Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Hebrews (English → Thai)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all thirteen chapters of Hebrews. Terms are grouped first by baseline-reuse status, then by risk tier. Any term already present in the Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json MUST use the identical Thai rendering recorded there — no exceptions. New Hebrews-specific terms are proposed here for addition to translation memory ahead of Phase 2.
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans/Galatians Baseline
These terms appear in Hebrews and MUST carry forward their established Thai rendering unchanged. Where Hebrews introduces a new sense or nuance, this is noted but the Thai word itself does not change.
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Hebrews Citations | Note on Hebrews Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | พระเจ้า | Critical | throughout | Frequently paired with ผู้ทรงพระชนม์อยู่ (“living”) — 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22 |
| Jesus | พระเยซู | Critical | 2:9; 3:1; 4:14; 6:20; 7:22; 10:19; 12:2,24; 13:8,12,20 | — |
| Christ | พระคริสต์ | Critical | throughout | — |
| Lord | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | Critical | 1:10; 2:3; 7:14; 8:2,8-11; 12:5-6,14; 13:6,20 | Multiple OT quotations retain this rendering |
| Holy Spirit | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Critical | 2:4; 3:7; 6:4; 9:8,14; 10:15,29 | 9:14’s “eternal Spirit” flagged for theologian review re: rendering choice |
| Son of God | พระบุตรของพระเจ้า | Critical | 1:2-8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3,28; 10:29 | Ch.1’s central Christological argument |
| grace | พระคุณ | Critical | 2:9; 4:16; 10:29; 12:15,28; 13:9,25 | Throne of grace (4:16) builds directly on this term |
| faith | ความเชื่อ | Medium | throughout, esp. chs. 10-11 | Ch.11 supplies the letter’s own definition (11:1); elevate review priority |
| salvation | ความรอด | Critical | 1:14; 2:3,10; 5:9; 6:9; 9:28; 10:39 (cf. 11:7) | Never การบรรลุนิพพาน |
| resurrection | การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย | Critical | 6:2; 11:35; 13:20 | Never การเกิดใหม่/การกลับชาติมาเกิด |
| covenant | พันธสัญญา | High | throughout chs. 7-10, 12-13 | Base for new_covenant/first_covenant compounds below |
| promise | พระสัญญา | High | 4:1; 6:12-17; 8:6; 9:15; 10:36; 11:9,13,17,33,39 | Never พร (a general boon/blessing) |
| righteousness | ความชอบธรรม | Critical | 1:8-9; 5:13; 7:2; 11:7,33; 12:11 | Melchizedek = “king of righteousness” (7:2) |
| sin | บาป | High | throughout | Never อกุศลกรรม |
| holy | บริสุทธิ์ | High | throughout (holy places, holy brothers, etc.) | — |
| sanctification / sanctified | การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์ | High | 2:11; 9:13; 10:10,14,29; 12:14; 13:12 | 10:10,14 use a definitive-past-tense sense; flag distinct nuance for translator note |
| glory | พระสิริ | High | 1:3; 2:7,9-10; 3:3; 9:5 (mercy seat overshadowed by cherubim of glory) | Never บารมี |
| father | พระบิดา | High | 1:5; 12:7-9 | 12:9 “Father of spirits”; ties to discipline (παιδεία) doctrine |
| calling / called | การทรงเรียก / ผู้ที่ทรงเรียก | High | 3:1; 5:4; 9:15; 11:8 | 3:1 “holy brothers, sharers in a heavenly calling” |
| kingdom_of_god | แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า | Medium | 1:8 (throne); 12:28 (unshakable kingdom) | Base for unshakable_kingdom compound below |
| law | ธรรมบัญญัติ | High | throughout chs. 7-10 | Never พระธรรมวินัย |
| mediator | คนกลาง | Medium | 8:6; 9:15; 12:24 | Never ร่างทรง |
| redeem | ทรงไถ่ | Critical | 9:12 (eternal redemption) | Base for eternal_redemption compound below |
| heir / inheritance | ทายาท / มรดก | Medium | 1:2,4,14; 6:12,17; 9:15; 11:7-8 | — |
| flesh | เนื้อหนัง | Critical | 2:14; 5:7; 9:10,13; 10:20; 12:9 | Distinct-sense flag: Hebrews mostly uses this in the neutral bodily/ceremonial sense (9:10,13), NOT Galatians’ technical sinful-nature-battle sense. Translator note required at each occurrence to prevent conflation. |
| gospel (good news) | ข่าวประเสริฐ | High | 4:2,6 (εὐηγγελισμένοι) | The wilderness generation “heard the good news” but did not respond in faith |
| church | คริสตจักร | Medium | (implicit; distinct heavenly sense at 12:23, see Section D) | Local-congregation sense not prominent in Hebrews itself |
| abraham | อับราฮัม | Low | 2:16; 6:13-15; 7:1-10; 11:8-19 | — |
| israel | อิสราเอล | Medium | 8:8,10; 11:22 | — |
| moses | โมเสส | (transliteration standard) | 3:2-16; 7:14; 8:5; 9:19; 10:28; 11:23-24; 12:21 | Per baseline transliteration table |
| david | ดาวิด | Low | 11:32 | — |
Section B — New Hebrews-Specific Terms: CRITICAL Risk
| # | English Term | Original (Greek) | Thai Rendering | Doctrine | Citations | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | high priest | ἀρχιερεύς | มหาปุโรหิต | Christ as the Great High Priest | 2:17; 3:1; 4:14-15; 5:1,5,10; 6:20; 7:26-28; 8:1,3; 9:7,11,25; 10:21 | ปุโรหิต is also the historic title of Thai royal-court Brahmin priests (ปุโรหิตหลวง) who perform coronation and state rites; must be taught as a distinct biblical office fulfilled uniquely in Christ, not an equivalent Thai court-Brahmanic function. |
| 2 | priest (Levitical, general) | ἱερεύς | ปุโรหิต | Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood | 7:1-3,11,14-15,20,23; 8:4; 9:6; 10:11 | Same collision as high priest above. |
| 3 | angels | ἄγγελοι | ทูตสวรรค์ (NEVER เทวดา) | The Superiority of Christ over Angels | ch. 1 (throughout); 2:2,5,7,9,16; 12:22; 13:2 | เทวดา is the natural-sounding Thai cognate but names minor deities/celestial beings of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology (e.g., inhabitants of the Tavatimsa heaven); using it would collapse ch.1’s unique Christological argument into a comparative claim within a shared cosmology. |
| 4 | rest / Sabbath rest | κατάπαυσις / σαββατισμός | การหยุดพักที่พระเจ้าประทาน / การหยุดพักอย่างสะบาโต | (extends Perseverance and Assurance / New Covenant doctrines) | 3:11,18; 4:1,3-11 | Must never be explained via นิพพาน-adjacent vocabulary (nibbana = “cooling/extinguishing,” an image of ultimate cessation); this rest is relational, future, God-given, and entered by faith, not self-attained through insight/discipline. |
| 5 | enlightened | φωτισθέντας | ผู้ได้รับความสว่าง (จากพระเจ้า) | The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages | 6:4; 10:32 | NEVER รู้แจ้ง or ตรัสรู้ — the specific Thai Buddhist technical terms for the Buddha’s own enlightenment/awakening; using them converts a warning about apostasy into a warning about losing a self-attained Buddhist enlightenment. |
| 6 | perfect / made perfect (of Christ’s qualification; of believers’ maturity) | τέλειος / τελειόω | ทรงทำให้สมบูรณ์ (of Christ) / ผู้ใหญ่เต็มวัย (of believers) | Christ as the Great High Priest; Perseverance | 2:10; 5:9,14; 6:1; 7:28; 9:9; 10:1,14; 11:40; 12:23 | NEVER บารมี — the Thai Buddhist term for moral perfection accumulated across lifetimes (the Ten Perfections underlying the bodhisattva path). Highest-frequency Critical term in the letter. |
| 7 | once for all | ἅπαξ / ἐφάπαξ | ครั้งเดียวเป็นพอ | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 6:4; 9:7,12,26,28; 10:2,10; 12:26 | Central polemic against any repeatable-ritual framework, including merit-making; must never be diluted into “the first of a repeatable series.” |
| 8 | eternal redemption | αἰωνία λύτρωσις | การทรงไถ่อันเป็นนิรันดร์ | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:12 | Built on baseline ทรงไถ่ (Critical); NEVER ปลดเปลื้องกรรม (clearing one’s own karmic debt) — this is Christ’s completed transaction, not a debt being worked off by the believer. |
| 9 | mercy seat / atonement cover / propitiation | ἱλαστήριον | พระที่นั่งกรุณา (object) / เครื่องลบล้างบาป (abstract sense) | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Access to God | 9:5 (cf. Romans 3:25, same Greek word) | Cross-curriculum coordination gap: the Romans baseline has no explicit translation_memory entry reconciling this term with Romans 3:25’s “propitiation.” Must be harmonized with the Romans package before Phase 2 to avoid two inconsistent Thai renderings of the same Greek word across curricula. |
| 10 | to die once (of ordinary human death) | ἅπαξ ἀποθανεῖν | ตายเพียงครั้งเดียว | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Perseverance and Assurance | 9:27 | Directly and explicitly excludes any cycle of death-and-rebirth; extends the baseline’s existing Critical prohibition on การเกิดใหม่/การกลับชาติมาเกิด (already applied to “resurrection” and “new creation”) to ordinary human death itself. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| 11 | put away sin | ἀθέτησιν ἁμαρτίας | ทรงลบล้างบาป | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:26 | A completed divine action annulling sin’s guilt, not an ongoing process of merit-accumulation to offset it (never บุญ/กรรมดี). |
| 12 | fall away / apostasy | παραπίπτω, ἀφίστημι | การละทิ้งความเชื่อ | The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages | 3:12; 6:6; 10:26-29 | Core term for the letter’s warning passages; must retain full rhetorical severity. |
| 13 | reward | μισθαποδοσία | บำเหน็จ / รางวัลจากพระเจ้า | Faith of the Old Testament Saints | 10:35; 11:6,26 | NEVER ผลบุญ (merit-fruit); God’s gracious response to faith, not automatic karmic recompense — extends the baseline’s grace-vs-merit distinction. |
| 14 | διαθήκη double sense (covenant / testament-will wordplay) | διαθήκη | พันธสัญญา (covenant) vs. พินัยกรรม (will/testament) — untranslatable pun | The New Covenant versus the Old | 9:16-17 | Linguistic gap, not a lexical-choice risk: Thai has no single word spanning both senses as Greek διαθήκη does. Requires explicit added bridging wording in Phase 2, not a silent word-swap, or the legal argument disappears for the Thai reader. |
Section C — New Hebrews-Specific Terms: HIGH Risk
| # | English Term | Original (Greek) | Thai Rendering | Doctrine | Citations | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 | worship (of Christ, by angels) | προσκυνέω | นมัสการ / กราบไหว้บูชา | Superiority of Christ over Angels | 1:6 | กราบไหว้ (the wai/prostration gesture) is generically extended in Thai culture to elders, monks, and Buddha images; must be taught here as worship due to deity alone. |
| 16 | throne / throne of grace | θρόνος / θρόνος τῆς χάριτος | พระที่นั่ง / พระที่นั่งแห่งพระคุณ | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 1:8; 4:16; 8:1; 12:2 | Royal-register vocabulary risks collapsing into ordinary honorifics reserved for the Thai monarchy; must retain the “grace” (unmerited access) emphasis. |
| 17 | draw near | προσέρχομαι | เข้ามาใกล้ / เข้าเฝ้า | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 4:16; 7:25; 10:1,22; 11:6; 12:22 | เข้าเฝ้า, the term for royal audience, connotes formal distance/protocol in Thai court culture — the opposite of the boldness Hebrews pairs with it. |
| 18 | boldness / confidence | παρρησία | ความกล้าและความมั่นใจ | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 3:6; 4:16; 10:19,35 | Must be taught alongside “draw near” so access is not reduced to formal court etiquette. |
| 19 | new and living way | πρόσφατος καὶ ζῶσα ὁδός | ทางใหม่ที่ทรงพระชนม์ | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 10:20 | Sacrificial/“freshly-slain” nuance in πρόσφατος easily lost; must retain link to Christ’s death opening access. |
| 20 | new covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη | พันธสัญญาใหม่ | The New Covenant versus the Old | 8:8,13; 9:15; 12:24 | Central doctrinal compound; built on baseline พันธสัญญา. |
| 21 | first / old covenant | πρώτη διαθήκη | พันธสัญญาแรก / พันธสัญญาเดิม | The New Covenant versus the Old | 8:7,9,13; 9:1,15,18 | Must not imply the Old Covenant was illegitimate rather than provisional and fulfilled. |
| 22 | Levitical priesthood | ἡ κατὰ νόμον ἱερωσύνη | ตำแหน่งปุโรหิตแห่งเลวี | Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood | 7:5,11 | Same royal-Brahmin-priest collision as ปุโรหิต/มหาปุโรหิต above. |
| 23 | blood of the covenant / Christ’s blood (honorific) | αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης / τὸ αἷμα (Χριστοῦ) | เลือดแห่งพันธสัญญา / พระโลหิต | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice; Access to God | 9:12,14,20; 10:19,29; 12:24; 13:12,20 | Thai Bible convention reserves the honorific พระโลหิต for Christ’s own blood specifically, distinct from ordinary เลือด; must be applied consistently. |
| 24 | conscience | συνείδησις | มโนธรรม | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:9,14; 10:2,22; 13:18 | Cleansed by Christ’s blood as something done to the believer, not achieved by self-cultivated mindfulness — parallel to the “crucified with Christ” passive-voice caution in the Galatians baseline. |
| 25 | dead works | νεκρὰ ἔργα | การประพฤติที่ตายแล้ว | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 6:1; 9:14 | Must not be read as a critique of merit-making/good karma in the abstract; echoes the Galatians baseline’s “works of the law” caution. |
| 26 | founder / pioneer (of salvation, of faith) | ἀρχηγός | ผู้ทรงบุกเบิก / ผู้ทรงนำ | Superiority of Christ; Perseverance and Assurance | 2:10; 12:2 | New term; pairs with τέλειος/τελειωτής caution at 12:2 (never บารมี). |
| 27 | firstborn | πρωτότοκος | บุตรหัวปี | Superiority of Christ over Angels | 1:6; 12:23 | Must not be read as implying Christ is merely first among several sons in a sequence; parallel to baseline’s son_of_god caution. Distinct corporate sense at 12:23. |
| 28 | word of God (living and active) | ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ | พระวจนะของพระเจ้า | (extends Inspiration of Scripture) | 4:12 | Established term; reinforces baseline doctrine. |
| 29 | apostle and high priest (of Christ) | ἀπόστολος καὶ ἀρχιερεύς | อัครทูตและมหาปุโรหิต | Superiority of Christ over Moses | 3:1 | Unusual application of “apostle” (baseline: human commissioned messenger) to Christ himself; requires translator note. |
| 30 | learn obedience / obedience | ὑπακοή | การเชื่อฟัง / ทรงเรียนรู้การเชื่อฟัง | Christ as the Great High Priest | 5:8 | Distinct from baseline compound “obedience_of_faith” (การเชื่อฟังที่มาจากความเชื่อ); here it is Christ’s own learned obedience through suffering. |
| 31 | repentance | μετάνοια | การกลับใจใหม่ | The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages | 6:1,6 | Must be distinguished from Buddhist สำนึกผิด/ขอขมา (remorse within a merit-and-demerit framework). |
| 32 | willful sin | ἁμαρτάνω ἑκουσίως | การทำบาปโดยเจตนา | The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages | 10:26 | Central warning-passage term; deliberate, decisive rejection of the truth. |
| 33 | hardening of heart | σκληρύνω τὴν καρδίαν | การทำใจให้แข็งกระด้าง | The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages | 3:8,13,15; 4:7 | Direct application of the wilderness-generation warning to the present reader. |
| 34 | endurance / perseverance | ὑπομονή | ความเพียรอดทน | Perseverance and Assurance | 10:36; 12:1,7 | Core vocabulary of the perseverance doctrine, opposed to “shrinking back.” |
| 35 | shrink back vs. preserve the soul | ὑποστολή vs. περιποίησις ψυχῆς | การถอยหนี vs. การรักษาชีวิตไว้ | Perseverance and Assurance; Danger of Apostasy | 10:39 | Central contrastive pair closing ch.10’s warning/assurance section. |
| 36 | full assurance of faith | πληροφορία πίστεως | ความมั่นใจเต็มเปี่ยมแห่งความเชื่อ | Perseverance and Assurance | 10:22 | Built on baseline ความเชื่อ; unwavering confidence enabled by Christ’s completed work. |
| 37 | assurance / substance (of faith, defined) | ὑπόστασις | ความแน่ใจ / หลักยืนยัน | Faith of the Old Testament Saints | 11:1 | Objective certainty grounded in God’s character, not mere subjective feeling; later technical Trinitarian term elsewhere in Christian theology. |
| 38 | discipline / chastening | παιδεία | การตีสอน (ด้วยความรัก) | Perseverance and Assurance | 12:5-11 | Must not be framed via กรรม (karmic retribution); this is present fatherly, purposive training, not punishment for past deeds. |
| 39 | founder and perfecter of faith | ἀρχηγὸς καὶ τελειωτής | ผู้ทรงบุกเบิกและผู้ทรงทำให้ความเชื่อสมบูรณ์ | Perseverance and Assurance | 12:2 | Combines items 26 and 6 above; same บารมี caution applies. |
| 40 | sacrifice / offering | θυσία / προσφορά | เครื่องบูชา / เครื่องถวายบูชา | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | throughout chs. 9-10, 13 | Established OT sacrificial vocabulary; doctrinally weighted by the once-for-all contrast. |
| 41 | regulations of the flesh | δικαιώματα σαρκός | กฎเกณฑ์เกี่ยวกับเนื้อหนัง | New Covenant versus Old; Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:10 | Reuses เนื้อหนัง in its neutral ceremonial/bodily sense — must not be conflated with Galatians’ sinful-nature-battle sense. |
| 42 | sacrifice of praise | θυσία αἰνέσεως | เครื่องบูชาแห่งการสรรเสริญ | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice (contrastive use) | 13:15 | Must be taught alongside the once-for-all doctrine so it is not mistaken for an ongoing atoning ritual. |
| 43 | I will never leave you | οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλίπω | เราจะไม่ทิ้งท่านเลย | Perseverance and Assurance | 13:5 | Direct promise-citation grounding the assurance doctrine; verify cross-document verbatim consistency. |
| 44 | shedding of blood / forgiveness | αἱματεκχυσία / ἄφεσις | การหลั่งเลือด / การให้อภัยบาป | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:22 | ἄφεσις is a personal God’s judicial remission of guilt, not release from impersonal karma (ปลดปล่อยจากกรรม). |
| 45 | radiance / exact imprint (of Christ’s deity) | ἀπαύγασμα / χαρακτήρ | พระสิริอันเจิดจรัส / ภาพที่แท้จริงแห่งพระลักษณะของพระเจ้า | Superiority of Christ over Angels (Deity of Christ) | 1:3 | Must not be softened to “resembling” God; among the highest NT statements of Christ’s co-essential deity. |
| 46 | appointed (to die/judgment) | ἀπόκειται | ได้ทรงกำหนดไว้ | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:27 | Must retain God as personal subject of this ordering; never เวรกรรม or ดวง. |
| 47 | bear the sins of many | ἀνενέγκειν … ἁμαρτίας | ทรงรับแบกบาปของคนจำนวนมาก | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:28 | Substitutionary/vicarious sense (echo of Isaiah 53) must be retained, not reduced to mere exemplary self-sacrifice. |
| 48 | apart from sin (of the Second Coming) | χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας | ไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับการรับบาปอีก | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:28 | Safeguards against reading the Second Coming as a repeated/additional atoning act. |
Section D — New Hebrews-Specific Terms: MEDIUM Risk
| # | English Term | Original (Greek) | Thai Rendering | Doctrine | Citations | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 49 | melchizedek / order of melchizedek | Μελχισέδεκ / τάξις | เมลคีเซเดค / ตามอย่างเมลคีเซเดค | Christ as the Great High Priest | 5:6,10; 6:20; 7:1-17 | No Thai cultural equivalent; requires short explanatory note on Genesis 14 background. |
| 50 | house of God | οἶκος | ครอบครัวของพระเจ้า | Superiority of Christ over Moses | 3:2-6; 10:21 | — |
| 51 | tabernacle | σκηνή | พลับพลา | New Covenant versus the Old | 8:2,5; 9:2-11,21; 13:10 | Established OT term; requires background teaching for readers with low OT literacy. |
| 52 | holy place / Most Holy Place | ἅγια / ἅγια ἁγίων | ที่บริสุทธิ์ / ที่บริสุทธิ์ที่สุด (อภิสุทธิสถาน) | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 9:2-3,8,12,24-25 | — |
| 53 | veil / curtain | καταπέτασμα | ม่าน | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 9:3; 10:20 | — |
| 54 | ark of the covenant | κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης | หีบพันธสัญญา | New Covenant versus the Old | 9:4 | — |
| 55 | copies / copy and shadow | ὑποδείγματα / ἀντίτυπα / σκιά | แบบและเงาของสิ่งสวรรค์ | New Covenant versus the Old | 8:5; 9:23-24; 10:1 | Real but provisional, forward-pointing copy — not illusion to be dissolved by insight. |
| 56 | without genealogy | ἀγενεαλόγητος | ไม่มีบันทึกเชื้อสาย | Christ as the Great High Priest | 7:3 | — |
| 57 | better covenant / better things | κρείττων διαθήκη | พันธสัญญาที่ดีกว่า | New Covenant versus the Old | 7:22; 8:6 | Recurring comparative motif (“better,” κρείττων) throughout chs. 7-12. |
| 58 | unchangeable priesthood | ἀπαράβατος | ตำแหน่งปุโรหิตที่ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลง | Christ as the Great High Priest | 7:24 | — |
| 59 | oath | ὅρκος | คำปฏิญาณ / คำสาบาน | Faith of OT Saints; Christ as Great High Priest | 6:16-17; 7:20-21 | Must be distinguished from folk-religious vow-bargaining at spirit shrines (บนบานศาลกล่าว). |
| 60 | hope | ἐλπίς | ความหวัง | Perseverance and Assurance | 3:6; 6:11,18-19; 7:19; 10:23; 11:1 | — |
| 61 | tithes | δεκάτη | สิบลด | Christ as the Great High Priest | 7:2,4-9 | — |
| 62 | obsolete / growing old | πεπαλαίωκεν | เก่าและกำลังจะสูญไป | New Covenant versus the Old | 8:13 | — |
| 63 | sanctified (definitive sense) | ἡγιασμένοι | (reuses baseline การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์) | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 10:10,14; 13:12 | Definitive completed-status sense distinct from ongoing-process sense; flag for translator note. |
| 64 | strangers and exiles | ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι | คนต่างด้าวและคนแปลกถิ่น | Faith of the Old Testament Saints | 11:13 | — |
| 65 | better country / city | κρείττων πατρίς / πόλις | เมืองที่ดีกว่า / นครสวรรค์ | Faith of the Old Testament Saints | 11:14-16 | — |
| 66 | Mount Sinai / Mount Zion | Σινᾶ / Σιὼν | ภูเขาซีนาย / ภูเขาศิโยน | New Covenant versus the Old | 12:18-24 | Established proper names; requires geographic/covenant contrast explanation. |
| 67 | unshakable kingdom | βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος | แผ่นดินที่ไม่สั่นคลอน | New Covenant versus the Old | 12:28 | Built on baseline แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า. |
| 68 | assembly of the firstborn | ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων | ที่ชุมนุมของบุตรหัวปี | New Covenant versus the Old | 12:23 | Distinct heavenly-corporate sense from baseline คริสตจักร (local congregation); flag translator note. |
| 69 | evidence / conviction (of faith) | ἔλεγχος | ข้อพิสูจน์ / หลักประกัน | Faith of the Old Testament Saints | 11:1 | Pairs with ὑπόστασις (Section B/C, item 37). |
| 70 | better resurrection | κρείττων ἀνάστασις | การเป็นขึ้นจากตายที่ดีกว่า | Faith of the Old Testament Saints | 11:35 | Built on baseline Critical term การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย. |
| 71 | obey your leaders | πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις | จงเชื่อฟังผู้นำของท่าน | (Church leadership; extends baseline authority caution) | 13:7,17 | Thailand’s hierarchical deference norms make this land naturally, but must not become unconditional deference overriding conscience. |
| 72 | altar | θυσιαστήριον | แท่นบูชา | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 13:10 | — |
| 73 | outside the camp | ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς | ภายนอกค่าย | (identity/suffering theme) | 13:11-13 | — |
| 74 | great Shepherd | ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ μέγας | พระผู้เลี้ยงที่ยิ่งใหญ่ | Perseverance and Assurance | 13:20 | — |
| 75 | fear of God / fiery judgment | φοβερός / πυρὸς ζῆλος | ความน่าเกรงขามของพระเจ้า / การพิพากษาด้วยไฟอันน่าสะพรึงกลัว | The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages | 10:27,31 | — |
| 76 | sympathize | συμπαθέω | ทรงเห็นใจ / ทรงเข้าใจในความอ่อนแอของเรา | Christ as the Great High Priest | 4:15 | — |
| 77 | end of the ages / foundation of the world | συντέλεια τῶν αἰώνων / καταβολὴ κόσμου | ปลายยุคของโลก / ตั้งแต่แรกสร้างโลก | The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9:26 | Reinforces linear, one-time historical framework against cyclical cosmology. |
| 78 | inaugurated / established (of a covenant) | ἐγκαινίζω / βεβαία | ได้รับการสถาปนา / มีผลบังคับใช้ | New Covenant versus the Old | 9:18; 9:17 | Legal-register vocabulary tied to the διαθήκη wordplay (Section B, item 14). |
Section E — New Hebrews-Specific Terms: LOW Risk
| # | English Term | Original (Greek) | Thai Rendering | Citations | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 79 | milk and solid food | γάλα / στερεᾶς τροφῆς | นม / อาหารแข็ง | 5:12-14 | Transparent teaching metaphor. |
| 80 | race (athletic contest) | ἀγών | การแข่งขัน | 12:1 | Transparent metaphor. |
| 81 | anchor of the soul | ἄγκυρα τῆς ψυχῆς | สมอของจิตใจ | 6:19 | Transparent metaphor. |
| 82 | root of bitterness | ῥίζα πικρίας | รากแห่งความขมขื่น | 12:15 | — |
| 83 | love of the brothers / hospitality | φιλαδελφία / φιλοξενία | ความรักฉันพี่น้อง / การต้อนรับแขก | 13:1-2 | — |
| 84 | marriage undefiled | τίμιος ὁ γάμος | ชีวิตสมรสที่บริสุทธิ์ | 13:4 | — |
| 85 | contentment | ἀρκούμενοι | ความพอใจ | 13:5 | — |
| 86 | consuming fire | πῦρ καταναλίσκον | ไฟที่เผาผลาญ | 12:29 | OT quotation (Deut 4:24). |
| 87 | not made with hands / this creation | οὐ χειροποιήτου / ταύτης τῆς κτίσεως | ไม่ได้ทรงสร้างด้วยมือมนุษย์ / สิ่งที่ทรงสร้างนี้ | 9:11 | — |
| 88 | on our behalf | ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν | เพื่อเรา | 9:24 | — |
| 89 | eagerly waiting | ἀπεκδεχόμενοι | ผู้ที่เฝ้าคอยด้วยใจร้อนรน | 9:28 | Connects to hope/endurance vocabulary. |
| 90 | tempted / tested | πειράζω | ถูกทดลอง | 2:18; 4:15 | — |
| 91 | without blemish | ἄμωμος | ปราศจากตำหนิ | 9:14 | Moral, not merely ritual, purity must be retained. |
Section F — Proper Names (Established Thai Bible Forms)
| English | Thai | Citations | Baseline Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Melchizedek | เมลคีเซเดค | 5:6,10; 6:20; 7:1-17 | New (transliteration) |
| Abel | อาแบล | 11:4; 12:24 | New |
| Enoch | เอโนค | 11:5 | New |
| Noah | โนอาห์ | 11:7 | New |
| Sarah | ซาราห์ | 11:11 | New |
| Isaac | อิสอัค | 11:17-20 | New |
| Jacob | ยาโคบ | 11:20-21 | New |
| Joseph | โยเซฟ | 11:21-22 | New |
| Rahab | ราหับ | 11:31 | New |
| Gideon | กิเดโอน | 11:32 | New |
| Samson | แซมสัน | 11:32 | New |
| Jephthah | เยฟธาห์ | 11:32 | New |
| Barak | บาราค | 11:32 | New |
| Samuel | ซามูเอล | 11:32 | New |
| Esau | เอซาว | 11:20; 12:16-17 | New |
| Jeremiah | เยเรมีย์ | 8:8-12 (quotation source) | New |
| Abraham | อับราฮัม | 2:16; 6:13-15; 7:1-10; 11:8-19 | Reused (baseline exact) |
| Moses | โมเสส | 3:2-16; 7:14; 8:5; 9:19; 10:28; 11:23-24; 12:21 | Reused (transliteration standard) |
| David | ดาวิด | 11:32 | Reused (baseline exact) |
| Israel | อิสราเอล | 8:8,10; 11:22 | Reused (baseline exact) |
Summary Statistics
| Risk Tier | New Hebrews-Specific Terms | Reused Baseline Terms | Proper Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Critical | 14 | 8 | — |
| High | 34 | 10 | — |
| Medium | 30 | 5 | — |
| Low | 13 | — | — |
| Proper names | — | — | 20 |
Highest-priority coordination items for Phase 1 Step 2 (doctrine risk registry) and Phase 2 planning:
- The ἱλαστήριον (mercy seat / propitiation) cross-curriculum gap with Romans 3:25 — requires harmonization before any Phase 2 translation of either Hebrews 9:5 or a future Romans 3:25 segment.
- The διαθήκη covenant/testament wordplay at Hebrews 9:16-17 — a linguistic gap requiring explicit added wording, not a lexical decision.
- High-priest/priest vocabulary’s collision with Thai royal-Brahmin court priesthood (ปุโรหิต/ปุโรหิตหลวง) — recurs in nearly every chapter and needs a standing translator-training note.
- τέλειος/τελειόω (“perfect/made perfect”) vs. บารมี — the highest-frequency Critical collision risk in the letter, recurring at least nine times.
- angels (ἄγγελοι) vs. เทวดา — foundational to the entire opening argument of the book (ch. 1) and must be settled before any Hebrews 1 segment is translated.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Hebrews frequently paired with the qualifier ทรงพระชนม์อยู่ (‘living’) at 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22 — see living_god entry.
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2:9; 3:1; 4:14; 6:20; 7:22; 10:19; 12:2,24; 13:8,12,20.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used throughout Hebrews.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in OT quotations at 1:10; 2:3; 7:14; 8:2,8-11; 12:5-6,14; 13:6,20.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2:4; 3:7; 6:4; 9:8,14; 10:15,29. Hebrews 9:14’s ‘eternal Spirit’ (Πνεῦμα αἰώνιον) is widely understood as this same Person; flag for theologian review of the rendering choice before Phase 2.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: พระบุตรของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra But khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทพบุตร, อวตารของพระเจ้า
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to Hebrews 1:2-8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3,28; 10:29. Must be read with firstborn (บุตรหัวปี) as eternal, unique Sonship, never one deity among several.
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2:9; 4:16 (throne of grace); 10:29; 12:15,28; 13:9,25. Never บุญ/กรรมดี/บารมี.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:14; 2:3,10; 5:9; 6:9; 9:28; 10:39; cf. 11:7.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย
Transliteration: kan pen khuen chak tai
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 6:2; 11:35 (better_resurrection); 13:20. Never การเกิดใหม่/การกลับชาติมาเกิด.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: บุญกุศล, ความดี
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:8-9; 5:13; 7:2 (Melchizedek, ‘king of righteousness’); 11:7,33; 12:11.
Redeem
Approved rendering: ทรงไถ่
Transliteration: song thai
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Base for the new eternal_redemption compound (9:12). Never ปลดเปลื้องกรรม (clearing one’s own karmic debt).
Flesh
Approved rendering: เนื้อหนัง
Transliteration: nuea nang
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: กิเลส (as the primary gloss)
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. DISTINCT-SENSE FLAG: Hebrews uses this almost exclusively in the neutral bodily/ceremonial sense (2:14; 5:7; 9:10,13; 10:20; 12:9), NOT Galatians’ technical sinful-nature-battle sense. A translator note is required at every Hebrews occurrence so readers trained on Galatians 5 do not import the flesh-vs-Spirit battle imagery here.
High Priest
Approved rendering: มหาปุโรหิต
Transliteration: maha purohit
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่ทางศาสนา
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Priesthood
NEW. CRITICAL: ปุโรหิต is the historic title of the Thai royal court’s Brahmin priests (ปุโรหิตหลวง / พราหมณ์ปุโรหิต) who perform coronation and state rites. Must be taught as a distinct biblical office fulfilled uniquely and finally in Christ, never an equivalent function within Thai court-Brahmanic ritual. Highest-frequency Critical title in the letter (2:17; 3:1; 4:14-15; 5:1,5,10; 6:20; 7:26-28; 8:1,3; 9:7,11,25; 10:21).
Angels
Approved rendering: ทูตสวรรค์
Transliteration: thut sawan
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา
Original: ἄγγελοι
Category: Christology
NEW. CRITICAL: NEVER เทวดา, the fluent natural Thai cognate that names minor deities/celestial beings of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology (e.g. the devas of the Tavatimsa heaven). Using เทวดา converts Hebrews 1’s categorical superiority argument into a merely comparative claim within a shared cosmology. Foundational to ch.1 throughout; also 2:2,5,7,9,16; 12:22; 13:2.
Radiance Exact Imprint
Approved rendering: พระสิริอันเจิดจรัส / ภาพที่แท้จริงแห่งพระลักษณะของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Siri an choet charat / phap thi thae jing haeng phra laksana khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ภาพสะท้อนของพระเจ้า
Original: ἀπαύγασμα … χαρακτήρ
Category: Christology
NEW. CRITICAL: Christ’s radiance of God’s glory and exact imprint of his nature (1:3), the letter’s highest single Christological statement. Must never soften to ‘resembling’/‘reflecting’ God (implying separateness or a lesser derivation), and must not be confused with Buddhist-Brahmanic emanation concepts. Weighted equal to Romans 9:5 Deity-of-Christ language; mandatory theologian review.
Once For All
Approved rendering: ครั้งเดียวเป็นพอ
Transliteration: khrang diao pen pho
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: ครั้งแรกของหลายครั้ง
Original: ἅπαξ / ἐφάπαξ
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. CRITICAL: the letter’s central polemic against any repeatable-ritual framework, including Thai merit-making (บุญ/กรรมดี). Occurs at 6:4; 9:7,12,26,28; 10:2,10; 12:26. Never softened into ‘the first of a repeatable series.‘
Eternal Redemption
Approved rendering: การทรงไถ่อันเป็นนิรันดร์
Transliteration: kan song thai an pen nirandon
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: αἰωνία λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
NEW. CRITICAL: built on baseline ทรงไถ่. Christ’s completed, eternal transaction (9:12), never a debt the worshiper is still working off (never ปลดเปลื้องกรรม).
Mercy Seat Propitiation
Approved rendering: พระที่นั่งกรุณา (object) / เครื่องลบล้างบาป (abstract)
Transliteration: phra thi nang karuna / khrueang lop lang bap
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἱλαστήριον
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. CRITICAL CROSS-CURRICULUM GAP: same Greek term (ἱλαστήριον) as Romans 3:25’s ‘propitiation,’ for which the Romans baseline has no explicit translation_memory entry. Occurs at 9:5. Must be harmonized with the Romans package before Phase 2 translation of either passage, or the pipeline will produce two inconsistent Thai renderings of the same Greek word family. Mandatory theologian review.
Die Once
Approved rendering: ตายเพียงครั้งเดียว
Transliteration: tai phiang khrang diao
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Original: ἅπαξ ἀποθανεῖν
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL: directly excludes any cyclical death-and-rebirth framework (9:27). Extends the baseline’s existing prohibition on การเกิดใหม่/การกลับชาติมาเกิด (already fixed for resurrection/new creation) to ordinary human death itself. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence; surrounding paraphrase must also avoid reintroducing a next-life framing.
Put Away Sin
Approved rendering: ทรงลบล้างบาป
Transliteration: song lop lang bap
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: บุญที่ชดเชยบาป
Original: ἀθέτησιν ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. Christ’s decisive, final annulment of sin’s guilt (9:26). Reinforces this is a completed divine action, never an ongoing process of merit-accumulation to offset sin (never บุญ/กรรมดี).
Apart From Sin
Approved rendering: ไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับการรับบาปอีก
Transliteration: mai kiao khong kap kan rap bap ik
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL safeguard: Christ’s second coming (9:28) will not deal with sin again since that work is finished; must not be confused with a second atoning sacrifice.
Covenant Testament Wordplay
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญา (covenant) เทียบกับ พินัยกรรม (testament/will)
Transliteration: phanthasanya thiap kap phinaikam
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW. CRITICAL LINGUISTIC GAP, not a lexical choice: Greek διαθήκη spans both ‘covenant’ and ‘will/testament’ at 9:16-17; Thai’s two words (พันธสัญญา, พินัยกรรม) do not overlap. Phase 2 MUST add explicit bridging wording (e.g. ‘พันธสัญญานี้เปรียบได้กับพินัยกรรม’) rather than silently switching words, or the legal argument disappears for the Thai reader.
Gods Rest
Approved rendering: การหยุดพักที่พระเจ้าประทาน / การหยุดพักอย่างสะบาโต
Transliteration: kan yut phak thi Phra Chao prathan / kan yut phak yang sabato
Doctrine: God’s Rest (Sabbath Rest)
Rejected alternatives: นิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: κατάπαυσις / σαββατισμός
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL: must NEVER be explained using นิพพาน-adjacent vocabulary (nibbana, literally ‘cooling/extinguishing,’ an image of self-attained cessation of craving/rebirth). Hebrews’ rest (3:11,18; 4:1,3-11) is relational, future, God-given, entered by faith in a finished work — the opposite of a self-attained meditative cessation.
Living God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้าผู้ทรงพระชนม์อยู่
Transliteration: Phra Chao phu song phra chon yu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ζῶν Θεός
Category: God
NEW. Reuses baseline พระเจ้า exactly (Critical); the ทรงพระชนม์อยู่ qualifier must be applied consistently at 3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22 as a recurring polemic against lifeless religious objects.
Perfect Made Perfect
Approved rendering: ทรงทำให้สมบูรณ์ (of Christ) / ผู้ใหญ่เต็มวัย (of believers)
Transliteration: song tham hai somboon / phu yai tem wai
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: τέλειος / τελειόω
Category: Christology
NEW. CRITICAL, highest-frequency Critical risk in the letter (2:10; 5:9,14; 6:1; 7:28; 9:9; 10:1,14; 11:40; 12:23). NEVER บารมี, the Thai Buddhist term for moral perfection accumulated across lifetimes (the ‘Ten Perfections’ underlying the bodhisattva path, also popularly invoked for the monarchy).
Enlightened
Approved rendering: ผู้ได้รับความสว่าง (จากพระเจ้า)
Transliteration: phu dai rap khwam sawang (chak Phra Chao)
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Rejected alternatives: รู้แจ้ง, ตรัสรู้
Original: φωτισθέντες
Category: Apostasy
NEW. CRITICAL: NEVER รู้แจ้ง or ตรัสรู้, the specific Thai Buddhist technical vocabulary for the Buddha’s own attained enlightenment/awakening. Using either converts an apostasy warning (6:4; 10:32) into a warning about losing self-attained Buddhist enlightenment — the จากพระเจ้า qualifier is mandatory, not optional.
Fall Away Apostasy
Approved rendering: การละทิ้งความเชื่อ
Transliteration: kan lathing khwam cheua
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: παραπίπτω / ἀφίστημι
Category: Apostasy
NEW. Decisive apostasy after full exposure to gospel truth (3:12; 6:6; 10:26-29); must retain full rhetorical severity, not softened into mere doubt.
Reward
Approved rendering: บำเหน็จ / รางวัลจากพระเจ้า
Transliteration: bamnet / rangwan chak Phra Chao
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: ผลบุญ, ผลกรรม
Original: μισθαποδοσία
Category: Faith
NEW. CRITICAL: NEVER ผลบุญ (automatic merit-fruit) or ผลกรรม (karmic fruit). God’s gracious, personal response to faith (10:35; 11:6,26), not an impersonal automatic yield — extends the baseline’s grace-vs-merit distinction already Critical for grace and fruit_of_the_spirit.
Better Resurrection
Approved rendering: การเป็นขึ้นจากตายที่ดีกว่า
Transliteration: kan pen khuen chak tai thi di kwa
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่
Original: κρείττων ἀνάστασις
Category: Faith
NEW. The martyrs’ hope of resurrection life (11:35). Built on baseline Critical term การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย; never การเกิดใหม่.
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญา
Transliteration: phanthasanya
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ข้อตกลง
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, unchanged. Base term for new_covenant, first_covenant, better_covenant, ark_of_the_covenant compounds throughout Hebrews 7-10, 12-13.
Promise
Approved rendering: พระสัญญา
Transliteration: phra sanya
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: พร
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Occurs at 4:1; 6:12-17; 8:6; 9:15; 10:36; 11:9,13,17,33,39. Never พร (a general boon sought from monks or spirits).
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Base term for put_away_sin, shedding_of_blood_forgiveness, willful_sin, dead_works compounds throughout Hebrews 9-10.
Holy
Approved rendering: บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: borisut
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: ศักดิ์สิทธิ์
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Base term for holy_place_most_holy_place compound (9:2-3,8,12,24-25). Never ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ (sacred object potency).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: kan song chamra hai borisut
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: การชำระบาปด้วยตนเอง
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2:11; 9:13 (ceremonial sense, flag distinct-sense note); 10:10,14,29 (definitive completed-status sense, flag distinct-sense note); 12:14; 13:12.
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:3 (base of radiance_exact_imprint compound); 2:7,9-10; 3:3; 9:5 (cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat). Never บารมี.
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Divine Discipline as Fatherly Love
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:5; 12:7-9 (‘Father of spirits’), base term for discipline_chastening’s relational frame.
Called
Approved rendering: ผู้ที่ทรงเรียก
Transliteration: phu thi song riak
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: ผู้ที่ได้รับเชิญ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 9:15.
Calling
Approved rendering: การทรงเรียก
Transliteration: kan song riak
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 3:1 (‘holy brothers, sharers in a heavenly calling’); 5:4; 11:8.
Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: tham banyat
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: พระธรรมวินัย
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout Hebrews 7-10; base for regulations_of_the_flesh and levitical_priesthood compounds. Never พระธรรมวินัย.
Gospel
Approved rendering: ข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: khao prasoet
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture (the Living and Active Word)
Rejected alternatives: ข่าวดี
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 4:2,6 (εὐηγγελισμένοι) — the wilderness generation ‘heard the good news’ but did not respond in faith.
Priest
Approved rendering: ปุโรหิต
Transliteration: purohit
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: ἱερεύς
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Same royal-Brahmin-priest collision risk as high_priest; must be anchored to the OT Levitical office, never read as the shared title of the Thai court’s Brahmin priesthood. Occurs at 7:1-3,11,14-15,20,23; 8:4; 9:6; 10:11.
Levitical Priesthood
Approved rendering: ตำแหน่งปุโรหิตแห่งเลวี
Transliteration: tamnaeng purohit haeng Lewi
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: ἡ κατὰ νόμον ἱερωσύνη
Category: Priesthood
NEW. The hereditary, mortal, repeatedly-vacated Aaronic priesthood, shown provisional and superseded (7:5,11). Carries the same ปุโรหิต collision risk noted above.
Apostle And High Priest
Approved rendering: อัครทูตและมหาปุโรหิต
Transliteration: akkhrathut lae maha purohit
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Moses
Original: ἀπόστολος καὶ ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Christology
NEW. Unique double title applied to Christ himself (3:1). Reuses baseline อัครทูต (Medium), which normally names a human commissioned messenger — requires a mandatory translator note flagging this unusual, deliberate application to Christ, not just first occurrence but at 3:1 specifically.
Firstborn
Approved rendering: บุตรหัวปี
Transliteration: but hua pi
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: πρωτότοκος
Category: Christology
NEW. Applied to Christ as supreme in rank (1:6); distinct corporate sense applied to all the redeemed at 12:23 (assembly_of_the_firstborn) — flag separately so the two senses are not conflated. Must not read as Christ being merely first among several sons in a sequence.
Worship Of Christ
Approved rendering: นมัสการ / กราบไหว้บูชา
Transliteration: namatkan / krap wai bucha
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
NEW. God commands the angels to worship the Son (1:6). กราบไหว้ (the wai/prostration gesture) is generically extended in Thai culture to elders, monks, and Buddha images; must be taught as worship due to deity alone.
Throne Of Grace
Approved rendering: พระที่นั่ง / พระที่นั่งแห่งพระคุณ
Transliteration: phra thi nang / phra thi nang haeng phra khun
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: θρόνος / θρόνος τῆς χάριτος
Category: God
NEW. Occurs at 1:8; 4:16; 8:1; 12:2. Royal-register vocabulary risks collapsing into ordinary Thai-monarchy honorifics; the แห่งพระคุณ modifier (built on baseline พระคุณ) must never be dropped, since it carries the unmerited-access point.
Draw Near
Approved rendering: เข้ามาใกล้ / เข้าเฝ้า
Transliteration: khao ma klai / khao fao
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: προσέρχομαι
Category: Access
NEW. เข้าเฝ้า is the exact Thai term for formal royal audience — protocol, distance, mediated approach — the opposite of the boldness Hebrews pairs with it (4:16; 7:25; 10:1,22; 11:6; 12:22). Must never appear without ความกล้าและความมั่นใจ in the same or adjacent sentence.
Boldness
Approved rendering: ความกล้าและความมั่นใจ
Transliteration: khwam kla lae khwam man jai
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: παρρησία
Category: Access
NEW. Confident boldness (parrhēsia) to approach God’s throne, grounded in Christ’s high priesthood (3:6; 4:16; 10:19,35). Must be taught paired with draw_near so access is not reduced to formal court etiquette.
New And Living Way
Approved rendering: ทางใหม่ที่ทรงพระชนม์
Transliteration: thang mai thi song phra chon
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: πρόσφατος καὶ ζῶσα ὁδός
Category: Access
NEW. The access opened by Christ’s death (10:20); πρόσφατος’s ‘freshly-slain’ sacrificial nuance must not be lost — retain link to Christ’s completed sacrificial death, not a generic path metaphor.
Conscience
Approved rendering: มโนธรรม
Transliteration: manotham
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. The inner faculty cleansed by Christ’s blood (9:9,14; 10:2,22; 13:18) — presented as something done TO the believer, not achieved through self-cultivated mindfulness. Parallel to the Galatians baseline’s passive-voice caution for ‘crucified with Christ’.
Dead Works
Approved rendering: การประพฤติที่ตายแล้ว
Transliteration: kan praphruet thi tai laeo
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: νεκρὰ ἔργα
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. Religious/ritual acts unable to produce true standing before God (6:1; 9:14). Must not read as a critique of merit-making (บุญ) or good karma (กรรมดี) in the abstract; echoes the Galatians baseline’s works_of_the_law caution.
Sacrifice Offering
Approved rendering: เครื่องบูชา / เครื่องถวายบูชา
Transliteration: khrueang bucha / khrueang thawai bucha
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: θυσία / προσφορά
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. General OT sacrificial vocabulary (chs. 9-10, 13), doctrinally weighted by the once-for-all contrast with Christ’s single offering; must be consistently distinguished from it in surrounding exposition.
Sacrifice Of Praise
Approved rendering: เครื่องบูชาแห่งการสรรเสริญ
Transliteration: khrueang bucha haeng kan sanserin
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: θυσία αἰνέσεως
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. Believers’ ongoing response of worship (13:15), explicitly not a repetition of the completed atoning sacrifice; must be taught alongside the once-for-all doctrine so it is not mistaken for ongoing ritual atonement.
Regulations Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: กฎเกณฑ์เกี่ยวกับเนื้อหนัง
Transliteration: kot ken kiao kap nuea nang
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: δικαιώματα σαρκός
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. The old covenant’s external, bodily/ceremonial regulations (9:10). Reuses เนื้อหนัง in its neutral ceremonial sense — same distinct-sense flag as the flesh entry.
Shedding Of Blood Forgiveness
Approved rendering: การหลั่งเลือด / การให้อภัยบาป
Transliteration: kan lang lueat / kan hai aphai bap
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: ปลดปล่อยจากกรรม
Original: αἱματεκχυσία … ἄφεσις
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. The governing OT sacrificial principle (9:22), fulfilled once for all by Christ. ἄφεσις must not be conflated with ปลดปล่อยจากกรรม (release from karma); this is a personal God’s judicial remission of guilt.
Blood Of Christ
Approved rendering: พระโลหิต / เลือดแห่งพันธสัญญา
Transliteration: Phra Lohit / lueat haeng phanthasanya
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: เลือด (unqualified, for Christ’s own blood)
Original: τὸ αἷμα (Χριστοῦ) / αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. Thai Bible convention reserves the honorific พระโลหิต for Christ’s own blood specifically, distinct from ordinary เลือด used for animal or general human blood. Occurs at 9:12,14,20; 10:19,29; 12:24; 13:12,20; must be applied consistently.
Appointed
Approved rendering: ได้ทรงกำหนดไว้
Transliteration: dai song kamnot wai
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, ดวง
Original: ἀπόκειται
Category: God
NEW. Death and judgment as a fixed divine appointment (9:27). Must retain God as the personal subject ‘appointing’ this order; never เวรกรรม (impersonal karmic determinism) or ดวง (astrological fate).
Judgment
Approved rendering: การพิพากษา
Transliteration: kan phiphaksa
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: κρίσις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. A personal, forensic reckoning following death (9:27); consistent with the baseline’s forensic (not karmic) framing of justification/righteousness.
Bear Sins Of Many
Approved rendering: ทรงรับแบกบาปของคนจำนวนมาก
Transliteration: song rap baek bap khong khon jamnuan mak
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἀνενέγκειν … ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. Christ’s substitutionary bearing of sin’s penalty (9:28), echoing Isaiah 53. Substitutionary/vicarious sense must be retained, not reduced to exemplary self-sacrifice.
Repeatedly
Approved rendering: หลายครั้ง / ซ้ำแล้วซ้ำอีก
Transliteration: lai khrang / sam laeo sam ik
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: πολλάκις
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. The direct rhetorical foil to once_for_all (9:25); must be kept in explicit contrast — the very repetition proves the old system’s inadequacy.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญาใหม่
Transliteration: phanthasanya mai
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW. Built on baseline พันธสัญญา. Occurs at 8:8,13; 9:15; 12:24. Cross-curriculum consistency flag: must be rendered identically wherever Jeremiah 31:31-34 is quoted elsewhere in the curriculum.
First Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญาแรก / พันธสัญญาเดิม
Transliteration: phanthasanya raek / phanthasanya doem
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: πρώτη διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW. The Mosaic/Sinai covenant (8:7,9,13; 9:1,15,18). Must not imply the old covenant was illegitimate rather than provisional and fulfilled; pair with fulfillment language (สำเร็จ, ทรงให้บริบูรณ์).
Holy Place Most Holy Place
Approved rendering: ที่บริสุทธิ์ / ที่บริสุทธิ์ที่สุด (อภิสุทธิสถาน)
Transliteration: thi borisut / thi borisut thi sut (aphisutthisathan)
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: ἅγια / ἅγια ἁγίων
Category: Access
NEW. The outer and inner sanctuary compartments (9:2-3,8,12,24-25); reuses baseline บริสุทธิ์, must be distinguished from ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ (sacred object potency).
Hardening Of Heart
Approved rendering: การทำใจให้แข็งกระด้าง
Transliteration: kan tham jai hai khaeng kradang
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: σκληρύνω τὴν καρδίαν
Category: Apostasy
NEW. The wilderness generation’s unbelief applied as present warning (3:8,13,15; 4:7).
Unbelief
Approved rendering: ความไม่เชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam mai cheua
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Apostasy
NEW. The sin that barred the wilderness generation from rest (3:19); direct antonym-pairing with baseline ความเชื่อ.
Word Of God Living
Approved rendering: พระวจนะของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phra wotchana khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture (the Living and Active Word)
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Scripture
NEW. Scripture as living, active, penetrating (4:12); established Thai Bible term, extends the baseline’s Inspiration of Scripture doctrine, distinct from the Pali Canon’s Buddha-insight-based authority.
Learn Obedience
Approved rendering: การเชื่อฟัง / ทรงเรียนรู้การเชื่อฟัง
Transliteration: kan cheuafang / song rianru kan cheuafang
Doctrine: The True Humanity and Suffering of Christ
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Christology
NEW. Christ’s genuine human learning of obedience through suffering (5:8). Distinct from the baseline compound obedience_of_faith (การเชื่อฟังที่มาจากความเชื่อ) — must not be conflated; here it is Christ’s own obedience, not the believer’s faith-produced obedience.
Founder Pioneer
Approved rendering: ผู้ทรงบุกเบิก / ผู้ทรงนำ
Transliteration: phu song bukboek / phu song nam
Doctrine: The True Humanity and Suffering of Christ
Original: ἀρχηγός
Category: Christology
NEW. Christ as pioneer/originator of salvation (2:10) and of faith (12:2, see founder_and_perfecter). No baseline equivalent; retain as a fixed compound pair, not either word alone.
Founder And Perfecter
Approved rendering: ผู้ทรงบุกเบิกและผู้ทรงทำให้ความเชื่อสมบูรณ์
Transliteration: phu song bukboek lae phu song tham hai khwam cheua somboon
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: บารมี (for the perfecter half)
Original: ἀρχηγὸς καὶ τελειωτής
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Combines founder_pioneer and perfect_made_perfect (12:2); same บารมี caution applies to the perfecter half.
Impossible To Restore
Approved rendering: เป็นไปไม่ได้ที่จะให้กลับใจใหม่อีก
Transliteration: pen pai mai dai thi ja hai klap jai mai ik
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἀδύνατον … πάλιν ἀνακαινίζειν
Category: Apostasy
NEW. The severity of the 6:4-6 warning; flag for theologian review given ongoing pastoral debate on scope — Phase 2 must preserve rhetorical force without resolving the interpretive question.
Repentance
Approved rendering: การกลับใจใหม่
Transliteration: kan klap jai mai
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Rejected alternatives: สำนึกผิด, ขอขมา
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Apostasy
NEW. The foundational turning from dead works (6:1,6); must be distinguished from สำนึกผิด/ขอขมา (remorse within a merit-and-demerit ledger framework).
Willful Sin
Approved rendering: การทำบาปโดยเจตนา
Transliteration: kan tham bap doi jetana
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἁμαρτάνω ἑκουσίως
Category: Apostasy
NEW. Deliberate, decisive rejection of the truth after receiving it (10:26); central warning-passage term.
Shrink Back Preserve Soul
Approved rendering: การถอยหนี vs. การรักษาชีวิตไว้
Transliteration: kan thoi ni / kan raksa chiwit wai
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὑποστολή vs. περιποίησις ψυχῆς
Category: Perseverance
NEW. The central contrast closing ch.10’s warning/assurance section (10:39); must retain sharp contrastive force.
Endurance
Approved rendering: ความเพียรอดทน
Transliteration: khwam phian ot than
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Patient, persistent faith opposed to shrinking back (10:36; 12:1,7); core vocabulary of the perseverance doctrine.
Full Assurance Of Faith
Approved rendering: ความมั่นใจเต็มเปี่ยมแห่งความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam man jai tem piam haeng khwam cheua
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: πληροφορία πίστεως
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Confident, unwavering faith enabled by Christ’s completed work (10:22); built on baseline ความเชื่อ.
Hypostasis Faith
Approved rendering: ความแน่ใจ / หลักยืนยัน
Transliteration: khwam nae jai / lak yuenyan
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ὑπόστασις
Category: Faith
NEW. Faith’s substantial reality/certainty of what is hoped for (11:1) — a philosophically loaded term with no native Thai philosophical-theological equivalent. Must convey objective certainty grounded in God’s character, not subjective feeling; flag for theologian review given the term’s later Trinitarian doctrinal weight.
Discipline Chastening
Approved rendering: การตีสอน (ด้วยความรัก)
Transliteration: kan ti son (duai khwam rak)
Doctrine: Divine Discipline as Fatherly Love
Rejected alternatives: กรรม
Original: παιδεία
Category: God
NEW. God’s fatherly discipline, proof of genuine sonship (12:5-11). Must never be framed via กรรม (karmic retribution for past deeds); the ด้วยความรัก qualifier and the Father-son relational frame are mandatory, not optional.
Never Leave You
Approved rendering: เราจะไม่ทิ้งท่านเลย
Transliteration: rao ja mai thing than loei
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλίπω
Category: Perseverance
NEW. God’s direct promise never to abandon his people (13:5); must be verified for verbatim cross-document consistency wherever quoted elsewhere in the curriculum.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 11:1 supplies the letter’s own definition; elevate review priority for chapter 11 occurrences without changing the Thai rendering.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักรของพระเจ้า
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:8 (throne) and as the base for unshakable_kingdom (12:28).
Mediator
Approved rendering: คนกลาง
Transliteration: khon klang
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ร่างทรง
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Occurs at 8:6; 9:15; 12:24. Never ร่างทรง (spirit-medium).
Heir
Approved rendering: ทายาท
Transliteration: thayat
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:2,4,14; 6:12,17; 9:15; 11:7-8.
Church
Approved rendering: คริสตจักร
Transliteration: khritsatchak
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: วัด
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Local-congregation sense not prominent in Hebrews itself; distinct from the heavenly-corporate sense of assembly_of_the_firstborn (12:23) — flag translator note so the two are not conflated.
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Moses
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Normally names a human commissioned messenger; Hebrews 3:1 applies it unusually to Christ himself in the compound apostle_and_high_priest — see that entry for the required translator note.
Israel
Approved rendering: อิสราเอล
Transliteration: Itsarael
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 8:8,10 (Jeremiah 31 quotation); 11:22.
David
Approved rendering: ดาวิด
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 11:32.
Melchizedek
Approved rendering: เมลคีเซเดค
Transliteration: Melkhisedek
Doctrine: The Melchizedekian Priesthood
Original: Μελχισέδεκ / τάξις
Category: Priesthood
NEW (transliteration). No Thai cultural equivalent for a non-hereditary, oath-established priest-king; requires a short explanatory translator note on the Genesis 14 background at first occurrence per lesson (5:6,10; 6:20; 7:1-17).
Unchangeable Priesthood
Approved rendering: ตำแหน่งปุโรหิตที่ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลง
Transliteration: tamnaeng purohit thi mai plian plaeng
Doctrine: The Melchizedekian Priesthood
Original: ἀπαράβατος
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Christ’s priesthood is permanent because he never dies, unlike every mortal Levitical priest (7:24).
Without Genealogy
Approved rendering: ไม่มีบันทึกเชื้อสาย
Transliteration: mai mi banthuek chuea sai
Doctrine: The Melchizedekian Priesthood
Original: ἀγενεαλόγητος
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Melchizedek’s priesthood is not qualified by hereditary lineage, unlike the Levitical system (7:3).
End Of Ages Foundation Of World
Approved rendering: ปลายยุคของโลก / ตั้งแต่แรกสร้างโลก
Transliteration: plai yuk khong lok / tang tae raek sang lok
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: συντέλεια τῶν αἰώνων / καταβολὴ κόσμου
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Anchors Christ’s sacrifice (9:26) within linear, one-time history, reinforcing the baseline’s existing caution against cyclical Buddhist-Brahmanic world-ages cosmology.
Better Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญาที่ดีกว่า
Transliteration: phanthasanya thi di kwa
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κρείττων διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW. Christ’s priesthood guarantees a better covenant grounded in better promises (7:22; 8:6).
Inaugurated Established
Approved rendering: ได้รับการสถาปนา / มีผลบังคับใช้
Transliteration: dai rap kan sathapana / mi phon bangkhap chai
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ἐγκαινίζω / βεβαία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Legal-register vocabulary tied to the covenant/testament wordplay (9:17-18).
Obsolete
Approved rendering: เก่าและกำลังจะสูญไป
Transliteration: kao lae kamlang ja sun pai
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: πεπαλαίωκεν
Category: Covenant
NEW. The first covenant is now passing away in light of the new (8:13); must retain the sense of fulfillment/supersession, not invalidity from the start.
Tabernacle
Approved rendering: พลับพลา
Transliteration: phlapphla
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: σκηνή
Category: Covenant
NEW. Established Thai Bible term for the OT tabernacle (8:2,5; 9:2-11,21; 13:10); requires OT background teaching, not a Buddhist-collision risk.
Veil Curtain
Approved rendering: ม่าน
Transliteration: man
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Access
NEW. The dividing curtain (9:3; 10:20); standard vocabulary.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: หีบพันธสัญญา
Transliteration: hip phanthasanya
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
NEW. The chest in the Most Holy Place (9:4); builds on baseline พันธสัญญา.
Copies Shadow
Approved rendering: แบบและเงาของสิ่งสวรรค์
Transliteration: baep lae ngao khong sing sawan
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ὑποδείγματα / ἀντίτυπα / σκιά
Category: Covenant
NEW. Earthly sanctuary as a real but provisional, forward-pointing copy (8:5; 9:23-24; 10:1); must not be taught using Buddhist māyā-adjacent illusion vocabulary.
Without Blemish
Approved rendering: ปราศจากตำหนิ
Transliteration: prasjak tamni
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. Christ’s moral perfection fulfilling the OT flawless-victim requirement (9:14); must retain the moral dimension, not merely ritual purity.
Eagerly Waiting
Approved rendering: ผู้ที่เฝ้าคอยด้วยใจร้อนรน
Transliteration: phu thi fao khoi duai jai ron ron
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἀπεκδεχόμενοι
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Confident, forward-looking anticipation of Christ’s return (9:28); connects to the hope/endurance vocabulary of chs. 10-12.
Sympathize
Approved rendering: ทรงเห็นใจ / ทรงเข้าใจในความอ่อนแอของเรา
Transliteration: song hen jai / song khao jai nai khwam on ae khong rao
Doctrine: The True Humanity and Suffering of Christ
Original: συμπαθέω
Category: Christology
NEW. Christ’s genuine empathetic solidarity with human weakness (4:15).
Fear Of God Fiery Judgment
Approved rendering: ความน่าเกรงขามของพระเจ้า / การพิพากษาด้วยไฟอันน่าสะพรึงกลัว
Transliteration: khwam na kreng kham khong Phra Chao / kan phiphaksa duai fai an na saphrueng klua
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: φοβερός … πυρὸς ζῆλος
Category: Apostasy
NEW. The severity of God’s judgment against deliberate apostasy (10:27,31).
Hold Fast Confession
Approved rendering: ยึดมั่นในคำยึดถือ / การประกาศความเชื่อ
Transliteration: yuet man nai kham yuet thue / kan prakat khwam cheua
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: κατέχωμεν τὴν ὁμολογίαν
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Perseverance in public confession of faith despite pressure (4:14; 10:23).
Elegchos Evidence
Approved rendering: ข้อพิสูจน์ / หลักประกัน
Transliteration: kho phisut / lak prakan
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ἔλεγχος
Category: Faith
NEW. Confident conviction of unseen realities (11:1); pairs directly with hypostasis_faith, taught together, not atomized separately.
Strangers And Exiles
Approved rendering: คนต่างด้าวและคนแปลกถิ่น
Transliteration: khon tang dao lae khon plaek thin
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι
Category: Faith
NEW. The patriarchs’ self-understanding as not-yet-home (11:13).
Better Country City
Approved rendering: เมืองที่ดีกว่า / นครสวรรค์
Transliteration: mueang thi di kwa / nakhon sawan
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: κρείττων … πατρίς / πόλις
Category: Faith
NEW. The heavenly city the patriarchs sought (11:14-16), prefiguring the heavenly Jerusalem of 12:22.
Unshakable Kingdom
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินที่ไม่สั่นคลอน
Transliteration: phaendin thi mai san khlon
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος
Category: Kingdom
NEW. The permanent kingdom believers receive (12:28); built on baseline แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า.
Assembly Of The Firstborn
Approved rendering: ที่ชุมนุมของบุตรหัวปี
Transliteration: thi chumnum khong but hua pi
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων
Category: Church
NEW. Heavenly, corporate designation for all the redeemed (12:23), distinct from the local-congregation sense of baseline คริสตจักร — flag translator note so the two senses are not conflated.
Mount Sinai Zion
Approved rendering: ภูเขาซีนาย / ภูเขาศิโยน
Transliteration: phukhao Sinai / phukhao Sion
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: Σινᾶ / Σιὼν
Category: Covenant
NEW. Established Thai Bible proper names contrasting the old covenant’s fearful mountain with the new covenant’s accessible heavenly Jerusalem (12:18-24); requires geographic/covenant contrast explanation.
Obey Your Leaders
Approved rendering: จงเชื่อฟังผู้นำของท่าน
Transliteration: chong cheuafang phu nam khong than
Doctrine: Christian Community Ethics and Leadership
Original: πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις
Category: Church
NEW. Instruction on submission to church leadership (13:7,17). Thailand’s hierarchical deference norms make this land naturally, but must not be taught as unconditional deference overriding conscience — parallel to the baseline’s Romans 13 caution.
Altar
Approved rendering: แท่นบูชา
Transliteration: thaen bucha
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Sacrifice
NEW. Figurative reference to the Christian’s spiritual altar, contrasted with the Levitical altar (13:10).
Outside The Camp
Approved rendering: ภายนอกค่าย
Transliteration: phai nok khai
Doctrine: Christian Community Ethics and Leadership
Original: ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς
Category: Ethics
NEW. Identifying with Christ’s reproach and rejection (13:11-13).
Great Shepherd
Approved rendering: พระผู้เลี้ยงที่ยิ่งใหญ่
Transliteration: Phra Phu Liang thi ying yai
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ μέγας
Category: Christology
NEW. Closing pastoral image of Christ, resurrected and reigning (13:20).
Oath
Approved rendering: คำปฏิญาณ / คำสาบาน
Transliteration: kham patiyan / kham saban
Doctrine: The Melchizedekian Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: บนบานศาลกล่าว
Original: ὅρκος
Category: Covenant
NEW. God’s self-guaranteeing oath (6:16-17; 7:20-21); must be distinguished from บนบานศาลกล่าว (vow-bargaining at a spirit shrine).
Hope
Approved rendering: ความหวัง
Transliteration: khwam wang
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Grounded, certain hope anchored in God’s unchangeable character (3:6; 6:11,18-19; 7:19; 10:23; 11:1).
House Of God
Approved rendering: ครอบครัวของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khropkhrua khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Moses
Original: οἶκος
Category: Church
NEW. God’s household over which Christ (as Son) has greater authority than Moses (as servant) (3:2-6; 10:21).
Faithful
Approved rendering: ผู้ซื่อสัตย์
Transliteration: phu sue sat
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Moses
Original: πιστός
Category: Faith
NEW. Both Moses and Christ are called faithful, but Christ as Son, Moses as servant (3:2,5-6).
Low Risk Terms
Abraham
Approved rendering: อับราฮัม
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Occurs at 2:16; 6:13-15; 7:1-10; 11:8-19.
Moses
Approved rendering: โมเสส
Transliteration: Moses
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Moses
Established Thai Bible transliteration standard, per the baseline’s transliteration standards table (12_ai_translation_requirements.md). Occurs at 3:2-16; 7:14; 8:5; 9:19; 10:28; 11:23-24; 12:21.
Tithes
Approved rendering: สิบลด
Transliteration: sip lot
Doctrine: The Melchizedekian Priesthood
Original: δεκάτη
Category: Priesthood
NEW. Abraham’s tithe to Melchizedek, used to argue Melchizedek’s (and Christ’s) superiority even over Levi (7:2,4-9).
Not Made With Hands
Approved rendering: ไม่ได้ทรงสร้างด้วยมือมนุษย์
Transliteration: mai dai song sang duai mue manut
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: οὐ χειροποιήτου
Category: Access
NEW. Contrasts human-constructed cultic objects with the heavenly sanctuary’s divine origin (9:11).
On Our Behalf
Approved rendering: เพื่อเรา
Transliteration: phuea rao
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν
Category: Access
NEW. Christ’s representative appearance before God on believers’ behalf (9:24).
Tempted Tested
Approved rendering: ถูกทดลอง
Transliteration: thuk thotlong
Doctrine: The True Humanity and Suffering of Christ
Original: πειράζω
Category: Christology
NEW. Christ’s own testing, qualifying him to help those tested (2:18; 4:15).
Root Of Bitterness
Approved rendering: รากแห่งความขมขื่น
Transliteration: rak haeng khwam khomkhuen
Doctrine: Christian Community Ethics and Leadership
Original: ῥίζα πικρίας
Category: Ethics
NEW. A corrupting bitterness illustrated by Esau (12:15); transparent metaphor.
Consuming Fire
Approved rendering: ไฟที่เผาผลาญ
Transliteration: fai thi phao phlan
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: πῦρ καταναλίσκον
Category: God
NEW. God’s holy, judging presence, quoted from Deuteronomy (12:29).
Love Of The Brothers Hospitality
Approved rendering: ความรักฉันพี่น้อง / การต้อนรับแขก
Transliteration: khwam rak chan phi nong / kan ton rap khaek
Doctrine: Christian Community Ethics and Leadership
Original: φιλαδελφία / φιλοξενία
Category: Ethics
NEW. Practical community ethics closing the letter (13:1-2).
Milk And Solid Food
Approved rendering: นม / อาหารแข็ง
Transliteration: nom / ahan khaeng
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: γάλα … στερεᾶς τροφῆς
Category: Ethics
NEW. Metaphor for spiritual immaturity vs. maturity (5:12-14).
Race Contest
Approved rendering: การแข่งขัน
Transliteration: kan khaeng khan
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἀγών
Category: Ethics
NEW. Athletic-contest metaphor for the life of faith and endurance (12:1).
Anchor Of The Soul
Approved rendering: สมอของจิตใจ
Transliteration: samo khong jitjai
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἄγκυρα τῆς ψυχῆς
Category: Perseverance
NEW. Hope in God’s promise/oath as a stabilizing anchor (6:19).
Melchizedek Abel Enoch Etc Proper Names
Approved rendering: เมลคีเซเดค, อาแบล, เอโนค, โนอาห์, ซาราห์, อิสอัค, ยาโคบ, โยเซฟ, ราหับ, กิเดโอน, แซมสัน, เยฟธาห์, บาราค, ซามูเอล, เอซาว, เยเรมีย์
Transliteration: Melkhisedek, Abel, Enok, Noah, Sarah, Isak, Yakhop, Yosep, Rahap, Kideon, Saemson, Yefthah, Barak, Samuel, Esaw, Yeremia
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper names, established or newly-established Thai Bible transliteration forms, occurring in Hebrews 11 (faith roll call) and the Jeremiah 31 quotation (ch. 8). Each name should be entered individually in Phase 2 tooling; grouped here for TM completeness. See 08_core_glossary.md Section F for the individual citation list.
Referenced passages