Cross-Reference Analysis
Cross-Reference Analysis: Galatians (English–Maithili)
Methodology
Per PRD Phase 1 Step 3, this document catalogs:
- Every direct Old Testament quotation in Galatians (chapter by chapter, full-book coverage).
- Every significant Old Testament allusion or narrative background reference.
- Messianic references and typological patterns.
- Parallels to other curricula translated in this Maithili Language Package, with special attention to Romans (the established baseline), and forward-looking notes toward Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, and 1 Corinthians (all listed in this curriculum’s scope).
- Rendering-consistency rules for quotations and phrases shared verbatim (or near-verbatim) between Galatians and Romans, so that Phase 2 translation produces identical Maithili wording for identical source citations.
Maithili book-name abbreviation used throughout this document for the current curriculum: गलातीय (Galatians).
Part One: Chapter-by-Chapter OT Quotation and Allusion Matrix
Galatians 1
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galatians 1:1 | Paul’s Apostleship; Resurrection | Paul, God the Father, Jesus | NT parallel: Romans 1:1-4 (apostleship grounded in resurrection). No direct OT quote; the resurrection-grounding pattern echoes OT vindication-of-the-righteous-sufferer texts (e.g., Psalm 16:10, cited directly in Acts 2:27, a future curriculum book) only by broader biblical-theological resonance, not direct citation here. | Reuse पुनरुत्थान exactly; never पुनर्जन्म. Apostleship grounded in divine, not human, commissioning — distinct emphasis from Romans 1:1’s simpler self-identification. |
| Galatians 1:4 | Crucified with Christ (redemptive-historical framing); The Law’s Purpose (age-categories) | Christ | Allusion to Jewish apocalyptic “two ages” framework (implicit background, cf. later NT apocalyptic idiom; no single OT citation). | HIGH. Never render “age” (αἰών) with युग (cyclical cosmic-age terminology); see 08_core_glossary.md entry 61. |
| Galatians 1:6-9 | True Gospel versus False Gospels | Paul, unnamed agitators | No direct OT quote. Covenant-curse formula pattern (ἀνάθεμα) echoes the covenant-curse structure of Deuteronomy 27-28 in general form, not as a specific citation. | HIGH. Anathema must read as God’s own judicial condemnation of false teaching, not folk/occult curse invocation (see entry 60). |
| Galatians 1:13-14 | Paul’s former life; Zeal (context-sensitive) | Paul | No direct OT quote; parallel NT autobiographical text: Philippians 3:5-6 (a different, non-scoped curriculum, noted for future consistency only). | Medium. Track ζηλ- root sense (positive zeal here vs. negative jealousy at 5:20). |
| Galatians 1:15-16 | Paul’s Apostleship; Divine Calling; Incarnation-adjacent revelation | Paul, God, “his Son” | Allusion: Jeremiah 1:5 (“Before I formed you in the womb I knew you… I appointed you a prophet to the nations”) and Isaiah 49:1,5 (the Servant “called… from the womb,” “formed… from the womb to be his servant”). Both are prophetic-commissioning texts Paul deliberately echoes to frame his apostleship as a prophetic calling. | HIGH. “Set apart… before I was born” must not be heard, even by accidental resonance, as implying pre-existence of the soul across lives (a live regional rebirth-cycle assumption). This is God’s foreknowledge and sovereign appointment of a person within a single life, analogous to Jeremiah’s and the Servant’s prophetic call — a translator’s note distinguishing divine foreordination from rebirth-doctrine is recommended at first occurrence. |
| Galatians 1:17 | Paul’s Apostleship (independent commissioning) | Paul | Geographic/narrative background only (Arabia, Damascus); no direct OT quotation. Some interpreters note a possible resonance with Elijah’s flight to Horeb/Sinai in Arabia-adjacent wilderness (1 Kings 19:1-18) as a type of prophetic wilderness retreat before renewed commissioning, though this is interpretive rather than a text-marked allusion. | Low-Medium; optional interpretive note only, not required for Phase 2. |
| Galatians 1:23-24 | Gospel; Glory | Paul | No OT quote; doxology echoes the Psalter’s glory-doxology pattern generally (cf. [REUSED] महिमा). | Low. |
Galatians 2 (verses 1-14; see Part One of 07_semantic_analysis.md for 2:15-21 verse-by-verse detail)
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galatians 2:1-10 | Paul’s Apostleship; Church as God’s People | Paul, Barnabas, Titus, James, Cephas/Peter, John | Narrative parallel to Acts 15:1-29 (the Jerusalem Council) — this is a direct historical/narrative parallel within this curriculum’s own scope (Acts is a listed curriculum book). Phase 2 translators of Acts 15 and Galatians 2 should cross-check terminology (e.g., “circumcision,” “false brothers,” “Gentiles”) for consistency, since both narrate the same underlying historical dispute from different vantage points. | HIGH — cross-curriculum coordination required. Flag for review alignment between Galatians 2 and Acts 15 segment translation once Acts enters Phase 2. |
| Galatians 2:6 | Universal Human Accountability; Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Paul, “those of repute” | Allusion: Deuteronomy 10:17 (“God… shows no partiality”) and Leviticus 19:15 (impartial judgment command). Exact NT parallel: Romans 2:11 (“For God shows no partiality”), a verbatim-repeated theological principle. | HIGH. Must render identically to the established (or to-be-established) Maithili rendering of Romans 2:11’s “no partiality” clause for cross-document consistency. |
| Galatians 2:9 | Church as God’s People; Fellowship | James, Cephas, John, Paul, Barnabas | No OT quote; cultural handshake-gesture note (see 07_semantic_analysis.md). | Medium — cultural gesture explanation recommended. |
| Galatians 2:11-14 | True Gospel versus False Gospels; Law and Grace | Cephas/Peter, Paul, Barnabas | No direct OT quote; behavioral consistency-with-truth theme echoes wisdom-tradition integrity motifs generally (e.g., Psalm 15). | Medium. |
| Galatians 2:16 | Justification by Faith (thesis statement of the whole letter) | Paul, Peter | Allusion: Psalm 143:2 (“for no one living is righteous before you”) stands behind Paul’s “no flesh will be justified by works of the law.” Exact-phrase NT parallel: “works of the law” recurs in Romans 3:20, 3:28. | CRITICAL. व्यवस्थाक काज (“works of the law”) must render identically in Galatians 2:16 (x3), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10 and in Romans 3:20, 3:28. धर्मी घोषित कएल जाएब must render identically across every occurrence in both books. |
| Galatians 2:19-20 | Crucified with Christ; Sonship of Christ | Paul, Christ | NT parallel: Romans 6:6 (“our old self was crucified with him”) and Romans 8:37. No direct OT quote. | CRITICAL. ख्रीष्टक संग क्रूसित भेल छी must be consistent with however Romans 6:6’s “crucified with him” is or will be rendered; never substitute regional bali/yajna (ritual-sacrifice) vocabulary. |
| Galatians 2:21 | Grace; Law and Grace; Justification by Faith | Paul, Christ | NT parallel: Romans 3:24, Romans 5:2 (grace as the ground of justification). No direct OT quote. | CRITICAL. अनुग्रह and धार्मिकता must be used exactly per baseline; never कृपा/पुण्य for grace in this contrastive sense. |
(Galatians 2:15-21 receives full verse-by-verse OT/typological treatment in 07_semantic_analysis.md Part One; this table addresses 2:1-14 and summarizes 2:15-21 for matrix completeness.)
Galatians 3
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galatians 3:1 | True Gospel versus False Gospels | Paul, Galatian believers | No OT quote; rhetorical idiom (βασκαίνω, “bewitched”). | CRITICAL — see 08_core_glossary.md entry 57; rhetorical hyperbole, not literal occult claim. |
| Galatians 3:6 | Justification by Faith; Imputed Righteousness; Abrahamic Covenant | Abraham | Direct quotation: Genesis 15:6 (“Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness”). Exact NT parallel: Romans 4:3 (identical citation, identical argument). | CRITICAL — verbatim cross-document consistency required. See Rendering-Consistency Rules, Part Three, Rule 1 below. |
| Galatians 3:8 | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Gospel | Abraham, “all the nations” | Direct quotation (conflated): Genesis 12:3 / Genesis 18:18 (“In you shall all the nations be blessed”). Paul calls this “the gospel preached beforehand to Abraham” — the OT’s own proto-gospel. NT parallel: Romans 4:13,16-17 (Abraham as father of many nations/heir of the world). | HIGH. Render “blessed” (आशीष/आशीर्वाद) consistently with the “blessing” entry in 08_core_glossary.md #39; keep conceptually allied to अनुग्रह. |
| Galatians 3:10 | The Law’s Purpose; Crucified with Christ | — | Direct quotation: Deuteronomy 27:26 (“Cursed be everyone who does not abide by all things written in the Book of the Law, and do them”). | HIGH. श्राप must be anchored as God’s own covenant-legal verdict; never folk/ancestral curse. |
| Galatians 3:11 | Justification by Faith (thesis statement, shared with Romans) | — | Direct quotation: Habakkuk 2:4 (“The righteous shall live by faith”). EXACT NT parallel: Romans 1:17 — the identical OT citation functioning as the programmatic thesis-verse of BOTH Romans and Galatians. | CRITICAL — the single most important cross-curriculum rendering-consistency requirement in this document. See Rendering-Consistency Rules, Part Three, Rule 2 below. |
| Galatians 3:12 | The Law’s Purpose | — | Direct quotation: Leviticus 18:5 (“The one who does them shall live by them”). | HIGH. Must be kept terminologically distinct from Habakkuk 2:4’s faith-based “shall live,” so the contrast (law-performance vs. faith) remains visible; do not harmonize the two “shall live” clauses into identical Maithili phrasing. |
| Galatians 3:13 | Crucified with Christ; The Law’s Purpose | Christ | Direct quotation: Deuteronomy 21:23 (“Cursed is everyone who is hanged on a tree”). Typological/thematic echo: Isaiah 53 (the Servant bearing others’ guilt/curse) — allusion, not direct citation. | CRITICAL. Substitutionary curse-bearing; requires theologian review (see 08_core_glossary.md entry 41, छुटकारा + श्राप बनि गेला). |
| Galatians 3:16 | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Messianic Promise (typology) | Abraham, Christ | Allusion/argument built on: Genesis 12:7; 13:15; 17:7-8; 22:18 (“to your offspring/seed”). Paul’s grammatical argument treats the collective-singular “seed” as ultimately fulfilled in a single individual, Christ. | CRITICAL — see MESSIANIC TYPOLOGY, Part Two, item 1 below. वंश must preserve the singular-collective grammatical form across 3:16 (Christ) and 3:29 (believers). |
| Galatians 3:17 | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; The Law’s Purpose | Abraham, Moses (implied) | Chronological allusion: Exodus 12:40 (430 years in Egypt, used by Paul as the interval between the promise and the giving of the law). | Medium — historical-chronological background; low doctrinal risk if context supplied. |
| Galatians 3:19 | The Law’s Purpose | Moses (implied), angels | Allusion: Deuteronomy 33:2 (LXX tradition); NT parallel: Acts 7:53 (a future curriculum book — “you who received the law as delivered by angels”) and the general Second-Temple tradition of angelic mediation at Sinai. | Medium-High — the “ordained through angels by an intermediary” clause requires a brief explanatory note; do not conflate these mediating angels with independently-venerated spirit-beings in regional folk cosmology. |
| Galatians 3:24-25 | The Law’s Purpose | — | No direct OT quote; Greco-Roman legal-custom background (παιδαγωγός). | Medium-High — see 08_core_glossary.md entry 42. |
| Galatians 3:27-28 | Circumcision and the New Creation; Unity of Jews and Gentiles; Freedom in Christ | — | NT parallel: Romans 6:3-4 (baptized into Christ’s death), Romans 13:14 (“put on the Lord Jesus Christ”), Romans 10:12 (“no distinction between Jew and Greek”). Forward parallel: 1 Corinthians 12:13 (a curriculum book: “in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body”). | HIGH/CRITICAL. The “no Jew/Greek, slave/free, male/female” universality claim must retain unqualified force, consistent with the baseline’s unity_of_jews_and_gentiles doctrine risk notes; do not soften given Mithila’s Panjikaran-conscious lineage culture. |
| Galatians 3:29 | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Adoption and Sonship | Abraham, believers | NT parallel: Romans 4:13-16 (heirs by faith, not law) and Romans 8:17 (fellow heirs with Christ). | High — उत्तराधिकारी must be framed as faith-based inheritance, not Panjikaran-style genealogical inheritance. |
Galatians 4
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galatians 4:1-3 | The Law’s Purpose; Adoption and Sonship | — | No direct OT quote; Roman legal-custom background (guardians/managers, elemental principles). | Medium-High — see 08_core_glossary.md entries 42-43, 45. |
| Galatians 4:4 | Incarnation; Messianic Promise; The Law’s Purpose | Christ, “a woman” | NT parallel: Romans 1:3 (“descended from David according to the flesh”) — both texts affirm Christ’s real, historical human birth as the ground of covenant fulfillment. No single OT quotation, but the phrase functions as the fulfillment-point of the entire Abrahamic/Davidic promise trajectory. | CRITICAL. देहधारण; never अवतार. Translator’s note distinguishing from Mithila’s own avatar-descent narrative required, exactly as at Romans 1:3. |
| Galatians 4:5-7 | Adoption and Sonship | — | Exact NT parallel: Romans 8:15 (“Abba, Father”) — the identical Aramaic-Greek phrase, and Romans 8:23 (adoption, “waiting for adoption as sons”). | CRITICAL — verbatim cross-document consistency required. See Rendering-Consistency Rules, Part Three, Rule 3 below. |
| Galatians 4:8-11 | The Law’s Purpose; Freedom in Christ | — | No direct OT quote; polemic against both pagan and legalistic religious calendrical bondage. | High — see 08_core_glossary.md entries 45, and calendrical-observance note. |
| Galatians 4:21-31 | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Law and Grace (allegory) | Abraham, Hagar, Sarah, Ishmael (implied), Isaac | Narrative background: Genesis 16:1-16; 21:1-21 (Hagar/Ishmael and Sarah/Isaac narratives). Direct quotation, Galatians 4:27: Isaiah 54:1 (“Rejoice, O barren one who does not bear; break forth into shouting…”). Direct quotation, Galatians 4:30: Genesis 21:10 (“Cast out the slave woman and her son…”). | CRITICAL — typological allegory, see MESSIANIC TYPOLOGY, Part Two, item 4 below. Requires theologian review; distinguish Paul’s Spirit-authorized apostolic typology from open-ended regional devotional-literary allegorization (cf. Vidyapati tradition). |
Galatians 5
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galatians 5:1 | Freedom in Christ | Christ | Thematic NT parallel: Romans 6:18,22 (freed from sin), Romans 8:2 (the law of the Spirit of life has set you free). No direct OT quote. | High — स्वतंत्रता; never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. |
| Galatians 5:2-12 | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | No direct OT quote (circumcision itself is grounded in Genesis 17:9-14, background narrative rather than direct citation here). | HIGH — see 08_core_glossary.md entry 51; local Muslim-identity-association risk requires translator’s note. |
| Galatians 5:14 | Faith Working through Love; The Law’s Purpose | — | Direct quotation: Leviticus 19:18 (“You shall love your neighbor as yourself”). EXACT NT parallel: Romans 13:9 (identical citation). Forward parallel: this same command is cited by Jesus as the second Great Commandment in Matthew 22:39, Mark 12:31, Luke 10:27 (all future curriculum Gospels). | CRITICAL — cross-curriculum rendering-consistency requirement. See Rendering-Consistency Rules, Part Three, Rule 4 below. |
| Galatians 5:16-24 | Flesh versus Spirit | — | Thematic NT parallel: Romans 8:1-13 (the flesh/Spirit contrast, Paul’s most extended parallel treatment). No single OT quotation; broadly echoes the OT’s “circumcised heart” motif (Deuteronomy 30:6; Jeremiah 31:33) regarding inward, Spirit-wrought transformation versus external performance. | CRITICAL. The two-sense शरीर / शरीरक स्वभाव policy (08_core_glossary.md entries 33-34) must be applied identically wherever Romans 8’s flesh/Spirit material is translated, for full cross-document terminological consistency. |
| Galatians 5:19-21 | Flesh versus Spirit (vice catalogue) | — | No direct OT quote; vice-catalogue genre has OT wisdom-literature background (e.g., Proverbs 6:16-19). | High — see 08_core_glossary.md entries 54-56 (idolatry, sorcery flagged individually). |
| Galatians 5:22-23 | Fruit of the Spirit | — | Thematic NT parallel: Romans 8:4,6 (walking according to the Spirit, the mind set on the Spirit is life and peace). Forward parallel: 1 Corinthians 13 (a curriculum book: love as the greatest, with overlapping virtue-vocabulary — patience, kindness). | HIGH. आत्माक फल; translator’s note distinguishing from कर्मफल REQUIRED (see entry 53). |
Galatians 6
| Passage | Theme | Related Character(s) | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galatians 6:1-5 | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | No direct OT quote. Forward parallel: Romans 15:1 (“we who are strong have an obligation to bear with the failings of the weak”), a close thematic parallel using different vocabulary (βαστάζειν in both). | Medium-High — distinguish बोझ (shared burden, 6:2) from अपन बोझ/जिम्मेदारी (personal load, 6:5); see entries 69-70. |
| Galatians 6:2 | Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Law and Grace | Christ | No direct OT quote. Forward parallel: John 13:34 (the “new commandment” to love one another, a future curriculum book) as the substantive content of “the law of Christ.” NT parallel: Romans 13:8-10 (love as the fulfillment of the law). | HIGH. ख्रीष्टक व्यवस्था must be visibly distinguished in context from व्यवस्था used elsewhere for the Mosaic Law; translator’s note recommended. |
| Galatians 6:7-8 | Flesh versus Spirit; Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | Wisdom-tradition allusion: Job 4:8, Proverbs 22:8, Hosea 8:7 (sowing/reaping as moral principle). Forward parallel: 2 Corinthians 9:6 (a book outside current scope but sharing the sowing/reaping metaphor). EXACT thematic parallel: Romans 6:22-23 (“the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life”) — the identical climactic flesh-versus-Spirit, death-versus-life contrast structure. | CRITICAL. अनन्त जीवन must be distinguished from मोक्ष/मुक्ति exactly as in the Romans baseline; the सिखाओल-karma-proverb collision risk (see entry 71) requires a translator’s note. |
| Galatians 6:11-16 | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | No direct OT quote; Galatians 6:16 (“the Israel of God”) has an unresolved exegetical relationship to Romans 9:6-8, 11:26 (Paul’s extended Israel/church discussion in Romans). | HIGH — do not resolve the “Israel of God” interpretive ambiguity through translation choice; render literally, flag for theologian review, consistent with 08_core_glossary.md Section A entry 25. |
| Galatians 6:17 | Paul’s Apostleship | Paul, Jesus | No direct OT quote. Forward parallel: 2 Corinthians 4:10; 11:23-25 (Paul’s sufferings as apostolic marks, outside current scope). | Medium — see entry 74; distinguish from caste-marking/tilak practices. |
| Galatians 6:18 | Grace; Lordship of Christ | Christ | Closing benediction; NT parallel: Romans 16:20,24 (grace benediction pattern). No OT quote. | Low-Medium — standard epistolary closing. |
Part Two: Messianic References and Typology
| # | Typological Pattern | Galatians Passage | OT Root | Theological Significance | Maithili Rendering Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Singular “Seed” of Abraham | Galatians 3:16, 3:29 | Genesis 12:7; 13:15; 17:7-8; 22:18 | Paul’s rabbinic-style argument from the grammatical singularity of “seed” (Hebrew זֶרַע, Greek σπέρμα) identifies Christ as the ultimate, singular fulfillment of the Abrahamic promise, while 3:29 extends the same collective-singular term to all who are “in Christ.” This is the letter’s central messianic-typological argument. | वंश must preserve the same collective-singular grammatical form at both 3:16 (Christ) and 3:29 (believers) so the argument’s logic is visible; a translator’s note explaining Paul’s grammatical reasoning is REQUIRED, since Maithili readers unfamiliar with rabbinic argument-forms will not intuit it. |
| 2 | Christ as Curse-Bearer | Galatians 3:13 | Deuteronomy 21:23; thematic echo of Isaiah 53:4-6,10-12 | Christ’s crucifixion is interpreted as his becoming, representatively and substitutionarily, the object of the law’s covenant curse in the place of those under it — directly paralleling (without directly quoting) the Suffering Servant’s bearing of others’ iniquity. | श्राप बनि गेला must retain the substitutionary logic; theologian review required (see 08_core_glossary.md entry 41). |
| 3 | Abraham’s Faith as Paradigm | Galatians 3:6-9 | Genesis 15:6; Genesis 12:3/18:18 | Abraham functions as the type of all who are justified by faith apart from law-works, both Jew and Gentile — the pattern Paul argues is now fulfilled and extended in Christ. Identical typological use appears in Romans 4. | आरोपित धार्मिकता must render identically to Romans 4:3’s rendering — this is the same OT proof-text serving the same typological argument in both letters. |
| 4 | Hagar/Sarah, Ishmael/Isaac Allegory | Galatians 4:21-31 | Genesis 16:1-16; 21:1-21; Isaiah 54:1 | Paul’s explicit, apostolically-authorized allegorical/typological reading: Hagar (slave woman, natural birth) types the Sinai covenant and present earthly Jerusalem under bondage; Sarah (free woman, promised birth) types the Jerusalem above and the covenant of promise. Isaac, the child of promise, types believers “born according to the Spirit.” This is the letter’s most extended typological passage. | रूपक; theologian review required to distinguish this fixed, textually-anchored apostolic typology from open-ended devotional-literary allegorization in the region’s own Vidyapati/Puranic tradition (see 08_core_glossary.md entry 67). |
| 5 | Incarnation as Promise-Fulfillment | Galatians 4:4 | Cumulative fulfillment of the Abrahamic (Genesis 12, 15, 17, 22) and Davidic (2 Samuel 7, cf. Romans 1:3) promise trajectory | ”Born of a woman, born under the law” marks the specific historical moment (“the fullness of time”) at which the eternal Son entered the promise-and-law narrative to fulfill and terminate the law’s claim. | देहधारण; CRITICAL — never अवतार; translator’s note required exactly as at Romans 1:3. |
| 6 | ”Israel of God” | Galatians 6:16 | Genesis 32:28 (Jacob renamed Israel); background to the whole OT Israel-identity theme | Disputed referent (the church as true Israel, vs. ethnic Jewish believers within the church); intentionally left open here as in the source text. | परमेश्वरक इस्राएल; do not resolve ambiguity through translation; flag for theologian review, coordinate with Romans 9-11 rendering choices. |
Part Three: Rendering-Consistency Rules for Quotations and Phrases Shared with Romans
The following rules are MANDATORY for Phase 2 translation. Where Galatians and Romans quote the identical OT text or use an identical Pauline phrase, the Maithili rendering must be IDENTICAL across both books, subject only to necessary grammatical inflection (verb person/number/tense). Any deviation must be flagged for theologian review before acceptance.
Rule 1 — Genesis 15:6 (Galatians 3:6 / Romans 4:3)
Source: “Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness.” Required Maithili rendering (both books, identical): अब्राहम परमेश्वरपर विश्वास कएलनि, आ ई ओकरा धार्मिकताक रूपमे आरोपित भेलनि। Governing terms: विश्वास (faith), आरोपित धार्मिकता (imputed righteousness) — both [REUSED FROM ROMANS TM, Critical]. Rationale: This is the single most important shared proof-text between the two letters’ justification arguments; divergent renderings would obscure for the Maithili reader that both letters are making the identical theological point from the identical OT text.
Rule 2 — Habakkuk 2:4 (Galatians 3:11 / Romans 1:17)
Source: “The righteous shall live by faith.” Required Maithili rendering (both books, identical): धर्मी जन विश्वासद्वारा जीतथि। Governing terms: धार्मिकता-root (धर्मी, “righteous [one]”), विश्वास (faith) — both [REUSED FROM ROMANS TM]. Rationale: Per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md, “Same rendering of Romans 1:16-17 across all documents” is already a mandated consistency rule; this rule extends that same mandate explicitly to Galatians 3:11, since both verses cite the identical Habakkuk text as each letter’s programmatic thesis-statement. Any Phase 2 worker translating either verse must load and match the other’s existing segment cache entry before finalizing.
Rule 3 — “Abba, Father” (Galatians 4:6 / Romans 8:15)
Source: “Abba! Father!” Required Maithili rendering (both books, identical): अब्बा, पिता। Governing terms: अब्बा, पिता — both [REUSED FROM ROMANS TM]. Rationale: The baseline already specifies this exact phrase for Romans 8:15; Galatians 4:6 is a verbatim-identical Pauline formula and must not receive an alternate translation.
Rule 4 — Leviticus 19:18 (Galatians 5:14 / Romans 13:9)
Source: “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” Required Maithili rendering (both books, identical): तूँ अपन पड़ोसीकेँ अपना समान प्रेम करू। Governing terms: प्रेम (agape-love) [NEW — HIGH, Galatians glossary entry 36], applied here to the love-command citation itself. Rationale: Identical OT citation in both letters; additionally, this same citation recurs in the Gospels (Matthew 22:39; Mark 12:31; Luke 10:27) as the Great Commandment — Phase 2 workers on those future curriculum books should also match this same rendering when reached.
Rule 5 — “Works of the Law” (Galatians 2:16 [×3], 3:2, 3:5, 3:10 / Romans 3:20, 3:28)
Required Maithili rendering (all occurrences, both books, identical): व्यवस्थाक काज Rationale: Already registered as [NEW — Critical] in 08_core_glossary.md entry 32; रेजेक्टेड alternative व्यवस्थाक कर्म must never be substituted in either book, since कर्म imports karma-merit theology precisely where Paul’s argument depends on its absence.
Rule 6 — “God Shows No Partiality” (Galatians 2:6 / Romans 2:11)
Required Maithili rendering (both books, identical): परमेश्वर पक्षपात नहि करैत छथि। Rationale: Identical theological principle (rooted in Deuteronomy 10:17/Leviticus 19:15) restated by Paul in near-identical wording in both letters.
Rule 7 — “Wages of Sin” / “Sowing and Reaping unto Death or Life” (Galatians 6:7-8 / Romans 6:22-23)
Governing terms: पाप (sin), अनन्त जीवन (eternal life) — both [REUSED FROM ROMANS TM]/registered. Rationale: Both passages climax the same flesh-versus-Spirit, death-versus-life argument with the same two-term contrast; अनन्त जीवन must never be rendered with मोक्ष/मुक्ति in either book, and translator notes distinguishing this from both the regional karma-proverb (Galatians 6:7) and rebirth-liberation doctrine (both books) should use parallel wording.
Rule 8 — Proper Names and Book-Name Conventions
All proper names introduced in Galatians (Abraham, Hagar, Sarah, Isaac, Cephas/Peter, Barnabas, Titus, Antioch, Jerusalem, Arabia, Damascus, Sinai — see 08_core_glossary.md Section C) must, where they recur in Romans or any other curriculum book in this Language Package, use the identical Maithili form already fixed for that name. New occurrences in Galatians of names not present in Romans (e.g., Hagar, Barnabas, Titus) establish the form to be carried forward into Acts and 1 Corinthians translation, where several of these same figures (Barnabas, Titus) recur.
Part Four: Coverage Confirmation
All six chapters of Galatians have been reviewed for OT quotation, allusion, messianic typology, and cross-curriculum parallel content:
- Chapter 1: Reviewed — apostleship-commissioning allusions (Jeremiah 1:5; Isaiah 49:1,5), covenant-curse background, no direct OT quotations.
- Chapter 2: Reviewed — impartiality allusion (Deuteronomy 10:17), Psalm 143:2 background to justification language, direct narrative parallel to Acts 15.
- Chapter 3: Reviewed — the letter’s densest concentration of direct OT quotations (Genesis 15:6; Genesis 12:3/18:18; Deuteronomy 27:26; Habakkuk 2:4; Leviticus 18:5; Deuteronomy 21:23) plus the central “seed” typological argument.
- Chapter 4: Reviewed — incarnation-fulfillment (Galatians 4:4), Abba-Father exact parallel to Romans 8:15, and the extended Hagar/Sarah/Isaiah 54:1/Genesis 21:10 allegory.
- Chapter 5: Reviewed — Leviticus 19:18 exact parallel to Romans 13:9, extended flesh/Spirit thematic parallel to Romans 8.
- Chapter 6: Reviewed — sowing/reaping wisdom-tradition allusion and exact thematic parallel to Romans 6:22-23, plus the unresolved “Israel of God” connection to Romans 9-11.
No chapter of Galatians was found to contribute zero cross-reference content; every chapter is represented above.
This document must be read together with 07_semantic_analysis.md (term-level detail) and 08_core_glossary.md (registered renderings) before Phase 1 Step 4. All Rendering-Consistency Rules in Part Three are binding on Phase 2 segment translation for both Galatians and Romans and must be enforced by any worker translating either book.