Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Luke 1–24 (Maithili)
Purpose and Rule of Reuse
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the full 24 chapters of Luke. Per the hard rule governing this curriculum, any term already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json is marked REUSE and its Maithili rendering is carried over exactly, unmodified. Only genuinely new terms — vocabulary load-bearing in Luke but absent from the Romans baseline — receive new risk assessments and proposed renderings here, pending Phase 2 confirmation and eventual merge into an extended translation memory file.
Risk tiers follow the Romans baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical: Mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine. Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High: Mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or syncretism risk. Human theologian review required.
- Medium: Mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning. Native speaker review recommended.
- Low: Mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding or imprecision. Automated review sufficient.
Section A — Reused Terms from Romans Baseline (No Modification Permitted)
| English term | Greek | Maithili (REUSE, exact) | Risk | First Luke occurrence | Notes for Luke context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | सुसमाचार | High | 1:19 (verbal form) | Verbal εὐαγγελίζομαι rendered सुसमाचार सुनाएब, built on this noun. |
| grace | χάρις | अनुग्रह | High | 1:30 (“found favor,” χάρις), 2:40, 2:52 | Distinguish from new term दया (mercy, ἔλεος) — see Section B. |
| faith | πίστις | विश्वास | High | 5:20, 7:9, 7:50, 8:25, 8:48, 17:19, 18:8, 18:42 | The “your faith has saved you” formula (7:50 etc.) binds विश्वास directly to उद्धार; treat as a fixed formula. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | धार्मिकता | Critical | 1:75 | Occurs less frequently than in Romans but at critical points (e.g. 1:75 “in holiness and righteousness”). |
| justification | δικαίωσις (verbal δικαιόω) | धर्मी घोषित कएल जाएब | Critical | 18:14 | Direct narrative enactment of the Romans doctrine in the Pharisee/tax-collector parable. |
| salvation | σωτηρία | उद्धार | Critical | 1:69, 1:71, 1:77, 19:9 | Also generates new noun-form entry सावधारकर्ता (Savior) — see Section B. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | प्रेरित | Medium | 6:13, 9:10, 17:5 | The Twelve are first named “apostles” at 6:13. |
| called / calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | बजाओल / बजाओल जाएब | High | 5:32 (“call sinners to repentance”) | Context-sensitive per Romans baseline note; in Luke frequently paired with the new term repentance (पश्चाताप). |
| holy | ἅγιος | पवित्र | High | 1:35, 1:49, 1:70, 2:23 | Frequent modifier of Spirit, prophets, covenant. |
| saints | ἅγιοι | पवित्र जन | High | (rare in Luke’s Gospel itself; more frequent in Acts) | Retained for consistency; minimal direct occurrence in Luke 1-24. |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός | पवित्रीकरण | High | (implicit; 1:75 “holiness”) | Minimal direct lexical occurrence; conceptually present. |
| adoption | υἱοθεσία | पुत्रत्व प्रदान | High | (not directly lexicalized in Luke; conceptually present in prodigal son narrative, ch.15) | Cross-reference ch.15 “this son of mine” language as a narrative enactment even without the technical term. |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις | पुनरुत्थान | Critical | 20:27-40, 24:6-7, 24:34, 24:46 | NEVER पुनर्जन्म; ch.20 Sadducee debate and ch.24 empty tomb are the two key Lukan loci. |
| lord | κύριος | प्रभु | Critical | 1:43, 2:11, 7:13, 10:1, 24:34 | ”The Lord” as narrator’s own designation for Jesus recurs constantly from ch.7 onward. |
| son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | परमेश्वरक पुत्र | Critical | 1:35 | Foundational annunciation text; also 3:38 (genealogy, extended sense — flag distinction), 4:3/4:9 (temptation), 22:70 (trial). |
| incarnation | (theological category; ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο) | देहधारण | Critical | 1:31-35, 2:6-7 | Luke’s own nativity narrative is the primary incarnation text of the whole NT; every occurrence requires the Romans-baseline-mandated avatar-distinguishing translator note, with even higher stakes here than in Romans 1:3 since Luke narrates the event directly. |
| peace | εἰρήνη | शान्ति | Medium | 1:79, 2:14, 2:29, 7:50, 8:48, 19:38, 19:42, 24:36 | Expanded corporate/messianic sense at 2:14 alongside the individual sense at 7:50/8:48; see Section C note. |
| spiritual gifts | χαρίσματα | आत्मिक वरदान | Medium | (not directly lexicalized in Luke’s Gospel; conceptually anticipates Acts) | Retained for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | धन्यवाद | Low | 17:16, 18:11, 22:17, 22:19 | Ten lepers (17:16) and Last Supper (22:17,19) key occurrences. |
| fellowship | κοινωνία | सङ्गति | Low | (implicit in shared-table passages; not directly lexicalized) | Underlies the new “table fellowship” term — see Section B. |
| church | ἐκκλησία | मण्डली | Medium | (not present in Luke’s Gospel; Acts term) | Retained for future cross-reference; no direct occurrence in Luke 1-24. |
| kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | परमेश्वरक राज्य | Medium | 4:43, 6:20, 8:1, 8:10, 9:2, 9:11, 9:27, 9:60, 9:62, 10:9, 10:11, 11:20, 13:18-20, 13:28-29, 14:15, 16:16, 17:20-21, 18:16-17, 18:24-25, 18:29, 19:11, 21:31, 22:16, 22:18, 22:29-30, 23:42 | Single most frequent theological phrase in Luke; anchors “Kingdom of God Present and Future” doctrine throughout. |
| law | νόμος | व्यवस्था | High | 2:22-27, 2:39, 10:26, 16:16-17, 24:44 | Consistently the Mosaic Torah; never धर्म. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | पाप | High | 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 7:47-49, 11:4, 24:47 | Frequently paired with new term ἄφεσις (forgiveness) — see Section B. |
| gentiles | ἔθνη | अन्यजाति | Medium | 2:32, 18:32, 21:24, 24:47 | Cross-reference “Savior for All Nations” doctrine at every occurrence. |
| glory | δόξα | महिमा | High | 2:9, 2:14, 2:32, 9:26, 9:31-32, 17:18, 19:38, 24:26 | 2:32 pairs glory with “light for revelation to Gentiles” — see Section B new-term note on φῶς. |
| obedience of faith | ὑπακοὴ πίστεως | विश्वासक आज्ञाकारिता | High | (not directly lexicalized in Luke; conceptually present, e.g. 8:21 “hear the word of God and do it”) | Retained as a conceptual cross-reference. |
| power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ | परमेश्वरक सामर्थ्य | High | 1:35, 4:14, 4:36, 5:17, 6:19, 9:1, 10:19, 21:27, 24:49 | Never शक्िति; recurs at both the beginning (1:35 incarnation) and end (24:49 “power from on high”) of the Gospel. |
| messiah | Χριστός | मसीह | Critical | 2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:41, 9:20, 20:41, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39, 24:26, 24:46 | Extremely frequent; every occurrence must resist avatar-assimilation per baseline note. |
| prophet | προφήτης | भविष्यद्वक्ता | Low | 1:76, 4:17, 4:24, 7:16, 7:26, 7:39, 9:8, 9:19, 13:33-34, 16:29-31, 24:19, 24:27 | Includes John the Baptist (1:76), Jesus himself (7:16), and the OT prophetic corpus (24:27). |
| prophecy | προφητεία | भविष्यवाणी | Low | 1:70 (implicit), 18:31, 24:44 | ”Everything written…must be fulfilled” (18:31) ties directly to core-passage fulfillment theology. |
| covenant | διαθήκη | वाचा | High | 1:72, 22:20 | 1:72 (Abrahamic) and 22:20 (new covenant in Christ’s blood) bookend the Gospel’s covenant theology. |
| election | ἐκλογή (conceptual; ἐκλεκτός used) | परमेश्वरक चुनाव | High | 18:7 (“his elect/chosen ones”) | Minimal direct occurrence; retained for consistency. |
| intercession | (conceptual; ἐντυγχάνω-family not directly used in Luke) | मध्यस्थता | Medium | 22:32 (“I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail”) | Christ’s own intercessory prayer for Peter is the clearest Lukan instance of this doctrine even without the technical Greek term. |
| providence | (conceptual) | परमेश्वरक विधान | High | 12:6-7 (“not one sparrow is forgotten”), 21:18 | Minimal direct lexical occurrence; strong conceptual presence. |
| mission | (conceptual; ἀποστέλλω-family) | सुसमाचार प्रचार | Medium | 9:2, 10:1-9, 24:47 | Sending of the Twelve (9:2) and the Seventy-Two (10:1) are Luke’s own mission narratives. |
| david | Δαυίδ | दाऊद | Medium | 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 18:38-39, 20:41-44 | Frequent, especially in the birth narratives and Bartimaeus’s “Son of David” cry (18:38). |
| israel | Ἰσραήλ | इस्राएल | Medium | 1:16, 1:54, 1:68, 1:80, 2:25, 2:32, 2:34, 4:25, 4:27, 22:30, 24:21 | — |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | यीशु | Critical | throughout | — |
| god | θεός | परमेश्वर | Critical | throughout | — |
| holy spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | पवित्र आत्मा | Critical | 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 4:18, 10:21, 11:13, 12:12 | The single most structurally important recurring term across Luke’s whole narrative arc; anchors “The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History.” |
| father | πατήρ | पिता | Critical | 1:32, 1:59-63 (Zechariah), 2:49, 6:36, 10:21-22, 11:2, 11:13, 12:30-32, 15:11-32, 22:42, 23:34, 23:46 | Extremely frequent, both of God and of human fathers (context discrimination required at each occurrence). |
| abba | Ἀββά | अब्बा | High | (not directly lexicalized in Luke’s Gospel; Mark/Romans term) | Retained for cross-reference to the Lord’s Prayer’s Πάτερ (11:2), which carries the same filial-intimacy register. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | उत्साहित करब | Low | 3:18 | John the Baptist’s preaching described with this verb. |
| seed of David | σπέρμα Δαυίδ (conceptual; cf. ἐξ σπέρματος) | दाऊदक वंशसँ | High | 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 3:31 | Genealogical/covenantal background material throughout chs. 1-3. |
| imputed righteousness | (conceptual; not directly lexicalized in Luke) | आरोपित धार्मिकता | Critical | (conceptually present at 18:14, 15:11-32) | Retained for cross-reference; the prodigal son (ch.15) and the tax collector (18:14) are Luke’s narrative enactments of this Romans-doctrine. |
Section B — New Terms Required (Luke-Specific, Proposed for Registry Addition)
| English term | Greek | Transliteration | Proposed Maithili | Risk | Doctrine | Key passages | Rationale / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| forgiveness / release | ἄφεσις | aphesis | क्षमा (sin-sense) / छुटकारा (captivity-sense, per Romans baseline’s permitted narrow use) | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 1:77, 3:3, 4:18, 5:20-24, 17:3-4, 23:34, 24:47 | Single Greek root bridges literal captivity-release and sin-forgiveness; Maithili must use two coordinated words with an explicit translator note linking them at first occurrence (1:77/4:18), since English “forgiveness”/“release” already obscures this link and Maithili would compound the loss without deliberate cross-referencing. Never उद्धार (reserved) or मुक्ति/मोक्ष (forbidden). |
| repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | पश्चाताप | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 3:8, 5:32, 13:3, 13:5, 15:7, 15:10, 17:3-4, 24:47 | Must be sharply distinguished from प्रायश्चित्त (Hindu ritual/penitential atonement performed to cancel karmic guilt) — repentance here is Spirit-enabled reorientation received by faith, not a self-performed merit-earning act. Central to nearly every doctrine in this curriculum’s set. |
| compassion (visceral) | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splanchnizomai | करुणा | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 7:13, 10:33, 15:20 | Reserved specifically for this marked, gut-level, moved-to-action compassion Luke applies almost exclusively to Christ and Christ-embodying parable-figures; distinguished from the broader दया (mercy, ἔλεος) established below. Three-fold recurring thematic thread structurally central to the curriculum’s compassion doctrine. |
| mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | दया | High | Related to Grace; Compassion | 1:50, 1:54, 1:58, 1:72, 1:78, 6:36, 10:37, 18:38-39 | Distinct from अनुग्रह (grace = unmerited favor toward the guilty) and from करुणा (visceral compassion in action); दया here names God’s/Christ’s compassionate responsiveness to human need/suffering across generations (Magnificat/Benedictus) and individual encounters (blind beggar’s cry, 18:38-39). Must remain glossary-distinguishable from both neighboring terms. |
| the poor | πτωχός | ptōchos | दीन-दुखी (primary) / दीन-हीन (alternate) with गरीब as secondary gloss | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18, 6:20, 7:22, 14:13, 14:21, 16:20-22, 21:2-3 | गरीब alone is too narrowly economic/sociological; दीन-दुखी/दीन-हीन better captures the fuller Lukan sense of social powerlessness plus economic destitution, while avoiding reinforcement of the regional almsgiving-merit (दान/पुण्य-अर्जन) framework in which “the poor” function as passive objects of a giver’s own merit-accumulation rather than as active objects of God’s own saving initiative. Joint Human theologian + Native speaker review required given the doctrine’s centrality to the whole curriculum. |
| Savior (title/noun) | σωτήρ | sōtēr | उद्धारकर्ता | Critical | Salvation (Luke’s titular form); Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 1:47, 2:11 | New noun-form built transparently on the already-Critical, already-approved उद्धार root; avoids मुक्तिदाता/मोक्षदाता (forbidden-root compounds). Must be added to the Maithili translation memory as its own entry, cross-linked to उद्धार. |
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | मनुष्यक पुत्र | Critical | Christology (parallel to, never collapsed with, Son of God) | 5:24, 6:5, 7:34, 9:22, 9:26, 9:44, 9:58, 11:30, 12:8, 12:40, 17:22-30, 18:8, 18:31, 19:10, 21:27, 21:36, 22:22, 22:48, 22:69, 24:7 | The most frequent Christological title in Luke’s Gospel; must be kept sharply distinct from परमेश्वरक पुत्र (Son of God) — both fully human and fully divine designations must be preserved side by side, never merged or treated as synonyms. Flag every occurrence for Human theologian review given frequency and doctrinal weight. |
| neighbor (redefined) | πλησίον | plēsion | पड़ोसी (with mandatory redefinition note) | High | Jesus’ Compassion; Savior for All Nations (via the Samaritan) | 10:27, 10:29, 10:36 | Ordinary Maithili पड़ोसी denotes only geographic/social proximity; the parable deliberately redefines it as an active-mercy category crossing ethnic/religious boundaries (a despised Samaritan as exemplary “neighbor”). Mandatory translator note at 10:29. |
| paradise | παράδεισος | paradeisos | परादेइस (transliteration) with descriptive gloss | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future; Repentance and Forgiveness (thief on the cross) | 23:43 | Must be distinguished from regional Vaishnava/Shaiva heavenly-abode concepts (Vaikuntha, Kailash) and from any merit-based entry criterion — the criminal enters purely by Christ’s own gracious word. Third and climactic occurrence of the “today” formula (4:21, 19:9, 23:43); flag for mandatory Human theologian review. |
| mammon | μαμωνᾶς | mamōnas | धन (primary) / मैमोन (supplementary transliteration) | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized (wealth/poverty reversal thread) | 16:9, 16:11, 16:13 | Wealth personified as a rival master competing for ultimate allegiance (“cannot serve God and mammon”); preserve the “serve” (सेवा करब) verb applied to both God and धन to retain the allegiance-claim force. |
| baptism | βάπτισμα | baptisma | बपतिस्मा (transliteration) | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 3:7, 3:12, 3:16, 3:21, 7:29-30, 12:50 | Transliterated per established North Indian Bible-translation precedent, avoiding confusion with routine ritual bathing (स्नान). |
| table fellowship (motif) | συνανάκειμαι / κατάκειμαι (at table) | synanakeimai | सङ्गति भोज | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5:29-30, 7:36-50, 15:1-2, 19:1-10, 22:14-30 | Descriptive compound built on REUSE सङ्गति (fellowship); recurring motif requiring a standing translator note on ancient meal-as-acceptance social convention, since the doctrinal point (Jesus scandalously extends acceptance by eating with outcasts) depends on that convention being understood. |
| sinners (social-outcast sense) | ἁμαρτωλοί | hamartōloi | पापी (built on REUSE पाप) with glossed distinction from Romans’ universal sense | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5:30, 5:32, 7:34, 7:37, 7:39, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 18:13, 19:7 | Same root as Romans’ universal “all have sinned” but here a narrower, socially-marked outcast category (tax collectors, disreputable trades); glossary must flag the sense-shift so translators preserve the specific social scandal Luke narrates. |
| devil / Satan | διάβολος / Σατανᾶς | diabolos / Satanas | शैतान (primary) / दियाबल-अपवादी (descriptive gloss) | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future (conflict backdrop) | 4:2-13, 8:12, 10:18, 11:18, 13:16, 22:3, 22:31 | Personal, singular adversary; must not be assimilated to the region’s plural, impersonal folk-spirit categories (भूत-प्रेत). |
| unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | अशुद्ध आत्मा / दुष्ट आत्मा-दानव | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future (exorcism narratives) | 4:33-36, 4:41, 8:2, 8:27-33, 9:1, 9:42, 11:14-20, 13:32 | Must be distinguished from regional ओझा-appeased folk spirits; biblical demons yield to Christ’s authoritative word alone, never ritual negotiation. |
| redemption | ἀπολύτρωσις | apolytrōsis | छुटकारा (REUSE, per Romans baseline’s permitted narrow rescue-context use) | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future (future consummation) | 21:28 | Companion “not yet” text to 4:21/19:9’s “today, already”; no new coinage needed since Romans baseline already permits छुटकारा in exactly this kind of rescue-narrative context. |
| word of God | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | ho logos tou theou | परमेश्वरक वचन | Medium | Inspiration/Kingdom teaching | 5:1, 8:11, 8:21, 11:28 | Standard, low-syncretism-risk compound using established genitive -क. |
| blessed (beatitude) | μακάριος | makarios | धन्य | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Kingdom Present and Future | 1:45, 6:20-22, 7:23, 11:27-28, 12:37-38, 12:43, 14:14-15, 23:29 | An authoritative divine pronouncement of favored status, not mere subjective happiness (सुखी rejected as too emotionally-subjective); flag for native-speaker check that धन्य does not read merely as “lucky” colloquially. |
| woe | οὐαί | ouai | हाय | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized (reversal motif) | 6:24-26, 10:13, 11:42-52, 17:1, 21:23, 22:22 | Standard prophetic lament-formula; structural opposite of धन्य. |
| light for revelation to the Gentiles | φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν | phōs eis apokalypsin ethnōn | अन्यजातिक हेतु प्रकाश | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 2:32 | REUSE अन्यजाति; ज्योति/प्रकाश (light) flagged per Romans-baseline caution against light-imagery conflating with regional divine-radiance/luster narrative; translator note required clarifying “revelatory disclosure,” not physical radiance. |
| the kingdom of God is within/among you | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν | entos hymōn | तोहरा सभक बीचमे (preferred: “in your midst,” NOT “within you”) | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 17:21 | High Vedanta-adjacent syncretism risk if rendered “within you” (तोहरा भीतर), which could be heard as affirming an indwelling-divine-Self claim; “in your midst” (referring to Christ’s own bodily presence before hostile Pharisees) is doctrinally safer and contextually likelier. Mandatory Human theologian review with dual-reading translator note. |
| propitiatory mercy-plea | ἱλάσκομαι | hilaskomai | अनुग्रह (contextual extension of REUSE grace-term, NOT a new coinage) | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; cross-reference Romans atonement doctrine | 18:13 | Direct echo of Romans 3:25’s ἱλαστήριον (atonement); avoid both generic दया (too weak, loses propitiatory force) and प्रायश्चित्त (wrong — ritual/karmic penance connotation); reuse अनुग्रह to keep the unmerited-favor sense central. Mandatory Human theologian review per Romans-baseline atonement-escalation rule. |
| hate (comparative discipleship saying) | μισέω | miseō | घृणा करब (literal) + mandatory hyperbole-clarifying translator note | Critical | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 14:26 | Direct collision risk with Mithila’s household/family-duty ideal; must be flagged as Semitic comparative hyperbole (loving Christ so much that other loves look like hatred by comparison), never a literal command against filial devotion. Joint Human theologian + Native speaker review mandatory. |
| take up his cross (daily) | αἴρειν τὸν σταυρὸν | airein ton stauron | क्रूस उठाएब (क्रूस = transliteration of “cross”) | High | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 9:23, 14:27 | Transliterated object-term (क्रूस) is established North Indian Christian vocabulary; metaphorical extension requires a translator note explaining the crucifixion-instrument background given assumed-low OT/NT narrative literacy. |
| little flock | τὸ μικρὸν ποίμνιον | to mikron poimnion | छोट झुंड | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God; Kingdom Present and Future | 12:32 | Standard pastoral-image vocabulary; low syncretism risk. |
| daily bread | τὸν ἄρτον…τὸν ἐπιούσιον | ton arton epiousion | दैनिक रोटी | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 11:3 | Standard vocabulary grounding dependence-theology in embodied daily request. |
| consolation of Israel | παράκλησις τοῦ Ἰσραήλ | paraklēsis tou Israēl | इस्राएलक सांत्वना | Medium | Messianic Promise; Kingdom Present and Future | 2:25 | Cross-reference शान्ति and उद्धार in glossary notes; no major syncretism risk identified. |
| Abraham’s bosom | κόλπος Ἀβραάμ | kolpos Abraam | अब्राहमक गोदी (with explanatory note) | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized (eschatological reversal) | 16:22-23 | Jewish idiom for restful nearness to the patriarch; requires brief explanatory gloss for readers unfamiliar with the convention. |
| brood of vipers | γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν | gennēmata echidnōn | साँपक सन्तान (idiom preserved, register-checked) | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:7 | Rhetorical force (presumption on lineage is worthless before God) must be preserved even if image is softened for register; native-speaker check recommended. |
| fruit worthy of repentance | καρποὺς ἀξίους τῆς μετανοίας | karpous axious tēs metanoias | पश्चातापक योग्य फल | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:8 | Built consistently on REUSE-adjacent पश्चाताप; flag alongside Romans’ obedience_of_faith for the same fruit-flows-from/not-earns-standing balance. |
| lost and found (parable refrain) | ἀπολωλὼς…εὑρέθη | apolōlōs…heuretē | हेरा गेल छल, भेटि गेल | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; Jesus’ Compassion | 15:6, 15:9, 15:24, 15:32, 19:10 | Structural refrain across the three ch.15 parables and 19:10’s mission-summary; keep verb choice consistent across all five occurrences. |
| alive again (metaphorical, non-resurrection) | ἀνέζησεν | anezēsen | फेर सँ जीबित भेल (explicitly NOT पुनरुत्थान) | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins (guard against resurrection-doctrine confusion) | 15:24, 15:32 | Must be kept lexically distinct from पुनरुत्थान (reserved exclusively for Christ’s own literal bodily resurrection); mandatory translator note flagging the metaphorical, relationship-restoration sense here. |
Section C — Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Consistency
- “Today” formula (σήμερον): 4:21, 19:9, 23:43 must render आइ identically across all three occurrences with perfective/immediate force, per the same curriculum-wide fixed-rendering rule the Romans baseline applies to Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, and 10:9-10. Recommend adding this as an explicit consistency rule in the eventual Luke AI Translation Requirements document (Phase 1 Step 4 equivalent to Romans’
12_ai_translation_requirements.md). - The four-fold σπλαγχνίζομαι/ἔλεος/δίκαιος/ἀγάπη compassion-mercy word field (करुणा / दया / grace-adjacent अनुग्रह) requires a single consolidated glossary note in Phase 2 materials so translators do not collapse three distinguishable Greek terms into one Maithili word.
- Son of Man (मनुष्यक पुत्र) vs. Son of God (परमेश्वरक पुत्र): every occurrence of either title should be double-checked against the other in back-translation QA, given the high risk of an under-trained translator treating them as interchangeable honorifics.
- ἄφεσις word-family: the coordinated क्षमा/छुटकारा split (Section B) is the single highest-maintenance consistency item in this glossary; recommend a dedicated QA pass in Phase 2 Step 17 specifically tracing every ἄφεσις occurrence (1:77, 3:3, 4:18, 5:20-24, 17:3-4, 23:34, 24:47) to confirm coordinated, cross-referenced rendering.
- Luke 4:16-21 and 19:1-10 and 24:44-49 should be treated as the Gospel’s three structural thesis/summary passages (opening, midpoint enactment, closing commission) and flagged for identical-consistency treatment in any curriculum materials that quote more than one of them side by side.
This glossary extends, and does not modify, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. All Section A terms are binding exactly as recorded there. Section B terms are proposed additions pending Phase 2 confirmation and formal merge into an extended translation memory file for the Luke curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmiktā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य, सतीत्व
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Occurs at Luke 1:75 (‘in holiness and righteousness’) and underlies 18:14’s justification narrative and 23:47’s centurion confession (δίκαιος, ‘righteous/innocent man’); never धर्म or सतीत्व.
Justification
Approved rendering: धर्मी घोषित कएल जाएब
Transliteration: dharmī ghoṣit kael jaeb
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: क्षमा भेटब, पुण्य कमाएब
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke 18:14 (‘this man went down to his house justified’) is a direct narrative enactment of the exact Romans doctrine and must render identically to this phrase with zero deviation — a premier cross-curriculum consistency passage.
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhār
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, छुटकारा
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:69, 1:71, 1:77 (Benedictus), 19:9 (‘today salvation has come to this house’). Generates the new titular noun उद्धारकर्ता (Savior) — see separate entry — built transparently on this root.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punaruthān
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्जीवन
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 20:27-40 (Sadducee debate), 24:6-7, 24:34, 24:46 (empty tomb, Emmaus). NEVER पुनर्जन्म. Must be kept lexically distinct from the new metaphorical term फेर सँ जीबित भेल (15:24, 32’s ἀνέζησεν, ‘alive again’ of the prodigal), which is NOT resurrection and must never use this term.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, मालिक
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke’s narrator himself calls Jesus ‘the Lord’ from 7:13 onward, a distinctively Lukan narrational habit well before any character’s confession; maintain honorific verb agreement (छथि) consistently throughout.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक पुत्र
Transliteration: parameśvarak putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरक अंश, देवपुरुष
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Foundational at Luke 1:32/1:35 (Annunciation); recurs at 3:38 (genealogy, applied to Adam in a looser analogical sense — mandatory translator note distinguishing this from Christ’s unique eternal Sonship), 4:3/4:9 (temptation), 22:70 (trial). Must be kept sharply distinct from the new term मनुष्यक पुत्र (Son of Man).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारण
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇ
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतार, देह प्रकट
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological category); cf. Luke’s own conception/birth narrative
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke 1:31-35 and 2:6-7 are the primary incarnation narrative of the entire New Testament and carry even higher stakes here than Romans 1:3, since Luke narrates the conception and birth directly in Mithila’s own geographic ‘home territory’ for miraculous-birth stories (cf. Ram’s birth to Dasharath, the Janakpur marriage site). NEVER अवतार; mandatory distinguishing translator note at every occurrence.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त पुरुष, अवतारी पुरुष
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Extremely frequent in Luke (2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:41, 9:20, 20:41, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39, 24:26, 24:46). Every occurrence must resist assimilation to Ram/Krishna avatar-figures; 9:20-22 and 24:26 (‘it was necessary for the Christ to suffer’) are Luke’s own internal correctives against a triumphalist-only reading.
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशु
Transliteration: Yīśu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईसा
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Never ईसा. Standard throughout Luke.
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: parameśvar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: भगवान, ईश्वर
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Never भगवान or ईश्वर.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. The single most structurally important recurring term across the whole Gospel — 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 4:18, 10:21, 11:13, 12:12, 24:49. NEVER ब्रह्म or परमात्मा. Every verb governing पवित्र आत्मा as subject (भरब ‘to fill’, उतरब ‘to descend’, लऽ जाएब ‘to lead’) must retain personal-agent grammar.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, सृष्टिकर्ता
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:32, 6:36, 10:21-22, 11:2 (Lord’s Prayer), 11:13, 12:30-32, 15:11-32 (prodigal’s father), 22:42, 23:34, 23:46. Context discrimination required at each occurrence between God as Father and human fathers (e.g. Zechariah, 1:59-63). Never a Hindu creator-deity name.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: आरोपित धार्मिकता
Transliteration: āropit dhārmiktā
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: अर्जित धार्मिकता, सती-धर्म
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην (conceptual)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Not directly lexicalized in Luke, but the prodigal son (ch.15) and the justified tax collector (18:14) are Luke’s own narrative enactments of this Romans doctrine — cross-reference explicitly in curriculum materials.
Anointed
Approved rendering: अभिषेक कएल
Transliteration: abhiṣek kael
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: χρίω (ἔχρισέν με)
Category: Christology
CRITICAL NEW TERM, load-bearing in the core passage itself (Luke 4:18, χρίω). अभिषेक is simultaneously the standard Maithili/Hindi word for Hindu temple-image anointing and royal/coronation consecration (deity-abhishekam), an extremely live regional ritual concept, not archaic background. No better native alternative exists, so a mandatory translator note is required at every occurrence distinguishing the Holy Spirit’s unique commissioning of God’s promised Messiah from ritual image-anointing, cross-referenced to मसीह.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: क्षमा
Transliteration: kṣamā
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: उद्धार, मुक्ति, मोक्ष, प्रायश्चित्त
CRITICAL NEW TERM. Renders the sin-forgiveness sense of ἄφεσις (Luke 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 17:3-4; 23:34; 24:47). Coordinated with release_liberation (छुटकारा) below for the same Greek root’s captivity/Jubilee sense; a mandatory translator note at first occurrence (1:77, then reinforced at the core passage 4:18) must explain that both Maithili words translate the same underlying Greek root, so the Jubilee-forgiveness link central to Luke’s programmatic announcement is not lost. NEVER उद्धार (reserved for salvation) or मुक्ति/मोक्ष (forbidden) or प्रायश्चित्त (Hindu ritual/karmic-penance connotation).
Savior
Approved rendering: उद्धारकर्ता
Transliteration: uddhārkartā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मुक्तिदाता, मोक्षदाता
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL NEW TERM built transparently on the already-approved उद्धार root. Occurs Luke 1:47, 2:11 (‘a Savior, who is Christ the Lord’), collapsing Savior + Messiah + Lord into one birth-announcement confession anticipating the fixed Romans 10:9 formula. NEVER मुक्तिदाता or मोक्षदाता (forbidden-root compounds); add these to the forbidden-substitution list explicitly given उद्धारकर्ता’s lexical proximity.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: मनुष्यक पुत्र
Transliteration: manuṣyak putra
Doctrine: Son of Man Christology
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
CRITICAL NEW TERM, the most frequent Christological title in Luke (5:24; 6:5; 7:34; 9:22,26,44,58; 11:30; 12:8,40; 17:22-30; 18:8,31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7). Must be kept sharply distinct from परमेश्वरक पुत्र (Son of God) — never merged or treated as synonyms. Flag every occurrence for mandatory Human theologian review; mandatory back-translation cross-check against Son of God at every occurrence.
Paradise
Approved rendering: परादेइस
Transliteration: parādeis
Doctrine: Paradise and the Afterlife Hope
Rejected alternatives: स्वर्ग, वैकुण्ठ, कैलाश
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL NEW TERM. Occurs Luke 23:43, the climactic third occurrence of the Gospel’s ‘today, already’ formula (with 4:21, 19:9). Transliteration with mandatory descriptive gloss distinguishing it from regional Vaishnava/Shaiva heavenly-abode concepts (Vaikuntha, Kailash) and from any merit-based entry criterion — the criminal enters purely by Christ’s own gracious word, having performed no righteous deeds. Never स्वर्ग/वैकुण्ठ/कैलाश as substitutes.
Kingdom Within Among
Approved rendering: तोहरा सभक बीचमे
Transliteration: tohrā sabhak bīcme
Doctrine: The Kingdom ‘Within/Among You’
Rejected alternatives: तोहरा भीतर
Original: ἐντὸς ὑμῶν
Category: Kingdom
CRITICAL NEW TERM, the single highest syncretism-risk phrase in the whole book (ἐντὸς ὑμῶν, 17:20-21). ‘Within you’ (तोहरा भीतर) risks affirming an Advaita Vedanta-style indwelling inner-Self reading, dangerously adjacent to the ब्रह्म/परमात्मा concept forbidden for the Holy Spirit. Since Jesus addresses hostile Pharisees, not disciples, ‘in your midst’ (referring to Christ’s own bodily presence) is doctrinally required. Mandatory dual-reading translator note and Human theologian review on every occurrence.
Propitiatory Mercy
Approved rendering: अनुग्रह
Transliteration: anugraha
Doctrine: Atonement and Propitiation
Rejected alternatives: दया, प्रायश्चित्त
Original: ἱλάσκομαι
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL. Renders the tax collector’s plea ἱλάσκομαι (18:13, ‘God, be merciful/propitiated to me, a sinner’), a direct echo of Romans 3:25’s ἱλαστήριον. Reuses REUSE अनुग्रह (grace) in this contextual sense rather than generic दया (too weak, loses propitiatory force) or प्रायश्चित्त (wrong — Hindu ritual/karmic-penance connotation). Mandatory Human theologian review per the atonement-escalation rule.
Hate Comparative
Approved rendering: घृणा करब
Transliteration: ghṛṇā karab
Doctrine: The Hyperbole of ‘Hating’ Family for Christ’s Sake
Original: μισέω
Category: Kingdom
CRITICAL — direct cultural collision risk (μισέω, 14:26). A literal rendering risks being heard as a direct assault on the filial-duty (kartavya) ideal deeply embedded in Maithili family and marriage custom. Retain the literal verb (do not soften, which would blunt Christ’s rhetorical hyperbole) but attach a mandatory, prominent translator note clarifying Semitic comparative hyperbole — loving Christ so much that other loves look like hatred by comparison, not a literal command. Joint Human theologian + Native speaker review required.
Alive Again Metaphorical
Approved rendering: फेर सँ जीबित भेल
Transliteration: pher sã̃ jībit bhel
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनरुत्थान
Original: ἀνέζησεν
Category: Sin
CRITICAL. Renders ἀνέζησεν (15:24, 15:32, the returning prodigal), a metaphorical restoration-to-relationship claim, NOT a resurrection claim. Must be kept lexically distinct from REUSE पुनरुत्थान, reserved exclusively for Christ’s own literal, bodily, historical resurrection. Mandatory translator note flagging the metaphorical sense at every occurrence.
New Covenant In Blood
Approved rendering: नव वाचा हमर लहूमे
Transliteration: nav vācā hamar lahūme
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper and the New Covenant
CRITICAL NEW compound built on REUSE वाचा + नव (‘new’) + लहू (‘blood’). Occurs 22:20. Directly continuous with the Romans-baseline covenant doctrine, now revealed as inaugurated through Christ’s own sacrificial blood at the Last Supper. Mandatory Human theologian review per the atonement/propitiation-language escalation rule; premier cross-reference to Romans’ atonement passages.
Horn Of Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धारक बलशाली सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: uddhārak balśālī sāmarthya
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: सिंग (literal ‘horn’, rejected)
CRITICAL dynamic-equivalence rendering of the Hebraic idiom κέρας σωτηρίας (Zechariah’s Benedictus, 1:69). A literal ‘horn’ (सिंग) carries no strength-connotation in Maithili and would read as bizarre; render dynamically using established REUSE roots उद्धार and सामर्थ्य per the baseline’s idiom-handling rule (preserve theological meaning over idiomatic literalism).
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: सुसमाचार
Transliteration: susamācār
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: नीक खबर, शुभ सन्देश
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke additionally requires a verbal form for εὐαγγελίζομαι, first at 1:19 (Gabriel to Zechariah) and again at 4:18 (‘good news to the poor’). Render the verb as सुसमाचार सुनाएब, built transparently on this noun so learners recognize the shared root across noun and verb forms.
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रह
Transliteration: anugraha
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, दया, पुण्य, कर्मफल, भाग
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. In Luke must remain sharply distinguished from two new neighboring terms: दया (mercy/ἔλεος, compassionate responsiveness to need) and करुणा (visceral compassion/σπλαγχνίζομαι). Key Luke passages: 1:30 (‘found favor with God’), 2:40, 2:52, and the Grace-versus-Merit doctrine cluster at 7:36-50, 15:11-32, 18:9-14.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: biswas
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्ति
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Anchors Luke’s recurring formula ‘your faith has saved you’ (7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42) — treat as a single fixed phrase requiring identical rendering at every occurrence.
Called
Approved rendering: बजाओल
Transliteration: bajāol
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: आमंत्रित, नेह पाओल
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke 5:32 (‘I have come to call sinners to repentance’) closely pairs this term with the new repentance vocabulary (पश्चाताप).
Calling
Approved rendering: बजाओल जाएब
Transliteration: bajāol jāeb
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: आह्वान
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Minimal direct lexical occurrence in Luke’s Gospel; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Holy
Approved rendering: पवित्र
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्ध, निर्मल
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:35, 1:49, 1:70, 2:23 — frequently modifies Spirit, God’s name, prophets, and covenant.
Saints
Approved rendering: पवित्र जन
Transliteration: pavitra jan
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: संत, सती
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Rare direct lexical occurrence in Luke’s Gospel itself (more frequent in Acts); retained for consistency.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: पवित्रीकरण
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇ
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्धिकरण, संस्कार
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Conceptually present at Luke 1:75 (‘holiness’); minimal direct lexical occurrence.
Adoption
Approved rendering: पुत्रत्व प्रदान
Transliteration: putratva pradān
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: गोद लेब
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Not directly lexicalized in Luke, but conceptually enacted in the prodigal son’s restoration to full sonship (15:22-24, robe/ring/feast as inheritance-rights symbols).
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: byavasthā
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, नियम
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 2:22-27, 2:39 (holy family’s Torah observance), 10:26, 16:16-17, 24:44. NEVER धर्म.
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāp
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 7:47-49, 11:4, 24:47 — frequently paired with the new ἄφεσις-family vocabulary (क्षमा / छुटकारा).
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: तेज, ज्योति
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 2:9, 2:14, 2:32, 9:26, 9:31-32, 17:18, 19:38, 24:26. 2:32 pairs glory with the new light-for-revelation term; avoid light-metaphor conflation with regional divine-luster imagery.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वासक आज्ञाकारिता
Transliteration: biswasak ājñākāritā
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: धार्मिक कर्तव्य पालन
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Not directly lexicalized in Luke, but conceptually present at 8:21 (‘those who hear the word of God and do it’).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: parameśvarak sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: शक्ति, बल
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. NEVER शक्ति. Luke: 1:35 (incarnation), 4:14, 4:36 (recognized by demons), 5:17, 6:19, 9:1, 10:19, 21:27, 24:49 (‘power from on high’) — bookends the whole Gospel.
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, बिआह-सम्बन्ध
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:72 (Abrahamic covenant remembered) and 22:20 (‘the new covenant in my blood’). At 22:20 specifically, escalate to Critical-tier atonement-escalation handling per the mandatory rule for any atonement/propitiation-language segment — see the new term new_covenant_in_blood below.
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक चुनाव
Transliteration: parameśvarak cunāv
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, किस्मत, प्रारब्ध
Original: ἐκλογή (conceptual; ἐκλεκτός used)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 18:7 (‘his elect/chosen ones,’ parable of the persistent widow); minimal direct occurrence, retained for consistency.
Providence
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक विधान
Transliteration: parameśvarak vidhān
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, प्रारब्ध
Original: conceptual; cf. Luke 12:6-7
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 12:6-7 (‘not one sparrow is forgotten’), 21:18 (‘not a hair of your head will perish’). Never भाग्य or प्रारब्ध.
Abba
Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά (Romans/Mark term; cf. the intimacy register of Luke’s Πάτερ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Not directly lexicalized in Luke’s Gospel; retained for cross-reference to the Lord’s Prayer’s plain vocative Πάτερ (11:2), rendered पिता in the prayer text itself, which carries the same filial-intimacy register in Aramaic-speaking ears.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: दाऊदक वंशसँ
Transliteration: Dāūdak vanśasã̃
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ (conceptual)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: genealogical/covenantal background material throughout 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 3:31.
Release Liberation
Approved rendering: छुटकारा
Transliteration: chuṭkārā
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, उद्धार
NEW TERM (reuses a word already narrowly permitted by the Romans baseline for redemption-adjacent rescue contexts). Covers both the literal captivity/Jubilee-release sense of ἄφεσις (Luke 4:18-19) and ἀπολύτρωσις ‘redemption’ (Luke 21:28, ‘your redemption is drawing near’, the key future ‘not yet’ companion to 4:21/19:9’s present ‘today, already’). Cross-referenced with forgiveness_of_sins above via mandatory translator note. Never मुक्ति/मोक्ष/उद्धार.
Repentance
Approved rendering: पश्चाताप
Transliteration: paśchātāp
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: प्रायश्चित्त
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sin
NEW TERM, curriculum-critical. Occurs Luke 3:3, 3:8, 5:32, 13:3, 13:5, 15:7, 15:10, 17:3-4, 24:47. Must be sharply distinguished from प्रायश्चित्त, the Hindu ritual-atonement/penance concept involving prescribed acts to cancel karmic guilt — biblical repentance is a Spirit-enabled reorientation received by faith, not a self-performed merit-earning act. This distinction carries the same doctrinal weight for Luke that धार्मिकता-versus-धर्म carries for Romans.
Compassion Visceral
Approved rendering: करुणा
Transliteration: karuṇā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: दया, अनुग्रह
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Faith
NEW TERM, curriculum-critical recurring motif (σπλαγχνίζομαι at 7:13 widow of Nain; 10:33 Good Samaritan; 15:20 prodigal’s father). Reserved exclusively for this visceral, gut-level, action-triggering compassion Luke applies almost only to Christ and Christ-embodying parable figures. Must remain glossary-distinguishable from दया (mercy, broader responsiveness to need) and अनुग्रह (grace, unmerited favor toward the guilty).
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Mercy and Compassion of God
Rejected alternatives: अनुग्रह, करुणा
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
NEW TERM. Renders ἔλεος: God’s/Christ’s compassionate responsiveness to human misery and need, distinct from अनुग्रह (grace = unmerited favor toward the guilty specifically) and from करुणा (visceral, action-triggering compassion). Occurs 1:50, 1:54, 1:58, 1:72, 1:78 (Magnificat/Benedictus), 6:36, 10:37, 18:38-39 (blind beggar’s cry).
Poor
Approved rendering: दीन-दुखी
Transliteration: dīn-dukhī
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: गरीब (secondary gloss only), दान, पुण्य-अर्जन
Original: πτωχός
Category: Church
NEW TERM, foundational to a curriculum-naming doctrine. गरीब alone is too narrowly economic; दीन-दुखी (primary) or दीन-हीन (alternate) better captures Lukan social-powerlessness-plus-destitution while avoiding reinforcement of the regional almsgiving-merit (दान/पुण्य-अर्जन) framework in which the poor are passive objects of a giver’s own merit-accumulation. Mandatory translator note at 4:18, 6:20-22, 7:22 reversing the expected merit-direction: God’s initiative TOWARD the poor, not a merit-generating act BY the reader. Joint Human theologian + Native speaker review required.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: पड़ोसी
Transliteration: paṛosī
Doctrine: Unity of Jew and Samaritan
Original: πλησίον
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Ordinary Maithili पड़ोसी denotes only geographic/social proximity; the Good Samaritan parable (10:25-37) deliberately redefines it as an active-mercy category crossing ethnic/religious boundary lines. Mandatory translator note at 10:29 flagging that Jesus widens/redefines the term against the lawyer’s boundary-drawing intent.
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: सङ्गति भोज
Transliteration: saṅgati bhoj
Doctrine: Table Fellowship as an Enacted Doctrine
Original: συνανάκειμαι / κατάκειμαι
Category: Church
NEW compound term built on REUSE सङ्गति (fellowship). Recurring motif (5:29-30; 7:36-50; 14:1-24; 15:1-2; 19:1-10; 22:14-30) requiring a standing translator note explaining the ancient meal-as-acceptance social convention; Maithili’s own dining/commensality customs across caste lines can be leveraged as a productive cultural bridge rather than merely warned against.
Sinners Social
Approved rendering: पापी
Transliteration: pāpī
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλοί
Category: Sin
Built on REUSE पाप, but marks a narrower, socially-marked category of recognized outcasts (tax collectors, disreputable trades) distinct from Romans’ universal ‘all have sinned’ sense. Occurs 5:30, 5:32, 7:34, 7:37, 7:39, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 18:13, 19:7. Must not be universalized away, or the specific social scandal of Jesus’ table fellowship is lost.
Devil Satan
Approved rendering: शैतान
Transliteration: śaitān
Doctrine: Exorcism and the Kingdom’s Conflict with Evil
Rejected alternatives: भूत-प्रेत
Original: διάβολος / Σατανᾶς
Category: God
NEW TERM. Transliteration, already a familiar loanword across North Indian languages. Must remain clearly personal and singular, never confused with the region’s plural, impersonal malevolent-spirit categories (भूत-प्रेत) common in Maithili folk religion. Occurs 4:2-13, 8:12, 10:18, 11:18, 13:16, 22:3, 22:31.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: अशुद्ध आत्मा
Transliteration: aśuddh ātmā
Doctrine: Exorcism and the Kingdom’s Conflict with Evil
Rejected alternatives: भूत, प्रेत, डायन
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: God
NEW TERM, built consistently on आत्मा already established for पवित्र आत्मा (modifier अशुद्ध/दुष्ट must never be dropped). Maithili’s rich indigenous vocabulary for malevolent spirits (भूत, प्रेत, डायन) tied to ओझा (shaman) folk-exorcism practice must never be used — biblical demons are defeated by Christ’s authoritative word alone, never ritual appeasement or negotiation. Occurs 4:33-36, 4:41, 8:2, 8:27-33, 9:1, 9:42, 11:14-20, 13:32.
Blessed
Approved rendering: धन्य
Transliteration: dhanya
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: सुखी
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Renders μακάριος: an authoritative divine pronouncement of favored status, not a subjective emotional state. सुखी (‘happy/content’) rejected as too subjective-emotional. Occurs 1:45, 6:20-22, 7:23, 11:27-28, 12:37-38, 12:43, 14:14-15, 23:29. Native-speaker check required that धन्य does not read merely as ‘lucky’ colloquially, especially at the paradox-heavy 6:20-22 beatitudes.
Light For Revelation
Approved rendering: अन्यजातिक हेतु प्रकाश
Transliteration: anyajātik hetu prakāś
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν
Category: Church
NEW compound reusing REUSE अन्यजाति. Occurs 2:32 (Nunc Dimittis). Mandatory translator note clarifying this ‘light’ names revelatory disclosure to the nations, not physical divine radiance, per the baseline caution against light-imagery conflating with regional Puranic divine-luster narrative.
Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: क्रूस उठाएब
Transliteration: krūs uṭhāeb
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: αἴρειν τὸν σταυρὸν
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. क्रूस is an established transliterated loanword across North Indian Christian usage. Mandatory translator note explaining the crucifixion-instrument background given assumed-low OT/NT narrative literacy, since ‘take up the cross daily’ could otherwise be misheard as generic hardship-endurance. Occurs 9:23, 14:27.
Fruit Worthy Of Repentance
Approved rendering: पश्चातापक योग्य फल
Transliteration: paśchātāpak yogya phal
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: καρποὺς ἀξίους τῆς μετανοίας
Category: Sin
NEW TERM, built on पश्चाताप. Occurs 3:8. Flag alongside REUSE विश्वासक आज्ञाकारिता (obedience of faith) for the same fruit-flows-from/not-earns-standing doctrinal balance.
Lost And Found
Approved rendering: हेरा गेल छल, भेटि गेल
Transliteration: herā gel chal, bheṭi gel
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀπολωλὼς…εὑρέθη
Category: Sin
NEW TERM, structural refrain across the three chapter-15 parables and 19:10’s mission-summary. Keep verb choice consistent across all five occurrences (15:6, 15:9, 15:24, 15:32, 19:10).
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेरित
Transliteration: prerit
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: दूत, पंडित
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: the Twelve are first formally named ‘apostles’ at 6:13, and again at 9:10, 17:5.
Peace
Approved rendering: शान्ति
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: चैन, सुख
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke broadens the individual justification-sense (7:50, 8:48) to a corporate/cosmic messianic-peace sense at 1:79, 2:14, 19:38, 19:42 — both senses must remain distinct from the region’s domestic-harmony (gharelu sukh-shanti) ideal.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: आत्मिक वरदान
Transliteration: ātmik varadān
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: वरदान, सिद्धि
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Not directly lexicalized in Luke’s Gospel; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with Acts and Romans.
Church
Approved rendering: मण्डली
Transliteration: maṇḍalī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: मन्दिर, मठ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Not present in Luke’s Gospel itself (an Acts term); retained for future cross-reference.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक राज्य
Transliteration: parameśvarak rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरक राष्ट्र
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified (base term tier unchanged). Single most frequent theological phrase in Luke (4:43 through 23:42, dozens of occurrences); Phase 2 must treat Luke’s overall usage with elevated review attention beyond the base Medium tier given frequency and the region’s own House-of-Janak royal-kingdom self-identity — see doctrine registry ‘Kingdom of God: Present and Future’ (High) and ‘Kingdom Within/Among You’ (Critical, Luke 17:21, its own dedicated entry, NEVER resolved with this general term’s handling).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजाति
Transliteration: anyajāti
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: विदेशी
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 2:32, 18:32, 21:24, 24:47 — cross-reference the ‘Jesus as Savior for All Nations’ doctrine at every occurrence.
Intercession
Approved rendering: मध्यस्थता
Transliteration: madhyasthatā
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: सिफारिश
Original: conceptual; cf. ἐντυγχάνω-family
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke 22:32 (‘I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail’) is Christ’s own clearest intercessory act, even without the technical Greek term.
Mission
Approved rendering: सुसमाचार प्रचार
Transliteration: susamācār pracār
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: मिशन
Original: conceptual; ἀποστέλλω-family
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 9:1-6 (sending of the Twelve), 10:1-24 (sending of the Seventy-Two), 24:47-49 (Great Commission) are Luke’s own mission narratives.
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 18:38-39 (Bartimaeus’s ‘Son of David’ cry), 20:41-44.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:16, 1:54, 1:68, 1:80, 2:25, 2:32, 2:34, 4:25, 4:27, 22:30, 24:21.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: सभा-घर (सिनागॉग)
Transliteration: sabhā-ghar (sinagŏg)
Doctrine: Sabbath Observance and the Fulfillment of the Law
Rejected alternatives: मन्दिर, मठ
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. No native Maithili institutional word exists; मन्दिर (Hindu temple) and मठ (monastic center) are both barred by baseline syncretism rules. Native descriptive compound सभा-घर plus transliteration gloss सिनागॉग at first occurrence (Luke 4:16, the core passage’s own setting) avoids both temple-conflation and blank incomprehension.
Mammon
Approved rendering: धन
Transliteration: dhan
Doctrine: Stewardship and the Danger of Wealth
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Renders μαμωνᾶς, wealth personified as a rival master competing for ultimate allegiance (‘you cannot serve God and mammon’). धन as primary accessible rendering, मैमोन available as a supplementary transliteration for teaching contexts. Occurs 16:9, 16:11, 16:13. Preserve सेवा करब (‘to serve’) applied to both God and धन to retain the allegiance-claim force.
Baptism
Approved rendering: बपतिस्मा
Transliteration: baptismā
Doctrine: Baptism as a Sign of Repentance
Rejected alternatives: स्नान
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Sin
NEW TERM. Transliteration following established North Indian Bible-translation precedent, avoiding confusion with routine ritual bathing (स्नान), itself religiously loaded in regional practice. Occurs 3:3, 3:7, 3:12, 3:16, 3:21, 7:29-30, 12:50.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरक वचन
Transliteration: parameśvarak vacan
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM, standard compound using the established genitive -क. Occurs 5:1, 8:11 (parable of the sower), 8:21, 11:28.
Woe
Approved rendering: हाय
Transliteration: hāy
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Standard prophetic lament/warning exclamation, structural opposite of धन्य. Occurs 6:24-26, 10:13, 11:42-52, 17:1, 21:23, 22:22.
Little Flock
Approved rendering: छोट झुंड
Transliteration: choṭ jhuṇḍ
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God: Present and Future
Original: τὸ μικρὸν ποίμνιον
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Pastoral image of a small, vulnerable community under the Father’s deliberate good pleasure. Occurs 12:32.
Daily Bread
Approved rendering: दैनिक रोटी
Transliteration: dainik roṭī
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: τὸν ἄρτον…τὸν ἐπιούσιον
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Grounds ongoing dependence-on-God theology in an embodied daily request. Occurs 11:3 (Lord’s Prayer).
Consolation Of Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएलक सांत्वना
Transliteration: isrāelak sāntvanā
Doctrine: The Consolation and Hope of Israel
Original: παράκλησις τοῦ Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Simeon’s messianic hope (2:25); cross-reference शान्ति and उद्धार in glossary notes.
Abrahams Bosom
Approved rendering: अब्राहमक गोदी
Transliteration: abrāhamak godī
Doctrine: Paradise and the Afterlife Hope
Original: κόλπος Ἀβραάμ
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Jewish idiom for restful nearness to the patriarch after death (16:22-23); requires a brief explanatory gloss, not substitution with any regional merit-based afterlife-rest image.
Brood Of Vipers
Approved rendering: साँपक सन्तान
Transliteration: sã̃pak santān
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (idiom preserved). John’s rebuke of presumption on ancestry (3:7); the rhetorical force intersects directly with Panjikaran lineage-purity assumptions and must be preserved even if the image is softened for register.
Prayer
Approved rendering: प्रार्थना
Transliteration: prārthanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: पूजा
NEW TERM, primary general word for prayer throughout Luke (distinct from REUSE मध्यस्थता, reserved for intercession specifically). NEVER पूजा (ritual worship directed at an image or shrine, the single most common word an average Maithili speaker would otherwise reach for in a ‘religious address to a higher power’ context). Occurs throughout 3:21, 5:16, 6:12, 9:18, 9:28-29, 11:1-13, 18:1-14, 22:39-46.
Servant Of The Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभुक दासी
Transliteration: prabhuk dāsī
Doctrine: Fatherhood of God and Filial Intimacy
NEW TERM. Renders δούλη/δοῦλος, Mary’s self-designation of total submission and belonging (1:38, 1:48: ‘let it be to me according to your word’). Pair with ‘the Lord’s’ (प्रभुक) to keep the sense devotional rather than social-status/caste-labor marking.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: धन्यवाद
Transliteration: dhanyavād
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: the healed Samaritan leper’s return (17:16) and the Last Supper (22:17, 22:19) are the key occurrences.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: सङ्गति
Transliteration: saṅgati
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: मित्रता, समाज
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Underlies the new compound term सङ्गति भोज (table fellowship) built on this root.
Prophet
Approved rendering: भविष्यद्वक्ता
Transliteration: bhaviṣyadvaktā
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ज्योतिषी
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:76 (John the Baptist), 4:17/4:24 (Isaiah), 7:16/7:26/7:39, 9:8/9:19, 13:33-34, 16:29-31, 24:19/24:27 (whole OT prophetic corpus).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: भविष्यवाणी
Transliteration: bhaviṣyavāṇī
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: भविष्यफल
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke: 1:70 (implicit), 18:31 (‘everything written by the prophets…will be fulfilled’), 24:44 — ties directly to the core-passage fulfillment theology of 4:18-21.
Exhort
Approved rendering: उत्साहित करब
Transliteration: utsāhit karab
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Luke 3:18, describing John the Baptist’s preaching.
Oath
Approved rendering: शपथ
Transliteration: śapath
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
NEW TERM, standard low-risk vocabulary. Zechariah’s prophecy roots John’s and Jesus’ births in God’s remembered oath/covenant faithfulness to Abraham (1:72-73).
Referenced passages