Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Timothy (English → Thai)
Legend for Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low, per the risk tiers fixed in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json. Status: (baseline TM) = rendering fixed by the Romans/Galatians translation memory and reused exactly here; (NEW) = new term established by this analysis for 1 Timothy, to be added to translation memory in a later phase.
Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Translation Memory
| Term | Original (Greek) | Thai Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | ข่าวประเสริฐ | High | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | (baseline TM) reused throughout 1 Tim. |
| grace | χάρις | พระคุณ | Critical | Godliness and Contentment | (baseline TM) 1:2, 14; 6:21. |
| faith | πίστις | ความเชื่อ | Medium | Sound Doctrine; Guarding the Deposit | (baseline TM) very frequent, e.g. 1:5, 14, 19; 3:9, 13; 4:1, 6; 6:10-12, 21. |
| church | ἐκκλησία | คริสตจักร | Medium | Church as Pillar of Truth | (baseline TM) 3:5, 15. |
| law | νόμος | ธรรมบัญญัติ | High | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | (baseline TM) 1:7-9. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | บาป | High | Universal Human Accountability | (baseline TM) 1:9, 15; 5:20, 22, 24. |
| god | θεός | พระเจ้า | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | (baseline TM) throughout. |
| holy_spirit | πνεῦμα | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Critical | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | (baseline TM) 3:16; 4:1. |
| christ | Χριστός | พระคริสต์ | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | (baseline TM) throughout. |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | พระเยซู | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | (baseline TM) throughout. |
| lord | κύριος | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | (baseline TM) 1:2, 12, 14; 6:3, 14-15. |
| saints | ἅγιοι | วิสุทธิชน | Medium | Church as Pillar of Truth | (baseline TM) 5:10. |
| holy | ἅγιος | บริสุทธิ์ | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | (baseline TM), root of “clear conscience,” “pure heart.” |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός (cognate) | การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์ | High | Godliness and Contentment | (baseline TM); note 4:5’s distinct sense, see semantic analysis. |
| adoption | υἱοθεσία (cognate concept) | การรับเป็นบุตร | Medium | Care for Widows / Household of Faith | (baseline TM), background concept for “household of God,” 3:15. |
| slavery | δουλεία (cognate) | ความเป็นทาส | High | (contextual, ch. 6) | (baseline TM, Galatians) 6:1-2. |
| mediator | μεσίτης | คนกลาง | Critical (elevated) | Christ as the One Mediator | (baseline TM, Galatians); risk elevated to Critical in 1 Tim 2:5 as the letter’s central Christological claim. |
| redeem | ἐξαγοράζω (cognate concept) | ทรงไถ่ | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | (baseline TM); background for ἀντίλυτρον, “ransom,” 2:6. |
| gentiles | ἔθνη | คนต่างชาติ | Medium | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | (baseline TM) 2:7. |
| intercession | ἔντευξις | การอธิษฐานวิงวอนแทน | Medium | Public Worship and Prayer | (baseline TM) 2:1. |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | การขอบพระคุณ | Low | Public Worship and Prayer | (baseline TM) 2:1; 4:3-4. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω (cognate) | หนุนใจ | Low | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | (baseline TM) 4:13. |
| spiritual_gifts | χάρισμα | ของประทานฝ่ายวิญญาณ | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | (baseline TM) 4:14. |
| heir | κληρονόμος (background concept) | ทายาท | Medium | Care for Widows / Household of Faith | (baseline TM, Galatians); contrast term used to explain why “deposit” ≠ “inheritance,” see below. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | อัครทูต | Medium | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | (baseline TM) 1:1; 2:7. |
New Terms Established for 1 Timothy
| Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | พระผู้ช่วยให้รอด | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | — | 1:1; 2:3; 4:10. Must not read as a benefactor-title comparable to a bodhisattva or protective deity; consistent with baseline’s Critical “salvation.” |
| hope | ἐλπίς | elpis | ความหวัง | High | Godliness and Contentment | ตัณหา (craving, rejected) | 1:1. Never render with craving/desire vocabulary (ตัณหา), which Buddhism treats as the root of suffering to be extinguished, the doctrinal inverse of Christian hope. |
| command (of God) | ἐπιταγή | epitagē | พระบัญชา | Medium | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | — | 1:1. Keep distinct from การทรงเรียก (“calling,” baseline TM). |
| different/false doctrine | ἑτεροδιδασκαλία / διδασκαλία ἑτέρα | heterodidaskalia | คำสอนอื่นที่ผิดเพี้ยน | High | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | คำสอนอีกแบบ (implying valid alternate teaching, rejected) | 1:3; 6:3. Parallels Galatians baseline’s false_gospel; must foreclose a “different but valid” reading given Thai religious pluralism. |
| myths | μῦθος | mythos | นิยาย / เรื่องเล่าที่ไม่เป็นจริง | Medium | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | — | 1:4. Apply narrowly to the fabricated speculative tales in view; not a blanket dismissal of Thai/Buddhist story traditions. |
| sound doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι | hygiainousa didaskalia | คำสอนที่ถูกต้อง | High | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | — | 1:10; 6:3. Letter’s central positive category; must render identically at every occurrence; contrast pair with νοσέω (“diseased,” 6:4). |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | ชีวิตนิรันดร์ | High | Godliness and Contentment | การเกิดใหม่ไม่มีที่สิ้นสุด (endless rebirth, rejected) | 1:16; 6:12, 19. Must not be heard as endless rebirth (saṃsāra), which Buddhism regards negatively; this is resurrected life in unbroken fellowship with God. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια | eusebeia | ความเลื่อมใสในพระเจ้า | Critical | Godliness and Contentment | ศีลธรรม (precept-morality, rejected as primary); ความมีศาสนา (generic religiosity, rejected) | 2:2, 10; 3:16; 4:7-8; 6:3, 5, 6, 11. The letter’s most pervasive positive term; must be anchored explicitly to the personal God (พระเจ้า) and rendered identically at every occurrence. |
| king(s) | βασιλεύς | basileus | กษัตริย์ / พระมหากษัตริย์ | High | Public Worship and Prayer | — | 2:2; 6:15. Extra native-speaker sensitivity given Thailand’s lèse-majesté-sensitive register (cf. baseline’s Romans 13 caution); must read as a straightforward positive exhortation to pray for rulers. |
| peaceful and quiet life | ἤρεμος καὶ ἡσύχιος βίος | ēremos kai hēsychios bios | ชีวิตที่สงบและมีระเบียบ | Medium-High | Public Worship and Prayer | ความสงบทางใจ (meditative inner calm, rejected — already rejected in baseline for “peace”) | 2:2. An external, circumstantial social peace, not inner contemplative stillness. |
| self-controlled | σώφρων | sōphrōn | รู้จักบังคับตนเอง | Medium-High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | สัมปชัญญะ (Buddhist mindful self-awareness, rejected) | 2:9, 15 (σωφροσύνη); 3:2. Never use the Buddhist meditation-technical term. |
| exercise authority over / domineer | αὐθεντέω | authenteō | ปกครองเหนือ / ใช้อำนาจครอบงำ | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 2:12. Disputed exegetically; flag for theologian AND native-speaker review; the choice materially affects the doctrine of women’s roles. |
| saved through childbearing | σωθήσεται διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας | sōthēsetai dia tēs teknogonias | จะรอด(ปลอดภัย)โดยการมีบุตร | Critical | Godliness and Contentment | — | 2:15. Distinct sense from the fixed soteriological ความรอด; must not imply eternal salvation is contingent on childbearing. |
| overseer | ἐπίσκοπος | episkopos | ผู้ปกครอง[คริสตจักร] | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | อาจารย์ใหญ่ (senior teacher, rejected — understates authority, cf. baseline “apostle”) | 3:1-2. Must be qualified to avoid confusion with civil “ruler/governor” given lèse-majesté-sensitive register, and with ผู้ปกครองดูแล (“guardian,” Galatians baseline). |
| above reproach | ἀνεπίλημπτος | anepilēmptos | ไม่มีที่ติ | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 3:2. Reputational blamelessness, not sinlessness. |
| husband of one wife | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα | mias gynaikos andra | เป็นสามีของภรรยาเพียงคนเดียว | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 3:2, 12; cf. 5:9 (reversed for widows). Flag for interpretive (monogamy/fidelity/once-married) and cultural (เมียน้อย, “minor wife” custom) sensitivity. |
| hospitable | φιλόξενος | philoxenos | มีใจรักในการต้อนรับแปลกหน้า | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 3:2. Positive cultural bridge with Thai hospitality norms; must not narrow to insiders only. |
| deacon | διάκονος | diakonos | มัคนายก | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | ผู้ช่วย (helper, too generic, rejected as primary) | 3:8-13. Shared vocabulary with a Thai Buddhist lay temple-official role; must be anchored explicitly to NT servant-qualifications, not the Buddhist officiant role. |
| double-tongued | δίλογος | dilogos | พูดสองลิ้น | Low | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 3:8. Fortunate idiomatic overlap with an existing Thai idiom. |
| mystery | μυστήριον | mystērion | ความล้ำลึก | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator; Church as Pillar of Truth | ของลึกลับ / สิ่งลึกลับ (occult mysterious thing, rejected — already rejected in baseline for “spiritual gifts”) | 3:9, 16. Revealed, disclosed truth, not hidden esoteric/occult knowledge. |
| conscience | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | จิตสำนึก | Medium | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | หิริโอตตัปปะ (Buddhist moral-shame pair, rejected as primary) | 1:5, 19; 3:9; 4:2. Answerability before a personal God, not a Buddhist-technical ethical faculty. |
| devil | διάβολος | diabolos | มาร | Medium | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | ผี (ambivalent folk spirit, rejected) | 3:6-7, 11 (adjectival, “slanderers”). Must be kept distinct from the broad, morally ambivalent Thai ผี category. |
| church of the living God / household of God | οἶκος θεοῦ / ἐκκλησία θεοῦ ζῶντος | oikos theou / ekklēsia theou zōntos | ครอบครัวของพระเจ้า / คริสตจักรของพระเจ้าผู้ทรงพระชนม์อยู่ | Medium | Church as Pillar of Truth | — | 3:15. Living family, not a physical temple building (cf. baseline’s คริสตจักร vs. วัด distinction). |
| pillar and buttress of truth | στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας | stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias | เสาหลักและฐานที่มั่นแห่งความจริง | High | Church as Pillar of Truth | — | 3:15. The church supports and displays truth; it is not truth’s author or an independent authority. |
| demons | δαιμόνια | daimonia | วิญญาณชั่วร้าย / ผีมาร | Critical | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | ผี alone (ambivalent folk spirit, rejected) | 4:1. Categorically, exclusively evil; sharply distinct from the ambivalent Thai folk ผี taxonomy. |
| forbidding marriage / abstinence from foods (false asceticism) | κωλυόντων γαμεῖν, ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων | kōlyontōn gamein, apechesthai brōmatōn | ห้ามการแต่งงาน…ให้อดอาหารบางชนิด | Critical | Sound Doctrine v. False Teaching | — | 4:3. Highest cross-cultural sensitivity in the letter given the honor Thai Buddhism accords monastic celibacy and dietary asceticism; must be scoped narrowly to the condemned false teaching, never generalized into an attack on voluntary religious discipline as such. |
| laying on of hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | epithesis tōn cheirōn | การวางมือ | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 4:14; 5:22. Commissioning/blessing by recognized elders, distinct from spirit-medium touch-ritual practice. |
| widow indeed | ταῖς ὄντως χήραις | tais ontōs chērais | หญิงม่ายแท้ที่ไม่มีผู้ใดช่วยเหลือ | Medium-High | Care for Widows and the Household of Faith | — | 5:3, 5, 16. Technical restrictive category; unqualified “widow” alone loses the practical scope-limiting sense. |
| honor (respect + material support) | τιμή | timē | ให้เกียรติ(และการช่วยเหลือด้านทรัพย์สิน) | High | Care for Widows and the Household of Faith | ให้เกียรติ alone (respect-only, rejected as incomplete for 5:17-18) | 5:3, 17. Linguistic gap: Greek τιμή spans respect and wages/compensation; Thai needs both terms combined where the financial sense is active. |
| elder (age sense vs. office sense) | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | ผู้อาวุโส (age) / ผู้ปกครอง[คริสตจักร] (office) | Medium-High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 5:1 (age); 5:17, 19 (office). Same Greek word spans both senses; Thai requires two distinct terms, disambiguated only by context — flag for consistency across 3:1-13 and ch. 5. |
| the love of money | φιλαργυρία | philargyria | ความรักเงิน(เป็นรากเหง้าอย่างหนึ่งของความชั่วทั้งปวง) | High | Godliness and Contentment | รากเหง้าเดียวของความชั่วทั้งปวง (the sole/exclusive root, rejected — overstates the anarthrous Greek predicate) | 6:10; contrast ἀφιλάργυρος, 3:3. Must render “a root,” not “the [only] root.” |
| godliness as a means of gain (false teachers) | νομίζοντες πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν | nomizontes porismon einai tēn eusebeian | คิดว่าความเลื่อมใสในพระเจ้าเป็นทางหากำไร | Critical | Godliness and Contentment | — | 6:5. Must scope narrowly to false teachers exploiting Christian ministry for gain; never a blanket critique of Thai Buddhist merit-donation practice. |
| contentment | αὐτάρκεια | autarkeia | ความพอใจ | Critical | Godliness and Contentment | ความพอเพียง (Sufficiency Economy-associated, rejected as primary) | 6:6. ความพอเพียง is the exact term of the King’s revered “Sufficiency Economy” (เศรษฐกิจพอเพียง) philosophy; avoid as primary rendering to prevent royal-register appropriation or conflation with a secular economic philosophy. |
| appearing | ἐπιφάνεια | epiphaneia | การเสด็จมาปรากฏ | High | Christ as the One Mediator | การอวตาร (avatar, rejected — already rejected in baseline for “incarnation”) | 6:14. A singular, final, historical event, not a repeatable divine manifestation. |
| King of kings and Lord of lords | βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων | basileus tōn basileuontōn kai kyrios tōn kyrieuontōn | พระมหากษัตริย์เหนือกษัตริย์ทั้งปวงและองค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าเหนือเจ้านายทั้งปวง | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | — | 6:15. Explicitly deploys the royal-sovereignty register already Critical for “Lord” in the baseline; must not read as, or invite reading as, commentary on the Thai monarchy. |
| immortality | ἀθανασία | athanasia | ความเป็นอมตะ | Medium-High | Christ as the One Mediator | — | 6:16. Essential, inherent, unique to God — distinct from the long-but-finite lifespans of devas in Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology. |
| the deposit (entrusted) | παραθήκη | parathēkē | สิ่งที่ทรงมอบไว้ให้รักษา | Critical | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | มรดก (inheritance/legacy, rejected — shifts metaphor from custodial trust to personal possession) | 6:20. Names the letter’s closing doctrine directly; a trust to be faithfully preserved and transmitted, not a private possession. |
| falsely called knowledge | ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις | pseudōnymos gnōsis | ความรู้ที่เรียกกันผิดๆ | Critical | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | ปัญญา (Buddhist wisdom, rejected); ญาณ (meditative insight-knowledge, rejected) | 6:20. Must never use Buddhist technical wisdom/insight vocabulary; qualifier “falsely called” must always accompany the rendering. |
| ransom | ἀντίλυτρον | antilytron | ค่าไถ่ | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | ปลดเปลื้องกรรม (clearing karmic debt, rejected — already rejected in baseline for “redeem”) | 2:6. Christ’s substitutionary payment; never karmic-debt-clearing vocabulary. |
| confession | ὁμολογία | homologia | การยืนยันความเชื่อ | Medium-High | Christ as the One Mediator | — | 6:12-13 (“the good confession”). Should remain consistent with the baseline’s fixed Romans 10:9 Lordship-confession vocabulary where thematically parallel. |
| training/exercise (for godliness) | γυμνάζω | gymnazō | ฝึกฝนตนเอง | Low-Medium | Godliness and Contentment | ฝึกจิต (Buddhist mind-training, rejected as primary) | 4:7. Athletic-exercise metaphor register only. |
| good standing (deacons) | βαθμὸν καλὸν | bathmon kalon | ตำแหน่ง(ฐานะ)อันดี | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 3:13. Relational trust earned through service, not spiritual capital accumulated (contrast บารมี, already rejected in baseline for “glory”). |
| management of household | τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου καλῶς προϊστάμενον | tou idiou oikou kalōs proistamenon | ปกครองดูแลบ้านเรือนของตนได้ดี | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | — | 3:4-5, 12. Distinguish from ผู้ปกครอง (overseer) and ผู้ปกครองดูแล (guardian, baseline) by context. |
Chapters Reviewed with No New Theological Vocabulary Beyond the Above
All six chapters of 1 Timothy contribute load-bearing terms; none is without new vocabulary. Chapter 3 verses 1-13 (the core passage) and 3:14-16 are treated together above as a single chapter unit.
This glossary extends, and must never contradict, the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. All new terms above are candidates for formal addition to translation memory in Phase 2, pending theologian sign-off on Critical/High items flagged in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:2, 14; 6:21. Paul’s testimony of overflowing grace despite having been ‘the foremost of sinners’ (1:13-15) is the letter’s clearest illustration of the grace-versus-merit distinction; never บุญ/กรรมดี/บารมี.
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 2:5’s emphatic monotheism (‘there is one God’) sharpens the baseline caution against เทวดา/พระพรหม: the single-mediator argument depends on exactly one God, not one deity among a populated pantheon.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 3:16 (‘vindicated by the Spirit’); 4:1 (‘the Spirit says’). Never วิญญาณ alone or ผี; direct contrast with the deceitful spirits (πνεύματα πλάνα) of 4:1.
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used throughout 1 Timothy, including in the compound ‘Christ Jesus.‘
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, unchanged. Used throughout 1 Timothy, e.g. 1:1, 15; 2:5; 6:14.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:2, 12, 14; 6:3, 14-15. Risk sharpened by 6:15’s explicit ‘King of kings and Lord of lords’; must never blur into ordinary respectful address or the Thai royal-honorific register.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:15; 2:4 (‘God desires all people to be saved’); 4:16. Never การบรรลุนิพพาน/การหลุดพ้น. See ‘saved_through_childbearing’ below for a distinct debated sense at 2:15 that must NOT reuse this settled soteriological meaning.
Mediator
Approved rendering: คนกลาง
Transliteration: khon klang
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: ร่างทรง
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Christology
Rendering inherited unchanged from the Galatians baseline; RISK ELEVATED from Medium to Critical for 1 Timothy 2:5, the letter’s central Christological claim (‘one God, and one mediator’). Must exclude any competing intercessory figure; sharper risk here than in Galatians because Thai popular religion readily accepts multiple simultaneous, non-competing intercessors (monks, spirit mediums ร่างทรง, ancestors) as compatible rather than exclusive. Render the numeral ‘one’ with doubled emphasis at every occurrence.
Redeem
Approved rendering: ทรงไถ่
Transliteration: song thai
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: ἐξαγοράζω (background concept for ἀντίλυτρον)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Background concept for ‘ransom’ (ค่าไถ่, 2:6). Never ปลดเปลื้องกรรม (clearing one’s own karmic debt).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: การทรงบังเกิดเป็นมนุษย์
Transliteration: kan song bangkoet pen manut
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: การอวตาร
Original: ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 3:16, first clause of the christological hymn (‘He was manifested in the flesh’). Never การอวตาร (avatar); a one-time, permanent taking of a single human nature, not a repeatable divine descent. Part of a dense four-line Critical-Christology unit requiring theologian review as a whole (3:16).
Savior
Approved rendering: พระผู้ช่วยให้รอด
Transliteration: Phra Phu Chuai Hai Rot
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: เทวดาผู้คุ้มครอง
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
NEW. 1:1; 2:3; 4:10 (‘God our Savior’). Must convey the one true God/Christ who personally accomplishes rescue, never a benefactor-title comparable to a bodhisattva who compassionately assists beings toward self-attained liberation, nor a protective guardian deity (เทวดาผู้คุ้มครอง). Consistent with the baseline’s Critical rating for salvation and grace.
Godliness
Approved rendering: ความเลื่อมใสในพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam lueamsai nai Phra Chao
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: ศีลธรรม, ความมีศาสนา
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 2:2, 10; 3:16; 4:7, 8; 6:3, 5, 6, 11 — one of the letter’s most pervasive terms. Must be explicitly anchored to the one true, personal God (พระเจ้า) and never drift toward generic Thai religiosity (ความมีศาสนา) or Buddhist-inflected precept-morality (ศีลธรรม). Render identically at every occurrence given its centrality; requires a standing negative-gloss note at first occurrence (2:2) carried forward by reference.
Saved Through Childbearing
Approved rendering: จะรอด(ปลอดภัย)โดยการมีบุตร
Transliteration: cha rot (plort phai) doi kan mi but
Doctrine: Women’s Role and Authority in the Church
Original: σωθήσεται διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας
Category: Salvation
NEW. 2:15. A distinct, debated sense of σῴζω, likely ‘preserved/vindicated’ through childbearing or a reference to the incarnation, not to the means of a woman’s eternal salvation. The ONE verse in the pipeline where the fixed soteriological term ความรอด must NOT carry its usual settled sense; must not create the impression that a woman’s eternal salvation is contingent on bearing children.
Mystery
Approved rendering: ความล้ำลึก
Transliteration: khwam lam luek
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: ของลึกลับ, สิ่งลึกลับ
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Doctrine
NEW. μυστήριον, 3:9 (‘the mystery of the faith’); 3:16 (‘the mystery of godliness’). ของลึกลับ/สิ่งลึกลับ (occult/mysterious thing) already rejected in the baseline for ‘spiritual gifts’ must never be used here; would invert Paul’s point that this truth is openly disclosed, not secretly guarded.
Demons
Approved rendering: วิญญาณชั่วร้าย
Transliteration: winyan chua rai
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Demonic Deception
Rejected alternatives: ผี
Original: δαιμόνια
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. δαιμόνια, 4:1 (‘teachings of demons’). Must be sharply distinguished from the broad, morally ambivalent Thai folk category ผี (household/ancestral/nature spirits honored at spirit-houses ศาลพระภูมิ); NT δαιμόνια are always, without exception, evil.
False Asceticism
Approved rendering: ห้ามการแต่งงาน…ให้อดอาหารบางชนิด
Transliteration: ham kan taeng ngan … hai ot ahan bang chanit
Doctrine: False Asceticism and the Goodness of Creation
Original: κωλυόντων γαμεῖν, ἀπέχεσθαι βρωμάτων
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 4:3-5, condemning a specific dualistic false teaching forbidding marriage and mandating food abstinence. The single highest cross-cultural sensitivity in the letter: Thai Buddhist monasticism holds celibacy and dietary restraint in the highest religious esteem. MUST be scoped narrowly with an accompanying teaching note so as never to read as (a) an attack on Buddhist monastic practice as such, or (b) permission for a Christian teacher to impose similar mandatory prohibitions; voluntary discipline freely chosen is not in view.
Godliness As Gain
Approved rendering: คิดว่าความเลื่อมใสในพระเจ้าเป็นทางหากำไร
Transliteration: khit wa khwam lueamsai nai Phra Chao pen thang ha kamrai
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: νομίζοντες πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν
Category: Doctrine
NEW. νομίζοντες πορισμὸν εἶναι τὴν εὐσέβειαν, 6:5. Extremely sensitive given Thailand’s positive, socially central practice of merit-making (การทำบุญ) through temple donation. MUST be scoped narrowly, with an explicit scoping clause in the translated text itself, to false teachers exploiting CHRISTIAN ministry for personal gain — never a blanket critique of Thai Buddhist merit-donation practice.
Contentment
Approved rendering: ความพอใจ
Transliteration: khwam phojai
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: ความพอเพียง
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Doctrine
NEW. αὐτάρκεια, 6:6 (‘godliness with contentment is great gain’). HARD FORBIDDEN-SUBSTITUTION RULE, parallel in force to the baseline’s grace/บุญ rule: never ความพอเพียง, the exact term of the late King Bhumibol’s revered ‘Sufficiency Economy’ (เศรษฐกิจพอเพียง) philosophy taught nationally in Thai civic education. Using it risks royal-register appropriation and conflates biblical contentment (rooted in trust in God’s provision, 6:17) with a secular economic philosophy.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: พระมหากษัตริย์เหนือกษัตริย์ทั้งปวงและองค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าเหนือเจ้านายทั้งปวง
Transliteration: phra mahakasat nuea kasat thang puang lae ong phra phu pen chao nuea chaonai thang puang
Doctrine: God’s Unique Sovereignty and Immortality
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων
Category: God
NEW. βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων, 6:15. Explicitly deploys the Thai royal-honorific register already Critical for ‘Lord’ in the baseline, now doubled with explicit ‘King of kings’ language. Must convey God’s absolute sovereignty over every earthly ruler, including the Thai monarchy, WITHOUT reading as, or inviting reading as, political commentary on the living monarchy. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
The Deposit
Approved rendering: สิ่งที่ทรงมอบไว้ให้รักษา
Transliteration: sing thi song mop wai hai raksa
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: มรดก
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Doctrine
NEW. παραθήκη, 6:20 (‘guard the deposit entrusted to you’). HARD FORBIDDEN-SUBSTITUTION RULE: never มรดก (‘inheritance/legacy’), which shifts the metaphor from an entrusted trust requiring faithful custodial preservation and transmission toward a personal possession kept for oneself. This is the letter’s own summary doctrine and should be the final checkpoint in any Phase 2 quality review.
Falsely Called Knowledge
Approved rendering: ความรู้ที่เรียกกันผิดๆ
Transliteration: khwam ru thi riak kan phit phit
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ปัญญา, ญาณ
Original: ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις
Category: Doctrine
NEW. ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις, 6:20. Never ปัญญา (paññā, wisdom, the crowning virtue of the Noble Eightfold Path) or ญาณ (ñāṇa, meditative insight-knowledge), either of which would make this verse read as an attack on wisdom/insight as a positive spiritual good rather than Paul’s specific, historically-bounded target. The qualifier ‘falsely called’ must PERMANENTLY accompany the Thai rendering of γνῶσις here — never optional.
Ransom
Approved rendering: ค่าไถ่
Transliteration: kha thai
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: ἀντίλυτρον
Category: Christology
NEW. ἀντίλυτρον, 2:6. Christ’s substitutionary payment given himself for all; never ปลดเปลื้องกรรม (clearing one’s own karmic debt), already rejected in the baseline for ‘redeem.‘
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: khao prasoet
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ข่าวดี
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Frequent in 1 Timothy’s charge to Timothy (1:11) and Paul’s apostolic commission; must convey an authoritative announcement of rescue through Christ, not generic good news.
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to High for 1 Timothy because the same Thai word must carry two senses across the letter: personal trust in Christ, and ‘the faith’ as the received body of apostolic content (1:19; 4:1, 6; 6:10-12, 21). Context alone must disambiguate; flag for consistency review.
Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: tham banyat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: พระธรรมวินัย
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:7-9: the law is good when used lawfully against the lawless, not as a means of justification; keep distinct from พระธรรมวินัย (Buddhist monastic code).
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:9, 15 (‘Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners’); 5:20, 22, 24. Must remain anchored to offense against a personal God, never อกุศลกรรม (impersonal negative karma).
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:2. Avoid พ่อขุน (Sukhothai-era paternalistic ‘father-ruler’ title); intimate family relationship, not benevolent political rule.
Saints
Approved rendering: วิสุทธิชน
Transliteration: wisutthichon
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: พระอรหันต์
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 5:10 (a widow’s reputation for having ‘washed the feet of the saints’). Not an ascetic elite comparable to a พระอรหันต์.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: kan song chamra hai borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: การชำระบาปด้วยตนเอง
Original: ἁγιάζω (cognate)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 4:5 extends the root to food received with thanksgiving (‘made holy by the word of God and prayer’) — a distinct sense from personal holiness; keep divine/Word agency explicit, never self-directed ritual purification.
Adoption
Approved rendering: การรับเป็นบุตร
Transliteration: kan rap pen but
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: การอุปการะ
Original: υἱοθεσία (background concept)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Background concept for ‘household of God’ (3:15); full, permanent family status, not การอุปการะ (fostering).
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:17 (‘to the King of ages… be honor and glory forever’); 3:16 (‘taken up in glory’). Never บารมี.
Slavery
Approved rendering: ความเป็นทาส
Transliteration: khwam pen that
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεία / δοῦλος
Category: Ethics
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. 1 Tim 6:1-2. Requires a translator’s note distinguishing the historical Greco-Roman household-slavery institution from modern forced-labor connotations; Thailand’s own 19th-century royal abolition of slavery (Rama V) may serve as a careful contemporary teaching bridge.
Holy
Approved rendering: บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ศักดิ์สิทธิ์
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root of 1 Timothy’s ‘clear/pure conscience’ (จิตสำนึกที่บริสุทธิ์, 1:5, 19; 3:9) and ‘pure heart’ language. ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ leans toward sacred object-potency (amulets, shrines); keep บริสุทธิ์ for moral/relational purity.
Hope
Approved rendering: ความหวัง
Transliteration: khwam wang
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Hope in God
Rejected alternatives: ตัณหา
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
NEW. 1:1 (‘Christ Jesus, our hope’). Never rendered with ตัณหา-adjacent craving vocabulary; Buddhist teaching frames craving for future states as the root of suffering to be extinguished, the doctrinal inverse of Christian hope, which Scripture commands believers to cultivate.
Different Doctrine
Approved rendering: คำสอนอื่นที่ผิดเพี้ยน
Transliteration: kham son uen thi phit phian
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: คำสอนอีกแบบ
Original: ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω / διδασκαλία ἑτέρα
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 1:3; 6:3. Directly parallel to the Galatians baseline’s false_gospel entry; Thailand’s religiously pluralistic culture, where multiple teachings are commonly regarded as equally valid paths, risks a ‘different but acceptable’ reading this term must foreclose. Never คำสอนอีกแบบ, which implies a legitimate alternate teaching.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: คำสอนที่ถูกต้อง
Transliteration: kham son thi thuk tong
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 1:10; 6:3, part of a sustained health/disease metaphor-pair with νοσέω (‘diseased,’ 6:4). The letter’s central positive doctrinal category; must be anchored to apostolic, Christ-centered content, not reduced to ‘correctly performed ritual orthodoxy’ (a framing echoing intra-Buddhist Dhamma-Vinaya orthodoxy debates). Render identically at every occurrence.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ชีวิตนิรันดร์
Transliteration: chiwit nirandon
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Hope in God
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่ไม่มีที่สิ้นสุด
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1:16; 6:12, 19. Buddhist soteriology frames continued existence within saṃsāra as the very problem nibbāna resolves, so this risks being heard as an undesirable perpetuation of existence rather than its intended positive goal. Must be clarified as resurrected life in unbroken fellowship with God, categorically distinct from การเกิดใหม่ (rebirth), already forbidden for ‘resurrection’ in the baseline.
Prayer For Rulers
Approved rendering: กษัตริย์ / พระมหากษัตริย์
Transliteration: kasat / phra mahakasat
Doctrine: Prayer for Civil Authorities
Original: βασιλεύς / οἱ ἐν ὑπεροχῇ ὄντες
Category: Worship
NEW. 2:1-2. Extra native-speaker sensitivity required given Thailand’s lèse-majesté law and the reverence attached to the monarchy; render as a plural, generic, unqualified positive instruction (‘pray for all kings and all those in authority’) so no wording could be read as commentary, favorable or critical, on the current monarch specifically. Mandatory theologian review.
Self Controlled
Approved rendering: รู้จักบังคับตนเอง
Transliteration: ru chak bangkhap ton eng
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: สัมปชัญญะ
Original: σώφρων / σωφροσύνη
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. σώφρων/σωφροσύνη, 2:9, 15; 3:2. The literal-sounding Thai gloss สัมปชัญญะ must be avoided as the primary rendering: it is a precise Buddhist meditation-technical term for mindful self-awareness cultivated through vipassanā practice, which would silently import a specific contemplative discipline into Paul’s general moral self-mastery.
Women Authority Authenteo
Approved rendering: ปกครองเหนือ / ใช้อำนาจครอบงำ
Transliteration: pokkhrong nuea / chai amnat khropngam
Doctrine: Women’s Role and Authority in the Church
Original: αὐθεντεῖν
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. αὐθεντεῖν, 2:12. Disputed exegetically among interpreters ranging from neutral ‘have authority’ to negative ‘domineer’; the Thai rendering choice materially affects the doctrine of women’s roles in church teaching and authority. Not primarily a Thai-vocabulary collision but a substantive interpretive decision requiring documented theologian AND native-speaker sign-off.
Overseer
Approved rendering: ผู้ปกครอง[คริสตจักร]
Transliteration: phu pokkhrong [khritsatchak]
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἐπίσκοπος / ἐπισκοπή
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. ἐπίσκοπος/ἐπισκοπή, 3:1-2. ผู้ปกครอง is also the ordinary word for civil ‘ruler/governor’ and a child’s ‘guardian’; given Thailand’s lèse-majesté-sensitive register, the bracketed qualifier [คริสตจักร] is MANDATORY at every occurrence (3:1-13; 5:17, 19), no exceptions. Also visually close to ผู้ปกครองดูแล (‘guardian,’ Galatians baseline) and must be distinguished by context.
Husband Of One Wife
Approved rendering: เป็นสามีของภรรยาเพียงคนเดียว
Transliteration: pen sami khong phanraya phiang khon diao
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα, 3:2, 12; cf. 5:9 (reversed for widows). Flag for theologian review on the interpretive question (monogamy vs. fidelity vs. once-married) and for native-speaker review given Thailand’s historical and continuing social tolerance of a secondary/‘minor wife’ (เมียน้อย) arrangement; must communicate a hard moral requirement, not a soft cultural preference.
Deacon
Approved rendering: มัคนายก
Transliteration: makkhanayok
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Rejected alternatives: ผู้ช่วย
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. διάκονος, 3:8-13. Shared vocabulary with an actual, current Thai Buddhist temple role (a lay official assisting monks and emceeing ceremonies). RETAINED as established Thai church usage but requires a PERMANENT standing anchoring note to Mark 10:43-45 servant-leadership and the specific tested-integrity qualifications of 3:8-10, 12-13 at every occurrence, redirecting the term’s semantic center away from its Buddhist temple referent rather than avoiding the word outright.
Pillar And Buttress Of Truth
Approved rendering: เสาหลักและฐานที่มั่นแห่งความจริง
Transliteration: sao lak lae than thi man haeng khwam jing
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Church
NEW. στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας, 3:15. The church supports and displays revealed truth; it is NOT truth’s author or an independent authority alongside Scripture — pair with an explicit negative gloss in teaching materials to prevent an authority-inversion reading resembling Sangha-council textual authority.
Honor Time
Approved rendering: ให้เกียรติ(และการช่วยเหลือด้านทรัพย์สิน)
Transliteration: hai kiat (lae kan chuai lueaa dan sap sin)
Doctrine: Honor and Material Support for Elders
Rejected alternatives: ให้เกียรติ (respect-only)
Original: τιμή
Category: Household
NEW. τιμή, 5:3, 17-18. Genuine linguistic gap: Thai ให้เกียรติ (respect) and ค่าตอบแทน (compensation) are separate words with no single term spanning both senses as Greek τιμή does. Where the financial-support sense is active (esp. 5:17-18’s ‘the laborer deserves his wages’), always use the combined phrase; ให้เกียรติ alone silently drops the material-support entitlement.
Love Of Money
Approved rendering: ความรักเงิน(เป็นรากเหง้าอย่างหนึ่งของความชั่วทั้งปวง)
Transliteration: khwam rak ngoen (pen rak ngao yang nueng khong khwam chua thang puang)
Doctrine: Love of Money and True Riches
Rejected alternatives: รากเหง้าเดียวของความชั่วทั้งปวง
Original: φιλαργυρία / ἀφιλάργυρος
Category: Ethics
NEW. φιλαργυρία, 6:10; contrast ἀφιλάργυρος, 3:3. ῥίζα is an anarthrous Greek predicate (‘a root,’ not ‘the [sole] root’); must avoid an absolute, exclusive Thai rendering implying money-love is the only cause of every evil.
Appearing
Approved rendering: การเสด็จมาปรากฏ
Transliteration: kan sadet ma prakot
Doctrine: God’s Unique Sovereignty and Immortality
Rejected alternatives: การอวตาร
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
NEW. ἐπιφάνεια, 6:14, of Christ’s future coming. Must be clearly distinguished from the repeatable divine ‘manifestations/descents’ of Hindu-Brahmanic deities (already flagged Critical for ‘incarnation’s avatar-collision risk); Christ’s ἐπιφάνεια is singular, final, historical, not one of a series of periodic divine appearances.
Immortality
Approved rendering: ความเป็นอมตะ
Transliteration: khwam pen amata
Doctrine: God’s Unique Sovereignty and Immortality
Original: ἀθανασία
Category: God
NEW. ἀθανασία, 6:16 (‘who alone has immortality’). Must be distinguished from the long-but-finite lifespans attributed to devas in Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology, who remain subject to eventual death and further rebirth; God’s immortality is essential and unique, not a matter of degree on a continuum of longevity.
Confession
Approved rendering: การยืนยันความเชื่อ
Transliteration: kan yuenyan khwam cheua
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: ὁμολογία
Category: Christology
NEW. ὁμολογία, 6:12-13 (‘the good confession’). Should remain consistent with the baseline’s fixed Romans 10:9 Lordship-confession vocabulary where thematically parallel, so pipeline confession language does not fragment across books.
Women Wives Disputed
Approved rendering: หญิงเหล่านั้น / ภรรยาของพวกเขา
Transliteration: ying lao nan / phanraya khong phuak khao
Doctrine: Women’s Role and Authority in the Church
Original: γυναῖκας ὡσαύτως
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. γυναῖκας ὡσαύτως, 3:11. Genuinely disputed referent: wives of deacons, women deacons/deaconesses, or women generally. Preserve the ambiguity rather than artificially resolve it through vocabulary choice; requires a translator’s note documenting the reading adopted. Not a Thai-culture-specific collision but a substantive interpretive decision requiring theologian sign-off.
Good Works
Approved rendering: การประพฤติที่ดี
Transliteration: kan praphruet thi di
Doctrine: Love of Money and True Riches
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี
Original: ἀγαθοεργεῖν / ἔργα καλά / πλουτεῖν ἐν ἔργοις καλοῖς
Category: Ethics
NEW. ἀγαθοεργεῖν / ἔργα καλά / πλουτεῖν ἐν ἔργοις καλοῖς, 5:10; 6:18. Must be read as the Spirit-produced fruit of a transformed heart that has already received grace (consistent with the Galatians baseline’s fruit_of_the_spirit doctrine), never as merit accumulated toward salvation or a better rebirth (บุญ/กรรมดี, already rejected in the baseline for grace and works_of_the_law).
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: คริสตจักร
Transliteration: khritsatchak
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: วัด
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 3:5, 15; 5:16. Never วัด (Buddhist temple compound); the gathered people of God, feeding the Church as Pillar of Truth doctrine.
Peace
Approved rendering: สันติสุข
Transliteration: santisuk
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:2 greeting formula. Not the meditative mental calm (ความสงบทางใจ) of Buddhist mindfulness practice; see also ‘peaceful_and_quiet_life’ below, a distinct 1 Timothy term requiring the same fencing.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: คนต่างชาติ
Transliteration: khon tang chat
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ชาวต่างประเทศ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 2:7, Paul’s appointment as ‘a teacher of the Gentiles.‘
Intercession
Approved rendering: การอธิษฐานวิงวอนแทน
Transliteration: kan athitthan wingwon thaen
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: การบนบานศาลกล่าว
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 2:1. Not การบนบานศาลกล่าว (vowing/bargaining at a spirit shrine); risk sharpened here because 2:1-2’s specific command to intercede for kings surfaces a surface-similar Thai practice of vow-making for a ruler’s welfare, which must be distinguished as unconditional intercession, not conditional exchange.
Heir
Approved rendering: ทายาท
Transliteration: thayat
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος (background concept)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Used in 1 Timothy only as a contrast term explaining why ‘the deposit’ (παραθήκη, 6:20) is a custodial trust, not a personal inheritance; do not conflate มรดก-style possession with ทายาท’s legal inheritance-rights sense.
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 1:1; 2:7. Distinguish from a generic missionary or spiritual teacher/guru role.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ของประทานฝ่ายวิญญาณ
Transliteration: khong pratan fai winyan
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: ฤทธิ์อำนาจลึกลับ
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 4:14, the gift conferred through prophecy and the laying on of hands. Not merit-earned or occult power.
Command Of God
Approved rendering: พระบัญชา
Transliteration: phra bancha
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: ἐπιταγή
Category: Covenant
NEW. 1:1. Keep visually and conceptually distinct from การทรงเรียก (calling, baseline TM); this is authoritative directive, not vocational summons.
Myths
Approved rendering: นิยาย / เรื่องเล่าที่ไม่เป็นจริง
Transliteration: niyai / rueang lao thi mai pen jing
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: μῦθος
Category: Doctrine
NEW. 1:4. Thailand has a culturally cherished mythological tradition (Ramakien epic, jātaka tales); apply narrowly to the fabricated Jewish speculative genealogies Paul has in view, never as a blanket dismissal of Thai/Buddhist story-traditions.
Peaceful And Quiet Life
Approved rendering: ชีวิตที่สงบและมีระเบียบ
Transliteration: chiwit thi sangop lae mi rabiap
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Original: ἤρεμος καὶ ἡσύχιος βίος
Category: Worship
NEW. 2:2. Must NOT be rendered with ความสงบทางใจ (‘inner mental calm’), already rejected in the baseline for ‘peace’ because it evokes meditative calm pursued through Buddhist mindfulness practice; this is external, circumstantial social peace, not inner contemplative stillness.
Conscience
Approved rendering: จิตสำนึกที่บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: chit samnuek thi borisut
Doctrine: Sound Speech and Conscience
Rejected alternatives: หิริโอตตัปปะ
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Doctrine
NEW. συνείδησις, 1:5, 19; 3:9; 4:2. Avoid the Buddhist technical pair หิริโอตตัปปะ (moral shame and fear of wrongdoing); conscience here is answerability before a personal God, consistent with the baseline’s personal-versus-impersonal distinction for sin, law, and providence.
Devil
Approved rendering: มาร
Transliteration: man
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Demonic Deception
Rejected alternatives: ผี
Original: διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. διάβολος, 3:6-7; 3:11 (adjectival, ‘slanderers’). Must be kept doctrinally distinct from the broad, morally ambivalent Thai folk category ผี (spanning benevolent household, ancestral, and guardian spirits alongside malevolent ones) — the same collision class already flagged Critical for holy_spirit in the baseline, now recurring for its direct opposite.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: ครอบครัวของพระเจ้า / คริสตจักรของพระเจ้าผู้ทรงพระชนม์อยู่
Transliteration: khropkhrua khong Phra Chao / khritsatchak khong Phra Chao phu song phra chon yu
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: οἶκος θεοῦ / ἐκκλησία θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
NEW. οἶκος θεοῦ / ἐκκλησία θεοῦ ζῶντος, 3:15. Must convey a living family/household of persons, not a physical temple building; reinforces the baseline’s distinction between คริสตจักร and วัด.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: การวางมือ
Transliteration: kan wang mue
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν, 4:14; 5:22. Commissioning/blessing performed by recognized elders; must be kept distinct from Thai spirit-medium touch-ritual practice (ร่างทรง-related ritual) for spirit-transference or trance-induction.
Widow Indeed
Approved rendering: หญิงม่ายแท้ที่ไม่มีผู้ใดช่วยเหลือ
Transliteration: ying mai thae thi mai mi phu dai chuai lueaa
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: αἱ ὄντως χῆραι
Category: Household
NEW. ταῖς ὄντως χήραις, 5:3, 5, 16. A technical, restrictive category; an unqualified ‘widow’ (หญิงม่าย) loses this scope entirely, risking a reading of 5:3-16 as an unconditional church-welfare mandate. Retain the full compositional phrase at every occurrence — never abbreviate on repetition despite Thai stylistic convention favoring it.
Elder
Approved rendering: ผู้อาวุโส (อายุ) / ผู้ปกครอง[คริสตจักร] (ตำแหน่ง)
Transliteration: phu awuso (age) / phu pokkhrong [khritsatchak] (office)
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. πρεσβύτερος spans both ‘older man’ (5:1, contrasted with νεώτερος) and the recognized office (5:17, 19; cf. Titus 1:5-7 treating πρεσβύτερος and ἐπίσκοπος as the same office). Greek’s single word has no single Thai equivalent; disambiguate by context only, and track consistency against the overseer term fixed in 3:1-13.
Good Standing
Approved rendering: ตำแหน่ง(ฐานะ)อันดีสำหรับตนเอง
Transliteration: tamnaeng (thana) an di samrap ton eng
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: βαθμὸν καλὸν περιποιοῦνται
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. βαθμὸν καλὸν περιποιοῦνται, 3:13. Relational trust earned through faithful, tested service, not spiritual capital accumulated toward higher status; contrast the baseline’s rejection of บารมี (accumulated charisma) for ‘glory.‘
Management Of Household
Approved rendering: ปกครองดูแลบ้านเรือนของตนได้ดี
Transliteration: pokkhrong dulae ban ruean khong ton dai di
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου καλῶς προϊστάμενον
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου καλῶς προϊστάμενον, 3:4-5, 12. Must be distinguished by context from ผู้ปกครอง (overseer, this book) and ผู้ปกครองดูแล (guardian, Galatians baseline) despite visual near-overlap.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: การขอบพระคุณ
Transliteration: kan khop phra khun
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 2:1; 4:3-4 (food received ‘with thanksgiving’).
Exhort
Approved rendering: หนุนใจ
Transliteration: nun jai
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Tim 4:13, public reading and exhortation in the congregation.
Above Reproach
Approved rendering: ไม่มีที่ติ / ปราศจากที่ติ
Transliteration: mai mi thi ti / prat chak thi ti
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: ἀνεπίλημπτος / ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. ἀνεπίλημπτος/ἀνέγκλητος, 3:2, 10. Reputational blamelessness, not sinlessness; must not conflict with the universal_human_accountability doctrine that all have sinned.
Hospitable
Approved rendering: มีใจรักในการต้อนรับแปลกหน้า
Transliteration: mi jai rak nai kan ton rap plaek na
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: φιλόξενος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. φιλόξενος, 3:2. Positive cultural bridge with Thai hospitality norms (toward monks and guests); must not narrow to hosting fellow believers only.
Double Tongued
Approved rendering: พูดสองลิ้น
Transliteration: phut song lin
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
Original: δίλογος
Category: Church Leadership
NEW. δίλογος, 3:8. A fortunate near-perfect idiomatic overlap: Thai already possesses the idiom ‘พูดสองลิ้น’ for deceitful, inconsistent speech.
Training In Godliness
Approved rendering: ฝึกฝนตนเอง
Transliteration: fuek fon ton eng
Doctrine: Sanctification and Training in Godliness
Rejected alternatives: ฝึกจิต
Original: γυμνάζω
Category: Doctrine
NEW. γυμνάζω, 4:7 (‘train yourself for godliness’). Keep to the athletic/physical-training metaphor register (ฝึกฝน) rather than ฝึกจิต (‘mind-training’), a phrase closely associated with Buddhist meditation technique; Paul’s image is bodily-exercise-derived, not contemplative.
Mercy
Approved rendering: พระเมตตา
Transliteration: phra metta
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
NEW. ἔλεος, 1:2, 13, 16, part of the opening greeting formula and Paul’s testimony of having received mercy despite his former blasphemy. Standard Thai Christian vocabulary; minor risk of blending into generic compassion language without the personal-God anchor — watch for drift, especially given the Thai Buddhist term เมตตา (loving-kindness, one of the four brahmavihārā), of which พระเมตตา is a theistically-anchored variant already established in Thai Christian usage.
Referenced passages