifically, not ancestral respect as such.
Zeal
Approved rendering: जोश / उत्साह / ईर्ष्या
Transliteration: jośī / utsāh / īrṣyā
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ζῆλος
Category: Faith
NEW — GALATIANS. Context-sensitive: जोश/उत्साह for positive senses (Paul’s former misdirected zeal, 1:14; commended zeal, 4:18), ईर्ष्या for the condemned vice sense (‘jealousy,’ 5:20). Same Greek root (ζῆλος) used positively and negatively; must not use an identical Maithili word for both senses without contextual disambiguation.
Baptism
Approved rendering: बपतिस्मा
Transliteration: baptismā
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: जल-स्नान
Original: βαπτίζω
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS. Established Christian transliteration (Galatians 3:27). Must be distinguished from ritual purificatory bathing (e.g., holy-river bathing) common in regional religious practice; baptism marks incorporation into Christ, not ritual purification per se.
Allegory
Approved rendering: रूपक
Transliteration: rūpak
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
NEW — GALATIANS. Paul’s Spirit-directed typological reading of the Hagar-Sarah narrative (Galatians 4:24). Mithila’s own devotional-literary and Puranic tradition (including Vidyapati’s poetry) employs rich layered/allegorical symbolic reading; a translator’s note is recommended distinguishing Paul’s specific, Spirit-authorized apostolic typology from open-ended devotional-literary allegorization.
Burden
Approved rendering: बोझ
Transliteration: bojh
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βάρος
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS. Renders βάρος, a heavy weight difficult to carry alone (Galatians 6:2). Must be distinguished from ‘load’ (φορτίον, see load entry) so the two nearby verses do not appear contradictory to a Maithili reader.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वासक परिवार
Transliteration: biswāsak parivār
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Household of Faith
Original: οἱ οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS, built on विश्वास. The believing community as an extended household/family (Galatians 6:10); defined by shared faith, not blood or caste lineage — an important qualification given the weight of literal household/lineage identity regionally.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशुक चिन्ह/दाग
Transliteration: Yīśuk cinha/dāg
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS. Paul’s physical scars from persecution, worn as marks of belonging to Christ (Galatians 6:17). The ancient slave/temple-devotee-branding custom behind this image has no living Mithila equivalent; must not be confused with caste-marking or tilak (sectarian forehead-marking) practices, which serve an entirely different social function.
Jerusalem
Approved rendering: यरूशलेम
Transliteration: Yarūśalem
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἱερουσαλήμ
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name — GALATIANS (1:17-18; 2:1; 4:25-26). The ‘Jerusalem above’ vs. present earthly Jerusalem contrast (4:25-26) requires brief explanatory framing so it is not read as a claim about the earthly city itself.
Sinai
Approved rendering: सीनै (पहाड़)
Transliteration: Sīnai (pahāṛ)
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: Σινᾶ
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name — GALATIANS (4:24-25), allegorized to present slavery-under-law Jerusalem. Requires brief explanatory context since the Sinai/law-giving/Hagar linkage is not self-evident without OT background.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: सङ्गति
Transliteration: saṅgati
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: मित्रता, समाज
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Galatians 2:9’s ‘right hand of fellowship’ gesture may need a brief cultural note since the specific handshake-as-covenant-ratification custom is not standard in Maithili social practice.
Exhort
Approved rendering: उत्साहित करब
Transliteration: utsāhit karab
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: παρακαλέω (implied in the letter’s hortatory sections)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Active throughout Galatians’ paraenetic section, 5:1-6:10.
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūd
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Does not occur in Galatians; retained only for cross-book proper-name convention consistency.
Pillars
Approved rendering: स्तम्भ
Transliteration: stambh
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS. Figurative designation for James, Cephas, and John as recognized Jerusalem leaders (Galatians 2:9). Transparent metaphor, low risk.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: पाखण्ड
Transliteration: pākhaṇḍ
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
NEW — GALATIANS. Peter’s and Barnabas’s inconsistency at Antioch (Galatians 2:13). Standard term, low risk on its own; native-speaker pacing review recommended for the surrounding narrative framing given the pastorally sensitive scene of one named apostle rebuking another.
Hagar
Approved rendering: हाजिरा
Transliteration: Hājirā
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἄγαρ
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name — GALATIANS. Abraham’s slave-wife, figure for the covenant of law/slavery in Paul’s allegory (Galatians 4:24-25). Brief narrative context should accompany first occurrence given assumed low OT literacy.
Sarah
Approved rendering: सारा
Transliteration: Sārā
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Σάρρα
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name — GALATIANS. Abraham’s wife, figure for the covenant of promise/freedom (Galatians 4:22-31). Brief narrative context recommended at first occurrence.
Isaac
Approved rendering: इसहाक
Transliteration: Isahāk
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἰσαάκ
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name — GALATIANS. Abraham’s son of promise (Galatians 4:28).
Cephas Peter
Approved rendering: पतरस (कैफा)
Transliteration: Patras (Kaifā)
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: Κηφᾶς / Πέτρος
Category: Church
NEW proper name — GALATIANS. Galatians uses both Πέτρος and Κηφᾶς for the same person (1:18; 2:7-9,11,14); rendered पतरस for reader clarity throughout, with कैफा available as a transliteration footnote at first occurrence (1:18).
Barnabas
Approved rendering: बरनबास
Transliteration: Baranabās
Doctrine: Church as God’s People / Household of Faith
NEW proper name — GALATIANS (2:1,9,13).
Titus
Approved rendering: तीतुस
Transliteration: Tītus
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
NEW proper name — GALATIANS (2:1,3), the test case of the circumcision controversy.
Antioch
Approved rendering: अन्ताकिया
Transliteration: Antākiyā
Doctrine: Law and Grace
NEW proper name — GALATIANS (2:11), site of Paul’s public rebuke of Peter.
Arabia
Approved rendering: अरब
Transliteration: Arab
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
NEW proper name — GALATIANS (1:17).
Damascus
Approved rendering: दमिश्क
Transliteration: Damiśk
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
NEW proper name — GALATIANS (1:17).
Referenced passages