Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Mark 1–16 and the core passage (Mark 10:35-45). Terms already recorded in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json are marked (reuse) and their recorded Thai rendering is repeated here unchanged, per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. All risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
A. Reused Baseline Terms Applied Throughout Mark
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Key Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | theos | พระเจ้า | Critical | Deity of Christ; all | throughout | Reuse unchanged. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Iēsous | พระเยซู | Critical | all | throughout | Reuse unchanged. |
| Christ / Messiah | Χριστός | Christos | พระคริสต์ / พระเมสสิยาห์ | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God; Messianic Secret | 1:1; 8:29; 14:61; 15:32 | Reuse unchanged; never พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย. |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | huios theou | พระบุตรของพระเจ้า | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 1:1(txt-var); 15:39 | Reuse unchanged; climactic at 15:39. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | pneuma hagion | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Critical | Kingdom breaking in; blasphemy against the Spirit | 1:8, 10, 12; 3:29; 13:11 | Reuse unchanged; never วิญญาณ alone or ผี. |
| Lord | κύριος | kyrios | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 1:3; 2:28; 11:3, 9; 12:36-37 | Reuse unchanged; keep distinct from κατακυριεύω (Ch. B/F below). |
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | euangelion | ข่าวประเสริฐ | High | Kingdom breaking in | 1:1, 14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 16:15 | Reuse unchanged. |
| faith | πίστις | pistis | ความเชื่อ | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2:5; 4:40; 5:34; 9:23-24; 10:52; 11:22 | Reuse unchanged. |
| salvation / save | σωτηρία / σῴζω (eschatological sense) | sōtēria / sōzō | ความรอด | Critical | Ransom for Many | 8:35; 10:26; 13:13; 16:16 | Reuse unchanged; distinguish from physical-healing sense of σῴζω (Ch. H below). |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | hamartia | บาป | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sin; Ransom for Many | 1:4-5; 2:5-10; 14:24 | Reuse unchanged. |
| kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | basileia tou theou | แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:15; 4:11, 26, 30; 9:1; 10:14-15; 14:25 | Reuse unchanged. |
| law | νόμος (implied; Mosaic Law contexts) | nomos | ธรรมบัญญัติ | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | 2:23-28; 7:1-13; 10:1-9; 12:28-34 | Reuse unchanged. |
| glory | δόξα | doxa | พระสิริ | High | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 8:38; 9:2-8; 10:37; 13:26 | Reuse unchanged. |
| covenant | διαθήκη | diathēkē | พันธสัญญา | High | Ransom for Many | 14:24 | Reuse unchanged. |
| election / elect | ἐκλεκτός | eklektos | การทรงเลือก | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13:20, 22, 27 | Reuse unchanged. |
| Father | πατήρ | patēr | พระบิดา | High | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 1:11; 8:38; 13:32; 14:36 | Reuse unchanged. |
| Abba | Ἀββά | Abba | อับบา | High | Necessity of the Cross | 14:36 | Reuse unchanged; retain transliteration alongside พระบิดา. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostolos | อัครทูต | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 3:14; 6:30 | Reuse unchanged. |
| gentiles | ἔθνη | ethnē | คนต่างชาติ | Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness (10:42, socio-political sense) | 7:26; 10:42; 11:17; 13:10 | Reuse unchanged. |
| David | Δαυίδ | Dauid | ดาวิด | Low/Medium | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 2:25; 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37 | Reuse unchanged. |
| redeem | ἐξαγοράζω (word-family) | exagorazō | ทรงไถ่ | Critical | Ransom for Many | cf. 10:45 λύτρον | Reuse unchanged; cross-referenced with λύτρον/ค่าไถ่ below. |
| slavery (bondage sense) | δουλεία | douleia | ความเป็นทาส | High | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | cf. 10:44 δοῦλος | Reuse root; note Mark 10:44 uses the same Thai root (ทาส) in a deliberately paradoxical positive sense — flag for translator training. |
| power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ | dynamis theou | ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 5:30; 6:2, 5; 9:1; 13:26 | Reuse unchanged. |
B. Doctrine 1 — Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | บุตรมนุษย์ | Critical | 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21, 41, 62 | New term (not in baseline). Must retain both the Daniel 7 authority/glory dimension and the genuine suffering/humanity dimension; must not be flattened to “a human being” or elevated to erase real humanity. Distinct from, and never conflated with, “Son of God.” |
| beloved Son | υἱός…ὁ ἀγαπητός | huios…ho agapētos | พระบุตรที่รัก | Critical | 1:11; 9:7 | New term. Must retain eternal, already-existing, unique Sonship declared (not bestowed) by the Father’s voice. |
| handed over / betrayed | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | ทรงถูกมอบไว้ / ทรยศ | High | 9:31; 10:33; 14:10-11, 18, 21, 41-44 | New term. Must hold both Judas’s culpable betrayal and God’s sovereign redemptive “handing over” (echoing Isaiah 53) simultaneously. |
| cry of dereliction (“why have you forsaken me?“) | ἐγκατέλιπές με | egkatelipes me | ทรงทอดทิ้ง | Critical | 15:34 | New term. Must be allowed its full weight as genuine anguish within the mystery of the Trinity, not softened into rhetorical flourish. |
| temple curtain torn | καταπέτασμα…ἐσχίσθη | katapetasma…eschisthē | ม่านในพระวิหารฉีกขาด | Medium-High | 15:38 | New term; no Thai cultural equivalent — requires a short explanatory note on OT temple structure/significance. |
| Son of God (climactic confession) | υἱὸς θεοῦ | huios theou | พระบุตรของพระเจ้า | Critical | 15:39 | (reuse, see Section A) — climactic doctrinal payoff at the cross, spoken by a Gentile. |
| Son of David | υἱὲ Δαυίδ | huie Dauid | บุตรของดาวิด | High | 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37 | New term (title form); reuses baseline “David.” Messianic-Davidic acclamation; connects to baseline’s Davidic Covenant doctrine. |
C. Doctrine 2 — The Kingdom of God Breaking In
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kingdom of God has drawn near | ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | ēngiken hē basileia tou theou | แผ่นดินของพระเจ้าใกล้เข้ามาแล้ว | High | 1:15 | New verb (ἐγγίζω) added to reused baseline noun. Preserve already-but-not-yet tension. |
| new (wine/wineskins) | καινός | kainos | ใหม่ | Medium | 2:21-22 | New term. Newness-in-kind, not merely newness-in-time. |
| parable | παραβολή | parabolē | คำอุปมา | Medium | 4:2-34; 12:1-12 | New term. Cultural bridge with Buddhist teaching-parables (also อุปมา); must add the revealing/concealing kingdom-mystery function specific to Jesus’ use. |
| mystery of the kingdom | μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας | mystērion tēs basileias | ความล้ำลึกแห่งแผ่นดินของพระเจ้า | High | 4:11 | New term. Grace-revealed, not esoteric-attainment; risk of echo with advanced/reserved Buddhist teaching categories. |
| house of prayer / den of robbers | οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν | oikos proseuchēs / spēlaion lēstōn | นิเวศน์อธิษฐาน / ซ่องโจร | Medium-High | 11:17 | New term. Judgment on corrupted religious practice specifically; handle with care given temple-commerce parallels in Thai wat culture. |
| cornerstone | κεφαλὴν γωνίας | kephalēn gōnias | ศิลามุมเอก | Medium | 12:10-11 | New term. Messianic prophecy-fulfillment (Ps 118). |
D. Doctrine 3 — Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fear | φόβος / φοβέομαι | phobos / phobeomai | ความกลัว (anxious) / ยำเกรง (reverential awe) | High | 4:40-41; 5:15, 33-36; 6:50; 9:32; 10:32; 16:8 | New term. Dual sense — anxious unbelief vs. reverential awe — must be discerned per occurrence; bookends the entire Gospel. |
| follow | ἀκολουθέω | akoloutheō | ติดตาม | Medium | 1:17-20; 8:34; 10:21, 28, 52 | New term. Committed personal allegiance, not casual accompaniment. |
| I believe; help my unbelief | πιστεύω…τῇ ἀπιστί�ᾳ | pisteuō…tē apistia | ข้าพระองค์เชื่อ…โปรดช่วยแก้ความไม่เชื่อ | High | 9:24 | New term. Genuine faith may coexist with honest doubt. |
| watch / be alert | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | เฝ้าระวัง / คอยระวังอยู่ | Medium | 13:33-37; 14:34, 37-38 | New term. Active, hope-rooted vigilance, not passive dread. |
| deny (Peter) | ἀρνέομαι | arneomai | ปฏิเสธ | Medium | 14:66-72 | New term. Negative pole of the doctrine; fear overcoming faithful confession. |
| hardened heart | πεπωρωμένη ἡ καρδία | pepōrōmenē hē kardia | ใจที่แข็งกระด้าง | Medium | 6:52 | New term. Spiritual dullness underlying fear/unbelief. |
E. Doctrine 4 — The Necessity of the Cross
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| it is necessary…to suffer | δεῖ…παθεῖν | dei…pathein | จำเป็นต้องทรงทนทุกข์ทรมาน | Critical | 8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34 | New term — defining term for the doctrine. Divine redemptive necessity, never fatalism (never เวรกรรม). Must be rendered identically across all three Passion predictions. |
| deny self / take up (his) cross / follow | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / σταυρός / ἀκολουθέω | aparneomai heauton / stauros / akoloutheō | ปฏิเสธตนเอง / รับกางเขนของตน / ติดตาม | Critical | 8:34-35 | New term. Must not be conflated with Buddhist self-denial/non-attachment (an-attā) as a self-directed discipline; this is relational, Christ-directed, and modeled on Christ’s own suffering. Parallel to the Galatians baseline’s caution on “crucified with Christ” (never การดับตัวตน). |
| crucify | σταυρόω | stauroō | ทรงถูกตรึงที่กางเขน | Critical | 15:24-25 | New term. The literal, historical enactment of the necessity announced throughout the book. |
| cup (metaphorical suffering) | ποτήριον | potērion | ถ้วย (หรือ จอก) | Critical | 10:38-39; 14:23; 14:36 | New term. Requires verbatim consistency across all three occurrences — see cross-book thematic thread notes in 07_semantic_analysis.md. |
| not what I will, but what you will | οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλὰ τί σύ | ou ti egō thelō alla ti sy | มิใช่ตามใจข้าพระองค์ แต่ตามพระทัยของพระองค์ | Critical | 14:36 | New term. Deliberate literary/theological inversion of James and John’s θέλομεν (10:35) — cross-reference required in translator training. |
F. Doctrine 5 — Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (Core Passage Focus)
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | สิทธิอำนาจ | High | 1:22, 27; 2:10; 3:15; 11:28-33 | New term. Legitimate, delegated authority; keep terminologically distinct from the negative compounds below despite shared root. |
| lord it over / dominate | κατακυριεύω | katakyrieuō | เป็นเจ้าเป็นนายเหนือ | Critical | 10:42 | New term. Must never share a root with the Thai rendering of “Lord” (κύριος, องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า) to prevent readers inferring lordship itself is condemned. |
| exercise authority over / domineer | κατεξουσιάζω | katexousiazō | ใช้อำนาจกดขี่ | High | 10:42 | New term. Paired consistently with κατακυριεύω above; names abuse of power, not power/authority itself. |
| servant | διάκονος | diakonos | ผู้รับใช้ | Critical | 10:43; 9:35 | New term. General serving posture; not the later technical church office (มัคนายก). Deliberately less intense than δοῦλος below (escalation must be visible). |
| slave | δοῦλος | doulos | ทาส | Critical | 10:44 | New term. Deliberate rhetorical escalation beyond διάκονος; requires translator note given Thai’s own historical slavery memory, clarifying the shocking status-reversal point rather than any social endorsement. |
| will (human) / will of God | θέλω / θέλημα | thelō / thelēma | ปรารถนา/อยาก / พระประสงค์(พระทัย)ของพระเจ้า | Medium | 3:35; 10:35-37; 14:36 | New term-pair. Sets up the human-will-vs-divine-will thread resolved at Gethsemane. |
| love (great commandment) | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | agapē / agapaō | ความรัก | Medium | 12:29-31 | New term (full formal introduction). Distinguish from romantic love and from Buddhist mettā (more detached, universally-extended benevolence) — this is committed, covenantal, personally-directed love. |
G. Doctrine 6 — The Messianic Secret
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mystery of the kingdom | μυστήριον | mystērion | ความล้ำลึกแห่งแผ่นดินของพระเจ้า | High | 4:11 | (cross-listed with Section C). |
| charged/commanded to silence | ἐπιτιμάω / διαστέλλομαι | epitimaō / diastellomai | ทรงกำชับห้ามไม่ให้บอกผู้ใด | High | 1:44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9 | New term. Structural device — deliberate secrecy must be preserved in translation, not erased, softened, or over-explained. |
| transfigured | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | การจำแลงพระกาย | High | 9:2-8 | New term. Unveiling of pre-existing glory, not a temporary avatar-style metamorphosis (cf. baseline’s Critical caution against การอวตาร for “incarnation”). |
| blasphemy (charge against Jesus) | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | การพูดหมิ่นประมาทพระเจ้า | High | 3:28-29; 14:63-64 | New term. Ironic reversal at 14:63-64: Jesus condemned for the truth of his own deity claim — the secret finally exposed at trial. |
| King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | กษัตริย์ของชาวยิว | High | 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26 | New term. Mocking title, ironically true; requires care given Thailand’s own reverential, legally-protected register around monarchy (parallel to baseline’s “Lord” and Romans 13 cautions). |
| Son of God (climactic confession) | υἱὸς θεοῦ | huios theou | พระบุตรของพระเจ้า | Critical | 15:39 | (cross-listed with Section A/B) — the secret’s final, explicit unveiling, by a Gentile, at the cross. |
H. Doctrine 7 — Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | สิทธิอำนาจ | High | 1:22, 27; 2:10; 4:41; 11:28-33 | (cross-listed with Section F). |
| demon / unclean spirit | δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον | daimonion / pneuma akatharton | ผี / ผีโสโครก (วิญญาณชั่ว) | Critical | 1:23-26, 34; 3:11, 22; 5:1-20; 7:24-30; 9:14-29 | New term — the single largest Thai-specific risk in the Gospel’s healing/exorcism material. Established Thai rendering (ผี) shares vocabulary with Thai folk-animist spirit categories negotiated through spirit-houses and mediums; must consistently teach Christ’s absolute, unilateral, word-only authority (no negotiation/appeasement). |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς | Satanas | ซาตาน | High | 1:13; 3:23-26; 4:15; 8:33 | New term. Real, personal, cosmic adversary under God’s judgment; risk of unconscious mapping onto the Buddhist tempter-figure Māra, more often read symbolically/psychologically. |
| heal / cleanse | θεραπεύω / καθαρίζω | therapeuō / katharizō | ทรงรักษาให้หาย / ทรงชำระให้สะอาด | Medium | 1:40-42; 3:10; 6:5, 13 | New term. Divine healing by Jesus’ own authority/compassion, distinct from folk-medium or amulet-based healing. |
| forgive sins | ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας / ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν | aphiēmi hamartias / aphesis hamartiōn | ทรงยกบาป / การทรงอภัยบาป | Critical | 1:4; 2:5-10 | New term. Divine prerogative exercised personally by Jesus (a deity claim, 2:7); anchored to a personal God, never an impersonal karmic-balance reduction. |
| save / heal (dual sense) | σῴζω | sōzō | รอด / หาย (healing) — ความรอด (eternal, reuse) | High | 5:23, 28, 34; 10:52 (healing); 8:35; 10:26; 13:13; 16:16 (eternal) | New term (physical sense) alongside reused baseline eternal sense. Same Greek verb spans both; Thai must discern register contextually while preserving the theological link between physical healing and ultimate salvation. |
| tradition (of men) / commandment (of God) | παράδοσις / ἐντολή | paradosis / entolē | ประเพณีของมนุษย์ / พระบัญชาของพระเจ้า | High | 7:1-13 | New term. Not a wholesale rejection of tradition; a specific critique of human tradition displacing God’s direct command. |
| clean / unclean | καθαρός / κοινός | katharos / koinos | สะอาด / เป็นมลทิน(ไม่สะอาด) | Medium | 7:14-23 | New term. Moral/relational impurity from the heart, not ritual food impurity. |
| heart | καρδία | kardia | จิตใจ / ใจ | Medium | 7:19-23 | New term. Seat of will and moral character; source of defilement per 7:19-23. |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | sabbaton | วันสะบาโต | Medium | 2:23-28; 3:1-6 | New term. Jesus’ authority extended over the Law; needs brief OT-background note for low-OT-literacy readers. |
| ”It is I” | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | เราเอง | High | 6:50 | New term. Possible theophanic resonance (Exodus 3:14) at a moment of authority over nature; flag without overclaiming. |
I. Doctrine 8 — The Ransom for Many (Core Passage: Mark 10:35-45)
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | บุตรมนุษย์ | Critical | 10:45 | (cross-listed with Section B) — grounds the ransom in Christ’s own self-understanding. |
| to serve / to be served | διακονηθῆναι / διακονῆσαι | diakonēthēnai / diakonēsai | ให้ผู้อื่นรับใช้ / รับใช้ผู้อื่น | Critical | 10:45 | New term. Same root as διάκονος (Section F); Jesus’ mission stated negatively then positively. |
| his life/soul | τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ | tēn psychēn autou | ชีวิต | High | 8:35-37; 10:45 | New term. Must be rendered identically (“ชีวิต”) across 8:35-37 and 10:45 to preserve the deliberate echo of Jesus embodying his own teaching. |
| ransom | λύτρον | lytron | ค่าไถ่ | Critical | 10:45 | New term — the doctrine’s defining word. Related word-family to baseline “redeem” (ทรงไถ่); must retain personal, substitutionary, once-for-all payment, never a business transaction or self-cleared karmic debt. |
| for / instead of (substitution) | ἀντί | anti | แทน | Critical | 10:45 | New term — the single highest-precision translation decision in the verse. Must use แทน (in place of), never เพื่อ (for the sake of), to preserve strict substitutionary atonement. |
| many | πολλῶν | pollōn | คนเป็นอันมาก | Critical | 10:45; 14:24 | New term. Isaiah 53:11-12 echo; cross-reference required with 14:24’s ὑπὲρ πολλῶν (a related but prepositionally distinct usage — see Section E/note below). |
| my blood of the covenant…for many | τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης…ὑπὲρ πολλῶν | to haima mou tēs diathēkēs…hyper pollōn | พระโลหิตของเรา…แห่งพันธสัญญา…เพื่อคนเป็นอันมาก | Critical | 14:24 | New term (reuses baseline “covenant,” พันธสัญญา). Direct doctrinal payoff of the ransom saying; note ὑπέρ here is correctly rendered เพื่อ (benefit), unlike 10:45’s ἀντί/แทν (substitution) — the different Thai preposition is correct in this one location. |
| eternal life | ζωὴν αἰώνιον | zōēn aiōnion | ชีวิตนิรันดร์ | Critical | 10:17, 30 | New term. The good secured by the ransom; never the Buddhist goal of escaping the cycle of rebirth. |
| has been prepared | ἡτοίμασται | hētoimastai | ได้ทรงจัดเตรียมไว้(แล้ว) | Critical | 10:40 | New term. The Father’s distinct sovereign prerogative within the Trinity’s ordered plan; must not imply the Son lacks authority. |
| redeem (word-family cross-reference) | ἐξαγοράζω | exagorazō | ทรงไถ่ | Critical | cf. 10:45 | (reuse, see Section A). |
J. Additional Narrative and Cultural-Bridge Terms
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Key Chapters/Verses | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | การกลับใจใหม่ | High | 1:4, 15; 6:12 | New term. Relational reorientation to a personal God, not generic self-improvement. |
| bread | ἄρτος | artos | ขนมปัง | Medium | 6:35-44; 8:1-9; 14:22 | New term. Connective thread to the Last Supper’s institution. |
| leaven | ζύμη | zymē | เชื้อ / ผงฟู (เชิงอุปมา) | Medium | 8:15 | New term. Figurative for corrupting influence. |
| stumbling block | σκάνδαλον | skandalon | สิ่งที่ทำให้สะดุด(บาป) | Medium | 9:42-47 | New term. |
| salt | ἅλας | halas | เกลือ | Medium | 9:49-50 | New term. Figure for distinctive, preserving discipleship. |
| Gehenna / hell | γέεννα | geenna | นรก | Critical | 9:43-48 | New term. Thai นรก denotes temporary Buddhist hell-realms within samsara; must be distinguished as final, God-ordained judgment, not a karmic stage one is eventually reborn out of. |
| tribulation | θλῖψις | thlipsis | ความทุกข์ลำบาก(ครั้งใหญ่) | High | 13:19, 24 | New term. Specific, bounded historical distress, not the general Buddhist metaphysical claim that all existence is dukkha (ทุกข์). |
| render to Caesar / tribute | Καίσαρι / κῆνσος | Kaisari / kēnsos | ซีซาร์ / ส่วย(ภาษี) | High | 12:13-17 | New term. Parallel caution to baseline’s Romans 13 flag given Thailand’s lèse-majesté-sensitive register. |
| Hosanna | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | โฮซันนา | Low-Medium | 11:9-10 | New term. Retained transliteration per baseline convention (cf. อาเมน, ฮาเลลูยาห์). |
| Ephphatha | Ἐφφαθά | Effatha | เอฟฟาธา | Low-Medium | 7:34 | New term. Aramaic retention parallel to “Abba.” |
| resurrection (general doctrine) | ἀνάστασις | anastasis | การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย | Critical | 12:18-27 | (reuse, see Section A/baseline) — general future resurrection of the dead, distinct from but related to Christ’s own resurrection (Ch. 16). |
| he has risen | ἠγέρθη | ēgerthē | การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย | Critical | 16:6 | (reuse, see Section A/baseline) — fulfillment of every δεῖ παθεῖν prediction. |
K. Textual-Critical Note
Mark 16:9-20 (the “longer ending”): Absent from the earliest and most reliable Greek manuscripts; widely regarded as a later addition. Not a term-level translation risk but a Phase 2 formatting/publishing requirement: retain with clear textual-critical bracketing/footnoting (consistent with modern translation practice, including the THSV), never presented with equal manuscript certainty to 1:1-16:8.
Summary Statistics
- Reused baseline terms applied in Mark: 21
- New Mark-specific terms: 47
- Critical-risk terms (new + reused, total occurrences in Mark): 24
- High-risk terms: 22
- Medium-risk terms: 20
- Low/Low-Medium-risk terms: 4
All Critical and High risk terms in this glossary require human theologian review per the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json routing convention; Medium risk terms require native speaker review; Low risk terms require automated review only. These routing assignments will be formalized in the Mark curriculum’s own doctrine_risk_registry.json in a subsequent step.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Mark anchors the kingdom-of-God proclamation (1:14-15), the Shema-based great commandment (12:29), and the Son’s cry at the cross (15:34).
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard Thai Bible form throughout Mark 1-16.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, unchanged. Peter’s confession (8:29) is the Gospel’s structural turning point, immediately followed by a command to silence and the first Passion prediction.
Messiah
Approved rendering: พระเมสสิยาห์
Transliteration: Phra Messiya
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย (the future Buddha Maitreya of popular Thai millenarian expectation).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: พระบุตรของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra But khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทพบุตร, อวตารของพระเจ้า
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Mark this title brackets the whole Gospel (1:1 in many manuscripts; 15:39) and is the final unveiling toward which the Messianic Secret has been building.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must be kept sharply distinct from ผี, the term used for demons/unclean spirits elsewhere in Mark, since both would otherwise share the bare word วิญญาณ.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must be kept terminologically root-distinct from the negative compounds κατακυριεύω/κατεξουσιάζω (10:42, see lord_it_over/exercise_authority_domineer below), which condemn an abuse of power, not Lordship itself.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω (eschatological sense)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must be kept distinct from, though thematically linked to, the physical-healing sense of σῴζω (see save_heal_dual_sense).
Redeem
Approved rendering: ทรงไถ่
Transliteration: song thai
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: ἐξαγοράζω (word-family; cf. λύτρον, 10:45)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Cross-referenced for translator training alongside ค่าไถ่ (ransom, 10:45) as the same redemptive word-family.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย
Transliteration: kan pen khuen chak tai
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used identically for the general future resurrection debated with the Sadducees (12:18-27) and for Christ’s own resurrection announced at the tomb (16:6, ἠγέρθη). Forbidden-substitution rule applies with full force at both occurrences.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: บุตรมนุษย์
Transliteration: but manut
Doctrine: Son of Man: Authority and Suffering United
Rejected alternatives: a merely human self-reference (flattened reading losing the Daniel 7 claim)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW. Daniel 7’s apocalyptic figure who receives authority and, in Mark’s usage, suffers; Jesus’ most frequent self-designation (2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21, 41, 62). Must be a fixed technical title, never varied, and never flattened to mean merely ‘a human being’ nor elevated to erase real suffering.
Beloved Son
Approved rendering: พระบุตรที่รัก
Transliteration: Phra But thi rak
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱός…ὁ ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
NEW. The Father’s declaration of Jesus’ unique filial love at the baptism (1:11) and Transfiguration (9:7); must retain eternal, already-existing Sonship declared, not bestowed at that moment.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: ทรงทอดทิ้ง
Transliteration: song thot thing
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: Ελωΐ Ελωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανι…ἐγκατέλιπές με
Category: Suffering
NEW. Jesus’ cry from the cross citing Psalm 22:1 (15:34); must not be softened into rhetorical flourish, must be allowed its full theological weight within orthodox Trinitarian bounds.
Necessity Of Suffering
Approved rendering: จำเป็นต้องทรงทนทุกข์ทรมาน
Transliteration: jampen tong song thon thuk thoraman
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม (impersonal karmic fate)
Original: δεῖ…παθεῖν
Category: Suffering
NEW. δεῖ names God’s own redemptive necessity, never fatalism, stated identically in all three Passion predictions (8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34). Must be rendered identically across all three occurrences.
Deny Self Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: ปฏิเสธตนเอง / รับกางเขนของตน / ติดตาม
Transliteration: patiset ton eng / rap kangkhen khong ton / tittam
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: การดับตัวตน, การละ/การปล่อยวาง (Buddhist self-denial/non-attachment vocabulary)
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / ἄρας τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ / ἀκολουθέω
Category: Suffering
NEW. Costly, deliberate self-abnegation for Christ’s sake, modeled on Christ’s own path (8:34-35); must never be conflated with Buddhist self-denial/non-attachment (an-attā) as a self-directed discipline toward personal liberation.
Crucify
Approved rendering: ทรงถูกตรึงที่กางเขน
Transliteration: song thuk trueng thi kangkhen
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Suffering
NEW. The literal, historical Roman execution of Jesus (15:24-25), the concrete enactment of every prior Passion prediction; must retain literal, historical, bodily death, once for all.
Cup
Approved rendering: ถ้วย (หรือ จอก)
Transliteration: thuai (rue jok)
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Suffering
NEW. The OT metaphor for God’s appointed portion of suffering (10:38-39; 14:23; 14:36). Requires verbatim consistency across all three occurrences, parallel to the baseline’s Romans 1:16-17/8:28/10:9-10 consistency rules.
Not My Will But Yours
Approved rendering: มิใช่ตามใจข้าพระองค์ แต่ตามพระทัยของพระองค์
Transliteration: mi chai tam jai kha phra ong tae tam phra thai khong phra ong
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλὰ τί σύ
Category: Suffering
NEW. Christ’s submission of his own human will to the Father’s at Gethsemane (14:36); a deliberate literary inversion of James and John’s θέλομεν (‘we want,’ 10:35).
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: เป็นเจ้าเป็นนายเหนือ
Transliteration: pen chao pen nai nuea
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Servanthood
NEW. Coercive domination exercised by worldly rulers (10:42); must deliberately avoid any Thai root shared with the established rendering of ‘Lord’ (องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า) to prevent readers inferring lordship itself is condemned.
Servant
Approved rendering: ผู้รับใช้
Transliteration: phu rap chai
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: มัคนายก (the later technical church office, too narrow)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
NEW. The general posture of serving others, made the definition of greatness (9:35; 10:43); deliberately less intense than ‘slave’ below — the escalation must be visible in Thai.
Slave
Approved rendering: ทาส
Transliteration: that
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
NEW. A rhetorical escalation beyond ‘servant’ (10:44). Thailand’s own historical slave system (abolished under Rama V) gives ทาส real cultural weight; requires a translator’s note clarifying this is a shocking status-reversal point about kingdom greatness, not a social endorsement of slavery.
To Serve To Be Served
Approved rendering: ให้ผู้อื่นรับใช้ / รับใช้ผู้อื่น
Transliteration: hai phu uen rap chai / rap chai phu uen
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: διακονηθῆναι / διακονῆσαι
Category: Servanthood
NEW. Jesus’ mission stated negatively then positively (10:45); the negative-then-positive structure must be preserved in Thai word order.
Demon Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: ผี (ผีโสโครก / วิญญาณชั่ว)
Transliteration: phi (phi sokhrok / winyan chua)
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Original: δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Authority
NEW. The single largest Thai-specific collision in Mark’s healing/exorcism material (1:23-26, 34; 3:11, 22; 5:1-20; 7:24-30; 9:14-29). ผี is shared vocabulary with ancestral/nature spirits negotiated through spirit-houses (ศาลพระภูมิ) and mediums (ร่างทรง); every occurrence must reinforce Christ’s absolute, unilateral, word-only command, never negotiation or appeasement.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: ทรงยกบาป / การทรงอภัยบาป
Transliteration: song yok bap / kan song aphai bap
Doctrine: Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας / ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW. Divine, judicial removal of the offense of sin (1:4; 2:1-12), a deity claim recognized even by Jesus’ opponents (2:7); never the impersonal reduction of a negative-karma balance (อกุศลกรรม).
Ransom
Approved rendering: ค่าไถ่
Transliteration: kha thai
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW. λύτρον, the price paid to release a captive, the defining term of the Ransom doctrine (10:45). Related word-family to ‘redeem’ (ทรงไถ่). Must retain personal, substitutionary, once-for-all payment by Christ’s own life; never the believer’s own karmic-debt clearance.
Anti Substitution
Approved rendering: แทน
Transliteration: thaen
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: เพื่อ (the weaker benefactive preposition, forbidden at 10:45)
Original: ἀντί
Category: Salvation
NEW. ἀντί, ‘in the place of,’ governing the ransom saying (10:45); the single highest-precision translation decision in the book. Must use แทน, never เพื่อ, which would flatten strict substitution to general benefit.
Many
Approved rendering: คนเป็นอันมาก
Transliteration: khon pen an mak
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW. πολλῶν, echoing Isaiah 53:11-12 LXX, naming those for whom the Son of Man’s life is given (10:45) and his blood poured out (14:24); the Thai rendering of ‘many’ stays consistent even as the governing preposition differs between the two verses.
Blood Of Covenant For Many
Approved rendering: พระโลหิตของเรา…แห่งพันธสัญญา…เพื่อคนเป็นอันมาก
Transliteration: phra lohit khong rao…haeng phanthasanya…phuea khon pen an mak
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης…ὑπὲρ πολλῶν
Category: Covenant
NEW. The Last Supper’s institution (14:24), the direct doctrinal payoff of the ransom saying. Note ὑπέρ here is correctly rendered เพื่อ (benefit), unlike 10:45’s ἀντί/แทน (substitution) — the different Thai preposition is correct in this one location only.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ชีวิตนิรันดร์
Transliteration: chiwit nirandon
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Salvation
NEW. The good secured by the ransom (10:17, 30), immediately followed by the third Passion prediction and the ransom saying; never the Buddhist goal of escaping the cycle of rebirth.
Hetoimastai Prepared
Approved rendering: ได้ทรงจัดเตรียมไว้(แล้ว)
Transliteration: dai song jat triam wai (laeo)
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ἡτοίμασται
Category: Salvation
NEW. Jesus’ statement that the seats of honor belong to those ‘for whom it has been prepared’ by the Father (10:40); must not imply the Son himself lacks authority, which would contradict the Deity-of-Christ doctrine established elsewhere in Mark.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: นรก
Transliteration: narok
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and Hell
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW. γέεννα, the final place/state of divine judgment (9:43-48). Thai นรก denotes a culturally fluent Buddhist cosmology of multiple, explicitly temporary hell-realms (นรกภูมิ) from which one is eventually reborn; requires an explicit ‘final, not temporary; God-ordained, not karma-exhausted’ teaching note at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: khao prasoet
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: ข่าวดี
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Mark 1:1, ‘the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ,’ frames the entire book as this proclamation.
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Anchors John’s baptismal preaching (1:4-5), Jesus’ own authority to forgive (2:5-10), and the ransom’s covenant blood (14:24).
Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: tham banyat
Doctrine: The Law versus Human Tradition
Rejected alternatives: พระธรรมวินัย
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In view in the Sabbath controversies (2:23-3:6), the tradition-versus-commandment dispute (ch. 7), and the divorce and great-commandment teachings (10:1-9; 12:28-34).
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Sought wrongly by James and John (10:37) and revealed rightly at the Transfiguration (9:2-8) and the Son of Man’s return (8:38; 13:26).
Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญา
Transliteration: phanthasanya
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ข้อตกลง
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The relational, blood-sealed bond Jesus institutes at the Last Supper (14:24), echoing Exodus 24:8; directly linked to the ransom saying of 10:45.
Election
Approved rendering: การทรงเลือก
Transliteration: kan song lueak
Doctrine: Election and the Gathering of the Elect
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา, เวรกรรม
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. God’s sovereign choice of those gathered at the Son of Man’s return (13:20, 22, 27).
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Declared at the baptism (1:11) and Transfiguration (9:7), addressed intimately at Gethsemane (14:36).
Abba
Approved rendering: อับบา
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Retained alongside พระบิดา at Gethsemane (14:36).
Slavery
Approved rendering: ความเป็นทาส
Transliteration: khwam pen that
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δουλεία
Category: Servanthood
Inherited from Galatians package, root unchanged. Mark 10:44 uses the same Thai root (ทาส) in a deliberately positive, aspirational sense — the mirror opposite of its usual negative bondage sense; flagged for translator training so the two are not read as contradictory.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: rit det khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness and Nature
Rejected alternatives: อำนาจศักดิ์สิทธิ์ของวัตถุมงคล
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: Authority
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Exercised through Jesus in healing (5:30; 6:2, 5) and to be revealed at the Son of Man’s return (9:1; 13:26).
Handed Over
Approved rendering: ทรงถูกมอบไว้ / ทรยศ
Transliteration: song thuk mop wai / thoyot
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Suffering
NEW. The dual-sense ‘handing over’ of the Son of Man — Judas’s culpable betrayal and God’s sovereign redemptive plan (echoing Isaiah 53:6, 12 LXX) — present from the Passion predictions (9:31; 10:33) through the narrated betrayal (14:10-11, 18, 21, 41-44). Must hold both senses simultaneously.
Temple Curtain Torn
Approved rendering: ม่านในพระวิหารฉีกขาด
Transliteration: man nai phra wihan chik khat
Doctrine: The Temple and New Access to God
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα…ἐσχίσθη
Category: Salvation
NEW. The tearing of the temple’s inner veil at Jesus’ death (15:38); no exact Thai cultural equivalent (Buddhist wat architecture has no analogous inner-veil concept), requires a short explanatory note on OT temple structure.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: บุตรของดาวิด
Transliteration: but khong Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Promise
Original: υἱὲ Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW, reuses the baseline ‘david’ term. Messianic acclamation cried by Bartimaeus (10:47-48) and echoed at 11:10 and 12:35-37, just before the Messianic Secret is set aside at the Passion.
Kingdom Drawn Near
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้าใกล้เข้ามาแล้ว
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao klai khao ma laeo
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
NEW. The perfect-tense declaration (1:15) that God’s reign has arrived in Jesus and remains presently near; must preserve the already-but-not-yet tension without over- or under-realizing it.
Mystery Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: ความล้ำลึกแห่งแผ่นดินของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam lamluek haeng phaendin khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: The Mystery of the Kingdom
Original: μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Kingdom
NEW. The hidden truth of God’s kingdom given by grace to those inside (4:11); must not echo layered/advanced-teaching categories in some Thai Buddhist instruction (e.g., ปรมัตถ์).
House Of Prayer Den Of Robbers
Approved rendering: นิเวศน์อธิษฐาน / ซ่องโจร
Transliteration: niwet athitthan / song chon
Doctrine: The Temple and New Access to God
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Quotes Isaiah 56:7 and Jeremiah 7:11 (11:17); judgment on a corrupted religious institution specifically, not a general critique of Thai wat-based religious commerce.
Fear
Approved rendering: ความกลัว (anxious) / ยำเกรง หรือ เกรงกลัวด้วยความเกรงขาม (reverential awe)
Transliteration: khwam klua / yamkreng
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: ความหวาดกลัวเชิงไสยศาสตร์ (superstitious dread of spirits)
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
NEW. Dual-sense term ranging from anxious unbelief to reverential awe, bookending the Gospel (4:40-41; 5:15, 33-36; 6:50; 9:32; 10:32; 16:8). Translators must discern per occurrence which sense is active; must not be confused with superstitious dread of an appeasable spiritual power.
Believe Help Unbelief
Approved rendering: ข้าพระองค์เชื่อ…โปรดช่วยแก้ความไม่เชื่อ
Transliteration: kha phra ong cheua… prot chuai kae khwam mai cheua
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: πιστεύω…τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ
Category: Faith
NEW. The father’s confession that genuine faith and honest doubt can coexist (9:24); important for teaching that faith need not be free of doubt to be genuine and effective.
Authority
Approved rendering: สิทธิอำนาจ
Transliteration: sitthi amnat
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness and Nature
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
NEW. Legitimate, sanctioned power to teach, heal, forgive, and command (1:22, 27; 2:10; 3:15; 11:28-33). Must be kept terminologically distinct from the negative domineering compounds of 10:42 despite sharing a root.
Exercise Authority Domineer
Approved rendering: ใช้อำนาจกดขี่
Transliteration: chai amnat kotkhi
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
NEW. Intensified, oppressive use of delegated authority by worldly ‘great ones’ (10:42); paired consistently with lord_it_over above.
Charged To Silence
Approved rendering: ทรงกำชับห้ามไม่ให้บอกผู้ใด
Transliteration: song kamchap ham mai hai bok phu dai
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐπιτιμάω / διαστέλλομαι
Category: Messianic Secret
NEW. Jesus’ repeated commands to silence (1:44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9); a deliberate structural device that must be preserved exactly, not erased or over-explained.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: การจำแลงพระกาย
Transliteration: kan jamlaeng phra kai
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW. The unveiling of Jesus’ pre-existing divine glory (9:2-8). Thai จำแลง carries folkloric connotation of a spirit/deity changing form; must be taught as unveiling existing glory, not a temporary magical metamorphosis, parallel to the baseline’s caution against การอวตาร for ‘incarnation.‘
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: การพูดหมิ่นประมาทพระเจ้า
Transliteration: kan phut min pramat Phra Chao
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
NEW. Speech attacking God’s honor or character; the unforgivable sin against the Spirit (3:28-29) and the ironic charge at trial (14:63-64). Must be framed as an offense against God’s own holiness, not analogized to Thai defamation/lèse-majesté law (หมิ่นประมาท, หมิ่นพระบรมเดชานุภาพ).
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: กษัตริย์ของชาวยิว
Transliteration: kasat khong chao yio
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW. The mocking, ironically true title at Jesus’ trial and crucifixion (15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26); must convey Jesus’ true but explicitly non-political, spiritual kingship without invoking Thai royal-honorific vocabulary or reading as commentary on any earthly monarchy.
Satan
Approved rendering: ซาตาน
Transliteration: Satan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Authority
NEW. The real, personal, cosmic Adversary (1:13; 3:23-26; 4:15; 8:33); must not be unconsciously mapped onto the Buddhist tempter-figure Māra, often read symbolically/psychologically rather than as a real personal being.
Save Heal Dual Sense
Approved rendering: หาย / รอด (healing); ความรอด (eternal, reuse)
Transliteration: hai / rot (healing); khwam rot (eternal)
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. A single Greek verb (σῴζω) spans physical healing (5:23, 28, 34; 10:52) and ultimate eschatological salvation (8:35; 10:26; 13:13; 16:16); Thai must discern register contextually while preserving the theological link between the two.
Tradition Vs Commandment
Approved rendering: ประเพณีของมนุษย์ / พระบัญชาของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: praphenee khong manut / phra bancha khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: The Law versus Human Tradition
Original: παράδοσις (τῶν ἀνθρώπων) / ἐντολή (τοῦ θεοῦ)
Category: Law
NEW. Jesus’ contrast between inherited human custom and God’s own direct command (7:8-9); a specific critique of tradition displacing command, not a wholesale rejection of tradition or Thai cultural practice as such.
It Is I
Approved rendering: เราเอง
Transliteration: rao eng
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness and Nature
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW. Jesus’ self-identification while walking on the sea (6:50), a moment echoing OT divine prerogative (Job 9:8; Ps 107:29); should not be flattened to a merely casual reassurance.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: ชีวิต
Transliteration: chiwit
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ (risks confusion with Holy Spirit vocabulary)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Anthropology
NEW. ψυχή, the whole living self, at stake in 8:35-37 and given by the Son of Man himself (10:45); must be rendered identically (ชีวิต) at both to preserve the deliberate echo.
Repentance
Approved rendering: การกลับใจใหม่
Transliteration: kan klap jai mai
Doctrine: Repentance and the Gospel Call
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
NEW. μετάνοια, coupled with baptism and forgiveness (1:4) and the disciples’ mission (6:12); must be relational reorientation toward the personal God of Israel, not a generic self-improvement program.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: ความทุกข์ลำบาก(ครั้งใหญ่)
Transliteration: khwam thuk lambak (khrang yai)
Doctrine: Tribulation and the Second Coming
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. θλῖψις, a specific, historically-located period of intense distress (13:19, 24). Must be qualified as bounded and specific to avoid collapsing into the general Buddhist metaphysical claim that all existence is dukkha (ทุกข์).
Render To Caesar
Approved rendering: ซีซาร์ / ส่วย(ภาษี)
Transliteration: Sisa / suai (phasi)
Doctrine: Civic Authority and Ultimate Allegiance
Original: τὰ Καίσαρος…τῷ Καίσαρι / κῆνσος
Category: Civic
NEW. Jesus’ distinction between civic obligation and ultimate allegiance to God (12:13-17); parallel caution to the baseline’s Romans 13:1-7 flag given Thailand’s lèse-majesté-sensitive register.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must be paired with genuine doubt at 9:24 without losing its validity as real trust in Christ specifically.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักรของพระเจ้า
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Distinguish from an earthly territorial kingdom (อาณาจักร) and from Thailand’s own monarchy-centered ราชอาณาจักรไทย.
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Twelve are named ἀπόστολοι (3:14), commissioned to share in Jesus’ own authority (3:15).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: คนต่างชาติ
Transliteration: khon tang chat
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: ชาวต่างประเทศ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Mark 10:42 a socio-political category naming worldly rule-patterns contrasted with kingdom leadership; same Thai term fits both senses.
David
Approved rendering: ดาวิด
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Promise
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in the Sabbath dispute (2:25) and in messianic acclamations (10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37).
New Wine Wineskins
Approved rendering: ใหม่
Transliteration: mai
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: καινός
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Newness in kind, not merely in time (2:21-22); the in-breaking kingdom cannot be poured into old religious forms.
Parable
Approved rendering: คำอุปมา
Transliteration: kham upama
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW. A teaching form using everyday images (ch. 4; 12:1-12). A genuine cultural bridge with Buddhist teaching similes (also called อุปมา), provided the specific revealing-to-insiders/concealing-from-outsiders function (4:11-12) is taught explicitly.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: ศิลามุมเอก
Transliteration: sila mum ek
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Promise
Original: λίθον…εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Messianic prophecy citation (Psalm 118:22-23) of rejection followed by exaltation, in the parable of the tenants (12:10-11).
Follow
Approved rendering: ติดตาม
Transliteration: tittam
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Faith
NEW. Committed personal allegiance and discipleship, first at the calling of the first disciples (1:17-20), recurring at 8:34; 10:21, 28, 52. Bartimaeus’s immediate following (10:52) deliberately contrasts with James and John’s status-seeking earlier in the same chapter.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: เฝ้าระวัง / คอยระวังอยู่
Transliteration: fao rawang / khoi rawang yu
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Faith
NEW. Active, hope-rooted vigilance (13:33-37; 14:34, 37-38), not passive dread or fatalistic resignation.
Deny Peter
Approved rendering: ปฏิเสธ
Transliteration: patiset
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Faith
NEW. Peter’s threefold denial under fear (14:66-72), the negative pole of faith amid fear, following immediately after Jesus’ own faithful submission at Gethsemane.
Hardened Heart
Approved rendering: ใจที่แข็งกระด้าง
Transliteration: jai thi khaeng kradang
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: πεπωρωμένη ἡ καρδία
Category: Faith
NEW. The disciples’ spiritual dullness after the feeding miracle (6:52), underlying their fear and lack of understanding.
Will Human Divine
Approved rendering: ปรารถนา/อยาก (human) / พระประสงค์(พระทัย)ของพระเจ้า (divine)
Transliteration: prarthana/yak (human) / phra prasong (phra thai) khong Phra Chao (divine)
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: θέλω / θέλημα
Category: Servanthood
NEW. The human-will-versus-divine-will thread running from James and John’s request (10:35-37) through 3:35 to Gethsemane (14:36); track across all three passages for consistency.
Love Great Commandment
Approved rendering: ความรัก
Transliteration: khwam rak
Doctrine: Love as the Great Commandment
Original: ἀγαπήσεις / ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
NEW. Committed, willed, covenantal love for God and neighbor (12:29-31); distinguish from romantic/affectionate love and from Buddhist mettā (detached, universally-extended benevolence).
Heal Cleanse
Approved rendering: ทรงรักษาให้หาย / ทรงชำระให้สะอาด
Transliteration: song raksa hai hai / song chamra hai sa-at
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness and Nature
Original: θεραπεύω / καθαρίζω
Category: Authority
NEW. Restoration of physical wholeness by Jesus’ own authority and compassion (1:40-42; 3:10; 6:5, 13); distinguish from folk healing via mediums, amulets, or herbal-spirit practitioners.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: สะอาด / เป็นมลทิน(ไม่สะอาด)
Transliteration: sa-at / pen monthin (mai sa-at)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean Reinterpreted
Original: καθαρός / κοινός
Category: Law
NEW. Ritual purity categories reinterpreted as moral-relational categories originating from the heart (7:14-23); a live category in Thai Buddhist/Brahmanic-influenced folk practice around auspicious/inauspicious foods.
Heart
Approved rendering: จิตใจ / ใจ
Transliteration: jitjai / jai
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean Reinterpreted
Original: καρδία
Category: Anthropology
NEW. The seat of will, thought, and moral character, named as the true source of defilement (7:19-23); not primarily emotion.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: วันสะบาโต
Transliteration: wan sabato
Doctrine: The Law versus Human Tradition
Original: σάββατον
Category: Law
NEW. The weekly day of rest under the Law, over which Jesus claims lordship (2:23-3:6; 2:28); Thai culture has no native weekly sabbath-rest concept, requiring brief explanatory framing.
Bread
Approved rendering: ขนมปัง
Transliteration: khanom pang
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἄρτος
Category: Kingdom
NEW. ἄρτος, the staple food multiplied in the feeding miracles (6:35-44; 8:1-9) and identified with Christ’s own body at the Last Supper (14:22); a connective thread to the covenant institution.
Leaven
Approved rendering: เชื้อ / ผงฟู (เชิงอุปมา)
Transliteration: chuea / phong fu (cheung upama)
Doctrine: The Law versus Human Tradition
Original: ζύμη
Category: Ethics
NEW. Figurative for a small corrupting influence spreading through the whole, ‘the leaven of the Pharisees and of Herod’ (8:15); must be read figuratively, not as a baking instruction.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: สิ่งที่ทำให้สะดุด(บาป)
Transliteration: sing thi tham hai sadut (bap)
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: σκάνδαλον / σκανδαλίζω
Category: Ethics
NEW. σκάνδαλον, anything causing another to fall into sin or away from faith; severe warnings against causing ‘little ones’ to stumble (9:42-47).
Salt
Approved rendering: เกลือ
Transliteration: kluea
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἅλας
Category: Ethics
NEW. ἅλας, figure for a disciple’s distinctive, preserving character in the world; ‘salt loses its saltiness’ (9:49-50).
Low Risk Terms
Hosanna
Approved rendering: โฮซันนา
Transliteration: Hosanna
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Liturgical
NEW. A liturgical acclamation from Psalm 118 (11:9-10), retained as a transliteration parallel to the baseline’s treatment of อาเมน and ฮาเลลูยาห์.
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: เอฟฟาธา
Transliteration: Effatha
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness and Nature
Original: Ἐφφαθά
Category: Liturgical
NEW. An Aramaic imperative (‘be opened’) Mark himself retains untranslated alongside a Greek gloss (7:34); retain the transliteration alongside a Thai gloss (จงเปิด), matching the baseline’s treatment of ‘Abba.’
Referenced passages