Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Timothy (English → Thai)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by chapter of first occurrence. Terms marked [BASELINE REUSE] repeat the exact Romans/Galatians Language Package rendering and MUST NOT be altered. Terms marked [NEW] are proposed here for the first time for 2 Timothy and require theologian sign-off before entering translation_memory.json for Phase 2, per the priority order and escalation rules of the existing 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review mandatory for every occurrence.
- High — significant theological confusion/syncretism risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision risk; automated review sufficient.
Chapter 1
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostolos | อัครทูต | BASELINE REUSE | Medium | Apostleship / Faithful Transmission | Reused exactly. |
| will of God | θέλημα θεοῦ | thelēma theou | พระประสงค์ของพระเจ้า | NEW | Medium | Providence | Personal divine purpose, not fate. |
| promise (of life) | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | พระสัญญา | BASELINE REUSE | High | Abrahamic Covenant / Assurance | Extended to “promise of life.” |
| grace | χάρις | charis | พระคุณ | BASELINE REUSE | Critical | Grace | Never บุญ/กรรมดี/บารมี. |
| mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | พระกรุณา / ความเมตตา | NEW | Medium | Grace (adjacent) | Distinguish from paternalistic social mercy. |
| peace | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | สันติสุข | BASELINE REUSE | Medium | Peace with God | Reused exactly. |
| sincere/unfeigned faith | ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις | anypokritos pistis | ความเชื่อที่จริงใจ | NEW | Low-Medium | Faithful Transmission | Built on baseline ความเชื่อ. |
| gift of God | χάρισμα (τοῦ θεοῦ) | charisma | ของประทานจากพระเจ้า | NEW | Medium | Spiritual Gifts (adjacent) | Individual enablement via laying on of hands. |
| spirit of power, love, self-control | πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ | pneuma dynameōs kai agapēs kai sōphronismou | จิตใจแห่งฤทธิ์เดช ความรัก และการรู้จักบังคับตนเอง | NEW | Medium-High | Perseverance | Use จิตใจ not วิญญาณ to avoid Holy Spirit confusion; flag for theologian confirmation of exegesis. |
| be ashamed | ἐπαισχύνομαι | epaischynomai | อับอาย / ละอาย | NEW | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Honor-shame dynamics; must not be softened. |
| holy calling | κλῆσις ἁγία | klēsis hagia | การทรงเรียกอันบริสุทธิ์ | BASELINE REUSE | High | Divine Calling / Sainthood | Combines existing calling + holy entries. |
| purpose (God’s own) | πρόθεσις | prothesis | พระประสงค์ของพระองค์เอง | NEW | High | Providence / Election | Never เวรกรรม/โชคชะตา. |
| incarnation (first appearing) | ἐπιφάνεια (1:10) | epiphaneia | การทรงบังเกิดเป็นมนุษย์ | BASELINE REUSE | Critical | Incarnation | Never อวตาร. |
| abolished death | καταργήσαντος τὸν θάνατον | katargēsantos ton thanaton | ทรงทำลายฤทธิ์อำนาจของความตาย | NEW | Medium | Resurrection (adjacent) | Standard. |
| life and immortality | ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία | zōē kai aphtharsia | ชีวิตที่ไม่มีวันเสื่อมสลาย | NEW | High | Resurrection / Assurance | NEVER bare อมตะ alone — collides with Nibbāna as “the Deathless.” Always pair with ชีวิต. |
| herald / teacher | κήρυξ / διδάσκαλος | kēryx / didaskalos | ผู้ประกาศ / ผู้สอน | NEW | Medium | Charge to Preach | Paired with baseline apostle. |
| deposit entrusted | παραθήκη | paratheke | สิ่งที่ทรงมอบไว้ให้รักษา | NEW | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Never conflated with merit-transfer (กรวดน้ำ). |
| pattern of sound words | ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων | hypotypōsis hygiainontōn logōn | แบบอย่างของคำสอนที่ถูกต้อง | NEW | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Linked to sound_doctrine entry (ch. 4). |
| Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον | Pneuma Hagion | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | BASELINE REUSE | Critical | Sanctification | Never วิญญาณ alone or ผี. |
| Phygelus, Hermogenes | Φύγελος, Ἑρμογένης | Phygelos, Hermogenēs | ฟีเจลัส, เฮอร์โมเกเนส | NEW | Low | Apostasy (example) | Proper names. |
| Onesiphorus | Ὀνησίφορος | Onēsiphoros | โอเนสิโฟรัส | NEW | Low | Faithful Transmission (example) | Proper name. |
| Lois, Eunice | Λωΐς, Εὐνίκη | Lōis, Eunikē | โลอิส, ยูนีเค | NEW | Low | Faithful Transmission (example) | Proper names. |
Chapter 2
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| strengthened in grace | ἐνδυναμοῦ ἐν τῇ χάριτι | endynamou en tē chariti | จงเข้มแข็งขึ้นโดยพระคุณ | NEW | Medium | Perseverance / Grace | ἐνδυναμόω recurs at 4:17. |
| faithful men | πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις | pistois anthrōpois | คนที่ไว้วางใจได้ / ผู้สัตย์ซื่อ | NEW | Medium-High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 2:2’s transmission chain. |
| soldier / athlete / farmer | στρατιώτης / ἀθλητής / γεωργός | stratiōtēs / athlētēs / geōrgos | ทหาร / นักกีฬา / ชาวนา | NEW | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Endurance metaphors. |
| endure hardship (as soldier) | κακοπαθέω | kakopatheō | อดทนต่อความยากลำบาก | NEW | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Never ทนทุกข์ (dukkha collision). |
| seed of David | σπέρμα Δαυίδ | sperma Dauid | เชื้อสายของดาวิด | BASELINE REUSE | High | Davidic Covenant | Exact reuse, 2:8. |
| resurrection (of Christ) | ἐγηγερμένον ἐκ νεκρῶν | egēgermenon ek nekrōn | การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย | BASELINE REUSE | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | Never การเกิดใหม่. |
| word of God not bound | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται | ho logos tou theou ou dedetai | พระวจนะของพระเจ้าไม่ถูกล่ามโซ่ไว้ | NEW | Medium | Charge to Preach the Word | Contrasts Paul’s chains. |
| endure for the elect | ὑπομένω / ἐκλεκτοί | hypomenō / eklektoi | อดทน / ผู้ที่พระเจ้าทรงเลือก | BASELINE REUSE (eklektoi) / NEW (hypomenō) | Medium / High | Perseverance / Election | Election reused exactly. |
| faithful is the saying | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος | pistos ho logos | คำนี้เป็นคำที่เชื่อถือได้ | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Creedal formula marker. |
| died/live with him; deny/faithless | 2:11-13 quatrain | synapothnēskō/synzaō/arneomai/apisteō | (quatrain, rendered as unit) | NEW | High | Assurance / Perseverance | Preserve unresolved tension of 4th line; theologian review. |
| wrangle about words | λογομαχεῖν | logomachein | การโต้เถียงกันด้วยคำพูด | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Contrast to 2:15. |
| rightly handling the word of truth | ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας | orthotomounta ton logon tēs alētheias | สอนพระวจนะแห่งความจริงอย่างถูกต้อง | NEW | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Title methodological term. |
| approved / unashamed worker | δόκιμος / ἐργάτην ἀνεπαίσχυντον | dokimos / ergatēn anepaischynton | เป็นที่พอพระทัย / ผู้ทำงานที่ไม่ต้องอับอาย | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Standard. |
| gangrene (of false teaching) | γάγγραινα | gangraina | เนื้อร้าย / แผลเน่า | NEW | Medium | Apostasy / Guarding Sound Doctrine | Medical metaphor, pairs with “sound doctrine.” |
| Hymenaeus, Philetus | Ὑμέναιος, Φίλητος | Hymenaios, Philētos | ฮีเมเนอัส, ฟีเลตัส | NEW | Low | Apostasy (example) | Proper names. |
| ”resurrection already happened” (false teaching) | ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι | anastasin ēdē gegonenai | (named as false teaching) | NEW | CRITICAL | Resurrection / Apostasy | Must read unmistakably as condemned error, not doctrine; mandatory theologian review. |
| seal | σφραγίς | sphragis | ตราประทับ | NEW | Medium | Assurance | Ownership/authentication image. |
| vessel for honor/dishonor | σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν/ἀτιμίαν | skeuos eis timēn/atimian | ภาชนะสำหรับใช้อย่างมีเกียรติ/ไม่มีเกียรติ | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Standard image. |
| pursue righteousness, faith, love, peace | δίκαιοσύνην, πίστιν, ἀγάπην, εἰρήνην | dikaiosynēn, pistin, agapēn, eirēnēn | ความชอบธรรม, ความเชื่อ, ความรัก, สันติสุข | BASELINE REUSE (3 of 4) / NEW (agapē) | Critical/Medium/Low/Medium | Multiple | ความรัก newly logged, low risk. |
| God-granted repentance | μετάνοια (δώῃ ὁ θεός) | metanoia | การกลับใจ | NEW | Medium-High | Apostasy / Grace | Repentance as gift, not self-produced remorse. |
| the devil’s snare | διάβολος / παγίς | diabolos / pagis | มาร / บ่วงแร้ว | NEW | HIGH | Apostasy and False Teachers | มาร collides with Buddhist Māra mythology; requires translator note distinguishing defeated personal enemy from self-overcome inner obstacle. |
Chapter 3 (non-core: 3:1-13; see Part 1 of 07_semantic_analysis.md for 3:14-17)
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| last days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι | eschatai hēmerai | วาระสุดท้าย / ยุคสุดท้าย | NEW | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Linear salvation history, never cyclical world-ages. |
| difficult times | καιροὶ χαλεποί | kairoi chalepoi | สภาวการณ์ที่ยากลำบาก | NEW | Low-Medium | Apostasy | Standard. |
| vice catalogue (3:2-5) | φίλαυτοι κτλ. | philautoi ktl. | หลงตัวเอง, รักเงิน, อวดดี ฯลฯ | NEW | Medium (block) | Apostasy and False Teachers | Plain moral vocabulary; avoid technical Buddhist ethical terms. |
| form of godliness, denying its power | μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας… δύναμιν ἠρνημένοι | morphōsis eusebeias… dynamin ērnēmenoi | มีรูปลักษณ์ภายนอกของความยำเกรงพระเจ้า แต่ปฏิเสธฤทธิ์เดชของทางนั้น | NEW | High | Apostasy / Guarding Sound Doctrine | Frame as counterfeit Christian profession, not general critique of another tradition. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια | eusebeia | ความยำเกรงพระเจ้า | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine (adjacent) | Standard Thai Christian phrase. |
| knowledge of the truth | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας | epignōsis alētheias | ความรู้ในความจริงอย่างครบถ้วน | NEW | Medium | Inspiration/Sufficiency (adjacent) | Revealed knowledge, not self-attained ปัญญา. |
| Jannes, Jambres | Ἰαννῆς, Ἰαμβρῆς | Iannēs, Iambrēs | ยันเนส, ยัมเบรส | NEW | Low | Apostasy (example) | Proper names. |
| disqualified concerning the faith | ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν | adokimoi peri tēn pistin | ถูกปฏิเสธในเรื่องความเชื่อ | NEW | Low-Medium | Apostasy | Built on baseline faith. |
| impostors/sorcerers | γόητες | goētes | ผู้ล่อลวง | NEW | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | Avoid หมอผี; do not dignify occult power as real. |
| persecutions | διωγμοί | diōgmoi | การถูกข่มเหง | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Universal expectation, 3:12. |
| rescued (from persecution) | ἐρρύσατο (ῥύομαι) | errysato | ทรงช่วยกู้ / ทรงช่วยให้พ้น | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Distinct from ความรอด (eternal salvation). |
Chapter 3 core-passage terms and Chapter 4 core-passage terms (3:14-4:5)
(Full verse-by-verse treatment in 07_semantic_analysis.md, Part 1. Consolidated here.)
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| remain/continue in what you learned | μένε ἐν οἷς ἔμαθες | mene en hois emathes | จงยึดมั่นอยู่ใน…ที่ได้เรียนรู้ | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Active perseverance in received teaching. |
| assured/convinced | ἐπιστώθης | epistōthēs | ได้เชื่อมั่นอย่างแน่ใจ | NEW | Medium | Faith (adjacent) | Cognate with faith root. |
| sacred writings | ἱερὰ γράμματα | hiera grammata | พระคัมภีร์อันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ | NEW | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ appropriate for text-object but must avoid amulet/talisman framing. |
| Scripture | γραφή | graphē | พระคัมภีร์ | NEW | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Established general term. |
| God-breathed | θεόπνευστος | theopneustos | ได้รับการดลใจจากพระเจ้า | NEW | CRITICAL | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Never spirit-medium/trance-channeling (ร่างทรง) framing; God’s direct agency must stay explicit. |
| teaching/doctrine | διδασκαλία | didaskalia | คำสอน | NEW | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Base noun; see also sound_doctrine below. |
| reproof | ἔλεγχος | elegchos | การตักเตือน | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Standard. |
| correction | ἐπανόρθωσις | epanorthōsis | การแก้ไขให้ถูกต้อง | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Standard. |
| training in righteousness | παιδεία …ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ | paideia en dikaiosynē | การอบรมสั่งสอนในความชอบธรรม | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | δικαιοσύνη baseline reuse. |
| complete, equipped | ἄρτιος / ἐξηρτισμένος | artios / exartismenos | มีความพร้อมครบถ้วน / ได้รับการเตรียมพร้อมอย่างครบถ้วน | NEW | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Must not soften exclusive sufficiency into “one helpful source among several.” |
| solemnly charge | Διαμαρτύρομαι | diamartyromai | ข้าพเจ้าขอกำชับท่านต่อพระพักตร์พระเจ้า | NEW | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | Sworn covenantal weight, not casual advice. |
| judge the living and the dead | κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | krinein zōntas kai nekrous | ผู้พิพากษาคนเป็นและคนตาย | NEW | Medium | Assurance of Reward (adjacent) | See also righteous_judge, ch. 4. |
| appearing (2nd/eschatological) | ἐπιφάνεια (4:1, 4:8) | epiphaneia | การเสด็จมาปรากฏของพระองค์ | NEW | CRITICAL | The Charge to Preach the Word / Assurance | Never conflated with cyclical Maitreya-Buddha expectation. |
| preach the word | κήρυξον τὸν λόγον | kēryxon ton logon | จงประกาศพระวจนะ | NEW | HIGH | The Charge to Preach the Word | Never เทศนา as primary verb (dharma-talk collision). |
| the word | λόγος | logos | พระวจนะ | NEW | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Fixed, specific referent. |
| in season/out of season | εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως | eukairōs akairōs | ทุกเวลา ทั้งขณะที่สะดวกและไม่สะดวก | NEW | Low-Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Plain-meaning idiom handling. |
| reprove, rebuke, exhort | ἔλεγξον, ἐπιτίμησον, παρακάλεσον | elegxon, epitimēson, parakaleson | ตักเตือน, ห้ามปราม, หนุนใจ/วิงวอน | NEW (2) / BASELINE REUSE (exhort) | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Escalating triad must stay distinct. |
| patience | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | ความอดกลั้นใจ | NEW | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | Standard. |
| sound doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | hygiainousa didaskalia | คำสอนที่ถูกต้อง | NEW | HIGH | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Never conflated with self-attained สัมมาทิฏฐิ (Right View). |
| desires (own) | ἐπιθυμίαι | epithymiai | ความต้องการของตนเอง | NEW | Low-Medium | Apostasy | Avoid ตัณหา as primary gloss (Second Noble Truth collision). |
| itching ears (idiom) | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν | knēthomenoi tēn akoēn | อยากได้ยินแต่สิ่งที่เพราะหู | NEW | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | No natural Thai idiom; render meaning plainly. |
| truth | ἀλήθεια | alētheia | ความจริง | NEW | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Fixed, objective content. |
| myths | μῦθοι | mythoi | เรื่องนิยาย / นิทานที่ไม่จริง | NEW | Low | Apostasy and False Teachers | Not a blanket dismissal of story-traditions generally. |
| be sober-minded | νῆφε | nēphe | จงมีใจสงบและตื่นตัว | NEW | Low-Medium | Apostasy / Perseverance | Not meditative calm (ความสงบทางใจ). |
| endure suffering | κακοπάθησον | kakopathēson | จงอดทนต่อความยากลำบาก | NEW | HIGH | Perseverance under Suffering | Never ทนทุกข์ (dukkha collision); reuse of ch. 2 entry. |
| work of an evangelist | ἔργον … εὐαγγελιστοῦ | ergon euangelistou | หน้าที่ของผู้ประกาศข่าวประเสริฐ | NEW | Low-Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Built on baseline gospel (ข่าวประเสริฐ). |
| fulfill your ministry | τὴν διακονίαν … πληροφόρησον | tēn diakonian plērophorēson | จงกระทำหน้าที่การรับใช้ให้สำเร็จครบถ้วน | NEW | Low-Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Standard. |
Chapter 4 (non-core: 4:6-22)
| Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| poured out (libation) | σπένδομαι | spendomai | ชีวิตของข้าพเจ้ากำลังถูกถวายออกไปเหมือนเครื่องบูชาที่เทออก | NEW | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Distinguish from Thai กรวดน้ำ merit-transfer ritual. |
| my departure | ἀνάλυσις | analysis | เวลาที่ข้าพเจ้าจะจากไป | NEW | Low | Assurance of Reward (adjacent) | Confident euphemism for death. |
| fought the good fight | τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι | ton kalon agōna ēgōnismai | ข้าพเจ้าได้ต่อสู้อย่างเต็มกำลังแล้ว | NEW | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Standard. |
| finished the race | τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα | ton dromon teteleka | ข้าพเจ้าได้แข่งขันจนถึงเส้นชัยแล้ว | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Athletic image, distinct from “the path” (มรรค). |
| kept the faith | τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα | tēn pistin tetērēka | ข้าพเจ้าได้รักษาความเชื่อไว้แล้ว | BASELINE REUSE (pistis) | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Echoes παραθήκη (“guard the deposit”). |
| crown of righteousness | ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος | ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos | มงกุฎแห่งความชอบธรรม | NEW | CRITICAL | Assurance of Reward | Gracious culmination of faith, never a karmic merit-payout; watch royal-regalia resonance. |
| righteous Judge | ὁ δίκαιος κριτής | ho dikaios kritēs | ผู้พิพากษาที่ชอบธรรม | NEW | HIGH | Assurance of Reward | Never conflated with Phra Yama’s karmic weighing of deeds. |
| loved his appearing | ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ | ēgapēkosi tēn epiphaneian autou | ผู้ที่รักการเสด็จมาปรากฏของพระองค์ | NEW | Critical | Assurance of Reward | Reuses ch. 4:1 epiphaneia entry. |
| loved this present age | ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα | agapēsas ton nyn aiōna | รักยุคนี้ / รักโลกปัจจุบัน | NEW | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers | Structural contrast to “loved his appearing.” |
| Demas, Crescens, Titus, Luke, Mark, Alexander, Prisca, Aquila, Erastus, Trophimus, Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia | (proper names) | — | เดมาส, เครสเคส, ทิตัส, ลูกา, มาระโก, อเล็กซานเดอร์, ปริสสิลลา, อาควิลลา, เอราสทัส, โตรฟีมัส, ยูบูลัส, ปูเดส, ลีนัส, คลาวเดีย | NEW | Low | Faithful Transmission (examples) | Established transliteration conventions. |
| repay according to deeds | ἀποδώσει … κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ | apodōsei kata ta erga autou | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าจะทรงตอบสนองเขาตามการกระทำของเขา | NEW | CRITICAL | Assurance of Reward | Must retain the Lord as explicit personal subject; never impersonal กฎแห่งกรรม/“ทำดีได้ดี ทำชั่วได้ชั่ว.” |
| stood by me and strengthened me | παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με | parestē kai enedynamōsen me | ทรงอยู่เคียงข้างและทรงเสริมกำลังข้าพเจ้า | NEW | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Echoes 2:1 ἐνδυναμόω. |
| rescued from the lion’s mouth | ἐρρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος | errysthēn ek stomatos leontos | ได้รับการช่วยให้พ้นจากปากสิงโต | NEW | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | Figurative mortal danger. |
| heavenly kingdom | τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον | tēn basileian autou tēn epouranion | แผ่นดินสวรรค์ของพระองค์ | BASELINE REUSE (kingdom_of_god) | Medium | Assurance of Reward | Qualified as heavenly. |
Cross-Cutting Notes for Phase 2
- New Critical terms requiring mandatory theologian sign-off before entering
translation_memory.json: θεόπνευστος (God-breathed), ἐπιφάνεια in its second/eschatological sense (Christ’s future appearing), the false teaching “resurrection already happened” (2:18), στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης (crown of righteousness), and ἀποδώσει κατὰ τὰ ἔργα (repay according to deeds). - Recurring Thai-specific collision pattern: several of this letter’s highest-risk terms (crown of righteousness, righteous Judge, repay according to deeds) cluster around reward and judgment vocabulary — precisely the field where Thai karma/merit thinking offers the most fluent false equivalents. Phase 2 reviewers should treat this cluster with the same vigilance the Galatians package already required for
sowing_and_reaping. - Recurring “flesh/self-effort” collision pattern: κακοπάθησον (endure suffering) must avoid ทุกข์/dukkha vocabulary for the same reason the Galatians package required avoiding กิเลส for “flesh” — both risk importing a self-directed Buddhist framework in place of grace-enabled, Christ-centered endurance.
- All baseline-reused terms (grace, faith, righteousness, salvation, resurrection, gospel, calling, holy, election, Lord, kingdom of God, seed of David, incarnation) must be pulled verbatim from
translation_memory.jsonand never re-derived independently within 2 Timothy materials. - New term entries proposed in this glossary should be added to
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.jsonfollowing the exact schema of the baseline files before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
(End of Core Glossary.)
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Recurs at 1:9, 2:1, 2:25, 4:22; every occurrence reinforces the grace-versus-merit distinction, extended into repentance vocabulary (see gods_granted_repentance).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: บุญกุศล, ความดี
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Root of 3:16’s ‘training in righteousness’ and 4:8’s ‘crown of righteousness.‘
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. 3:15: Scripture makes one wise ‘for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus.‘
Resurrection
Approved rendering: การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย
Transliteration: kan pen khuen chak tai
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγηγερμένον ἐκ νεκρῶν
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly at 2:8’s creedal capsule. CRITICAL additional note: at 2:18 this exact term appears inside a named, condemned FALSE teaching (‘the resurrection has already happened’); surrounding text must make the condemnation unmistakable so a rebirth-fluent reader cannot mistake Paul’s polemic for an endorsement.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Must remain the explicit grammatical subject in 4:14’s ‘the Lord will repay him according to his deeds’ — see repay_according_to_deeds.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: การทรงบังเกิดเป็นมนุษย์
Transliteration: kan song bangkoet pen manut
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: การอวตาร
Original: ἐπιφάνεια (1:10, first sense)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for ἐπιφάνεια’s first sense at 1:10. Kept distinct from ἐπιφάνεια’s second sense (Christ’s future return) — see second_appearing.
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; occurs throughout 2 Timothy.
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; occurs throughout 2 Timothy.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly at 1:14. Kept distinct from 1:7’s dispositional πνεῦμα, rendered จิตใจ — see spirit_of_power_love_self_control.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Reused exactly; occurs throughout 2 Timothy, frequently as ‘Christ Jesus.‘
God Breathed
Approved rendering: ได้รับการดลใจจากพระเจ้า
Transliteration: dai rap kan don jai chak Phra Chao
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ดลใจ (alone, without ‘จากพระเจ้า’), ร่างทรง-style trance framing
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:16’s θεόπνευστος, a hapax legomenon. ‘จากพระเจ้า’ must never be dropped. Never explained via ร่างทรง (a spirit/deity entering and speaking through a human medium in trance); God-breathed Scripture is God’s superintending, word-for-word authorship through human authors retaining their own style, not a possession-trance utterance. Mandatory translator note at every occurrence.
Resurrection Already Happened False Teaching
Approved rendering: คำสอนที่กล่าวว่าการเป็นขึ้นจากตายได้เกิดขึ้นแล้ว (ถูกประณามว่าเป็นคำสอนที่ผิด)
Transliteration: kham son thi klao wa kan pen khuen chak tai dai koet khuen laeo (thuk pranam wa pen kham son thi phit)
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: λέγοντες τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 2:18’s named heresy of Hymenaeus and Philetus. Must use the baseline’s exact การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย, but surrounding text must make unmistakably clear this is Paul’s CONDEMNATION of a false claim, not true doctrine — the single most dangerous verse in the letter for a rebirth-fluent culture. Mandatory theologian review and translator note at every occurrence.
Second Appearing
Approved rendering: การเสด็จมาปรากฏของพระองค์
Transliteration: kan sadet ma prakot khong phra-ong
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย (as an explanatory analogy)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια (4:1, 4:8, second sense)
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ἐπιφάνεια’s second sense (4:1, 4:8), distinct from the baseline incarnation entry (ἐπιφάνεια’s first sense, 1:10). Must be the unique, once-for-all, linear-historical return of the same Christ who already came — never conflated with the popular expectation of the coming Buddha Maitreya (พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย) within a recurring cosmic cycle.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: มงกุฎแห่งความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: mongkut haeng khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: บุญที่สะสมไว้ (as the ground of the reward)
Original: ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος
Category: Judgment
NEW. 4:8’s ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος, title term of Assurance of Reward. มงกุฎ’s royal-regalia association risks a monarchy-commentary reading; more seriously, this is the gracious culmination of a faith-relationship with a righteous Judge, never a prize purchased by accumulated บุญ. Mandatory theologian review.
Loved His Appearing
Approved rendering: ผู้ที่รักการเสด็จมาปรากฏของพระองค์
Transliteration: phu thi rak kan sadet ma prakot khong phra-ong
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. 4:8’s ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ, reusing second_appearing. The Christ-relational ground of the crown, contrasted structurally with loved_this_present_age (4:10).
Repay According To Deeds
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าจะทรงตอบสนองเขาตามการกระทำของเขา
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao ja song top-sanong khao tam kan kratham khong khao
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: ทำดีได้ดี ทำชั่วได้ชั่ว, กฎแห่งกรรม
Original: ἀποδώσει αὐτῷ ὁ κύριος κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ
Category: Judgment
NEW. 4:14’s ἀποδώσει αὐτῷ ὁ κύριος κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ. Structurally near-identical to the ubiquitous Thai folk maxim and to the impersonal law of karma taught from primary school onward. Must keep the Lord as the explicit, personal, grammatical subject who himself repays — never an agentless ‘what one sows, one reaps’ formula. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: khao prasoet
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ข่าวดี
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Root of 4:5’s ‘work of an evangelist’ (ผู้ประกาศข่าวประเสริฐ).
Election
Approved rendering: การทรงเลือก
Transliteration: kan song lueak
Doctrine: Election and Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา, เวรกรรม
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; underlies 2:10’s ผู้ที่พระเจ้าทรงเลือก (see endure_for_the_elect).
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly at 4:18’s closing doxology (‘to him be the glory forever and ever’).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: rit det khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: อำนาจศักดิ์สิทธิ์ของวัตถุมงคล
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly at 1:8 (‘by the power of God’). Distinct from 1:7’s dispositional dynamis — see spirit_of_power_love_self_control.
Providence
Approved rendering: การทรงดูแลรักษาของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: kan song dulae raksa khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: God’s Providence and Deliverance
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, ดวง
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly as the doctrinal anchor for rescued_delivered and strengthened_by_the_lord (3:11, 4:17-18).
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly in the 1:2 salutation.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: เชื้อสายของดาวิด
Transliteration: chuea sai khong Dawit
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly at 2:8’s creedal capsule.
Promise
Approved rendering: พระสัญญา
Transliteration: phra sanya
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: พร
Original: ἐπαγγελία (ζωῆς)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Reused exactly, extended to ‘the promise of life that is in Christ Jesus’ (1:1).
Sacred Writings
Approved rendering: พระคัมภีร์อันศักดิ์สิทธิ์
Transliteration: phra khamphi an sakdisit
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: talismanic/amulet-style ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ framing
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:15’s ἱερὰ γράμματα. ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ is grammatically appropriate here (unlike for personal holiness, reserved to บริสุทธิ์) because the referent is a text-object. Must not collapse into the devotional-object frame of amulets or monk-blessed books; sacredness here is functional/revelatory (‘wise for salvation’), not talismanic.
Equipped For Every Good Work
Approved rendering: มีความพร้อมครบถ้วน / ได้รับการเตรียมพร้อมอย่างครบถ้วน
Transliteration: mi khwam phrom khrop thuan / dai rap kan triam phrom yang khrop thuan
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ‘one helpful source among several’ (implicit softening)
Original: ἄρτιος / ἐξηρτισμένος
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:17’s ἄρτιος/ἐξηρτισμένος. Risk is doctrinal omission, not vocabulary collision: Thailand’s pluralistic religious environment can soften Paul’s exclusive-sufficiency claim into ‘one helpful source among several.’ Flag for theologian review at every occurrence.
Gods Own Purpose
Approved rendering: พระประสงค์ของพระองค์เอง
Transliteration: phra prasong khong phra-ong eng
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, โชคชะตา
Original: πρόθεσις
Category: God
NEW. 1:9’s πρόθεσις. God’s own sovereign purpose behind the holy calling, prior to and apart from human merit.
Spirit Of Power Love Self Control
Approved rendering: จิตใจแห่งฤทธิ์เดช ความรัก และการรู้จักบังคับตนเอง
Transliteration: jitjai haeng ritdet, khwam rak, lae kan ru jak bangkhap ton eng
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ
Category: Anthropology
NEW. 1:7. Deliberately renders πνεῦμα with จิตใจ (disposition/heart) rather than วิญญาณ, reserving วิญญาณ/พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ for the personal Holy Spirit. Flag for theologian confirmation of the preferred exegetical reading before finalizing.
Be Ashamed
Approved rendering: อับอาย / ละอาย
Transliteration: ap-ai / la-ai
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐπαισχύνομαι
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Recurring charge (1:8, 1:12, 1:16). Thai social life places strong weight on avoiding public shame (เสียหน้า); this call to risk shame for Christ’s sake must remain countercultural, never softened to mild encouragement.
Holy Calling
Approved rendering: การทรงเรียกอันบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: kan song riak an borisut
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา, เวรกรรม
Original: κλῆσις ἁγία
Category: Salvation
NEW combination of two Romans-baseline terms (calling + holy). 1:9: ‘called us with a holy calling… according to his own purpose and grace.‘
Life And Immortality
Approved rendering: ชีวิตที่ไม่มีวันเสื่อมสลาย
Transliteration: chiwit thi mai mi wan sueam salai
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: อมตะ (alone, unqualified)
Original: ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1:10’s ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία. NEVER a bare อมตะ: it is a traditional epithet for Nibbāna itself (‘the Deathless’). Always pair explicitly with ชีวิต.
Deposit Entrusted
Approved rendering: สิ่งที่ทรงมอบไว้ให้รักษา
Transliteration: sing thi song mop wai hai raksa
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: กรวดน้ำ/การอุทิศบุญ (as an explanatory analogy)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Transmission
NEW. παραθήκη, 1:12 and 1:14. Must not collapse into Thai Buddhist merit-transfer ritual; this is safekeeping of a fixed truth entrusted by another, not a merit transaction. Reused at 4:7 (‘kept the faith’).
Pattern Of Sound Words
Approved rendering: แบบอย่างของคำสอนที่ถูกต้อง
Transliteration: baep yang khong khamson thi thuk tong
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: สัมมาทิฏฐิ (as an explanatory analogy)
Original: ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων
Category: Scripture
NEW. 1:13’s ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων. Linked to sound_doctrine; carries the same collision risk with self-attained Buddhist ‘Right View.‘
Faithful Men
Approved rendering: คนที่ไว้วางใจได้ / ผู้สัตย์ซื่อ
Transliteration: khon thi wai wang jai dai / phu sat sue
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ลูกศิษย์ (as a stand-alone gloss)
Original: πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις
Category: Transmission
NEW. 2:2’s transmission chain (Paul → Timothy → faithful men → others also). Built on baseline ความเชื่อ; must not be assimilated to the open-ended Thai teacher-disciple (อาจารย์-ศิษย์) lineage model.
Endure Hardship
Approved rendering: จงอดทนต่อความยากลำบาก
Transliteration: chong ot-than to khwam yak-lamphak
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: ทนทุกข์
Original: κακοπαθέω / κακοπάθησον
Category: Perseverance
NEW. κακοπαθέω, recurring at 1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5. Deliberately avoid ทนทุกข์: ทุกข์ is the technical term of the Buddhist First Noble Truth, suffering to be escaped through detachment. Paul’s endurance is chosen, grace-sustained, and rewarded.
Endure For The Elect
Approved rendering: อดทน / ผู้ที่พระเจ้าทรงเลือก
Transliteration: ot-than / phu thi Phra Chao song lueak
Doctrine: Election and Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, โชคชะตา
NEW (ὑπομένω) combined with baseline election. 2:10: ‘I endure all things for the sake of the elect’ — Paul’s own endurance is for the sake of others’ salvation, not stoic self-discipline.
Died And Live With Him Quatrain
Approved rendering: ถ้าเราตายกับพระองค์ เราก็จะมีชีวิตอยู่กับพระองค์ด้วย ถ้าเราปฏิเสธพระองค์ พระองค์ก็จะทรงปฏิเสธเราด้วย ถ้าเราไม่สัตย์ซื่อ พระองค์ก็ยังทรงสัตย์ซื่ออยู่เสมอ
Transliteration: tha rao tai kap phra-ong, rao ko ja mi chiwit yu kap phra-ong duai; tha rao patiset phra-ong, phra-ong ko ja song patiset rao duai; tha rao mai sat sue, phra-ong ko yang song sat sue yu samoe
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: εἰ συναπεθάνομεν, συζήσομεν… εἰ ἀρνησόμεθα, ἀρνήσεται ἡμᾶς… εἰ ἀπιστοῦμεν, ἐκεῖνος πιστὸς μένει
Category: Salvation
NEW. 2:11-13 fourfold couplet. Must preserve the stark, unresolved tension between the third line (denial met with denial) and the fourth (God remains faithful even to the faithless); render as a unified quatrain, not four disconnected proverbs. Mandatory theologian review.
Rightly Handling The Word
Approved rendering: สอนพระวจนะแห่งความจริงอย่างถูกต้อง
Transliteration: son phra wotchana haeng khwam jing yang thuk tong
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Scripture
NEW. 2:15’s ὀρθοτομοῦντα, a road-building image (‘cutting a straight path’). Key methodological term for Guarding Sound Doctrine, contrasted with 2:14’s wrangling and 4:3’s itching-ears teacher-shopping.
Gods Granted Repentance
Approved rendering: การกลับใจที่พระเจ้าทรงโปรดประทาน
Transliteration: kan klap jai thi Phra Chao song prot pratan
Doctrine: Repentance as God’s Gift
Rejected alternatives: สำนึกผิดด้วยตนเอง
Original: μετάνοια (δώῃ ὁ θεός)
Category: Salvation
NEW. 2:25’s μετάνοια, framed as something God himself ‘may grant’ (subjunctive δώῃ), not self-produced remorse. Extends the baseline’s Critical grace-versus-merit distinction into repentance vocabulary.
The Devils Snare
Approved rendering: มาร / บ่วงแร้ว
Transliteration: man / buang raeo
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: διάβολος / παγίς
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 2:26’s διάβολος/παγίς. มาร directly borrows the name of Māra, the Buddhist tempter overcome by the Buddha’s own insight; the biblical devil is a real, personal, already-defeated enemy, from whose snare people are rescued by God, not an inner obstacle overcome through self-effort. Mandatory translator note every occurrence.
Last Days
Approved rendering: วาระสุดท้าย / ยุคสุดท้าย
Transliteration: wara sut thai / yuk sut thai
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: ยุคกลียุค (as a cyclical-restoration frame)
Original: ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 3:1’s ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις. Must be taught as linear, terminal salvation history, never the cyclical world-ages (kalpa) of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology.
Form Of Godliness Denying Power
Approved rendering: มีรูปลักษณ์ภายนอกของความยำเกรงพระเจ้า แต่ปฏิเสธฤทธิ์เดชของทางนั้น
Transliteration: mi ruplaksana phai nok khong khwam yam-kren Phra Chao tae patiset ritdet khong thang nan
Doctrine: Godliness versus Counterfeit Religion
Original: ἔχοντες μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας τὴν δὲ δύναμιν αὐτῆς ἠρνημένοι
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 3:5. Must be framed as Paul’s warning about counterfeit CHRISTIAN profession specifically, not a general critique of another tradition’s practice, since this exact form-without-power pattern is already a live internal Thai-Buddhist self-critique.
Solemnly Charge
Approved rendering: ข้าพเจ้าขอกำชับท่านต่อพระพักตร์พระเจ้า
Transliteration: khap-chao kho kamchap than to phra phak Phra Chao
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: Διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:1’s Διαμαρτύρομαι. Must retain the weight of a solemn, witnessed, oath-like charge; a weak translation would understate the force driving the doctrine.
Preach The Word
Approved rendering: จงประกาศพระวจนะ
Transliteration: chong prakat phra wotchana
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: เทศนา (as the primary verb)
Original: κήρυξον τὸν λόγον
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:2’s κήρυξον τὸν λόγον. Use ประกาศ, established in the baseline’s gospel/mission conventions. Avoid เทศนา (a Buddhist monk’s dharma talk, a reflective discourse from personal attainment), which would frame proclamation as one teacher’s insight among many rather than the herald’s authorized, non-negotiable delivery of a fixed message.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: คำสอนที่ถูกต้อง
Transliteration: kham son thi thuk tong
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: สัมมาทิฏฐิ (as an explanatory analogy)
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Scripture
NEW. 4:3’s ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία, title term of Guarding Sound Doctrine (also 1:13). Risks being heard through Buddhist สัมมาทิฏฐิ (‘Right View,’ attained progressively). Paul’s sound doctrine is a fixed body of apostolic content received and guarded, not a stage of personal attainment.
Poured Out As Libation
Approved rendering: ชีวิตของข้าพเจ้ากำลังถูกถวายออกไปเหมือนเครื่องบูชาที่เทออก
Transliteration: chiwit khong khap-chao kamlang thuk thawai ok pai muean khrueang bucha thi thoe ok
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: กรวดน้ำ (as an explanatory analogy)
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Perseverance
NEW. 4:6’s σπένδομαι. Sits close to the Thai ritual of กรวดน้ำ (water-pouring merit dedication). Paul’s image is his own life sacrificially poured out to God in service and impending martyrdom, not merit dedicated to another. Translator note required.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: ผู้พิพากษาที่ชอบธรรม
Transliteration: phu phiphaksa thi chop tham
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: พระยม (as an explanatory analogy)
Original: ὁ δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Judgment
NEW. 4:8’s ὁ δίκαιος κριτής. Collides with Phra Yama (พระยม), the Buddhist-Brahmanic judge of the dead who weighs deeds for rebirth. God’s judgment is personal and relational (‘to all who have loved his appearing’), not an impersonal karmic weighing. Flag for theologian review at every occurrence of divine judge/judgment language.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Also names the settled body of apostolic conviction kept (4:7) and assured of (3:14).
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: Apostleship and Ministry Calling
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly. Grounds Paul’s authority to charge Timothy (1:1, 1:11).
Peace
Approved rendering: สันติสุข
Transliteration: santisuk
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly in the 1:2 salutation triad (grace, mercy, peace).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ของประทานฝ่ายวิญญาณ
Transliteration: khong pratan fai winyan
Doctrine: Apostleship and Ministry Calling
Rejected alternatives: ฤทธิ์อำนาจลึกลับ
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for the church-wide gift category. Distinguished from 1:6’s individual enablement — see gift_of_god.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักรของพระเจ้า
Original: βασιλεία (τὴν ἐπουράνιον, 4:18)
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly, qualified as heavenly at 4:18 — see heavenly_kingdom.
Scripture
Approved rendering: พระคัมภีร์
Transliteration: phra khamphi
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: หนังสือ, พระไตรปิฎก
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:16’s γραφή (‘all Scripture’). Established Thai Bible term, distinguished from generic ‘writing’ and from the Pali Canon.
Mercy
Approved rendering: พระกรุณา / ความเมตตา
Transliteration: phra karuna / khwam metta
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
NEW. 1:2 salutation triad. Must be kept distinct from the paternalistic register of ordinary Thai social mercy shown by a superior to an inferior; this is God’s compassionate favor toward the guilty.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: พระประสงค์ของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phra prasong khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, โชคชะตา
Original: θέλημα θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW. 1:1: Paul an apostle ‘by the will of God.’ Personal divine purpose grounding apostleship, never impersonal fate.
Gift Of God
Approved rendering: ของประทานจากพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khong pratan chak Phra Chao
Doctrine: Apostleship and Ministry Calling
Original: χάρισμα (τοῦ θεοῦ)
Category: Church
NEW. 1:6’s χάρισμα, Timothy’s individual ministry enablement received through the laying on of Paul’s hands. Distinct from baseline spiritual_gifts; must not read as merit-earned or a promotion within a teacher-hierarchy.
Herald And Teacher
Approved rendering: ผู้ประกาศและผู้สอน
Transliteration: phu prakat lae phu son
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: ผู้เทศนา
NEW. 1:11: Paul as ‘herald, apostle, and teacher.’ Reuses the ประกาศ root established for preach_the_word; avoid ผู้เทศนา for the dharma-talk-collision reason documented there.
Abolished Death
Approved rendering: ทรงทำลายฤทธิ์อำนาจของความตาย
Transliteration: song tamlai ritdet amnat khong khwam tai
Doctrine: Incarnation
NEW. 1:10: Christ ‘has abolished death.‘
Word Of God Not Bound
Approved rendering: พระวจนะของพระเจ้าไม่ถูกล่ามโซ่ไว้
Transliteration: phra wotchana khong Phra Chao mai thuk lam so wai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται
Category: Ministry
NEW. 2:9. Contrasts Paul’s own chains with the unstoppable word of God.
Faithful Is The Saying
Approved rendering: คำนี้เป็นคำที่เชื่อถือได้
Transliteration: kham ni pen kham thi cheua thue dai
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Faith
NEW. 2:11’s recurring formulaic marker introducing a trusted, creedal-style summary.
Gangrene
Approved rendering: เนื้อร้าย / แผลเน่า
Transliteration: nuea rai / phlae nao
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 2:17’s γάγγραινα. Directly paired conceptually with sound_doctrine’s ‘healthy teaching’ image — preserve the medical-image pairing across both terms in translator notes.
Seal
Approved rendering: ตราประทับ
Transliteration: tra prathap
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. 2:19’s σφραγίς — ownership/authentication image.
Vessel For Honor Dishonor
Approved rendering: ภาชนะสำหรับใช้อย่างมีเกียรติ / อย่างไม่มีเกียรติ
Transliteration: phachana samrap chai yang mi kiat / yang mai mi kiat
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 2:20-21’s σκεῦος image.
Vice Catalogue 3 2 5
Approved rendering: หลงตัวเอง, รักเงิน, อวดดี, หยิ่งยโส, พูดหมิ่นประมาท, ไม่เชื่อฟังบิดามารดา, อกตัญญู, ไม่บริสุทธิ์, ไม่มีความรักในครอบครัว, ไม่ให้อภัย, ใส่ร้าย, ไม่รู้จักควบคุมตนเอง, ดุร้าย, เกลียดความดี, ทรยศ, บุ่มบ่าม, หยิ่งผยอง, รักความสนุกมากกว่ารักพระเจ้า
Transliteration: long tua-eng, rak ngoen, uat di, ying yaso, phut min pramat, mai cheuafang bida mandaa, akatanyu, mai borisut, mai mi khwam rak nai khropkhrua, mai hai aphai, sai rai, mai ruchak khuap-khum ton-eng, du-rai, kliat khwam di, thorayot, bum-bam, ying phayo, rak khwam sanuk makkwa rak Phra Chao
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: technical Buddhist ethical vocabulary as primary gloss for any item
NEW (block term). 3:2-5’s eighteen-vice catalogue. Each gloss is plain moral vocabulary; the cumulative list must retain its force describing the last-days’ moral climate, not be softened into generic bad manners.
Godliness
Approved rendering: ความยำเกรงพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam yam-kren Phra Chao
Doctrine: Godliness versus Counterfeit Religion
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Ethics
NEW. 3:5’s εὐσέβεια. Standard established Thai Christian phrase.
Knowledge Of The Truth
Approved rendering: ความรู้ในความจริงอย่างครบถ้วน
Transliteration: khwam ru nai khwam jing yang khrop thuan
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ปัญญา (self-attained insight)
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Scripture
NEW. 3:7’s ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας. Must be received/revealed knowledge about Christ, not self-attained insight reached through one’s own meditative progress.
Impostors Sorcerers
Approved rendering: ผู้ล่อลวง
Transliteration: phu lo luang
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: หมอผี
Original: γόητες
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 3:13’s γόητες. Avoid หมอผี (a real practicing occult specialist); Paul’s point is fraudulent deception, not an endorsement of real occult power.
Persecutions
Approved rendering: การถูกข่มเหง
Transliteration: kan thuk khom-heng
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: διωγμοί
Category: Perseverance
NEW. 3:11-12’s διωγμοί. States persecution as a universal expectation for godly living, not an exceptional hardship for a few.
Rescued Delivered
Approved rendering: ทรงช่วยกู้ / ทรงช่วยให้พ้น
Transliteration: song chuai ku / song chuai hai phon
Doctrine: God’s Providence and Deliverance
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, ดวง
Original: ῥύομαι / ἐρρύσατο
Category: Perseverance
NEW. ῥύομαι/ἐρρύσατο, 3:11 and 4:17-18. Distinct from ความรอด (eternal salvation) — temporal deliverance flowing from the same divine character, not the once-for-all rescue itself.
Remain In What You Learned
Approved rendering: จงยึดมั่นอยู่ในสิ่งที่ได้เรียนรู้
Transliteration: chong yuek man yu nai sing thi dai rian ru
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: μένε ἐν οἷς ἔμαθες καὶ ἐπιστώθης
Category: Transmission
NEW. 3:14’s μένε ἐν οἷς ἔμαθες. Must convey active, deliberate perseverance, not a merely passive ‘stay comfortable’ sense.
Assured Convinced
Approved rendering: ได้เชื่อมั่นอย่างแน่ใจ
Transliteration: dai cheua man yang nae jai
Doctrine: Faith
NEW. 3:14’s ἐπιστώθης. Should visibly share the ความเชื่อ root to keep the cognate relationship with faith visible.
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: คำสอน
Transliteration: kham son
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 3:16’s generic διδασκαλία, the base noun underlying sound_doctrine. Check every occurrence against the more specific compound where applicable.
Judge Of Living And Dead
Approved rendering: ผู้พิพากษาคนเป็นและคนตาย
Transliteration: phu phiphaksa khon pen lae khon tai
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: พระยม (as an explanatory analogy)
NEW. 4:1’s κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς. See righteous_judge for the fuller Phra Yama caution, applicable here as well.
The Word
Approved rendering: พระวจนะ
Transliteration: phra wotchana
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: คำพูด (generic speech)
NEW. 4:2’s τὸν λόγον. Must remain a fixed, specific referent (Scripture and the apostolic gospel), not vague inspirational ‘message.‘
Reprove And Rebuke
Approved rendering: ตักเตือน, ห้ามปราม
Transliteration: tak teuan, ham pram
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 4:2’s ἔλεγξον, ἐπιτίμησον, the first two of the escalating triad completed by baseline exhort. Escalating force (expose error → rebuke firmly → encourage warmly) must remain visible, not flattened into synonyms for ‘advise.‘
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: อยากได้ยินแต่สิ่งที่เพราะหู
Transliteration: yak dai yin tae sing thi phro hu
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 4:3’s κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν idiom. No natural Thai idiomatic equivalent; render the meaning plainly, preserving the consumer/appetite framing.
Finished The Race
Approved rendering: ข้าพเจ้าได้แข่งขันจนถึงเส้นชัยแล้ว
Transliteration: khap-chao dai khaeng khan chon thueng sen chai laeo
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: มรรค (the Path, as an explanatory analogy)
NEW. 4:7’s τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα. Keep explicitly athletic/competitive; avoid มรรค vocabulary, which suggests a contemplative self-directed path rather than a completed race.
Loved This Present Age
Approved rendering: รักยุคนี้ / รักโลกปัจจุบัน
Transliteration: rak yuk ni / rak lok patchuban
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW. 4:10’s ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα, describing Demas’s desertion. Deliberate structural contrast with loved_his_appearing — preserve the pairing in translator notes.
Strengthened By The Lord
Approved rendering: จงเข้มแข็งขึ้นโดยพระคุณ (2:1) / ทรงอยู่เคียงข้างและทรงเสริมกำลัง (4:17)
Transliteration: chong khem-khaeng khuen doi phra khun / song yu khiang khang lae song soem kamlang
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐνδυναμόω / παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με
Category: Perseverance
NEW. ἐνδυναμόω recurs at 2:1 (‘be strengthened… in the grace’) and 4:17 (‘the Lord stood by me and strengthened me’); this deliberate structural echo should be rendered consistently in Thai across both occurrences.
Rescued From Lions Mouth
Approved rendering: ได้รับการช่วยให้พ้นจากปากสิงโต
Transliteration: dai rap kan chuai hai phon chak pak singto
Doctrine: God’s Providence and Deliverance
NEW. 4:17’s ἐρρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος, figurative for severe mortal danger. Related to rescued_delivered.
Heavenly Kingdom
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินสวรรค์ของพระองค์
Transliteration: phaendin sawan khong phra-ong
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักร (earthly/territorial)
NEW combination reusing baseline kingdom_of_god, qualified as heavenly (ἐπουράνιος) at 4:18. The qualifier สวรรค์ must never be dropped.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: หนุนใจ
Transliteration: nun jai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly as the third verb of 4:2’s escalating triad (see reprove_and_rebuke for the first two).
Timothy
Approved rendering: ทิโมธี
Transliteration: Thimothi
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. Established Thai Bible proper-name form; the letter’s addressee throughout.
Lois
Approved rendering: โลอิส
Transliteration: Lo-it
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. 1:5, Timothy’s grandmother, example of transmitted family faith.
Eunice
Approved rendering: ยูนีเค
Transliteration: Yunike
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. 1:5, Timothy’s mother.
Phygelus Hermogenes
Approved rendering: ฟีเจลัส, เฮอร์โมเกเนส
Transliteration: Fichelas, Hoemokenes
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW. 1:15. Combined entry; named examples of those who ‘turned away.‘
Onesiphorus
Approved rendering: โอเนสิโฟรัส
Transliteration: Onesiphoras
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. 1:16-18. Contrast example of faithful, costly loyalty.
Hymenaeus Philetus
Approved rendering: ฮีเมเนอัส, ฟีเลตัส
Transliteration: Himeneas, Filetas
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW. 2:17. Named false teachers; combined entry.
Jannes Jambres
Approved rendering: ยันเนส, ยัมเบรส
Transliteration: Yanes, Yamberes
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW. 3:8. Combined entry for the paired OT names.
Patience
Approved rendering: ความอดกลั้นใจ
Transliteration: khwam ot klan jai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 4:2’s μακροθυμία.
Myths
Approved rendering: เรื่องนิยาย / นิทานที่ไม่จริง
Transliteration: rueang niyai / nithan thi mai jing
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μῦθοι
Category: Apostasy
NEW. 4:4’s μῦθοι. Not a blanket dismissal of all non-Christian story-traditions, but specifically invented substitutes for apostolic truth.
Diakonia Ministry
Approved rendering: การรับใช้
Transliteration: kan rap chai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:5’s διακονία. Must retain the sense of a task appointed by God/Christ, not self-chosen volunteer work.
My Departure
Approved rendering: เวลาที่ข้าพเจ้าจะจากไปนั้นใกล้เข้ามาแล้ว
Transliteration: wela thi khap-chao ja jak pai nan klai khao ma laeo
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. 4:6’s ἀνάλυσις, a nautical/military image for casting off. A confident, purposeful euphemism for death; the tone of onward movement should be preserved.
Demas
Approved rendering: เดมาส
Transliteration: Demas
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW. 4:10. Named example of desertion through worldly love.
Pauls Companions And Associates
Approved rendering: เครสเคส, ทิตัส, ลูกา, มาระโก, อเล็กซานเดอร์ช่างทองแดง, ปริสสิลลา, อาควิลลา, เอราสทัส, โตรฟีมัส, ยูบูลัส, ปูเดส, ลีนัส, คลาวเดีย
Transliteration: Krekhens, Titat, Luka, Marako, Aleksandoe chang thongdaeng, Prissila, Akwila, Erastat, Trofimat, Yubulat, Pudet, Linat, Khlaodia
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW combined entry for 4:10-21’s remaining proper names, per established Thai Bible transliteration conventions.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Sincere Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อที่จริงใจ
Transliteration: khwam cheua thi jing jai
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. 1:5’s ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις, built on baseline ความเชื่อ.
Soldier Athlete Farmer
Approved rendering: ทหาร / นักกีฬา / ชาวนา
Transliteration: thahan / nakkila / chaona
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. 2:3-6’s three endurance/reward metaphors. The athlete’s crown (2:5) anticipates crown_of_righteousness.
Wrangle About Words
Approved rendering: การโต้เถียงกันด้วยคำพูด
Transliteration: kan to-thiang kan duai kham phut
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 2:14’s λογομαχεῖν, named as unprofitable, contrasted with 2:15’s careful word-handling.
Approved Unashamed Worker
Approved rendering: เป็นที่พอพระทัย / ผู้ทำงานที่ไม่ต้องอับอาย
Transliteration: pen thi pho phra thai / phu tham ngan thi mai tong ap-ai
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 2:15’s δόκιμος / ἐργάτην ἀνεπαίσχυντον.
Difficult Times
Approved rendering: สภาวการณ์ที่ยากลำบาก
Transliteration: saphawakan thi yak lamphak
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW. 3:1’s καιροὶ χαλεποί.
Reproof
Approved rendering: การตักเตือน
Transliteration: kan tak teuan
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 3:16’s ἔλεγχος. Must convey correction of error, not mere criticism.
Correction
Approved rendering: การแก้ไขให้ถูกต้อง
Transliteration: kan kae khai hai thuk tong
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 3:16’s ἐπανόρθωσις.
Training In Righteousness
Approved rendering: การอบรมสั่งสอนในความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: kan obrom sang son nai khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 3:16’s παιδεία … ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ. Built on baseline ความชอบธรรม; must retain a formative, not punitive-only, sense.
In Season Out Of Season
Approved rendering: ทุกเวลา ทั้งขณะที่สะดวกและไม่สะดวก
Transliteration: thuk wela thang khana thi sa-duak lae mai sa-duak
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 4:2’s εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως. No natural single Thai idiom exists; plain meaning preferred over a forced idiomatic equivalent.
Own Desires
Approved rendering: ความต้องการของตนเอง
Transliteration: khwam tong-kan khong ton eng
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: ตัณหา
NEW. 4:3’s ἐπιθυμίαι. Avoid ตัณหα (the Second Noble Truth’s technical craving term); the point is simply appetite-driven teacher-shopping.
Truth
Approved rendering: ความจริง
Transliteration: khwam jing
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 4:4’s ἀλήθεια. Must be kept as fixed, objective, apostolic content, not a personally-constructed or relativized ‘my truth.‘
Be Sober Minded
Approved rendering: จงมีใจสงบและตื่นตัว
Transliteration: chong mi jai sa-ngop lae tuen tua
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ (as a meditative-calm framing)
NEW. 4:5’s νῆφε. Avoid a rendering suggesting Buddhist meditative equanimity; here it is vigilance against doctrinal drift, not meditative calm.
Ergon Euangelistou
Approved rendering: หน้าที่ของผู้ประกาศข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: na-thi khong phu prakat khao prasoet
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἔργον … εὐαγγελιστοῦ
Category: Ministry
NEW. 4:5’s ἔργον εὐαγγελιστοῦ. Built on baseline gospel; low collision given the strong baseline anchor.
Fulfill Your Ministry
Approved rendering: จงกระทำหน้าที่การรับใช้ให้สำเร็จครบถ้วน
Transliteration: chong kratham na-thi kan rap chai hai samret khrop thuan
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 4:5’s πληροφόρησον.
Fought The Good Fight
Approved rendering: ข้าพเจ้าได้ต่อสู้อย่างเต็มกำลังแล้ว
Transliteration: khap-chao dai to su yang tem kamlang laeo
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. 4:7’s τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι.
Referenced passages