Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke (English–Thai)
This glossary catalogs the load-bearing theological terms newly introduced by Luke (i.e., not already recorded in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json), cross-referenced by the chapters in which they occur. Terms already established in the baseline MUST be reused exactly and are listed separately in the Baseline Terms Reused in Luke table for cross-reference completeness, without re-deriving their renderings.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; mandatory human theologian review every occurrence.
- High — significant theological confusion/syncretism risk; mandatory human theologian review.
- Medium — reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision; automated review sufficient.
New Luke Terms
| # | English Term | Original Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Notes / Forbidden Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | พระผู้ช่วยให้รอด | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 2 | Never a benefactor-deity-among-many gloss; extends baseline “salvation” (ความรอด). |
| 2 | Anoint / Anointed | χρίω | chriō | ทรงเจิม | Critical | Jesus as Savior; Messianic Promise (baseline) | 4 (core) | Root of “Christ”/“Messiah”; never reduced to generic “chosen/blessed”; never equated with Thai royal/monastic consecration rites as an equivalent sacred category. |
| 3 | Release (captives) / Liberty | ἄφεσις | aphesis | การปลดปล่อย | Critical | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 4 (core) | NEVER หลุดพ้น (samsaric liberation) or วิมุตติ (Pali liberation from defilements) — same forbidden-substitution class as baseline “freedom” (เสรีภาพ). Same Greek root as “forgiveness of sins” below; teach the wordplay explicitly. |
| 4 | Forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν | aphesis hamartiōn | การทรงยกโทษบาป | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 1, 3, 4 (core), 5, 23, 24 | Never a self-attained clearing of one’s own karmic ledger; God’s own judicial release, received not achieved. |
| 5 | Poor | πτωχός | ptōchos | คนยากจน | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4 (core), 6, 7, 14, 21 | Risk is doctrinal, not lexical: must not be read through the lens of merit-generating almsgiving (ทำบุญ/ตักบาตร); the poor are God’s addressees, not props for donor merit. |
| 6 | Oppressed / Downtrodden | τεθραυσμένος (θραύω) | tethrausmenos | ผู้ถูกกดขี่ | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4 (core) | Avoid implying the person’s own past karma caused their crushed state. |
| 7 | Proclaim / Preach | κηρύσσω | kēryssō | ประกาศ | Medium | Gospel (baseline extension) | 4 (core), 8, 9 | Heraldic, authoritative proclamation; distinguish from generic teaching (διδάσκω). |
| 8 | Acceptable Year of the Lord (Jubilee) | ἐνιαυτὸς κυρίου δεκτός | eniautos kyriou dektos | ปีแห่งความโปรดปรานขององค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4 (core) | Requires explicit OT Jubilee (Lev 25) background note; risk of flattening into a vague one-time blessing. |
| 9 | Today (inaugurated fulfillment) | σήμερον | sēmeron | วันนี้ | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 2, 4 (core), 19, 23 | Cross-document consistency required at every recurrence (2:11; 4:21; 19:9; 23:43); QA must track this motif explicitly. |
| 10 | Visitation (divine) | ἐπισκέπτομαι / ἐπισκοπή | episkeptomai / episkopē | เสด็จมาเยี่ยม | Medium | The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1, 7, 19 | Personal, purposive divine coming-near; not a routine social visit. |
| 11 | Redeem / Redemption | λυτρόω / λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις | lytroō / lytrōsis / apolytrōsis | ทรงไถ่ / การทรงไถ่ | Critical | The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1, 2, 21, 24 | MUST reuse the Galatians baseline term exactly (ทรงไถ่); never ปลดเปลื้องกรรม. |
| 12 | Repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | การกลับใจใหม่ | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3, 5, 11, 13, 15, 24 | Decisive God-enabled turning to Christ; not ethical self-improvement or karmic-trajectory correction. |
| 13 | Baptism | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | บัพติศมา | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3 | Established loanword; distinguish from รดน้ำมนต์ (ritual water-blessing). |
| 14 | Fruit (worthy of repentance) | καρπός | karpos | ผล / ผลที่สมกับการกลับใจ | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3, 6, 8, 13 | Never ผลบุญ/ผลกรรม (karmic fruit), per Galatians baseline pattern; Spirit-enabled outworking, not self-generated merit. |
| 15 | Authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | สิทธิอำนาจ | Medium-High | Jesus as Savior; Deity of Christ (baseline) | 4 (core), 5, 9, 20 | Inherent/delegated divine authority, not merely social rank or respect. |
| 16 | Unclean Spirit / Demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | ผีโสโครก / มาร | High | The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History (contrast) | 4 (core), 8, 9, 11 | Sharp Thai collision point with folk ผี vocabulary; never confuse with, or use interchangeably alongside, พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ (baseline Critical term for Holy Spirit). |
| 17 | Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός | hamartōlos | คนบาป | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5, 7, 15, 18, 19 | Retain as a universal category (per baseline “sin” notes), not a graded sub-class of worse-karma people. |
| 18 | Table Fellowship / Eat With | συνεσθίω κ.τ.λ. | synesthiō | ร่วมรับประทานอาหารกับ | Medium | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5, 7, 15, 19 | Strong honor/hierarchy signals in Thai commensality; flag for native speaker review of countercultural force. |
| 19 | Blessed / Woe | μακάριος / οὐαί | makarios / ouai | เป็นสุข / วิบัติ | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 6 | เป็นสุข not a this-worldly prosperity promise; eschatological reversal secured by Jesus. |
| 20 | Compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splanchnizomai | เกิดความสงสารยิ่งนัก | Medium-High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 7, 10, 15 | Avoid primary gloss via เมตตา/กรุณา (cultivated Buddhist virtues); this is Christ’s personal, spontaneous, action-producing compassion. |
| 21 | Raise Up (temporary revivification) | ἐγείρω | egeirō | ทรงทำให้เป็นขึ้น / ทรงปลุกให้ฟื้น | High | (contrast term to baseline Resurrection) | 7, 8 | Must be kept distinct in register from baseline การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย (Christ’s/final resurrection, Critical). |
| 22 | Word of God | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | ho logos tou theou | พระวจนะของพระเจ้า | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture (baseline) | 8 | Standard, established. |
| 23 | Deny Oneself / Take Up One’s Cross | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / σταυρός | aparneomai heauton / stauros | ปฏิเสธตนเอง / แบกกางเขนของตนทุกวัน | Critical | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 9, 14, 22 | Never การละตัวตน (self-directed ego-dissolution via meditative discipline); daily, Christ-empowered identification with his path, not self-attained. |
| 24 | Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | บุตรมนุษย์ | Critical | Humanity and Deity of Christ (baseline) | 9, and 25 occurrences throughout Luke | Distinct from พระบุตรของพระเจ้า (Son of God, baseline); holds full humanity + Danielic heavenly authority together. |
| 25 | Kingdom of God Has Come Near | ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | ēngiken hē basileia tou theou | แผ่นดินของพระเจ้ามาใกล้แล้ว | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 10 | Track alongside 17:21 for consistency; guard against both over- and under-realized readings. |
| 26 | Neighbor | πλησίον | plēsion | เพื่อนบ้าน | Medium | Jesus’ Compassion (extended) | 10 | Redefined by need/mercy shown, not geographic or in-group proximity. |
| 27 | Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης | Samaritēs | คนสะมาเรีย | Medium | Unity across ethnic/religious boundaries (baseline extension) | 10, 17 | Requires OT/intertestamental Jewish-Samaritan enmity background note. |
| 28 | Eternal Life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | ชีวิตนิรันดร์ | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 10, 18 | Not a favorable but still-cyclical rebirth state; permanent, personal life with God. |
| 29 | Prayer (general) | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι | proseuchē / proseuchomai | การอธิษฐาน | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 18, 22 | Distinguish from baseline “intercession” (การอธิษฐานวิงวอนแทน, for others specifically) and from การบนบานศาลกล่าว (shrine vow-bargaining). |
| 30 | Fool / Store Up Treasure | ἄφρων / θησαυρίζειν | aphrōn / thēsaurizein | คนโง่ / สะสมทรัพย์สมบัติไว้ในสวรรค์ | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 12 | Not a merit-accumulation transaction (บุญ); generous, God-oriented resource use. |
| 31 | Hate (relative-priority idiom) | μισέω | miseō | เกลียดชัง (idiomatic; requires note) | High | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 14 | Semitic idiom for relative priority, not literal hatred; without a translator note risks severe offense against Thai filial-piety (กตัญญู) values. |
| 32 | Lost / Found | ἀπόλλυμι / εὑρίσκω | apollymi / heuriskō | หลงหาย / พบ | Medium-High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 15, 19 | Preserve seeker’s agency (God/Christ finds); never a self-rescue narrative. |
| 33 | Joy | χαρά | chara | ความยินดี | Medium | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 2, 15, 24 | Heaven’s own joy over repentance; not generic/transient emotional pleasure. |
| 34 | Mammon | μαμωνᾶς | mamōnas | เงินทอง / มัมโมนา | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 16 | Personified rival master; preserve idol-of-wealth nuance, not neutral “money.” |
| 35 | Hades / Bosom of Abraham | ᾍδης / κόλπος Ἀβραάμ | Hadēs / kolpos Abraam | แดนคนตาย / อยู่เคียงข้างอับราฮัม | High | The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History (afterlife contrast) | 16 | Distinguish from Buddhist นรก (impermanent, karma-determined punishment-realm within samsara); fixed intermediate state pending one-time judgment. |
| 36 | Kingdom of God Within/Among You | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν | entos hymōn | อยู่ท่ามกลางท่านทั้งหลาย | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 17 | ”Among/in the midst of,” not “within” (interior); an “interior” rendering dangerously echoes Buddhist inward-looking meditative attainment. Mandatory theologian review. |
| 37 | New Covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη | kainē diathēkē | พันธสัญญาใหม่ | Critical | Jesus as Savior; Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 22 | Once-for-all, blood-sealed; not a renewed merit-based obligation system; builds on baseline “covenant” (พันธสัญญา). |
| 38 | Paradise | παράδεισος | paradeisos | สวนสวรรค์ / เมืองบรมสุขเกษม | High | Jesus as Savior; Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 23 | Distinguish from Buddhist impermanent heavenly rebirth-realms; immediate, personal, permanent communion with Christ. |
| 39 | It Was Necessary (divine narrative necessity) | ἔδει | edei | จำเป็นต้องเป็นไปตามนั้น | Medium-High | The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History; Fulfillment of Prophecy (baseline) | 9, 17, 22, 24 | Never เวรกรรม (karma) or ดวง (fate); God’s own revealed, purposive plan. |
| 40 | Seek and Save the Lost | ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός | zētēsai kai sōsai to apolōlos | เสด็จมาเพื่อค้นหาและช่วยผู้ที่หลงหายให้รอด | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 19 | Programmatic mission-summary verse; mandatory theologian review, parallel priority to Romans 1:16-17 in the baseline. |
| 41 | Forgiveness of Sins to All Nations | ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη | aphesin hamartiōn eis panta ta ethnē | การทรงยกโทษบาปแก่มนุษย์ทุกชาติ | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 24 | Capstone/Great-Commission-equivalent verse; combines entries #4 and baseline “gentiles”; mandatory theologian review. |
Baseline Terms Reused in Luke (for cross-reference; renderings NOT re-derived)
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Key Luke Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | ข่าวประเสริฐ | High | 4 (core), 7, 9, 20 |
| Grace | พระคุณ | Critical | 1, 2, 4 (implied), 7 |
| Faith | ความเชื่อ | Medium | 5, 7, 8, 17, 18 |
| Righteousness | ความชอบธรรม | Critical | 1, 18, 23 |
| Justification | การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม | Critical | 18 |
| Salvation | ความรอด | Critical | 1, 2, 19, 24 |
| Holy | บริสุทธิ์ | High | throughout |
| Saints / Sainthood | วิสุทธิชน | Medium | (minimal in Luke; primarily Acts/Epistles) |
| Sanctification | การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์ | High | 1 (implied) |
| Resurrection | การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย | Critical | 20, 24 |
| Lord | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | Critical | 1, 2, 4 (core), throughout |
| Son of God | พระบุตรของพระเจ้า | Critical | 1, 3, 4 (core), 8, 9 |
| Incarnation | การทรงบังเกิดเป็นมนุษย์ | Critical | 1, 2 |
| Peace | สันติสุข | Medium | 1, 2, 19 |
| Church | คริสตจักร | Medium | (minimal in Luke; primarily Acts) |
| Kingdom of God | แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า | Medium | 4 (core), 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 21 |
| Law | ธรรมบัญญัติ | High | 2, 10, 16 |
| Sin | บาป | High | 1, 3, 5, 7 |
| Gentiles | คนต่างชาติ | Medium | 2, 4 (core, Isa. allusion), 10, 13, 21, 24 |
| Glory | พระสิริ | High | 2, 9 |
| Power of God | ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า | High | 1, 4 (core), 24 |
| Messiah / Christ | พระเมสสิยาห์ / พระคริสต์ | Critical | 2, 3, 4 (core), 9, 22, 23 |
| Prophet | ผู้เผยพระวจนะ | Low | 1, 3, 4 (core), 7 |
| Prophecy | คำพยากรณ์ | Low | 1, 4 (core) |
| Covenant | พันธสัญญา | High | 1, 22 |
| Election | การทรงเลือก | High | (implied, 6:13 “chose”) |
| Intercession | การอธิษฐานวิงวอนแทน | Medium | 22 (Christ’s/Spirit’s intercession pattern) |
| Providence | การทรงดูแลรักษาของพระเจ้า | High | 12, 24 |
| Mission | พันธกิจ | Medium | 9, 10, 24 |
| David | ดาวิด | Low | 1, 2, 3, 20 |
| Israel | อิสราเอล | Medium | 1, 2, 24 |
| Jesus | พระเยซู | Critical | throughout |
| God | พระเจ้า | Critical | throughout |
| Holy Spirit | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Critical | 1, 2, 3, 4 (core), 11, 24 |
| Father | พระบิดา | High | 2, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23 |
| Freedom | เสรีภาพ | Critical | (thematic parallel via ἄφεσις, see New Terms #3) |
| Circumcision | การเข้าสุหนัต | Medium | 1, 2 |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json prior to Phase 2 processing, with each New Luke Term above assigned a translation_memory entry using the identical structure (translation, transliteration, doctrine_risk, doctrine, alternatives_rejected, notes) demonstrated in the baseline package. All Critical and High risk new entries require human theologian sign-off before Phase 2 begins, per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: Never use บุญ (merit) or กรรมดี (good karma), and never บารมี (accumulated charisma/perfection). Underlies Luke’s Lostness and God’s Seeking Grace doctrine (Luke 15; 19:1-10): the seeking agent’s own initiative, not the lost party’s self-rescue, must remain grammatically explicit. Inherited from Romans package.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: บุญกุศล, ความดี
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: Never use บุญกุศล or ความดี. Applied in Luke to the centurion’s confession over the crucified Christ (‘certainly this man was righteous/innocent,’ 23:47), a Gentile’s confession reinforcing Jesus as Savior for All Nations. Inherited from Romans package.
Justification
Approved rendering: การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม
Transliteration: kan thuk nap wa pen phu chop tham
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: การได้บุญ
Original: δικαιόω / δεδικαιωμένος
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: never ‘gaining merit’ (การได้บุญ). Enacted at Luke 18:9-14 (the tax collector ‘went down to his house justified’): the verdict rests on his plea for mercy, not his moral record relative to the Pharisee. Inherited from Romans package.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: NEVER การบรรลุนิพพาน or การหลุดพ้น. Central to Luke’s Savior doctrine (1:69,71,77; 19:9-10) and repeatedly tied to the Lukan ‘today’ motif (2:11; 19:9). Inherited from Romans package.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย
Transliteration: kan pen khuen chak tai
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: NEVER การเกิดใหม่ or การกลับชาติมาเกิด. Debated with the Sadducees (Luke 20:27-38, ‘sons of the resurrection,’ 20:36) and enacted in Christ’s own bodily rising (24:1-12, 36-43). Must be kept distinct in register from the New Luke Term ‘raise_up_temporary’ (ἐγείρω), which names a temporary, repeatable revivification, not this once-for-all event. Inherited from Romans package.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: exclusive, supreme divine Lordship, never blurring into ordinary respectful address or the extensive royal-honorific register Thai reserves for the monarchy. Applied to Jesus throughout Luke (1:43; 2:11; 5:8; 7:6; 10:1). Inherited from Romans package.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: พระบุตรของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra But khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทพบุตร, อวตารของพระเจ้า
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: never เทพบุตร or อวตารของพระเจ้า. Declared at the annunciation, temptation, and transfiguration (1:35; 3:38; 4:3,9,41; 8:28; 9:35). Must be kept strictly distinct from the new Luke term ‘son_of_man’ (บุตรมนุษย์), a complementary but non-interchangeable title. Inherited from Romans package.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: การทรงบังเกิดเป็นมนุษย์
Transliteration: kan song bangkoet pen manut
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: การอวตาร
Original: (theological term for the Annunciation/Nativity)
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: NEVER การอวตาร. Especially salient in Luke’s extended nativity narrative (1:26-38; 2:1-20) given Thai popular religion’s Ramakien/avatar associations. Inherited from Romans package.
Messiah
Approved rendering: พระเมสสิยาห์
Transliteration: Phra Messiya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: never พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย. Jesus claims this office explicitly in the Nazareth sermon (Luke 4:16-21, core passage) and it recurs throughout (2:11,26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 22:67; 24:26,46). Inherited from Romans package.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Established proper-name/title form used throughout Luke. Note the verbal link to the new Luke term ‘anointed’ (ทรงเจิม) established at Luke 4:18 — teach the wordplay explicitly since Thai does not share the Greek’s visible root connection. Inherited from Galatians package.
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Standard Thai Bible form throughout Luke. Inherited from Romans package.
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: Never เทวดา or พระพรหม. Inherited from Romans package.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα κυρίου
Category: God
CRITICAL: Never วิญญาณ alone or ผี. Luke 4:18’s ‘Spirit of the Lord’ (Πνεῦμα Κυρίου) must receive this same divine, personal register though the Greek noun differs from πνεῦμα ἅγιον. Must never share clause-level register with the new Luke term ‘unclean_spirit_demon’ (ผีโสโครก/มาร) — see doctrine_risk_registry.json Fence #1. Inherited from Romans package.
Freedom
Approved rendering: เสรีภาพ
Transliteration: seriphap
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: หลุดพ้น, วิมุตติ
Original: ἐλευθερία (thematic parallel via ἄφεσις)
Category: Freedom
CRITICAL: never หลุดพ้น or วิมุตติ. Thematic parallel in Luke to the release/captive language at 4:18 (see new Luke term ‘release_captives’); this is the fourth recurrence of this exact forbidden-substitution fence across the pipeline. Inherited from Galatians package.
Redeem
Approved rendering: ทรงไถ่
Transliteration: song thai
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: λυτρόω / λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: never ปลดเปลื้องกรรม. MUST be reused exactly for Luke’s λυτρόω/λύτρωσις/ἀπολύτρωσις family (1:68; 2:38; 21:28; 24:21), a different Greek root from the Galatians ἐξαγοράζω but the identical doctrinal content: Christ’s own costly, substitutionary action, not the believer’s self-directed moral-ledger discharge. Inherited from Galatians package.
Savior
Approved rendering: พระผู้ช่วยให้รอด
Transliteration: phra phu chuai hai rot
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: ผู้คุ้มครอง, เทพเจ้าผู้พิทักษ์
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW. CRITICAL: never a benefactor-king or helper-deity/protector-spirit (ผู้คุ้มครอง) gloss — Thai popular religion recognizes many such figures. Builds directly on the baseline’s Critical ‘salvation’ entry. Announced to shepherds and ‘for all the people’ (Luke 2:10-11), signaling universal-and-marginal scope from the outset. Teach the polemical contrast with Rome’s identical imperial-cult title for Augustus.
Anointed
Approved rendering: ทรงเจิม
Transliteration: song choem
Doctrine: The Spirit’s Anointing of Jesus’ Ministry
Rejected alternatives: การเลือกทั่วไปที่ไม่มีนัยการแต่งตั้งตำแหน่ง, พิธีบวช/พิธีราชาภิเษก (treated as an equivalent sacred category)
Original: χρίω
Category: Christology
NEW. CRITICAL. Verbal root of พระคริสต์ (Christ); teach the wordplay explicitly since Thai does not carry it visibly the way Greek χρίω/Χριστός does. Never softened to generic ‘chosen/blessed’ and never equated with Thai royal coronation anointing or monastic ordination consecration — Christ’s anointing (Luke 4:18, quoting Isaiah 61:1) is unique, eschatological, and Spirit-given, not a repeatable ceremonial installation.
Release Captives
Approved rendering: การปลดปล่อย
Transliteration: kan plotploi
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: หลุดพ้น, วิมุตติ
Original: ἄφεσις (αἰχμαλώτοις)
Category: Salvation
NEW. CRITICAL: directly analogous to the Galatians baseline’s Critical ‘freedom’ (เสรีภาพ) entry. NEVER หลุดพ้น (samsaric liberation) or วิมุตติ (Pali liberation from defilements). Shares its Greek root (ἄφεσις) with ‘forgiveness_of_sins’ below (Luke 4:18); teach the underlying wordplay explicitly while keeping the two Thai surface forms distinct.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: การทรงยกโทษบาป
Transliteration: kan song yokthot bap
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: การชำระกรรมของตนเอง, หลุดพ้นจากบาป
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW. CRITICAL: never a self-attained clearing of one’s own karmic ledger. God’s own judicial release, received by faith and repentance (1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 23:34; 24:47). Shares its Greek root (ἄφεσις) with ‘release_captives’ above.
Deny Self Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: ปฏิเสธตนเองและแบกกางเขนของตนทุกวัน
Transliteration: patiset ton eng lae baek kangkhen khong ton thuk wan
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: การละตัวตน
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
NEW. CRITICAL: never การละตัวตน (self-directed ego-dissolution via meditative anattā-insight). Daily, continuous, Christ-empowered identification with his own rejected path, received not self-achieved (9:23-24; 14:27). Highest silent-substitution risk in the discipleship doctrine per 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: บุตรมนุษย์
Transliteration: but manut
Doctrine: The Deity and Humanity of Christ in the Title ‘Son of Man’
Rejected alternatives: เทพบุตร (implying lesser divine status), treated as a lesser title than Son of God
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW. CRITICAL. Jesus’ most frequent self-designation (25 occurrences), drawing on Daniel 7:13-14. Must be kept strictly distinct from — and never treated as lesser than — พระบุตรของพระเจ้า (Son of God, baseline Critical); the two titles make complementary, not competing, claims.
Kingdom Within Among
Approved rendering: อยู่ท่ามกลางท่านทั้งหลาย
Transliteration: yu thamklang than thanglai
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Within/Among You
Rejected alternatives: ภายในตัวท่าน (interior reading)
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἐντὸς ὑμῶν ἐστίν
Category: Kingdom
NEW. CRITICAL — the single highest-risk ‘kingdom is present’ verse in Luke (17:20-21). An ‘within you’ (interior) rendering would align dangerously with Buddhist meditative introspection. This ‘among/in the midst of you’ rendering must be primary, with a documented translator note on the rejected alternative. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญาใหม่
Transliteration: phanthasanya mai
Doctrine: The New Covenant in Christ’s Blood
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW. CRITICAL. Instituted in Jesus’ body and blood at the Last Supper (22:20), fulfilling Jeremiah 31:31. A once-for-all, blood-sealed covenant, not a renewed merit-based obligation system. Builds on baseline ‘covenant’ (พันธสัญญา).
Seek And Save Lost
Approved rendering: เสด็จมาเพื่อค้นหาและช่วยผู้ที่หลงหายให้รอด
Transliteration: sadet ma phuea khonha lae chuai phu thi long hai hai rot
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
NEW. CRITICAL. Jesus’ own mission-summary statement at Zacchaeus’s house (19:10), combining lost/found agency with baseline salvation vocabulary. Programmatic verse; mandatory theologian review, fixed and verbatim-consistent across all Phase 2 documents, parallel priority to Romans 1:16-17.
Forgiveness To All Nations
Approved rendering: การทรงยกโทษบาปแก่มนุษย์ทุกชาติ
Transliteration: kan song yokthot bap kae manut thuk chat
Doctrine: The Capstone Mission: Forgiveness of Sins Proclaimed to All Nations
Original: ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Salvation
NEW. CRITICAL. Luke’s Great-Commission-equivalent capstone verse (24:47), combining ‘forgiveness_of_sins’ with baseline ‘gentiles.’ The unqualified ‘all nations’ scope must not be softened. Fixed and verbatim-consistent; mandatory theologian review, parallel priority to Romans 1:16-17.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: khao prasoet
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ข่าวดี
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Established Thai Bible term meaning ‘excellent news’. Must be qualified as the unique proclamation of salvation through Christ, not any pleasant announcement (ข่าวดี). In Luke, the verb form εὐαγγελίσασθαι (Luke 4:18, 43; 7:22; 8:1; 9:6; 20:1) reinforces that this is Jesus’ own commissioned proclamation, specifically to the poor. Inherited from Romans package.
Holy
Approved rendering: บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ศักดิ์สิทธิ์
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God and morally pure; ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ leans toward the sacred potency of an object (amulet/shrine). Used throughout Luke of the Spirit, angels, and ‘the Holy One of Israel’. Inherited from Romans package.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: kan song chamra hai borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: การชำระบาปด้วยตนเอง
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy, not self-directed ritual/meditative purification. Implied in Luke’s Spirit-filling language (1:15, 41). Inherited from Romans package.
Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: tham banyat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: พระธรรมวินัย
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Mosaic Law; never พระธรรมวินัย (Buddhist monastic disciplinary code). Referenced in Luke’s infancy narrative (2:22-24,39) and Sabbath/lawyer debates (10:26; 16:16-17). Inherited from Romans package.
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Shared vocabulary with Thai Buddhism; must always be anchored to an offense against a personal God, not impersonal negative-karma (อกุศลกรรม). Luke 13:1-5 is a direct scriptural counter-argument to a karma-retribution reading of suffering and must not be softened. Inherited from Romans package.
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Never บารมี. Seen at Christ’s birth and transfiguration (2:9,14; 9:31-32). Inherited from Romans package.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: การเชื่อฟังที่มาจากความเชื่อ
Transliteration: kan cheuafang thi ma chak khwam cheua
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: การถือศีลอย่างเคร่งครัด
Background doctrine relevant to Luke’s repentance-and-obedience passages; obedience flowing from faith, not merit-building precept-observance. Inherited from Romans package.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: rit det khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: อำนาจศักดิ์สิทธิ์ของวัตถุมงคล
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Never the potency ascribed to amulets/holy objects. At work in Jesus’ ministry and promised to the disciples (1:35; 4:14,36; 5:17; 24:49). Inherited from Romans package.
Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญา
Transliteration: phanthasanya
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ข้อตกลง
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Relational, binding bond initiated by God; recalled in the Benedictus (1:72) and instituted anew at the Last Supper (22:20 — see new Luke term ‘new_covenant’ for the Critical sub-case). Inherited from Romans package.
Election
Approved rendering: การทรงเลือก
Transliteration: kan song lueak
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา, เวรกรรม
Original: ἐκλέγομαι / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
God’s sovereign personal choice, not โชคชะตา/เวรกรรม. Seen in Jesus’ choosing of the Twelve (6:13; 9:35 ‘chosen’). Inherited from Romans package.
Providence
Approved rendering: การทรงดูแลรักษาของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: kan song dulae raksa khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, ดวง
Original: πρόνοια (theological name for God’s governance)
Category: God
God’s personal, purposive governance; never เวรกรรม or ดวง. Expressed through Luke’s ἔδει (‘it was necessary’) statements — see new Luke term ‘divine_necessity’ for the specific Lukan formula (9:22; 24:26,44). Inherited from Romans package.
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
God as personal, relational Father; avoid พ่อขุน. Especially prominent in Luke’s prayer teaching and the prodigal son parable (6:36; 10:21-22; 11:2,13; 12:32; 15:11-32; 22:42; 23:34,46). Inherited from Romans package.
Abba
Approved rendering: อับบา
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Aramaic term of intimacy preserved in Romans 8:15. Luke itself does not use ‘Abba’ directly (22:42 uses ‘Father’), but the convention must remain consistent for cross-document study material referencing Romans 8/Galatians 4. Inherited from Romans package.
Poor
Approved rendering: คนยากจน
Transliteration: khon yakjon
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poverty and Social Justice
NEW. Lexically uncontroversial; doctrinal risk is severe: Thai merit-generating almsgiving culture (ทำบุญ, ตักบาตร) frames giving to the poor as benefiting the DONOR’s merit. Luke’s poor (4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21) are God’s own direct addressees and recipients of favor, not props for someone else’s spiritual accounting.
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: ปีแห่งความโปรดปรานขององค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: pi haeng khwam prodpran khong ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Jubilee and the Inauguration of the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: ฤกษ์งามยามดี
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Alludes to OT Jubilee (Leviticus 25); requires mandatory background note since most Thai audiences lack this narrative literacy. Without the note, ‘year’ flattens into a vague one-time blessing rather than Jesus’ specific inaugurated-restoration claim (Luke 4:19).
Today Fulfillment
Approved rendering: วันนี้
Transliteration: wan ni
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God: Present and Future
Original: σήμερον
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Luke’s recurring theological signature of dated, present fulfillment. Must be rendered identically at every recurrence (2:11; 4:21; 19:9; 23:43); Phase 2 QA must track this cross-document consistency explicitly, parallel to the baseline’s rule for Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, and 10:9-10.
Repentance
Approved rendering: การกลับใจใหม่
Transliteration: kan klap jai mai
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: การแก้ไขปรับปรุงตนเอง, การแก้กรรม
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance
NEW. A decisive, God-enabled turning toward Christ, not ethical self-improvement or correcting one’s karmic trajectory through renewed merit-making effort (3:3,8; 5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10; 24:47).
Fruit Worthy Of Repentance
Approved rendering: ผลที่สมกับการกลับใจ
Transliteration: phon thi som kap kan klap jai
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: ผลบุญ, ผลกรรม
Original: καρπός
Category: Repentance
NEW. Never ผลบุญ/ผลกรรม (karmic fruit), continuous with the Galatians baseline’s fruit-of-the-Spirit fence. Spirit-enabled outworking of true repentance, not self-generated merit (3:8-9; 6:43-44; 8:8,15; 13:6-9).
Authority
Approved rendering: สิทธิอำนาจ
Transliteration: sitthi amnat
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus over Teaching, Sin, and Spiritual Powers
Rejected alternatives: ความน่าเคารพทางสังคม
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW. The ontological, inherent/delegated authority of one whose word commands unclean spirits, forgives sins, and controls creation — not mere social rank or respect (4:32,36; 5:24; 9:1; 10:19; 20:1-8).
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: ผีโสโครก
Transliteration: phi sokhrok
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus over Teaching, Sin, and Spiritual Powers
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Powers
NEW. Sharpest Thai-specific collision point in the Gospel: Thai ผี vocabulary (ancestral, territorial, mischievous spirits) is also the established Bible term for demons, risking the impression these are neutral, appeasable folk spirits rather than uniformly hostile powers defeated only by Christ. Must NEVER share register with, or be confused with, พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ (4:33-36; 8:26-39; 9:1; 11:14-22).
Sinner
Approved rendering: คนบาป
Transliteration: khon bap
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
NEW. Builds on the baseline’s High-risk ‘sin’ entry: retain as a universal category, not a graded social sub-class of ‘worse-karma’ people (5:8,30,32; 7:34,37,39; 15:1-2; 18:13; 19:7).
Compassion
Approved rendering: เกิดความสงสารยิ่งนัก
Transliteration: koet khwam songsan ying nak
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: เมตตา (as primary gloss), กรุณา (as primary gloss)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
NEW. Avoid primary gloss via เมตตา/กรุณา (cultivated, detached Buddhist virtues); this is the spontaneous, personal, action-producing pity of the incarnate Son toward a specific person’s grief (7:13; 10:33; 15:20). Single highest silent-substitution risk in the compassion doctrine per 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Raise Up Temporary
Approved rendering: ทรงทำให้เป็นขึ้น
Transliteration: song tham hai pen khuen
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope in Luke
Rejected alternatives: การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย (reserved for Christ’s own/final resurrection)
Original: ἐγείρω
Category: Miracles
NEW. A different Greek verb (ἐγείρω) from ἀνάστασις. Names a temporary reversal of physical death for one individual who will die again (7:14-15; 8:54-55); must stay in a register deliberately distinct from the baseline’s Critical ‘resurrection’ term.
Kingdom Come Near
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้ามาใกล้แล้ว
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao ma klai laeo
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God: Present and Future
Original: ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Perfect-tense claim of effective arrival, not mere imminence (10:9,11; 11:20). Track alongside ‘kingdom_within_among’ (17:20-21) for consistency; guard against both over- and under-realized readings.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ชีวิตนิรันดร์
Transliteration: chiwit nirandon
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God: Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: ชีวิตที่ยืนยาวในวัฏสงสาร
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Not a favorable but still-cyclical rebirth state; permanent, personal life with God secured once (10:25; 18:18,30).
Hate Relative Priority
Approved rendering: เกลียดชัง (สำนวนแสดงลำดับความสำคัญ)
Transliteration: kliat chang
Doctrine: Priority over Family Loyalty in Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: เกลียดชังบิดามารดา (literal, unqualified)
Original: μισέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. μισέω is a Semitic relative-priority idiom, not literal hatred (14:26). A literal, unqualified rendering violates the deeply held Thai/Confucian-Buddhist value of กตัญญู (filial piety) and risks outright rejection of the passage. Mandatory translator note required at every occurrence.
Lost Found
Approved rendering: หลงหาย / พบ
Transliteration: long hai / phop
Doctrine: Lostness and God’s Seeking Grace
Original: ἀπόλλυμι / εὑρίσκω
Category: Repentance
NEW. Preserve the seeking agent’s (shepherd/woman/father/Christ) explicit grammatical agency; never flatten into a self-help ‘finding one’s own way back’ narrative (15:4,6,8-9,24,32; 19:10).
Hades Bosom Of Abraham
Approved rendering: แดนคนตาย
Transliteration: daen khon tai
Doctrine: The Afterlife and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: นรก (samsaric hell-realm sense)
Original: ᾍδης / κόλπος Ἀβραάμ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Must be distinguished from Buddhist นรก, an impermanent, karma-determined punishment-realm within samsara. The biblical picture (16:22-23) is a fixed intermediate state pending one final, personal judgment.
Paradise
Approved rendering: สวนสวรรค์
Transliteration: suan sawan
Doctrine: The Afterlife and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: สวรรค์ (unqualified samsaric rebirth-realm sense)
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Distinguish from Buddhist สวรรค์ as an impermanent rebirth-destination exited when merit is exhausted. This is immediate, personal, permanent communion ‘with ME’ (23:43), granted to a condemned criminal — a maximal statement of grace for the least ‘meritorious.‘
Divine Necessity
Approved rendering: จำเป็นต้องเป็นไปตามนั้น
Transliteration: jampen tong pen pai tam nan
Doctrine: Divine Necessity and Providence in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, ดวง
Original: ἔδει
Category: Providence
NEW. Never เวรกรรม (impersonal karma) or ดวง (astrological fate). The distinctively Lukan ἔδει marker of divine, scripturally-grounded necessity (9:22; 17:25; 22:37; 24:26,44) is the specific, personal, revealed purpose of a knowable God, never an anonymous cosmic mechanism.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Object of faith must always be specified as Christ; ศรัทธา carries Buddhist devotional connotation. In Luke, note the deliberate ambiguity of σῴζω (‘your faith has saved/healed you,’ 5:20; 7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42) between spiritual salvation and physical healing; choose ทรงช่วยให้รอด or ทรงรักษาให้หาย contextually but flag the underlying wordplay in teaching notes. Inherited from Romans package.
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Established Thai Christian term for a commissioned, authoritative sent-one; used of the Twelve and the Seventy in Luke (6:13; 9:1-6; 10:1-12). Inherited from Romans package.
Saints
Approved rendering: วิสุทธิชน
Transliteration: wisutthichon
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: พระอรหันต์
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Every believer set apart in Christ, not a spiritually elite class comparable to พระอรหันต์ (arahant). Minimal direct occurrence in Luke; anticipates Acts/Epistles usage. Inherited from Romans package.
Adoption
Approved rendering: การรับเป็นบุตร
Transliteration: kan rap pen but
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: การอุปการะ
Full legal son-status with inheritance rights; relevant background for Luke’s Father/Abba prayer teaching (11:2,13; 15:11-32). Inherited from Romans package.
Peace
Approved rendering: สันติสุข
Transliteration: santisuk
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God, not meditative mental calm. Announced at Christ’s birth (2:14) and pronounced on the forgiven/healed (7:50; 8:48; 19:38,42). Inherited from Romans package.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ของประทานฝ่ายวิญญาณ
Transliteration: khong pratan fai winyan
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: ฤทธิ์อำนาจลึกลับ
Spirit-given enablements for service, never occult/folk-magic power. Background term for the empowerment promised at Luke 24:49. Inherited from Romans package.
Church
Approved rendering: คริสตจักร
Transliteration: khritsatchak
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: วัด
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Never วัด (Buddhist temple compound). Minimal direct occurrence in Luke; anticipates Acts. Inherited from Romans package.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักรของพระเจ้า
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
God’s sovereign reign, distinct from an earthly territorial kingdom (อาณาจักร). Luke’s central proclamation content (4:43; 6:20; 8:1,10; 9:2,60,62; 13:18-21; 21:31). See the new Luke terms ‘kingdom_come_near’ and ‘kingdom_within_among’ for the Critical high-stakes sub-cases at 10:9-11 and 17:20-21. Inherited from Romans package.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: คนต่างชาติ
Transliteration: khon tang chat
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ชาวต่างประเทศ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Included in the gospel’s scope from the infancy narrative onward (2:32; 21:24; 24:47). Inherited from Romans package.
Intercession
Approved rendering: การอธิษฐานวิงวอนแทน
Transliteration: kan athitthan wingwon thaen
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: การบนบานศาลกล่าว
Original: ἐντυγχάνω / ἔντευξις (cf. Luke’s prayer-for-others pattern)
Category: Prayer
Prayer on behalf of others addressed to God directly, not shrine vow-bargaining. Modeled in Jesus’ prayer for Peter and the Gethsemane pattern (22:32, 41-46). Distinguish from the new Luke term ‘prayer_general’ (general petition/dependence). Inherited from Romans package.
Mission
Approved rendering: พันธกิจ
Transliteration: phanthakit
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: งานเผยแผ่ศาสนา
Original: ἀποστολή / ἀποστέλλω
Category: Church
Given to the Seventy and the disciples at the Gospel’s close (9:1-6; 10:1-12; 24:47-49). Inherited from Romans package.
Israel
Approved rendering: อิสราเอล
Transliteration: Itsarael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Subject of the Benedictus and Simeon’s prophecy and of Jesus’ own restorative mission (1:16,54,68; 2:32,34; 24:21). Inherited from Romans package.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: การเข้าสุหนัต
Transliteration: kan khao sunat
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Law
No Thai cultural equivalent; requires a short explanatory translator note. Performed on both John the Baptist and Jesus in infancy (1:59; 2:21). Inherited from Galatians package.
Oppressed
Approved rendering: ผู้ถูกกดขี่
Transliteration: phu thuk kotkhi
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: ผู้แหลกลาญ
Original: τεθραυσμένος (θραύω)
Category: Poverty and Social Justice
NEW. Luke 4:18 (τεθραυσμένους). Avoid vocabulary implying the person’s own past bad karma caused their crushed condition.
Proclaim
Approved rendering: ประกาศ
Transliteration: prakat
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: สั่งสอน
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Gospel and Mission
NEW. Heraldic, authoritative proclamation (κηρύσσω), distinct from generic teaching (διδάσκω). Luke 4:18-19, 44; 8:1, 39; 9:2, 60.
Divine Visitation
Approved rendering: เสด็จมาเยี่ยม
Transliteration: sadet ma yiam
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: ἐπισκέπτομαι / ἐπισκοπή
Category: Providence
NEW. God’s personal, purposive coming-near (1:68,78; 7:16; 19:44). Use the ทรง-/เสด็จ- honorific consistently; avoid a routine-social-call register.
Baptism
Approved rendering: บัพติศมา
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: Baptism and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: รดน้ำมนต์
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Repentance
NEW. Established loanword; keep distinct from the Thai ritual water-blessing รดน้ำมนต์ performed by monks (Luke 3:3,7,12,16,21).
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: ร่วมรับประทานอาหารกับ
Transliteration: ruam rapprathan ahan kap
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: συνεσθίω / ἐσθίειν καὶ πίνειν μετά
Category: Compassion
NEW. Thai commensality encodes strong honor/hierarchy signals; flag for native-speaker review of the countercultural force of Jesus’ repeated meals with the disreputable (5:29-30; 7:34,36-50; 15:1-2; 19:5-7).
Blessed Woe
Approved rendering: เป็นสุข / วิบัติ
Transliteration: pen suk / wibat
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: μακάριος / οὐαί
Category: Poverty and Social Justice
NEW. เป็นสุข must not be read as a this-worldly prosperity promise; eschatological reversal secured by Jesus (Luke 6:20-26, addressed directly to ‘the poor,’ no ‘in spirit’ qualifier unlike Matthew).
Word Of God
Approved rendering: พระวจนะของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phra wotchana khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Scripture
NEW. Standard, established rendering. Identified with the sown seed of the parable of the sower (5:1; 8:11,21; 11:28).
Neighbor
Approved rendering: เพื่อนบ้าน
Transliteration: phuean ban
Doctrine: Unity across Social and Ethnic Boundaries
Original: πλησίον
Category: Ethics
NEW. Redefined by the Good Samaritan parable by need and mercy shown, not geographic or in-group proximity (10:27,29,36).
Samaritan
Approved rendering: คนสะมาเรีย
Transliteration: khon samaria
Doctrine: Unity across Social and Ethnic Boundaries
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Ethics
NEW. Transliterated; requires a short OT/intertestamental background note on Jewish-Samaritan hostility, without which the parable’s (10:33) and the healed leper’s (17:16) scandal is invisible to a Thai reader.
Prayer General
Approved rendering: การอธิษฐาน
Transliteration: kan athitthan
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: การบนบานศาลกล่าว, การนั่งสมาธิ
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Prayer
NEW. Distinguish from shrine vow-bargaining (การบนบานศาลกล่าว) and from Buddhist meditation (นั่งสมาธิ, ภาวนา). Modeled throughout Luke by Jesus’ own withdrawal to pray (3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1-14; 22:39-46). Distinguish from baseline ‘intercession’ (prayer for others specifically).
Fool Store Up Treasure
Approved rendering: สะสมทรัพย์สมบัติไว้ในสวรรค์
Transliteration: sasom sap sombat wai nai sawan
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: สะสมบุญ
Original: ἄφρων / θησαυρίζειν εἰς θεόν
Category: Poverty and Social Justice
NEW. Must not sound like merit-accumulation (บุญ); generous, God-oriented resource use, contrasted with the rich fool who hoards for himself (12:16-21,33-34).
Joy
Approved rendering: ความยินดี
Transliteration: khwam yindi
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: ความสุขทางใจชั่วครู่
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Heaven’s own celebratory joy over a sinner’s repentance, not fleeting emotional pleasure (15:5,7,9,10,32; 24:52).
Mammon
Approved rendering: เงินทอง
Transliteration: ngoen thong
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: มัมโมนา (transliteration, secondary teaching-note option only)
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Poverty and Social Justice
NEW. A plain ‘money’ gloss risks losing the personification; teaching notes should clarify wealth as a rival master competing for a disciple’s loyalty (16:9,11,13).
Mercy
Approved rendering: พระเมตตา
Transliteration: phra metta
Doctrine: The Ethic of Mercy and Neighbor-Love
Rejected alternatives: เมตตา (as generalized, unqualified Buddhist virtue)
Original: ἔλεος / οἰκτίρμων
Category: Compassion
NEW. Must retain the personal, covenantal sense of God’s mercy toward specific people (1:50,54,58,72,78; 6:36; 10:37), not generalized Buddhist mettā cultivated impartially toward all beings.
Satan Devil
Approved rendering: มารซาตาน
Transliteration: man satan
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus over Teaching, Sin, and Spiritual Powers
Rejected alternatives: ผี (generic evil spirit, blurred register)
Original: διάβολος / Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Powers
NEW. Transliterated; standard, low collision risk provided it is not softened into a generic ‘evil spirit’ that would blur with the ผี discussion under ‘unclean_spirit_demon’ (4:2-13; 10:18; 22:3,31).
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: ศิลามุมเอก
Transliteration: sila mum ek
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
NEW. Established Thai rendering, citing Psalm 118:22 (Luke 20:17); reinforces the baseline’s messianic_promise doctrine through OT allusion.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: การขอบพระคุณ
Transliteration: kan khop phra khun
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Standard term; no significant doctrinal risk. Inherited from Romans package.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: การสามัคคีธรรม
Transliteration: kan samakkhi tham
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: มิตรภาพ
Shared participation in Christ, deeper than ordinary friendship. Inherited from Romans package.
Prophet
Approved rendering: ผู้เผยพระวจนะ
Transliteration: phu phoei phra wotchana
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: หมอดู
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Never หมอดู (fortune-teller). Applied to Isaiah, John the Baptist, and Jesus himself in Luke (1:76; 3:4; 4:17,24; 7:16,26; 13:33). Inherited from Romans package.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: คำพยากรณ์
Transliteration: kham phayakon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: คำทำนายดวงชะตา
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Fulfilled programmatically in the Nazareth sermon (4:21) and Luke’s fulfillment formulas (24:44). Inherited from Romans package.
David
Approved rendering: ดาวิด
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Invoked repeatedly in Luke’s infancy narrative and genealogy (1:27,32,69; 2:4,11; 3:31; 20:41-44). Inherited from Romans package.
Abraham
Approved rendering: อับราฮัม
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
Established Thai Bible proper-name form. Invoked throughout Luke as father of faith and covenant reference point (1:55,73; 3:8; 13:16,28; 16:22-31; 19:9; 20:37). Inherited from Galatians package.
Referenced passages