Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians (English → Thai)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across all 13 chapters of 2 Corinthians, including full verse-by-verse coverage of the core passage (2 Corinthians 5:11–21). It extends — and never contradicts — the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Terms already fixed by the baseline are marked [REUSED] and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded there. Terms newly required by 2 Corinthians are marked [NEW] and are provided here in the same schema for promotion into translation_memory.json at the start of Phase 2.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions: Critical (theologian review required, every occurrence), High (theologian review required), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
Terms Reused Verbatim from Baseline (No Modification Permitted)
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Status | Risk | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | พระคุณ | [REUSED] | Critical | 1, 6, 8, 9, 12 | Never บุญ/กรรมดี/บารมี. Extends to “grace of giving” in chs. 8–9; see cheerful_giver below for the associated Critical merit-collision risk in the giving context specifically. |
| faith | ความเชื่อ | [REUSED] | Medium | 1, 5, 13 | Object of faith = Christ; used of “walk by faith not sight” (5:7) and self-examination “in the faith” (13:5). |
| righteousness | ความชอบธรรม | [REUSED] | Critical | 5 | 5:21, “become the righteousness of God” — forensic status, not moral improvement. |
| imputed_righteousness | ความชอบธรรมที่ทรงถือว่าเป็นของเรา | [REUSED] | Critical | 5 | Construction reused for 5:21’s “become righteousness” and as the positive mirror of 5:19’s “not counting trespasses.” |
| salvation | ความรอด | [REUSED] | Critical | 1, 6, 7 | Never การบรรลุนิพพาน. |
| glory | พระสิริ | [REUSED] | High | 3, 4 | Old-vs-new covenant glory comparison (ch. 3); “eternal weight of glory” (4:17). Never บารมี. |
| holy | บริสุทธิ์ | [REUSED] | High | 1, 6, 7, 13 | Underlies “saints,” “holy kiss,” “separate yourselves.” |
| saints | วิสุทธิชน | [REUSED] | Medium | 1, 8, 9 | Recipients of the collection (8:4; 9:1, 12). |
| church | คริสตจักร | [REUSED] | Medium | 1, 8, 11, 12 | Never วัด. |
| apostle | อัครทูต | [REUSED] | Medium | 1, 8, 11, 12 | Base term for false_apostles and super_apostles below. |
| sin | บาป | [REUSED] | High | 5, 11 | 5:21 “knew no sin” / “made him sin.” |
| lord | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | [REUSED] | Critical | 1, 3, 5, 10 | Underlies “fear of the Lord” (5:11) and “boast in the Lord” (10:17). |
| christ | พระคริสต์ | [REUSED] | Critical | all | Established proper-name form throughout. |
| jesus | พระเยซู | [REUSED] | Critical | 1, 4, 11 | Established proper-name form. |
| god | พระเจ้า | [REUSED] | Critical | all | Exclusivity rule directly tested by “the god of this age” (4:4) — see new entry below. |
| holy_spirit | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | [REUSED] | Critical | 1, 3, 13 | Ch. 3 letter/Spirit contrast; ch. 13 trinitarian benediction. |
| resurrection | การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย | [REUSED] | Critical | 4, 5 | 4:14; 5:15. Never การเกิดใหม่/การกลับชาติมาเกิด. |
| new_creation | การทรงสร้างใหม่ | [REUSED] | Critical | 5 | 5:17 — see full core-passage entry below; single highest-risk term in the letter alongside reconciliation. |
| freedom | เสรีภาพ | [REUSED] | Critical | 3 | 3:17. Never หลุดพ้น/วิมุตติ. |
| flesh | เนื้อหนัง | [REUSED] | Critical | 4, 5, 10, 12 | Multiple distinct senses across the letter — see “flesh (contextual senses)” entry below for required disambiguation notes. Never กิเลส as primary gloss. |
| fellowship | การสามัคคีธรรม | [REUSED] | Low | 13 | 13:14, trinitarian benediction. |
| covenant | พันธสัญญา | [REUSED] | High | 3 | Base for “new covenant” below. |
| revelation | การทรงสำแดง | [REUSED] | Medium | 12 | 12:1, 7, “visions and revelations.” Never นิมิตของหมอดู. |
| power_of_god | ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า | [REUSED] | High | 4, 10, 12 | Base for “power in weakness,” ch. 12’s doctrinal center. |
| sowing_and_reaping | หว่านและเก็บเกี่ยว | [REUSED] | Critical | 9 | 9:6. Same forbidden-substitution rule as Galatians 6:7-8: never กฎแห่งกรรม / ทำดีได้ดีทำชั่วได้ชั่ว; God must remain explicit grammatical subject. |
| exhort | หนุนใจ | [REUSED, sense-extended] | Medium | 1, 7 | Sense extends from “encourage/urge” (baseline) to “comfort in affliction” (2 Cor 1, 7) — see comfort entry below for the extension note. |
New Terms Introduced by 2 Corinthians
Core Passage Terms (2 Corinthians 5:11–21)
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciliation / reconciled | การคืนดีกัน / ทรงกระทำให้คืนดีกัน | kan khuen di kan / song kratham hai khuen di kan | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18-20 | การประนีประนอม (a negotiated compromise between equal parties — wrongly implies mutual concession); การขอขมา (folk-ritual appeasement of an offended power, human-initiated — wrongly relocates the initiative from God to humanity) | The doctrinal center of the core passage and of the entire curriculum. God alone is the reconciling agent (v.18-19); humanity’s role is to receive (“be reconciled,” v.20, passive imperative), never to achieve or negotiate reconciliation. |
| ministry of reconciliation | พันธกิจแห่งการคืนดีกัน | phanthakit haeng kan khuen di kan | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18 | — | Reuses baseline mission term พันธกิจ; the entrusted apostolic task of proclaiming God’s already-completed reconciling work. |
| word of reconciliation | พระวจนะแห่งการคืนดีกัน | phra wotchana haeng kan khuen di kan | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | — | The specific content of gospel proclamation in this passage. |
| ambassador | ทูต (ของพระคริสต์) | thut (khong Phra Khrit) | High | Reconciliation with God; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:20 | เอกอัครราชทูต (state ambassador of the king — risks over-politicizing/nationalizing the appeal) | Must be kept visually and morphologically distinct from อัครทูต (apostle, a different Greek word). Conveys full delegated authority to speak as though Christ himself pleads, without collapsing into a diplomatic-political register. |
| not counting/imputing [trespasses] | ไม่ทรงถือว่าเป็นความผิดของเขา | mai song thue wa pen khwam phit khong khao | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | any merit/demerit-ledger vocabulary (บุญ/บาป balance) | The negative counterpart of imputed righteousness (5:21); a specific forensic non-imputation act of God, not a suspended karmic account. |
| trespasses | การล่วงละเมิด | kan luang lamoet | Medium | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | — | Narrower than บาป (sin, general); a specific transgressive misstep against a relationship/standard. Kept distinct from แต่ still under the same personal-God-offended framework as บาป. |
| fear of the Lord | ความเกรงกลัวองค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | khwam kreng klua ong Phra Phu Pen Chao | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:11 | — | Must exceed mere social deference (เกรงใจ); reverential moral accountability before Christ the Judge. |
| conscience | จิตสำนึก | chit samnuek | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:11 | — | Kept distinct from สติ (mindfulness/present-moment awareness); anchored as a faculty accountable to a personal God. |
| boasting (context-sensitive) | เหตุแห่งความภูมิใจ (positive) / การอวดอ้าง (negative) | het haeng khwam phumjai / kan uat-at | Medium-High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Genuine versus False Apostleship | 5:12; also 1:12, 14; 7:4, 14; 8:24; 9:2-3; 10:8, 13, 15-17; 11:10, 12, 16-18, 30; 12:1, 5-6, 9, 11 | — | Context-sensitive across the whole letter, following the baseline pattern already established for “called.” Legitimate boasting is exclusively “in the Lord” (10:17); negative boasting is self-generated comparison/status-display. |
| according to the flesh (evaluative sense) | ตามเนื้อหนัง | tam nuea nang | High | New Creation in Christ | 5:16 | — | Same Thai word as baseline flesh term, but distinct evaluative/epistemological sense (worldly standard of judgment) vs. the moral-conflict sense in Galatians. Requires translator training to avoid nuance collapse. |
| died for all (substitutionary death) | สิ้นพระชนม์เพื่อคนทั้งปวง | sin phra chon phuea khon thang puang | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:14-15 | — | เพื่อ (for) must retain the substitutionary/representative force of ὑπέρ, not a loose “for the benefit of” or “because of.” |
| he made him to be sin | พระเจ้าทรงกระทำให้พระองค์เป็นบาปเพื่อเรา | Phra Chao song kratham hai Phra Ong pen bap phuea rao | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:21 | ”made him a sin offering” (weakens the imputation-parallel) | The forensic heart of the passage; must preserve the shocking directness matching the parallel clause “become the righteousness of God.” |
| become the righteousness of God | กลายเป็นผู้มีความชอบธรรมของพระเจ้า | klai pen phu mi khwam chop tham khong Phra Chao | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:21 | ความดี/บุญกุศล (moral goodness/merit — already rejected by baseline righteousness entry) | Credited legal status “in him,” not gradual moral achievement. |
| be reconciled (passive imperative) | จงคืนดีกันกับพระเจ้าเถิด | chong khuen di kan kap Phra Chao thoet | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:20 | any phrasing implying self-achieved reconciliation | Grammatically passive in Greek: an appeal to receive an accomplished work, not a command to perform one’s own reconciling labor. Parallels the grace-versus-merit caution already Critical throughout the baseline. |
| new creation | การทรงสร้างใหม่ | kan song sang mai | Critical | New Creation in Christ | 5:17 | การเกิดใหม่/การกลับชาติมาเกิด (rebirth/reincarnation — forbidden) | [REUSED — Galatians baseline], recurring in the core passage itself. Most tempting forbidden-substitution point in the whole book, since “new creation… in Christ” reads even more like “a new birth” on its face than either Romans’ “resurrection” or Galatians 6:15’s occurrence of this same term. |
Chapter 1
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| comfort | การหนุนใจ / ความชูใจ | kan nun jai / khwam chu jai | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3-7 | — | Sense-extension of baseline exhort (หนุนใจ); here specifically God’s consolation amid affliction, a pastorally weightier register than mere encouragement toward right conduct. |
| affliction | ความทุกข์ยาก | khwam thuk yak | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:4, 6, 8 | — | ทุกข์ is Buddhism’s central technical term for suffering as an impersonal universal feature of existence; must be anchored here as personal, purposeful, God-permitted affliction that is the arena of divine comfort, not a condition to be escaped through detachment. |
| sincerity | ความจริงใจ | khwam jing jai | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12 | — | Thai face/harmony-preservation norms (เกรงใจ) can make direct transparency register as blunt; anchor as transparency coram Deo (before God), the ultimate audience. |
| seal | ทรงประทับตราไว้ | song prathap tra wai | Low-Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry (assurance) | 1:22 | — | ตราประทับ, a well-understood Thai legal/commercial authentication concept; low collision risk. |
| guarantee / down payment | มัดจำ | mat jam | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry (assurance); recurs 5:5 | 1:22; 5:5 | — | Natural Thai commercial term (a deposit); must not be read as merely transactional — it is God’s own relational pledge. |
| promise (God’s Yes/No) | พระสัญญา | phra sanya | High | The New Covenant versus the Old (background) | 1:18-20 | — | [REUSED — baseline Galatians term]; God’s absolute faithfulness in Christ underlies every “Amen.” |
Chapter 2
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| forgive/forgiveness | ให้อภัย / ทรงประทานการอภัย | hai aphai / song prathan kan aphai | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:7, 10 | — | Root-connected to grace (χαρίζομαι/χάρις); freely granted, not earned by the offender’s remorse. |
| fragrance/aroma of Christ | กลิ่นหอมของพระคริสต์ | klin hom khong Phra Khrit | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:14-16 | — | Risk of collision with Thai incense-offering (ธูป) devotional practice at shrines/Buddha images; brief note required distinguishing Paul’s sacrificial/triumphal metaphor from literal ritual incense. |
| triumphal procession | ทรงนำเราไปในฐานะผู้มีชัย | song nam rao pai nai thana phu mi chai | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:14 | — | No direct Thai cultural equivalent to a Roman military triumph; requires explanatory note; avoid conflating with Thai royal/military parade imagery. |
| peddling/adulterating the word | ผู้ค้าขายพระวจนะของพระเจ้าเพื่อผลประโยชน์ | phu kha khai phra wotchana khong Phra Chao phuea phon prayot | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Genuine versus False Apostleship (anticipated) | 2:17 | — | Effective natural bridge via Thai market-vendor-adulteration idiom; anticipates false-apostle theme of chs. 10-12. |
Chapter 3
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new covenant | พันธสัญญาใหม่ | phanthasanya mai | Critical | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:6 | — | Extends baseline covenant term. Contrast with old covenant must be structured (fading vs. surpassing glory), never denigrating the old covenant’s own divine origin (3:7). |
| letter | ตัวอักษร | tua akson | High | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:6 | — | Must not be collapsed into ธรรมบัญญัติ (Law) itself; names external code-observance apart from the Spirit, a misuse/insufficiency, not the Law’s own character. |
| veil | ผ้าคลุมหน้า | pha khlum na | Medium | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:13-16 | — | Requires Exodus 34 OT background note for low-OT-literacy segment of target audience. |
| transformed | ทรงเปลี่ยนแปลงเราให้เป็นเหมือนพระองค์ | song plian plaeng rao hai pen muean phra ong | High | The New Covenant versus the Old | 3:18 | — | Must be explicitly Spirit-caused and progressive-yet-certain, not self-directed meditative cultivation (parallel caution to sanctification/crucified-with-Christ in baseline). |
Chapter 4
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the god of this age | ซาตานผู้ครอบครองยุคนี้ | Satan phu khrop khrong yuk ni | Critical | Genuine versus False Apostleship (contrast); Deity of Christ (exclusivity, by extension of baseline “god” entry) | 4:4 | เทพเจ้าแห่งยุคนี้ (unqualified — risks implying a legitimate rival deity) | Highest-hazard phrase in ch. 4. Must use the proper name ซาตาน plus a mandatory translator note to prevent any appearance of granting Satan status as a true god alongside พระเจ้า, directly extending the baseline’s Critical exclusivity rule. |
| treasure in jars of clay | ขุมทรัพย์ในภาชนะดินเหนียว | khum sap nai phachana din niao | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry; Power in Weakness (anticipated) | 4:7 | — | Vivid, low-risk concrete image; effective natural fit with familiar Thai earthenware pottery. |
| eternal weight of glory | น้ำหนักแห่งพระสิริอันเป็นนิรันดร์ | namnak haeng phra siri an pen nirandon | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:17 | — | Greek “light affliction / heavy glory” wordplay may need a translator’s note rather than a forced Thai pun. |
| seen / unseen | สิ่งที่เห็นได้ / สิ่งที่เห็นไม่ได้ | sing thi hen dai / sing thi hen mai dai | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:18 | — | — |
Chapter 5 (vv. 1–10; vv. 11–21 in Core Passage table above)
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| earthly tent/dwelling | เต็นท์ [ที่อาศัยชั่วคราว] | ten [thi asai chua khrao] | Low-Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5:1, 4 | — | Requires brief cultural note; nomadic tent-dwelling not part of ordinary Thai experience, though metaphor is broadly intelligible. |
| groan | คร่ำครวญ / ถอนใจปรารถนา | khram khruan / thon jai prarthana | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5:2, 4 | — | — |
| naked (bodiless state) | เปลือยกาย (ปราศจากร่างกาย) | plueai kai (prasajak rangkai) | Low-Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 5:3 | — | Note clarifying non-literal, intermediate-state sense. |
| judgment seat of Christ | บัลลังก์พิพากษาของพระคริสต์ | ballang phiphaksa khong Phra Khrit | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry; distinguished from Salvation (baseline) | 5:10 | — | Collision risk with Phaya Yommaraj folk-Buddhist death-judgment/merit-weighing cosmology; must clarify believers already secure in salvation, Christ (not an impersonal cosmic ledger) is judge, evaluation concerns reward/loss not salvation status. |
Chapter 6
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unequally yoked | อย่าเข้าเทียมแอกกับผู้ไม่เชื่อ | ya khao thiam aek kap phu mai cheua | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 6:14 | — | Agricultural yoke-image less familiar to urban Thai audiences; brief note recommended. |
| temple of the living God | วิหารของพระเจ้าผู้ทรงพระชนม์อยู่ | wihan khong Phra Chao phu song phra chon yu | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship (church holiness); extends baseline church | 6:16 | วัด (forbidden, Buddhist temple compound) | Sharper collision risk than baseline’s general church caution since “dwelling-place for God’s presence” is closer to วัด’s semantic field than “assembly” is. |
| Belial | เบลีอัล | Beliar (transliteration) | Low | Genuine versus False Apostleship (contrast) | 6:15 | — | Proper name for Satan; brief identifying note sufficient. |
| separate yourselves | จงออกจากพวกเขาและปลีกตัวออกมา | chong ok chak phuak khao lae plik tua ok ma | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; extends baseline Separation unto God’s Service | 6:17 | — | Must not be read as monastic withdrawal (บวช); a call to moral/spiritual distinction while remaining engaged in the world. |
Chapter 7
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| godly grief | ความเสียใจตามพระประสงค์ของพระเจ้า | khwam sia jai tam phra prasong khong Phra Chao | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7:9-10 | — | Contrasted explicitly with worldly grief that produces death. |
| repentance | การกลับใจ | kan klap jai | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; foundational to whole curriculum | 7:9-10 | — | Newly established (absent from baseline). Must exceed mere remorse/social-face restoration (สำนึกผิด); a decisive Godward reorientation issuing in changed direction. |
| fear and trembling | ความเกรงกลัวและความสั่นสะท้าน | khwam kreng klua lae khwam san sathon | Low-Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 7:15 | — | — |
Chapters 8–9
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| generosity/liberality | ใจกว้าง / ความเอื้อเฟื้อ | jai kwang / khwam euafuea | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:2; 9:11, 13 | — | Same Greek word (ἁπλότης) as “sincerity” (1:12); requires disambiguation training. Underlying risk of merit-collision shared with cheerful_giver below. |
| cheerful giver | ผู้ให้ด้วยใจยินดี | phu hai duai jai yindi | Critical | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:7 | ทำบุญ / การทำบุญ (Buddhist merit-making almsgiving — forbidden) | Highest-risk term in the doctrine. Christian giving is grace-motivated grateful response (8:9; 9:8), never merit-generating action to secure future personal benefit. Direct parallel to baseline’s grace/merit Critical caution, now in the domain of material giving. |
| equality | ความเสมอภาค / ความเท่าเทียมกัน | khwam samopap / khwam thao thiam kan | Low-Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:13-14 | — | A fair balance meeting need, not identical redistribution. |
| fellow-worker | ผู้ร่วมงาน | phu ruam ngan | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:23 | — | — |
Chapter 10
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| weapons not of the flesh | เครื่องมือของเราไม่ใช่เนื้อหนัง แต่มีฤทธิ์เดชจากพระเจ้า | khrueang mue khong rao mai chai nuea nang tae mi rit det chak Phra Chao | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship; Power in Weakness (anticipated) | 10:4 | — | Combines two baseline-established terms (flesh, power_of_god) in a new configuration. |
| strongholds/fortresses | ป้อมปราการ | pom prakan | Low-Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 10:4 | — | Metaphorical (arguments/ideologies), not literal warfare or territorial-spirit imagery (distinguish from ศาลพระภูมิ associations). |
| taking every thought captive | ผูกมัดความคิดทุกอย่างให้เชื่อฟังพระคริสต์ | phuk mat khwam khit thuk yang hai cheua fang Phra Khrit | Low-Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 10:5 | — | — |
| commend/approved | ผู้ที่เป็นที่ยอมรับ | phu thi pen thi yomrap | Low | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 10:18 | — | — |
Chapter 11
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| false apostles | อัครทูตเทียม | akkhrathut thiam | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:13 | อัครทูตอีกแบบ (a legitimate “other kind” of apostle — forecloses the “different but valid” pluralist reading) | Direct extension of Galatians-baseline false_gospel/false_brothers pattern; เทียม must convey deliberate counterfeit, not merely “additional.” |
| deceitful workers disguising themselves | คนงานที่หลอกลวง ปลอมตัวเป็น | khon ngan thi lok luang, plom tua pen | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:13-15 | — | — |
| angel of light (disguise) | ทูตสวรรค์แห่งความสว่าง (ปลอมตัว) | thut sawan haeng khwam sawang (plom tua) | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:14 | — | ทูตสวรรค์ remains the standard legitimate-angel term; the “disguise” qualifier is non-negotiable so Satan is never read as possessing genuine light-nature. |
| godly jealousy | ความหวงแหนอย่างพระเจ้า | khwam huang haen yang Phra Chao | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:2 | — | Betrothal/OT-covenant-jealousy background note recommended to avoid trivializing into petty personal possessiveness. |
| super-apostles (ironic) | “อัครทูตชั้นเยี่ยม" | "akkhrathut chan yiam” | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 11:5; 12:11 | — | Sarcastic marker (quotation marks or equivalent) must be preserved. |
Chapter 12
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| third heaven / paradise | สวรรค์ชั้นที่สาม / เมืองบรมสุขเกษม | sawan chan thi sam / mueang borommasukkaset | Medium-High | Power in Weakness (context) | 12:2, 4 | — | Requires note distinguishing from Thai Buddhist tiered-heaven merit cosmology (six deva realms); Paul’s experience is a unique, sovereignly-given vision, not a merit-attained cosmic tier. |
| thorn in the flesh | หนามในเนื้อหนัง / หนามในกาย | nam nai nuea nang / nam nai kai | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | — | σάρξ here in literal-bodily sense; requires disambiguation note from the technical flesh-vs-Spirit sense elsewhere. |
| messenger of Satan | ทูตของซาตาน | thut khong Satan | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | — | Parallel construction to “angel of light.” |
| power [made perfect] in weakness | ฤทธิ์เดชของเราจึงปรากฏเต็มที่ในความอ่อนแอ | rit det khong rao jueng prakot temthi nai khwam on ae | High | Power in Weakness | 12:9-10 | — | Doctrinal center of ch. 12. Requires explicit pastoral framing against Thai honor/face culture (เสียหน้า) so weakness-boasting is understood theologically, not as culturally counter-intuitive resignation. |
| signs of a true apostle | หมายสำคัญของอัครทูตแท้ | maisamkhan khong akkhrathut thae | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 12:12 | — | — |
Chapter 13
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| examine/test yourselves | จงพิสูจน์ตนเองว่าอยู่ในความเชื่อหรือไม่ | chong phisut ton eng wa yu nai khwam cheua rue mai | Medium | Genuine versus False Apostleship | 13:5 | — | Must anchor to “in the faith” (relational/doctrinal test), not generic introspective mindfulness practice. |
| Christ in you | พระคริสต์ทรงสถิตในท่าน | Phra Khrit song sathit nai than | High | Genuine versus False Apostleship; extends baseline Christian Identity in Christ | 13:5 | — | Personal, relational indwelling of a distinct divine Person; must not blur into non-dual/atman-Brahman identity-merger frameworks. |
| holy kiss | จุมพิตอันบริสุทธิ์ | chumphit an borisut | Low (doctrinal) / Medium (cultural) | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (closing) | 13:12 | — | Cultural-adaptation note: Thai greeting norm is ไหว้, not kissing; teach as first-century cultural expression of the underlying command, not a literal behavioral mandate. |
| restoration/completeness | ความสมบูรณ์ / การทรงให้ครบถ้วน | khwam somboon / kan song hai khropthuan | Low-Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (closing) | 13:9, 11 | — | — |
Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Summary
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms | Highest Risk Tier |
|---|---|---|
| Reconciliation with God | reconciliation, reconciled, ministry/word of reconciliation, be reconciled, trespasses, died for all, made him sin, become the righteousness of God | Critical |
| New Creation in Christ | new_creation [REUSED], according to the flesh (evaluative sense), the old/the new | Critical |
| Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | comfort, affliction, judgment seat of Christ, tent/earthly dwelling, treasure in jars of clay, eternal weight of glory | High |
| The New Covenant versus the Old | new covenant, letter, veil, transformed, glory [REUSED], freedom [REUSED] | Critical |
| Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | sincerity, fear of the Lord, conscience, boasting, peddling the word, godly grief, repentance, separate yourselves, holy kiss | High |
| Generosity and Grace in Giving | grace [REUSED, giving context], generosity/liberality, cheerful giver, equality, sowing_and_reaping [REUSED] | Critical |
| Power in Weakness | power [made perfect] in weakness, thorn in the flesh, treasure in jars of clay (shared), third heaven/paradise | High |
| Genuine versus False Apostleship | false apostles, angel of light, godly jealousy, super-apostles, examine yourselves, temple of the living God, the god of this age (contrast) | Critical |
Notes for Phase 2 Translation Memory Promotion
- All [REUSED] terms above must be loaded from the existing
translation_memory.jsonwithout modification; do not create duplicate or variant entries. - All [NEW] terms must be added to
translation_memory.jsonwithdoctrine_risk,alternatives_rejected, andnotesfields populated exactly as specified in this glossary before any 2 Corinthians segment is translated in Phase 2. - The following terms carry the highest combined risk in the book and require mandatory theologian sign-off on every occurrence: reconciliation/reconciled, new_creation, the god of this age, cheerful_giver, sowing_and_reaping, false apostles, made him to be sin / become the righteousness of God.
- Context-sensitive terms (boasting; ἁπλότης as sincerity vs. generosity; flesh across its three distinct senses in this letter) require explicit per-occurrence sense-tagging in the segment cache, following the same pattern already established for the baseline’s “called” entry.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never use บุญ (merit) or กรรมดี (good karma), and never บารมี. In 2 Corinthians 8-9, Paul repeatedly calls the Macedonians’ and Corinthians’ giving itself พระคุณ (8:1,4,6,7,9,19; 9:8,14); the giving/collection context must retain พระคุณ exactly rather than being severed into a separate secular ‘generosity’ concept detached from unmerited favor. Also grounds 12:9’s ‘my grace is sufficient for you.‘
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: บุญกุศล, ความดี
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never บุญกุศล or ความดี. Central to 2 Corinthians 5:21’s climax, ‘become the righteousness of God’ — a forensic credited status, not a moral score.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรมที่ทรงถือว่าเป็นของเรา
Transliteration: khwam chop tham thi song thue wa pen khong rao
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: บุญที่สะสมไว้
Original: ἐλογίσθη… δικαιοσύνην / γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. This construction is reused for 2 Corinthians 5:21’s ‘become the righteousness of God’ and functions as the positive mirror of 5:19’s ‘not counting trespasses.‘
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER การบรรลุนิพพาน. Used in 2 Corinthians at 6:2 (‘now is the day of salvation’) and 7:10 (godly grief leading to salvation without regret).
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies ‘fear of the Lord’ (5:11) and ‘let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord’ (10:17, quoting Jer 9:24) in 2 Corinthians.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Established proper-name form used throughout 2 Corinthians.
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Established Thai Bible form; used e.g. in 2 Corinthians 4:5, 10-11; 11:4.
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never เทวดา or พระพรหม. This exclusivity rule is directly tested by 2 Corinthians 4:4’s ‘the god of this age,’ which must be rendered with the proper name ซาตาน (see god_of_this_age) and never an unqualified ‘god’-word.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never วิญญาณ alone or ผี. Central to the letter/Spirit contrast of 2 Corinthians 3 and the closing Trinitarian benediction (13:14).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย
Transliteration: kan pen khuen chak tai
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγερθέντι
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER การเกิดใหม่ or การกลับชาติมาเกิด. Grounds 2 Corinthians 4:14 and 5:15’s ‘live… for him who died and was raised.‘
New Creation
Approved rendering: การทรงสร้างใหม่
Transliteration: kan song sang mai
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Galatians package. Recurs in 2 Corinthians 5:17, the doctrinal anchor of the core passage and the single most tempting forbidden-substitution point in the whole curriculum: never การเกิดใหม่/การกลับชาติมาเกิด, especially tempting here since the phrase follows ‘in Christ’ directly.
Freedom
Approved rendering: เสรีภาพ
Transliteration: seriphap
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: หลุดพ้น, วิมุตติ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
Inherited from Galatians package. Never หลุดพ้น or วิมุตติ. Used in 2 Corinthians 3:17: freedom from the veiled, condemning old-covenant letter, granted ‘where the Spirit of the Lord is.‘
Flesh
Approved rendering: เนื้อหนัง
Transliteration: nuea nang
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: กิเลส (as primary gloss)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Anthropology
Inherited from Galatians package. Never กิเลส as primary gloss. In 2 Corinthians carries three distinct senses requiring mandatory per-occurrence sense-tagging: evaluative/worldly standard of judgment (5:16, ตามเนื้อหนัง), literal-bodily (12:7, thorn in the flesh), and contrast-with-divine-power (10:4, weapons not of the flesh). The same Thai word is correctly reused for all three; only the sense-tag differs.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: หว่านและเก็บเกี่ยว
Transliteration: wan lae kep kiao
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: กฎแห่งกรรม, ทำดีได้ดี ทำชั่วได้ชั่ว
Original: ὁ σπείρων… καὶ θερίσει
Category: Ethics
Inherited from Galatians package. Never กฎแห่งกรรม or ทำดีได้ดีทำชั่วได้ชั่ว. Recurs at 2 Corinthians 9:6 inside the giving context, an even tighter collision than Galatians 6:7-8 since the topic itself (material giving/receiving) is precisely where Thai hearers reach for the karma frame. God must remain the explicit personal subject of the supply throughout 9:8-11.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: การคืนดีกัน
Transliteration: kan khuen di kan
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: การประนีประนอม, การขอขมา, การบนบานเพื่อขอคืนดี
Original: καταλλαγή
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. God’s unilateral restoration of humanity to himself through Christ (2 Corinthians 5:18-19), the doctrinal center of the core passage and the curriculum. Never a negotiated compromise between roughly equal parties (การประนีประนอม) or human-initiated ritual appeasement of an offended power (การขอขมา), both of which relocate the reconciling initiative from God to humanity.
Reconcile
Approved rendering: ทรงกระทำให้คืนดีกัน / จงคืนดีกันกับพระเจ้าเถิด
Transliteration: song kratham hai khuen di kan / chong khuen di kan kap Phra Chao thoet
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: การขอขมา
Original: καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. 5:20’s καταλλάγητε is a passive imperative: an appeal to receive an accomplished divine work, not a command to perform one’s own reconciling labor — parallel to the grace-versus-merit caution already Critical throughout the baseline.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: พันธกิจแห่งการคืนดีกัน
Transliteration: phanthakit haeng kan khuen di kan
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: ἡ διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. The apostolic task entrusted by God: proclaiming his already-completed reconciling work (5:18). Reuses baseline mission term พันธกิจ for consistency.
Word Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: พระวจนะแห่งการคืนดีกัน
Transliteration: phra wotchana haeng kan khuen di kan
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: ὁ λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. The specific content of the apostolic message: God’s completed reconciling work (5:19). Same doctrinal center as reconciliation and ministry_of_reconciliation.
Not Counting Trespasses
Approved rendering: ไม่ทรงถือว่าเป็นความผิดของเขา
Transliteration: mai song thue wa pen khwam phit khong khao
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: merit/demerit-ledger vocabulary (บุญ/บาป balance)
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα
Category: Reconciliation
NEW. God’s decision not to enter humanity’s trespasses into a ledger against them (5:19), the negative counterpart of imputed righteousness. Must never be rendered with merit/demerit-ledger vocabulary drawn from Thai Buddhist moral accounting.
Died For All
Approved rendering: สิ้นพระชนม์เพื่อคนทั้งปวง
Transliteration: sin phra chon phuea khon thang puang
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Death for All
Rejected alternatives: merely sympathetic/exemplary death framing
Original: εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν
Category: Christology
NEW. Christ’s one substitutionary, representative death, counted as the death of all for whom he died (5:14-15). เพื่อ (rendering ὑπέρ) must retain full substitutionary/representative force, never softened into a loose ‘for the benefit of.‘
Made Him To Be Sin
Approved rendering: พระเจ้าทรงกระทำให้พระองค์เป็นบาปเพื่อเรา
Transliteration: Phra Chao song kratham hai Phra Ong pen bap phuea rao
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Death for All
Rejected alternatives: made him a sin offering, punished him for sin
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Salvation
NEW. God’s forensic act of treating the sinless Christ as the bearer of sin’s legal liability (5:21), the exact reversal of imputed righteousness. Must not be softened, which would lose the sharp imputation-parallel with 5:19 and with ‘become the righteousness of God.‘
Become Righteousness Of God
Approved rendering: กลายเป็นผู้มีความชอบธรรมของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: klai pen phu mi khwam chop tham khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Death for All
Rejected alternatives: ความดี, บุญกุศล
Original: γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
NEW. Believers credited with God’s own righteous standing ‘in him’ (5:21), the positive counterpart to Christ becoming sin. Never ความดี or บุญกุศล; a credited legal status, not gradual moral achievement.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญาใหม่
Transliteration: phanthasanya mai
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW, extends baseline covenant term. The covenant of the Spirit that gives life, contrasted with the letter that kills (3:6). Must be held in structured contrast with the old covenant’s own genuinely divine, though fading, glory (3:7); never denigrating it as illegitimate or demonic.
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: ซาตานผู้ครอบครองยุคนี้
Transliteration: Satan phu khrop khrong yuk ni
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and Satanic Counterfeit
Rejected alternatives: เทพเจ้าแห่งยุคนี้ (unqualified)
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. A derisive title Paul applies to Satan, who usurps worship and blinds unbelieving minds (4:4); not a claim that Satan is ontologically a true god. Must use the proper name ซาตาน plus a mandatory translator note to prevent any appearance of granting Satan legitimate deity status alongside พระเจ้า.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: ผู้ให้ด้วยใจยินดี
Transliteration: phu hai duai jai yindi
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: ทำบุญ, การทำบุญ
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Giving
NEW. One who gives freely and joyfully, not reluctantly or under compulsion, because God loves such giving (9:7). Highest Thai-specific risk in this doctrine: never ทำบุญ or its cognates (Buddhist merit-making almsgiving accumulating karmic benefit for future rebirth). Christian giving flows from already-received grace (8:9; 9:8), never a merit-generating act to secure future personal benefit.
High Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never บารมี. Central to the old-vs-new covenant glory comparison of 2 Corinthians 3 (fading vs. permanent glory, structurally preserved) and the ‘eternal weight of glory’ of 4:17.
Holy
Approved rendering: บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ศักดิ์สิทธิ์
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies ‘saints,’ ‘holy kiss’ (13:12), and ‘separate yourselves’ (6:17) in 2 Corinthians.
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Never อกุศลกรรม. Central to 2 Corinthians 5:21’s ‘he made him to be sin’ and 5:19’s ‘not counting trespasses.‘
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never พ่อขุน. Used in 2 Corinthians 1:3 (‘Father of mercies’) and 6:18.
Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญา
Transliteration: phanthasanya
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ข้อตกลง
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Base term for new_covenant below (2 Corinthians 3:6).
Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: tham banyat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: พระธรรมวินัย
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Corinthians 3, ธรรมบัญญัติ itself must not be confused with ‘the letter’ (γράμμα, ตัวอักษร), which names a misuse (external code without the Spirit), not the Law’s own Scripture-derived character.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: rit det khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: อำนาจศักดิ์สิทธิ์ของวัตถุมงคล
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Base term for power_in_weakness (2 Corinthians 12:9-10) and weapons_not_of_flesh (10:4); also underlies the treasure-in-clay-jars image (4:7).
Promise
Approved rendering: พระสัญญา
Transliteration: phra sanya
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: พร
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Galatians package. Never พร. Grounds the ‘Yes and No of God’s promises’ argument in 2 Corinthians 1:18-20, underlying every ‘Amen’ of the church.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: ทูต (ของพระคริสต์)
Transliteration: thut (khong Phra Khrit)
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: เอกอัครราชทูต
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Ministry
NEW. One who serves as an authorized, delegated representative of Christ, entitled to speak with his authority (5:20). Must be kept visually and morphologically distinct from อัครทูต (apostle, a different Greek word). Thai’s elaborate diplomatic register (เอกอัครราชทูต) can be a helpful cultural bridge but must not be pressed so far that the gospel appeal sounds like earthly political protocol rather than a personal plea ‘as though God himself were pleading.‘
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: ความเกรงกลัวองค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam kreng klua ong Phra Phu Pen Chao
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: เกรงใจ (mere social deference), เกรงกลัวผี (fear of a capricious spirit)
Original: φόβος τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Ethics
NEW. Reverential accountability before Christ as coming Judge, Paul’s motive for evangelistic appeal (5:11). Must exceed ordinary social deference or animistic spirit-fear.
Boasting
Approved rendering: เหตุแห่งความภูมิใจ (positive) / การอวดอ้าง (negative)
Transliteration: het haeng khwam phumjai / kan uat-at
Doctrine: Boasting Rightly in the Lord
Original: καύχημα / καύχησις / καυχάομαι
Category: Ethics
NEW. Context-sensitive throughout the letter, parallel to the baseline’s ‘called’ entry. Legitimate boasting is exclusively ‘in the Lord’ (10:17), never self-generated status-display. Positive and negative senses require visibly distinct Thai phrases per occurrence (5:12; 1:12,14; 7:4,14; 8:24; 9:2-3; 10:8,13,15-17; 11:10,12,16-18,30; 12:1,5-6,9,11).
Sincerity
Approved rendering: ความจริงใจ
Transliteration: khwam jing jai
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Ministry
NEW. Undivided, transparent motive, the ground of Paul’s confidence (1:12). Thai เกรงใจ face-preservation norms can make direct transparency register as blunt; anchor as transparency coram Deo (‘as in the sight of God,’ 2:17; 4:2).
Letter
Approved rendering: ตัวอักษร
Transliteration: tua akson
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: γράμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. The Mosaic law as merely external written code apart from the Spirit’s life-giving work; ‘the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life’ (3:6). Must not be confused with or collapsed into ธรรมบัญญัติ (Law) itself, which remains good and Scripture-derived.
Transformed
Approved rendering: ทรงเปลี่ยนแปลงเราให้เป็นเหมือนพระองค์
Transliteration: song plian plaeng rao hai pen muean phra ong
Doctrine: Transformation by the Spirit
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Progressive believer-transformation into Christ’s image, ‘from glory to glory,’ by beholding the Lord (3:18). Must be explicitly Spirit-caused, not self-directed meditative cultivation through the believer’s own discipline and insight.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: บัลลังก์พิพากษาของพระคริสต์
Transliteration: ballang phiphaksa khong Phra Khrit
Doctrine: The Judgment Seat of Christ
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The tribunal before which believers appear for evaluation of deeds done in the body, concerning reward/loss, not salvation status (5:10). Significant collision risk with the Thai folk-Buddhist cosmology of Phaya Yommaraj (พญายมราช), who weighs deeds to determine rebirth; must clarify believers are already secure in salvation and Christ himself, not an impersonal ledger, presides.
Temple Of Living God
Approved rendering: วิหารของพระเจ้าผู้ทรงพระชนม์อยู่
Transliteration: wihan khong Phra Chao phu song phra chon yu
Doctrine: Temple and Holiness of the Church
Rejected alternatives: วัด
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
NEW, extends baseline church caution. The collective church as God’s own dwelling-place (6:16). Must use วิหาร, never วัด (Buddhist temple compound); collision risk sharper here than the general church entry since ‘dwelling-place for divine presence’ is closer to วัด’s semantic field than ‘assembly’ is.
Separate Yourselves
Approved rendering: จงออกจากพวกเขาและปลีกตัวออกมา
Transliteration: chong ok chak phuak khao lae plik tua ok ma
Doctrine: Temple and Holiness of the Church
Original: ἀφορίσθητε
Category: Sanctification
NEW, extends baseline Separation unto God’s Service caution. A call to relational/moral distinction from idolatry and compromising alliances, while remaining engaged in the world (6:17, quoting Isa 52:11). Must not be read as monastic withdrawal (บวช).
Repentance
Approved rendering: การกลับใจ
Transliteration: kan klap jai
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Grief
Rejected alternatives: สำนึกผิด (as the primary gloss)
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance
NEW; newly established, absent from the Romans/Galatians baseline. A fundamental reorientation of mind and will toward God (7:9-10), distinct from mere regret. Thai’s rich remorse/self-blame vocabulary (สำนึกผิด) can register as private guilt-processing or social-face restoration without necessarily implying a decisive Godward reorientation.
Generosity
Approved rendering: ใจกว้าง / ความเอื้อเฟื้อ
Transliteration: jai kwang / khwam euafuea
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἁπλότης
Category: Giving
NEW. Single-hearted, uncalculating generosity in giving (8:2; 9:11,13) — the same Greek word (ἁπλότης) rendered ‘sincerity’ at 1:12. Requires disambiguation training (sense-tag per occurrence) and shares the merit-collision risk of cheerful_giver.
Weapons Not Of Flesh
Approved rendering: เครื่องมือของเราไม่ใช่เนื้อหนัง แต่มีฤทธิ์เดชจากพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khrueang mue khong rao mai chai nuea nang tae mi rit det chak Phra Chao
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: τὰ ὅπλα… οὐ σαρκικὰ ἀλλὰ δυνατὰ τῷ θεῷ
Category: Apostleship
NEW, combining baseline flesh and power_of_god terms. Apostolic weapons for demolishing strongholds are divinely powerful, not merely human (10:4).
False Apostles
Approved rendering: อัครทูตเทียม
Transliteration: akkhrathut thiam
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: อัครทูตอีกแบบ
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW, extends baseline apostle term and the Galatians-established false_gospel/false_brothers pattern. Self-promoting rivals masquerading as legitimate apostles (11:13). เทียม must convey deliberate counterfeit, foreclosing the ‘different but equally valid teacher’ reading Thailand’s religious pluralism might otherwise invite.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: ทูตสวรรค์แห่งความสว่าง (ปลอมตัว)
Transliteration: thut sawan haeng khwam sawang (plom tua)
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and Satanic Counterfeit
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. The disguise Satan takes on, appearing as a legitimate, benevolent heavenly messenger (11:14). ทูตสวรรค์ remains the standard legitimate-angel term and must stay uncontaminated for its normal positive uses; the disguise-qualifier (ปลอมตัวเป็น) is non-negotiable.
Third Heaven Paradise
Approved rendering: สวรรค์ชั้นที่สาม / เมืองบรมสุขเกษม
Transliteration: sawan chan thi sam / mueang borommasukkaset
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: τρίτος οὐρανός / παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Paul’s unique, overwhelming visionary experience of God’s presence, reported with deliberate restraint (12:2,4). Thai popular Buddhist cosmology’s tiered heavens (six deva-realms, merit-attained) makes a literal collision likely; requires a note clarifying Paul’s experience is a unique, sovereignly-given vision, not a merit-attained cosmic tier.
Power In Weakness
Approved rendering: ฤทธิ์เดชของเราจึงปรากฏเต็มที่ในความอ่อนแอ
Transliteration: rit det khong rao jueng prakot temthi nai khwam on ae
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἡ δύναμίς μου ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται
Category: Suffering
NEW, reuses baseline power_of_god (ฤทธิ์เดช). God’s power displayed precisely through, not despite, human insufficiency (12:9-10). Requires explicit pastoral framing against Thai honor/face culture (เสียหน้า) so weakness-boasting is understood as a theological claim, not resignation or false humility.
Christ In You
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์ทรงสถิตในท่าน
Transliteration: Phra Khrit song sathit nai than
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ (Indwelling)
Original: Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν
Category: Christology
NEW, extends baseline Christian Identity in Christ doctrine. Christ’s personal indwelling presence within the believer, the mark of a genuine standing ‘in the faith’ (13:5). Must preserve the Creator-creature distinction; must not blur into non-dual ‘no-self’ (anattā) or Hindu-Brahmanic atman-Brahman identity-merger frameworks.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith must always be Christ. In 2 Corinthians used at 5:7 (‘walk by faith, not by sight’) and as the basis of 13:5’s self-examination (‘whether you are in the faith’).
Saints
Approved rendering: วิสุทธิชน
Transliteration: wisutthichon
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: พระอรหันต์
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never พระอรหันต์. In 2 Corinthians, recipients of Paul’s Jerusalem collection (8:4; 9:1, 12).
Church
Approved rendering: คริสตจักร
Transliteration: khritsatchak
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: วัด
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never วัด. Addressed directly at 2 Corinthians 1:1; see temple_of_living_god for the sharper, church-specific วัด-collision risk at 6:16.
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Base term for false_apostles (อัครทูตเทียม) and super_apostles below; must remain visually and morphologically distinct from ทูต (‘ambassador,’ 5:20).
Israel
Approved rendering: อิสราเอล
Transliteration: Itsarael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. ‘The sons of Israel’ could not gaze at Moses’ veiled, fading glory (2 Corinthians 3:7, 13).
Revelation
Approved rendering: การทรงสำแดง
Transliteration: kan song samdaeng
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: นิมิตของหมอดู
Original: ἀποκάλυψις / ὀπτασία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Galatians package. Never นิมิตของหมอดู. Used in 2 Corinthians 12:1, 7, Paul’s ‘visions and revelations of the Lord.‘
Peace
Approved rendering: สันติสุข
Transliteration: santisuk
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Used in 2 Corinthians 13:11’s closing exhortation, ‘live in peace.‘
Mission
Approved rendering: พันธกิจ
Transliteration: phanthakit
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: งานเผยแผ่ศาสนา
Inherited from Romans package. Reused as the base component of ministry_of_reconciliation (พันธกิจแห่งการคืนดีกัน, 5:18), a new Critical-risk 2 Corinthians term below.
Trespasses
Approved rendering: การล่วงละเมิด
Transliteration: kan luang lamoet
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: παραπτώματα
Category: Sin
NEW. Specific transgressive missteps against a relationship or standard (5:19), narrower than the general term for sin (บาป). Kept distinct in translator notes though both operate under the same personal-God-offended framework.
Conscience
Approved rendering: จิตสำนึก
Transliteration: chit samnuek
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: สติ (mindfulness/present-moment attentiveness)
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Anthropology
NEW. The inner moral faculty appealed to as corroborating witness to Paul’s sincerity (5:11). Kept distinct from สติ; anchored as accountable to a personal God, not generic self-awareness.
Comfort
Approved rendering: การหนุนใจ / ความชูใจ
Transliteration: kan nun jai / khwam chu jai
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Suffering
NEW, sense-extension of baseline exhort/หนุนใจ. God’s own consolation given to believers in affliction so they may comfort others (1:3-7), a pastorally weightier register than mere encouragement toward obedience.
Affliction
Approved rendering: ความทุกข์ยาก
Transliteration: khwam thuk yak
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: ทุกข์ alone, unqualified
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering
NEW. Distress, persecution, or hardship in ministry (1:4,6,8). ทุกข์ is Buddhism’s central technical term for suffering as an impersonal universal feature of existence; must be anchored here as personal, God-permitted, purposeful affliction — the arena of divine comfort and power, not a condition escaped through detachment.
Seal
Approved rendering: ทรงประทับตราไว้
Transliteration: song prathap tra wai
Doctrine: Assurance through the Spirit’s Seal and Guarantee
Original: σφραγίς / σφραγίζω
Category: Assurance
NEW. God’s authenticating mark of ownership on believers via the Spirit (1:22). ตราประทับ is a well-understood Thai legal/commercial concept; low collision risk.
Guarantee
Approved rendering: มัดจำ
Transliteration: mat jam
Doctrine: Assurance through the Spirit’s Seal and Guarantee
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Assurance
NEW. The Holy Spirit as God’s own pledge guaranteeing future resurrection-life fullness (1:22; 5:5). Everyday Thai commercial deposit-term; must not be heard as merely transactional — it is God’s own relational pledge of a certain future completion.
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: ให้อภัย / ทรงประทานการอภัยแก่
Transliteration: hai aphai / song prathan kan aphai
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Ethics
NEW. To grant graciously (χαρίζομαι, shares the χάρις root); the Corinthians are urged to forgive a repentant offender (2:7,10), freely granted, not earned by remorse.
Fragrance Of Christ
Approved rendering: กลิ่นหอมของพระคริสต์
Transliteration: klin hom khong Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ὀσμὴ / εὐωδία Χριστοῦ
Category: Ministry
NEW. Apostolic proclamation likened to incense diffused in a Roman victory procession, drawing on OT sacrificial ‘pleasing aroma’ language (2:14-16). Risk of collision with Thai incense-offering (ธูป) devotional practice; requires a note clarifying Paul’s own metaphor, not an endorsement of ritual incense.
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: ทรงนำเราไปในฐานะผู้มีชัย
Transliteration: song nam rao pai nai thana phu mi chai
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Ministry
NEW. God as conquering general leading the apostles as participants in Christ’s triumph (2:14). No direct Thai cultural equivalent; avoid conflating with Thai royal/military parade imagery.
Peddling The Word
Approved rendering: ผู้ค้าขายพระวจนะของพระเจ้าเพื่อผลประโยชน์
Transliteration: phu kha khai phra wotchana khong Phra Chao phuea phon prayot
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Ministry
NEW. A dishonest retail-huckster image applied to those who corrupt the gospel for gain (2:17); effective natural bridge via familiar Thai market-vendor-adulteration idioms; anticipates the false-apostle theme of chs. 10-12.
Veil
Approved rendering: ผ้าคลุมหน้า
Transliteration: pha khlum na
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Covering over Moses’ face and, metaphorically, hardened minds unable to perceive Christ in the old covenant Scriptures (3:13-16). Requires an Exodus 34 OT-background note for the target audience’s low OT literacy.
Eternal Weight Of Glory
Approved rendering: น้ำหนักแห่งพระสิริอันเป็นนิรันดร์
Transliteration: namnak haeng phra siri an pen nirandon
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης
Category: Suffering
NEW. Present, light and momentary affliction producing a disproportionate eternal glory (4:17). The Greek wordplay (light affliction/heavy glory) may not carry over naturally; a translator’s note is preferable to a forced pun.
Earthly Tent
Approved rendering: เต็นท์ (ที่อาศัยชั่วคราว)
Transliteration: ten (thi asai chua khrao)
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: σκῆνος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. The present mortal body as a temporary dwelling, to be exchanged for a permanent heavenly one (5:1,4). Requires a brief cultural note since nomadic tent-dwelling is not part of ordinary Thai lived experience.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: อย่าเข้าเทียมแอกกับผู้ไม่เชื่อ
Transliteration: ya khao thiam aek kap phu mai cheua
Doctrine: Temple and Holiness of the Church
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Ethics
NEW. An incompatible, mismatched partnership, drawn from the OT prohibition against yoking mismatched animals (6:14, cf. Deut 22:10). Agricultural yoke-imagery less familiar to urban Thai audiences; broadly intelligible with a brief note.
Godly Grief
Approved rendering: ความเสียใจตามพระประสงค์ของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam sia jai tam phra prasong khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Grief
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν
Category: Repentance
NEW. God-oriented sorrow that produces repentance and life, contrasted with worldly grief that produces death (7:9-10).
Strongholds
Approved rendering: ป้อมปราการ
Transliteration: pom prakan
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ὀχυρώματα
Category: Apostleship
NEW. Entrenched arguments/ideologies opposing the knowledge of God, demolished by the gospel (10:4). Metaphorical use only, not literal warfare or territorial-spirit imagery; distinguish from Thai folk-animist territorial-spirit appeasement (ศาลพระภูมิ).
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: ความหวงแหนอย่างพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam huang haen yang Phra Chao
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ζῆλος θεοῦ
Category: Apostleship
NEW. Paul’s protective, covenant-jealous zeal for the Corinthians’ undivided devotion to Christ, drawing on OT marriage-covenant imagery (11:2). A brief OT betrothal/covenant background note is recommended to avoid trivializing into petty personal possessiveness.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: “อัครทูตชั้นเยี่ยม”
Transliteration: “akkhrathut chan yiam”
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW. Paul’s ironic/sarcastic title for his self-promoting rivals (11:5; 12:11). The ironic tone must be preserved via an equivalent Thai sarcasm-marking convention (quotation marks) so the phrase is not mistaken for a sincere concession of superior status.
Thorn In Flesh
Approved rendering: หนามในเนื้อหนัง
Transliteration: nam nai nuea nang
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Suffering
NEW. A persistent physical or circumstantial affliction, deliberately left unspecified, permitted by God to keep Paul from pride (12:7). σάρξ here is literal-bodily, distinct from the technical flesh-vs-Spirit moral-conflict sense flagged Critical in Galatians; requires a disambiguation note.
Messenger Of Satan
Approved rendering: ทูตของซาตาน
Transliteration: thut khong Satan
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and Satanic Counterfeit
Original: ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW, parallel construction to angel_of_light. Paul’s description of the source/agent of his thorn in the flesh (12:7).
Signs Of True Apostle
Approved rendering: หมายสำคัญของอัครทูตแท้
Transliteration: maisamkhan khong akkhrathut thae
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: τὰ σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship
NEW. The evidences validating Paul’s genuine apostleship, performed among the Corinthians (12:12).
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: จงพิสูจน์ตนเองว่าอยู่ในความเชื่อหรือไม่
Transliteration: chong phisut ton eng wa yu nai khwam cheua rue mai
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ (Indwelling)
Original: δοκιμάζετε ἑαυτούς
Category: Faith
NEW, reuses baseline faith term. A call for the Corinthians to test whether they are ‘in the faith’ (13:5). Must anchor explicitly to ‘in the faith’ so it is not read as a generic introspective mindfulness exercise resonant with Buddhist vipassanā self-observation.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: การสามัคคีธรรม
Transliteration: kan samakkhi tham
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: มิตรภาพ
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Closes 2 Corinthians in the Trinitarian benediction, ‘the fellowship of the Holy Spirit’ (13:14).
Exhort
Approved rendering: หนุนใจ
Transliteration: nun jai
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, sense-extended in 2 Corinthians chs. 1 and 7 to specifically mean comfort-in-affliction (a pastorally weightier register than exhortation toward right action). See the new comfort entry for the extension.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: การขอบพระคุณ
Transliteration: kan khop phra khun
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout 2 Corinthians’ ministry and giving sections (1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 8:16; 9:11-12).
Treasure In Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: ขุมทรัพย์ในภาชนะดินเหนียว
Transliteration: khum sap nai phachana din niao
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν
Category: Suffering
NEW. The gospel’s priceless worth carried by weak, mortal apostolic messengers, so that the power is seen to be God’s, not theirs (4:7). Vivid, concrete image; low collision risk.
Belial
Approved rendering: เบลีอัล
Transliteration: Beliar
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and Satanic Counterfeit
Original: Βελίαρ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. A Jewish apocalyptic name for Satan (6:15). Proper name; a brief identifying note is sufficient.
Fear And Trembling
Approved rendering: ความเกรงกลัวและความสั่นสะท้าน
Transliteration: khwam kreng klua lae khwam san sathon
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Grief
Original: φόβος καὶ τρόμος
Category: Ethics
NEW, related to fear_of_the_lord entry. Reverent, careful reception, describing the Corinthians’ response to Titus (7:15).
Equality
Approved rendering: ความเสมอภาค / ความเท่าเทียมกัน
Transliteration: khwam samopap / khwam thao thiam kan
Doctrine: Mutual Partnership and Fair Equality in Giving
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving
NEW. A fair balance between those with abundance and those in need, meeting real need rather than enforcing identical redistribution (8:13-14).
Fellow Worker
Approved rendering: ผู้ร่วมงาน
Transliteration: phu ruam ngan
Doctrine: Mutual Partnership and Fair Equality in Giving
Original: συνεργός
Category: Church
NEW. A partner in ministry and the collection effort (8:23).
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: จุมพิตอันบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: chumphit an borisut
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
NEW. A physical greeting expressing warm, unifying affection among believers (13:12). No significant doctrinal collision, but physical kissing is not customary Thai social practice (the standard greeting is the ไหว้); teach as a first-century cultural expression of the underlying command, not a literal behavioral mandate.
Restoration
Approved rendering: ความสมบูรณ์ / การทรงให้ครบถ้วน
Transliteration: khwam somboon / kan song hai khropthuan
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: κατάρτισις / καταρτίζεσθε
Category: Church
NEW. Being made complete/fit, mended toward proper spiritual maturity (13:9, 11).
Referenced passages