Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Ephesians
Curriculum: Ephesians | Language pair: English–Thai | Language authority: Romans/Galatians baseline Language Package (reused exactly where applicable)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book (chapters 1–6), for direct loading into Phase 2 translation memory. Terms are grouped first by provenance (reused from baseline vs. new to Ephesians), then presented in full detail tables organized by chapter of first occurrence. Risk tiers, doctrines, and Critical forbidden-substitution rules follow the conventions established in doctrine_risk_registry.json and 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No New Entries Required)
The following terms occur in Ephesians and MUST use the Thai rendering already recorded in the Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json. No deviation permitted.
| Term | Thai rendering | Risk (baseline) | Key Ephesians references |
|---|---|---|---|
| grace | พระคุณ | Critical | 1:2, 6, 7; 2:5, 7, 8; 3:2, 7, 8; 4:7, 29; 6:24 |
| faith | ความเชื่อ | Medium | 1:15; 2:8; 3:12, 17; 4:5, 13; 6:16, 23 |
| salvation / saved | ความรอด | Critical | 1:13; 2:5, 8; 6:17 |
| righteousness | ความชอบธรรม | Critical | 4:24; 5:9; 6:14 |
| holy | บริสุทธิ์ | High | 1:4; 5:27 |
| saints | วิสุทธิชน | Medium | 1:1, 15, 18; 3:8, 18; 4:12; 5:3; 6:18 |
| sanctification | การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์ | High | 5:26 |
| adoption | การรับเป็นบุตร | Medium | 1:5 |
| resurrection | การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย | Critical | 1:20; 2:6 |
| lord | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | Critical | 1:2, 3, 15, 17; 4:1, 5, 17; 5:8, 10, 17, 19, 22; 6:1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 21, 23, 24 |
| son_of_god (his beloved Son) | พระบุตรของพระเจ้า | Critical | 1:6; 4:13 |
| peace | สันติสุข | Medium | 1:2; 2:14, 15, 17; 4:3; 6:15, 23 |
| spiritual_gifts | ของประทานฝ่ายวิญญาณ | Medium | 4:7-11 |
| thanksgiving | การขอบพระคุณ | Low | 1:16; 5:4, 20 |
| fellowship | การสามัคคีธรรม | Low | 5:11 (negative use: no fellowship with darkness) |
| church | คริสตจักร | Medium | 1:22; 3:10, 21; 5:23-32 |
| kingdom_of_god | แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า | Medium | 5:5 |
| law | ธรรมบัญญัติ | High | 2:15 |
| sin | บาป | High | 2:1 |
| gentiles | คนต่างชาติ | Medium | 2:11; 3:1, 6, 8 |
| glory | พระสิริ | High | 1:6, 12, 14, 17, 18; 3:13, 16, 21 |
| power_of_god | ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า | High | 1:19; 3:7, 16, 20; 6:10 |
| covenant | พันธสัญญา | High | 2:12 |
| election | การทรงเลือก | High | 1:4 |
| providence | การทรงดูแลรักษาของพระเจ้า | High | 1:11 |
| promise | พระสัญญา | High | 1:13; 2:12; 3:6 |
| heir | ทายาท | Medium | 1:14, 18; 3:6 |
| redeem | ทรงไถ่ | Critical | 1:7, 14 |
| flesh | เนื้อหนัง | Critical | 2:3, 11, 14, 15; 5:29, 31; 6:5, 12 |
| new_creation (pattern reused) | การทรงสร้างใหม่ | Critical | 2:10, 15; 4:24 |
| god | พระเจ้า | Critical | throughout |
| jesus | พระเยซู | Critical | throughout |
| christ | พระคริสต์ | Critical | throughout |
| father | พระบิดา | High | 1:2, 3, 17; 2:18; 3:14; 4:6; 5:20; 6:23 |
| holy_spirit | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Critical | 1:13; 4:30 |
| calling / called | การทรงเรียก / ผู้ที่ทรงเรียก | High | 1:18; 4:1, 4 |
| revelation | การทรงสำแดง | Medium | 1:17; 3:3, 5 |
| exhort | หนุนใจ | Low | 4:1 (παρακαλῶ) |
| mutual_edification | การเสริมสร้างซึ่งกันและกัน | Low | 4:12, 16, 29 |
| circumcision | การเข้าสุหนัต | Medium | 2:11 |
| apostle | อัครทูต | Medium | 1:1; 2:20; 3:5; 4:11 |
| prophet | ผู้เผยพระวจนะ | Low | 2:20; 3:5; 4:11 |
| fruit_of_the_spirit (pattern reused) | ผลของพระวิญญาณ / ผลแห่งความสว่าง | Critical | 5:9 |
| gospel | ข่าวประเสริฐ | High | 1:13; 3:6; 6:15, 19 |
Part B — New Terms Introduced by Ephesians (Full Entries for Translation Memory)
B.1 — Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith (core passage doctrine)
| Term | Original | Translit. | Thai rendering | Transliteration (Thai) | Risk | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dead (spiritual) | νεκρός | nekros | ตายแล้ว (ฝ่ายจิตวิญญาณ) | tai laeo (fai jit winyan) | Medium | — | Must be anchored explicitly to spiritual deadness, never left to default to literal mortality alone. |
| trespasses | παράπτωμα | paraptōma | การล่วงละเมิด | kan luang lamoet | Medium | — | Concrete acts of wrongdoing against a personal God, distinct from generic etiquette breaches. |
| desires of the flesh | ἐπιθυμία (τῆς σαρκός) | epithymia (tēs sarkos) | ความปรารถนาของเนื้อหนัง | khwam pratthana khong nuea nang | Critical | ตัณหา | NEVER ตัณหา (the precise Pali/Buddhist technical term for craving, root of dukkha in the Second Noble Truth, extinguished through the practitioner’s own disciplined practice). Using it here would silently convert Paul’s flesh/grace contrast into a self-effort craving-extinguishing framework. |
| children of wrath, by nature | τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς | tekna physei orgēs | บุตรแห่งพระพิโรธโดยธรรมชาติ | but haeng phra phirot doi thammachat | High | — | Universal, inherited liability before God — not a variable karmic score. |
| wrath (of God) | ὀργή | orgē | พระพิโรธ | phra phirot | High | เคราะห์กรรม | God’s personal, righteous judicial anger, never impersonal misfortune. |
| made alive together with Christ | συζωοποιέω | syzōopoieō | ทรงให้เป็นขึ้นมีชีวิตอยู่ร่วมกับพระคริสต์ | song hai pen khuen mi chiwit yu ruam kap Phra Khrit | Critical | การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด | NEVER rebirth/reincarnation language — highest risk in the passage since “made alive” reads even more like “a new birth” than “resurrection” does. Must keep passive divine agency (ทรง-) and explicit “with Christ” union. |
| raised together with / seated together with | συνεγείρω / συγκαθίζω | synegeirō / synkathizō | ทรงให้เป็นขึ้นร่วมกับพระคริสต์ / ทรงให้ประทับร่วมกัน | song hai pen khuen ruam kap Phra Khrit / song hai prathap ruam kan | Critical | การเกิดใหม่ | Same forbidden-substitution rule as resurrection; must retain divine agency and “with Christ” union formula. |
| heavenly places | ἐπουράνιος | epouranios | สถานที่แห่งสวรรค์ | sathanthi haeng sawan | High | — | สวรรค์ also names the many temporary deva-realms of Buddhist cosmology; must convey permanent positional union with the risen Christ, not a temporary heavenly rebirth-realm. Recurs 3:10; 6:12 with adversarial sense — translator note recommended at each occurrence. |
| gift (of salvation) | δῶρον | dōron | ของประทาน | khong pratan | Critical | พร | NEVER พร (a boon sought/earned through devotional practice at temples or shrines); ของประทาน (a divinely bestowed gift, no reciprocity implied) required. |
| works (general, soteriological) | ἔργα | erga | การประพฤติ / กิจการ | kan praphruet / kitchakan | Critical | กรรมดี, บุญ | Inherits the Galatians baseline’s absolute prohibition on merit/karma vocabulary; Eph 2:9 directly negates Thai merit-accumulation logic (สั่งสมบุญ) and must leave no room for a “sufficient religious performance” reading. |
| workmanship | ποίημα | poiēma | งานฝีพระหัตถ์ของพระเจ้า | ngan fi phra hat khong Phra Chao | Medium | — | Preserve the personal-maker sense (God’s own hand), not a generic “product.” |
| good works (fruit, not basis) | ἔργα ἀγαθά | erga agatha | การประพฤติดี / กิจการดี | kan praphruet di / kitchakan di | Critical | — | Must be sequenced grammatically and pastorally as fruit of salvation (2:10), never basis of salvation (contra 2:9); the single most delicate grace/works pairing in the letter for a Thai audience — risk of collapsing into “a different, Christian kind of merit-making.” |
| prepared beforehand | προετοιμάζω | proetoimazō | ทรงจัดเตรียมไว้ล่วงหน้า | song kamnot triam wai luang na | High | โชคชะตา, เวรกรรม | Personal, purposive divine planning, not astrological fate or karmic destiny. |
| walk (conduct of life) | περιπατέω | peripateō | ดำเนินชีวิต | damnoen chiwit | Medium | — | Consistency-critical motif term recurring 2:2, 10; 4:1, 17; 5:2, 8, 15 — must use the identical Thai verb at every occurrence to preserve the letter’s literary inclusio and motif structure. |
B.2 — Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
| Term | Original | Translit. | Thai rendering | Transliteration (Thai) | Risk | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| blessing | εὐλογία | eulogia | พระพร | phra phon | Medium | พร (unqualified) | The พระ- honorific distinguishes divine blessing from generic merit-earned boons; consistent honorific use required throughout 1:3. |
| predestined | προορίζω | proorizō | ทรงกำหนดไว้ล่วงหน้า | song kamnot wai luang na | Critical | เวรกรรม, โชคชะตา, ดวง | The single highest-loaded new term in Eph 1: personal, gracious, prior divine choice — the structural opposite of impersonal karma or star-determined fate. |
| seal / guarantee | σφραγίζω / ἀρραβών | sphragizō / arrabōn | การทรงประทับตราด้วยพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ / มัดจำ | kan song pratap tra duai Phra Winyan Borisut / matjam | High | — | Must keep the Holy Spirit himself, not a physical mark, as the substance of the seal; avoid resonance with protective tattooing (สักยันต์) or amulets. |
| inheritance | κληρονομία | klēronomia | มรดก | moradok | Medium | โชค | A certain, promised legal inheritance, not a matter of chance. |
B.3 — Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
| Term | Original | Translit. | Thai rendering | Transliteration (Thai) | Risk | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mystery | μυστήριον | mystērion | ความล้ำลึก | khwam lam luek | Critical | esoteric/cult-secret framing | Must be taught as a plan now fully disclosed to all through the gospel, the opposite of restricted initiate-only knowledge (cf. คาถา, secret ritual formulas transmitted only within closed circles). Recurs 1:9; 3:3-9; 5:32; 6:19 — render identically at every occurrence. |
| stewardship | οἰκονομία | oikonomia | ภาระหน้าที่ที่ทรงมอบไว้ | phara nathi thi song mop wai | Medium | — | Delegated, entrusted responsibility, not self-appointed office. |
| fellow heirs | συγκληρονόμος | synklēronomos | ทายาทร่วมกัน | thayat ruam kan | Medium | — | Full and equal inheritance-sharing, extending baseline ทายาท. |
| manifold wisdom | πολυποίκιλος σοφία | polypoikilos sophia | พระปัญญาอันหลากหลายและล้ำลึก | phra panya an lakhlai lae lam luek | Low | — | — |
| boldness and access | παρρησία / προσαγωγή | parrēsia / prosagōgē | ความกล้าและโอกาสเข้าถึงพระเจ้า | khwam kla lae okat khao thueng Phra Chao | High | ร่างทรง, บนบานศาลกล่าว | Direct, unmediated access to God through Christ alone — never through a spirit-medium or a shrine-vow bargain. |
| fullness of God / of Christ | πλήρωμα | plērōma | ความบริบูรณ์ (ของพระเจ้า / ของพระคริสต์) | khwam boribun (khong Phra Chao / khong Phra Khrit) | High | — | Keep concretely anchored to Christ’s own completeness poured into the church; avoid drift into speculative cosmological “emanation” framing or mere worldly-prosperity connotations. |
B.4 — Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
| Term | Original | Translit. | Thai rendering | Transliteration (Thai) | Risk | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| strangers / aliens | ξένοι / πάροικοι | xenoi / paroikoi | คนต่างด้าว / ผู้แปลกหน้า | khon tang dao / phu plaek na | Medium | — | Total covenantal exclusion, not mere cultural unfamiliarity. |
| dividing wall of hostility | τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ | to mesotoichon tou phragmou | กำแพงที่กั้นด้วยความเป็นศัตรู | kamphaeng thi kan duai khwam pen sattru | Medium | — | Requires OT temple-architecture background note for low-OT-literacy readers. |
| reconciliation | ἀποκαταλλάσσω | apokatallassō | การทรงให้คืนดีกัน | kan song hai khuen di kan | High | — | Relational restoration by God through the cross, not appeasement/negotiation with an offended spirit. |
| one new man / new humanity | ἓν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον | hen kainon anthrōpon | มนุษย์คนใหม่คนเดียว | manut khon mai khon diao | Critical | การเกิดใหม่ | Extends new_creation’s forbidden-substitution rule; corporate, not individual-rebirth, claim — a single new shared humanity formed once by the cross. |
| household of God / fellow citizens | οἰκεῖοι τοῦ θεοῦ / συμπολῖται | oikeioi tou theou / sympolitai | ครอบครัวของพระเจ้า / ประชากรร่วมชาติ | khrobkhrua khong Phra Chao / prachakon ruam chat | Medium | — | Full, equal family/citizenship status. |
| cornerstone / foundation | ἀκρογωνιαῖος / θεμέλιος | akrogōniaios / themelios | ศิลามุมเอก / ฐานราก | sila mum ek / than rak | Medium | — | Note distinguishing from Buddhist temple/stupa foundation-consecration ritual. |
| temple / dwelling place | ναός / κατοικητήριον | naos / katoikētērion | พระวิหาร / ที่ประทับของพระเจ้า | phra wihan / thi prathap khong Phra Chao | High | วัด, ศาลพระภูมิ | Never วัด (Buddhist temple compound, already forbidden for “church” in the baseline) or ศาลพระภูมิ/ศาลเจ้า (spirit-houses); the gathered believing community, not a building or shrine, is God’s dwelling. |
| unity | ἑνότης | henotēs | เอกภาพ(ฝ่ายพระวิญญาณ) | ekaphap (fai Phra Winyan) | High | — | Distinguish from ความสามัคคี as a civic-nationalist social-harmony slogan; Spirit-wrought oneness grounded in one Lord, one faith, one baptism. |
B.5 — Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ / Gifts for Building Up the Church
| Term | Original | Translit. | Thai rendering | Transliteration (Thai) | Risk | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| body of Christ / head | σῶμα / κεφαλή | sōma / kephalē | พระกายของพระคริสต์ / ศีรษะ (ประมุข) | Phra Kai khong Phra Khrit / sisa (pramuk) | Critical | — | Avoid resonance with venerated bodily relics (พระบรมสารีริกธาตุ); always pair “body” with explicit “of Christ” possessive; “head” = organic life-source, not merely institutional leadership. |
| apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, teachers | ἀπόστολοι, προφῆται, εὐαγγελισταί, ποιμένες, διδάσκαλοι | see above | อัครทูต (baseline), ผู้เผยพระวจนะ (baseline), ผู้ประกาศข่าวประเสริฐ, ศิษยาภิบาล, ผู้สอนพระวจนะ | — | Low–Medium | อาจารย์ (bare, for teacher) | Avoid the bare อาจารย์ for “teacher,” which carries the enduring guru-disciple bond flagged in the Galatians baseline’s guardian entry. |
| equipping | καταρτισμός | katartismos | การเตรียมให้พร้อม | kan triam hai phrom | Low | — | — |
| old self / new self, put off / put on | παλαιὸς / καινὸς ἄνθρωπος; ἀποτίθεμαι / ἐνδύομαι | palaios/kainos anthrōpos; apotithemai/endyomai | มนุษย์เก่า / มนุษย์ใหม่; ถอด / สวม | manut kao / manut mai; thot / suam | Critical | การเกิดใหม่ | Extends new_creation forbidden-substitution rule; garment-verbs ถอด/สวม reused from baseline clothed_with_christ pattern (สวมพระคริสต์) — a decisive, once-for-all change, not a repeated cycle. |
| renewed in the spirit of your mind | ἀνανεοῦσθαι τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοός | ananeousthai tō pneumati tou noos | ได้รับการทรงเปลี่ยนใจและความคิดใหม่ | dai rap kan song plian jai lae khwam khit mai | Medium | — | Retain ทรง- divine-agency marker; distinct from self-produced meditative mind-training. |
| grieve the Holy Spirit | μὴ λυπεῖτε τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον | mē lypeite to pneuma to hagion | อย่าทำให้พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์เสียพระทัย | ya tham hai Phra Winyan Borisut sia phra jai | High | — | Preserves the Spirit’s full personhood — a person, not a force, is grieved. |
B.6 — Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life / Household Codes
| Term | Original | Translit. | Thai rendering | Transliteration (Thai) | Risk | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| imitators of God | μιμηταὶ τοῦ θεοῦ | mimētai tou theou | ผู้เลียนแบบพระเจ้า | phu liaenbaep Phra Chao | Medium | — | Relational (child/parent) framing, not distant ritual imitation of a venerated image. |
| sacrifice / offering | θυσία / προσφορά | thysia / prosphora | เครื่องบูชา / เครื่องถวาย | khreuang bucha / khreuang thawai | High | — | Christ’s once-for-all self-offering, not one offering among a repeated devotional/merit-generating pattern. |
| idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία | eidōlolatria | การกราบไหว้รูปเคารพ | kan krap wai rup khaorop | Critical | — | Requires theologian-level pastoral framing: retain full biblical force (exclusive worship belongs to God alone) without gratuitously branding ordinary cultural gestures of respect toward a Buddha image or senior monk as, without qualification, equivalent idolatry. |
| fruit of light | ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ φωτός | ho karpos tou phōtos | ผลแห่งความสว่าง | phon haeng khwam sawang | Critical | ผลบุญ, ผลกรรม | Extends fruit_of_the_spirit’s forbidden-substitution rule. |
| filled with the Spirit | πληροῦσθε ἐν πνεύματι | plērousthe en pneumati | เต็มเปี่ยมด้วยพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | tem piam duai Phra Winyan Borisut | Critical | เข้าทรง, ผีเข้า/ถูกผีสิง | Must be sharply distinguished from possession-trance vocabulary describing spirit-medium practice; the Spirit’s sanctifying influence, not loss of self-control to a displacing entity. Mandatory theologian review. |
| submission (mutual/marital) | ὑποτάσσομαι | hypotassomai | การยอมเชื่อฟัง / การยอมอยู่ใต้ | kan yom cheuafang / kan yom yu tai | High | — | Must never be taught as coercive subjugation; the husband’s parallel self-sacrificial love (5:25) must carry equal translational weight. |
| one flesh / marriage mystery | μία σάρξ / μυστήριον | mia sarx / mystērion | เนื้อเดียวกัน / ความล้ำลึก | nuea diao kan / khwam lam luek | Medium | — | Same central “mystery” term as 1:9/3:3-9, now applied to marriage; render consistently across all four occurrences. |
| obey / honor parents | ὑπακούω / τιμάω | hypakouō / timaō | เชื่อฟัง / ให้เกียรติ | cheuafang / hai kiat | Low | — | Positive cultural bridge via existing Thai filial piety (กตัญญูกตเวที); ground explicitly “in the Lord.” |
| slaves / masters | δοῦλος / κύριος | doulos / kyrios | ทาส / นาย | that / nai | Medium | — | Requires explanatory note on first-century household-slavery context vs. modern application. |
| impartiality | προσωπολημψία | prosōpolēmpsia | ไม่ทรงเห็นแก่หน้าใคร | mai song hen kae na khrai | Medium | — | Direct challenge to Thai patron-client/face-based favoritism norms. |
B.7 — Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
| Term | Original | Translit. | Thai rendering | Transliteration (Thai) | Risk | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| devil | διάβολος | diabolos | มารซาตาน / พญามาร | Mansatan / phaya man | Medium | — | Distinct from the diffuse category of ผี negotiated with in folk religion; a specific, personal, defeated-yet-active adversary. |
| rulers, authorities, cosmic powers, spiritual forces of evil | ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι, κοσμοκράτορες, τὰ πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας | archai, exousiai, kosmokratores, ta pneumatika tēs ponērias | เจ้าและนาย, ผู้มีอำนาจ, เจ้าโลกแห่งความมืดยุคนี้, เหล่าวิญญาณชั่วในย่านฟ้าอากาศ | chao lae nai, phu mi amnat, chao lok haeng khwam muet yuk ni, lao winyan chua nai yan fa akat | Critical | ผี, เจ้าที่, generic depersonalized “powers” | Highest Thai-specific collision risk in the letter (parallel to the Galatians baseline’s elemental_spirits caution). Must avoid both (a) de-personalizing into merely metaphorical institutional “powers,” and (b) assimilating into the negotiable, appeasable folk-spirit hierarchy (ผี, เจ้าที่, ศาลพระภูมิ) — resisted through Christ’s finished victory, never appeased or negotiated with. Mandatory theologian review. Recurs 1:21; 3:10; 6:12. |
| ruler of the power of the air | ὁ ἄρχων τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος | ho archōn tēs exousias tou aeros | เจ้าแห่งอำนาจในย่านอากาศ | chao haeng amnat nai yan akat | High | ผี | A specific, personal, defeated-yet-active evil ruler (Satan), never the diffuse folk category of ผี. |
| armor of God | ἡ πανοπλία τοῦ θεοῦ | hē panoplia tou theou | ยุทธภัณฑ์ของพระเจ้า | yutthaphan khong Phra Chao | Critical | พระเครื่อง, สักยันต์, สายสิญจน์ | Must be taught as positional spiritual truths put on by faith, never as magically protective amulets, tattoos, or blessed cords obtained from a ritual specialist. |
| word of God (sword) | ῥῆμα θεοῦ | rhēma theou | พระวจนะของพระเจ้า | phra wotchana khong Phra Chao | Medium | — | Minor linguistic-gap note: Greek ῥῆμα (specific utterance) vs. λόγος (general word/message) both commonly render as พระวจนะ in Thai. |
| ambassador in chains | πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει | presbeuō en halysei | ทูตที่ถูกล่ามโซ่ | thut thi thuk lam so | Low | — | ทูต retains dignified official-representative sense. |
| age / this world’s course | αἰών / κόσμος | aiōn / kosmos | ยุคของโลกนี้ | yuk khong lok ni | High | กัป (kalpa cyclical-age framing) | Linear, terminus-bound age, never a recurring cosmic cycle. |
| ages to come | οἱ αἰῶνες οἱ ἐπερχόμενοι | hoi aiōnes hoi eperchomenoi | ยุคต่าง ๆ ที่จะมาถึง | yuk tang tang thi ja ma thueng | High | — | Same linear/cyclical caution as above. |
Part C — Risk Tier Summary for Ephesians-New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count of new terms | Review routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 15 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| High | 13 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| Medium | 18 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 8 | Automated review |
Terms requiring mandatory human theologian review (Critical or newly-identified High-severity Thai-culture collision): desires of the flesh; made alive together with Christ; raised/seated together with Christ; gift (δῶρον); works (general); good works (as fruit vs. basis); predestined; mystery; one new man; body of Christ/head; old self/new self; idolatry; fruit of light; filled with the Spirit; rulers/authorities/cosmic powers; armor of God; temple/dwelling place; unity; boldness and access; reconciliation; heavenly places; wrath.
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json (incrementing the version number per the existing enforcement protocol) and cross-referenced into an Ephesians-specific extension of bible_term_registry.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of Ephesians begins.
Cross-reference: analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md (full exegetical and semantic-range detail for every term above); baseline translation_memory.json v2, bible_term_registry.json, doctrine_risk_registry.json v1 (Romans/Galatians, authoritative and unmodified by this document).
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:2, 6, 7; 2:5, 7, 8; 3:2, 7, 8; 4:7, 29; 6:24. Eph 2:8-9 is the letter’s single highest-stakes grace/works contrast; reinforce never บุญ/กรรมดี/บารมี at every occurrence.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:13; 2:5, 8; 6:17. The perfect-tense ‘already saved’ sense at 2:5, 8 (σεσωσμένοι) must be carried by the completive particle แล้ว since Thai verbs do not inflect for aspect.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: บุญกุศล, ความดี
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 4:24; 5:9; 6:14 (righteousness of the new self and of the armor of God).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย
Transliteration: kan pen khuen chak tai
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:20; 2:6.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Exaltation and Lordship
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs pervasively throughout Ephesians (1:2, 3, 15, 17; 4:1, 5, 17; 5:8, 10, 17, 19, 22; 6:1, 4, 7-10, 21, 23, 24). Must not blur into Thailand’s royal-honorific register.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: พระบุตรของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra But khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Exaltation and Lordship
Rejected alternatives: เทพบุตร, อวตารของพระเจ้า
Original: υἱὸς αὐτοῦ (ὁ ἀγαπητός)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:6 (‘his beloved Son’); 4:13 (the fullness of Christ as standard of maturity).
Redeem
Approved rendering: ทรงไถ่
Transliteration: song thai
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: ἀπολύτρωσις / λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:7, 14, ‘redemption through his blood.‘
Flesh
Approved rendering: เนื้อหนัง
Transliteration: nuea nang
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Universal Human Guilt
Rejected alternatives: กิเลส (as the primary gloss)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Anthropology
Inherited from Galatians package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 2:3, 11, 14, 15 (fallen-nature sense) and 5:29, 31; 6:5, 12 (neutral physical sense).
New Creation
Approved rendering: การทรงสร้างใหม่
Transliteration: kan song sang mai
Doctrine: The New Self: Putting Off the Old, Putting On the New
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่
Original: κτίζω / καινός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Galatians package pattern, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 2:10, 15 (ktizō) and 4:24 (new self ‘created after the likeness of God’). Never การเกิดใหม่ (rebirth/reincarnation).
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs throughout Ephesians, especially the pivot ‘But God…’ (2:4).
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Exaltation and Lordship
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs throughout.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Exaltation and Lordship
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Galatians package, reused exactly. Occurs throughout, especially the recurring formula ‘in Christ’ (ἐν Χριστῷ), the letter’s structural spine.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Filling with the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:13; 4:30; implied at 5:18.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: ผลของพระวิญญาณ
Transliteration: phon khong Phra Winyan
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Rejected alternatives: ผลบุญ, ผลกรรม
Original: ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ φωτός (parallel form)
Category: Ethics
Inherited from Galatians package, reused exactly. Eph 5:9 uses the parallel form ‘fruit of light’ (ผลแห่งความสว่าง), rendered with the identical forbidden-substitution discipline: never ผลบุญ/ผลกรรม.
Desires Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: ความปรารถนาของเนื้อหนัง
Transliteration: khwam pratthana khong nuea nang
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Universal Human Guilt
Rejected alternatives: ตัณหา
Original: ἐπιθυμία τῆς σαρκός
Category: Anthropology
NEW. Eph 2:3. CRITICAL: never ตัณหา (the precise Pali/Buddhist technical term for craving, root of dukkha per the Second Noble Truth, extinguished through the practitioner’s own disciplined practice on the Eightfold Path). ความปรารถนาของเนื้อหนัง keeps the term outside Buddhist technical vocabulary.
Made Alive With Christ
Approved rendering: ทรงให้เป็นขึ้นมีชีวิตอยู่ร่วมกับพระคริสต์
Transliteration: song hai pen khuen mi chiwit yu ruam kap Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Original: συζωοποιέω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 2:5. Ranked the letter’s single highest-risk term: the surface resemblance to ‘rebirth’ is even stronger than for ‘resurrection.’ Must retain passive/divine agency (ทรง-) and the explicit ‘together with Christ’ union formula (ร่วมกับพระคริสต์).
Raised Seated With Christ
Approved rendering: ทรงให้เป็นขึ้นร่วมกับพระคริสต์ / ทรงให้ประทับร่วมกัน
Transliteration: song hai pen khuen ruam kap Phra Khrit / song hai prathap ruam kan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่
Original: συνεγείρω / συγκαθίζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 2:6. Same forbidden-substitution rule as resurrection. The royal-register verb ประทับ (‘seated’) must stay tied to ในพระคริสต์เยซู so it reads theologically, never as an extension of royal-honorific vocabulary.
Gift Of Salvation
Approved rendering: ของประทาน
Transliteration: khong pratan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: พร
Original: δῶρον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 2:8. Never พร (a boon sought/earned through devotional practice at temples/shrines); ของประทาน carries the divine-honorific ประทาน and is not the term used for negotiated or merited favors.
Works
Approved rendering: การประพฤติ / กิจการ
Transliteration: kan praphruet / kitchakan
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: กรรมดี, บุญ
Original: ἔργα
Category: Salvation
NEW, extends the Galatians baseline’s works_of_the_law prohibition. Eph 2:9. Single highest-stakes term in the letter for a Thai audience: directly negates the merit-accumulation logic (สั่งสมบุญ) structuring ordinary Thai Buddhist religious life.
Good Works
Approved rendering: การประพฤติดี / กิจการดี
Transliteration: kan praphruet di / kitchakan di
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: ἔργα ἀγαθά
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 2:10. The single most doctrinally delicate grace/works pairing in the letter: must be sequenced grammatically and pastorally as the fruit of salvation, never its basis, against v.9’s near-identical vocabulary; requires explicit discourse markers (เพราะ…/มิใช่…/แต่…).
Predestined
Approved rendering: ทรงกำหนดไว้ล่วงหน้า
Transliteration: song kamnot wai luang na
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, โชคชะตา, ดวง
Original: προορίζω
Category: Election
NEW. Eph 1:5, 11. The single most theologically loaded new term in Eph 1: personal, gracious, prior divine choice — structurally opposite to karma’s self-caused causality and astrology’s impersonal determinism.
Mystery
Approved rendering: ความล้ำลึก
Transliteration: khwam lam luek
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Mystery
NEW. Eph 1:9; 3:3-9; 5:32; 6:19. Must not be rendered with vocabulary suggesting an esoteric cult secret reserved for initiates (cf. คาถา, restricted ritual formulas); this mystery is now fully disclosed to all through the gospel. Render identically at every occurrence, accompanied by explicit ‘now disclosed’ language (ได้ทรงสำแดง/เปิดเผยแล้ว).
Supremacy Of Christ
Approved rendering: ทรงเป็นเหนือกว่าเจ้า ผู้มีอำนาจ ฤทธิ์อำนาจ และเจ้านายทั้งปวง
Transliteration: song pen nuea kwa chao, phu mi amnat, rit amnat, lae chao nai thang puang
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Exaltation and Lordship
Original: ὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐξουσίας καὶ δυνάμεως καὶ κυριότητος
Category: Christology
NEW. Eph 1:20-21; 4:8-10. Christ’s supremacy must be categorically absolute over every spirit-rank Thai cosmology recognizes (devas, guardian spirits, ancestral spirits), not merely ‘greater than’ a peer among comparable beings.
Body Of Christ Head
Approved rendering: พระกายของพระคริสต์ / ศีรษะ (ประมุข)
Transliteration: Phra Kai khong Phra Khrit / sisa (pramuk)
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα / κεφαλή
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 1:22-23; 4:15-16; 5:23, 29-30. Avoid resonance with venerated bodily relics (พระบรมสารีริกธาตุ); always pair ‘body’ with the explicit possessive ‘of Christ.’ ‘Head’ must convey organic, life-giving headship, not merely institutional leadership.
One New Man
Approved rendering: มนุษย์คนใหม่คนเดียว
Transliteration: manut khon mai khon diao
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่
Original: ἓν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον
Category: Church
NEW, extends new_creation. Eph 2:15. Corporate, not individual-rebirth, claim: a single new shared humanity formed once, by the cross, out of two previously distinct peoples.
Old Self New Self
Approved rendering: มนุษย์เก่า / มนุษย์ใหม่
Transliteration: manut kao / manut mai
Doctrine: The New Self: Putting Off the Old, Putting On the New
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่
Original: ὁ παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος / ὁ καινὸς ἄνθρωπος; ἀποτίθεμαι / ἐνδύομαι
Category: Anthropology
NEW, extends new_creation. Eph 4:22-24. Garment-verbs ถอด/สวม (reused from the baseline clothed_with_christ pattern) reinforce a decisive, once-for-all change of identity accomplished by grace, not a repeated meditative-discipline cycle. Risk heightened at 4:24 (‘created after the likeness of God’).
Idolatry
Approved rendering: การกราบไหว้รูปเคารพ
Transliteration: kan krap wai rup khaorop
Doctrine: Idolatry and Exclusive Worship
Original: εἰδωλολατρία / εἰδωλολάτρης
Category: Ethics
NEW. Eph 5:5. Requires theologian-level pastoral framing: retain full biblical force (exclusive worship belongs to God alone) without gratuitously branding ordinary cultural gestures of respect (the wai toward a Buddha image or senior monk) as unqualified idolatry.
Filled With Spirit
Approved rendering: เต็มเปี่ยมด้วยพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: tem piam duai Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Filling with the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: เข้าทรง, ผีเข้า/ถูกผีสิง
Original: πληροῦσθε ἐν πνεύματι
Category: God
NEW, extends holy_spirit. Eph 5:18. Must be sharply distinguished from possession-trance vocabulary/practice; the Spirit’s personal, self-controlled, sanctifying influence, never loss of self-control to a displacing entity. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Rulers Authorities Cosmic Powers
Approved rendering: เจ้าและนาย, ผู้มีอำนาจ, เจ้าโลกแห่งความมืดยุคนี้, เหล่าวิญญาณชั่วในย่านฟ้าอากาศ
Transliteration: chao lae nai, phu mi amnat, chao lok haeng khwam muet yuk ni, lao winyan chua nai yan fa akat
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: ผี, เจ้าที่
Original: ἀρχαί, ἐξουσίαι, κοσμοκράτορες τοῦ σκότους τούτου, τὰ πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Eph 1:21; 3:10; 6:12. Single highest Thai-specific collision risk in the letter. Must avoid both de-personalizing into mere metaphorical institutional ‘powers’ and assimilating into the negotiable, appeasable folk-spirit hierarchy; resisted through Christ’s finished victory, never appeased. Mandatory theologian review.
Armor Of God
Approved rendering: ยุทธภัณฑ์ของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: yutthaphan khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: พระเครื่อง, สักยันต์, สายสิญจน์
Original: ἡ πανοπλία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Eph 6:11, 13-17. Must be taught as positional spiritual truths put on by faith, never as magically protective amulets, tattoos, or blessed cords obtained from a ritual specialist.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: khao prasoet
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ข่าวดี
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:13; 3:6; 6:15, 19. Must convey the unique, authoritative proclamation of salvation through Christ, not any pleasant announcement.
Holy
Approved rendering: บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ศักดิ์สิทธิ์
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:4; 5:27.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: kan song chamra hai borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: การชำระบาปด้วยตนเอง
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιάζω
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 5:26, the church cleansed ‘by the washing of water with the word.‘
Gospel Of Peace
Approved rendering: ข่าวประเสริฐเรื่องสันติสุข
Transliteration: khao prasoet rueang santisuk
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς εἰρήνης
Category: Salvation
NEW compound combining two baseline terms (gospel + peace). Eph 6:15, the footwear of the armor of God. Inherits gospel’s High tier; must retain both the authoritative-proclamation force of ข่าวประเสริฐ and the relational-peace force of สันติสุข.
Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: tham banyat
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: พระธรรมวินัย
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 2:15, ‘the law of commandments and ordinances,’ abolished in Christ’s flesh.
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Universal Human Guilt
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 2:1, paired with ‘trespasses.‘
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:6, 12, 14, 17, 18; 3:13, 16, 21 in the recurring refrain ‘to the praise of his glory.‘
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: rit det khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Exaltation and Lordship
Rejected alternatives: อำนาจศักดิ์สิทธิ์ของวัตถุมงคล
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ / ἐνέργεια / κράτος / ἰσχύς
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:19 (fourfold power stack: dynamis/energeia/kratos/ischys, compressed via intensifying modifiers เหลือล้น/ยิ่งใหญ่/มหาศาล rather than four invented coinages — LINGUISTIC GAP, deliberate strategy, not an oversight); 3:7, 16, 20; 6:10.
Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญา
Transliteration: phanthasanya
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: ข้อตกลง
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 2:12, ‘the covenants of promise.‘
Election
Approved rendering: การทรงเลือก
Transliteration: kan song lueak
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา, เวรกรรม
Original: ἐκλέγομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:4.
Providence
Approved rendering: การทรงดูแลรักษาของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: kan song dulae raksa khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, ดวง
Original: ἐνεργέω κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:11, God working all things according to the counsel of his own will.
Promise
Approved rendering: พระสัญญา
Transliteration: phra sanya
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Rejected alternatives: พร
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:13; 2:12; 3:6, Gentiles as ‘fellow partakers of the promise in Christ.‘
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Prayer and Spiritual Access to God
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:2, 3, 17; 2:18; 3:14; 4:6; 5:20; 6:23, ‘from whom every family in heaven and on earth derives its name’ (3:14-15).
Called
Approved rendering: ผู้ที่ทรงเรียก
Transliteration: phu thi song riak
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ผู้ที่ได้รับเชิญ
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:18; 4:1, 4.
Calling
Approved rendering: การทรงเรียก
Transliteration: kan song riak
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 4:1, 4.
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: การทรงยกโทษ
Transliteration: kan song yok thot
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: กรวดน้ำ (merit-transfer ritual)
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 1:7. A legal/relational act of a personal God grounded in Christ’s blood, not conflated with the Buddhist merit-transfer ritual of releasing negative karma (กรวดน้ำ), nor with self-generated psychological self-forgiveness.
Wrath
Approved rendering: พระพิโรธ
Transliteration: phra phirot
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Universal Human Guilt
Rejected alternatives: เคราะห์กรรม
Original: ὀργή
Category: God
NEW. Eph 2:3. God’s personal, righteous judicial anger against sin; never softened into impersonal misfortune.
Children Of Wrath
Approved rendering: บุตรแห่งพระพิโรธโดยธรรมชาติ
Transliteration: but haeng phra phirot doi thammachat
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Universal Human Guilt
Original: τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 2:3. Universal, inherited, personal liability before a righteous God — not a variable karmic score some carry ‘less of’ than others.
Heavenly Places
Approved rendering: สถานที่แห่งสวรรค์
Transliteration: sathanthi haeng sawan
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Exaltation and Lordship
Original: ἐπουράνιος
Category: Christology
NEW. Eph 2:6; 3:10; 6:12. สวรรค์ also names the many temporary deva-realms of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology; must convey permanent positional union with the risen Christ, not a temporary heavenly rebirth-realm. Translator note recommended at each occurrence.
Prepared Beforehand
Approved rendering: ทรงจัดเตรียมไว้ล่วงหน้า
Transliteration: song jat triam wai luang na
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา, เวรกรรม
Original: προετοιμάζω
Category: Election
NEW. Eph 2:10. Personal, purposive divine planning — never astrological fate or karma-determined destiny.
Seal Guarantee
Approved rendering: การทรงประทับตราด้วยพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ / มัดจำ
Transliteration: kan song pratap tra duai Phra Winyan Borisut / matjam
Doctrine: Adoption and Inheritance in Christ
Original: σφραγίζω / ἀρραβών
Category: Election
NEW. Eph 1:13-14. Risks assimilation to protective marking practices (สักยันต์, พกเครื่องราง). Must keep the Holy Spirit himself, not a mark or object, as the substance of the seal.
Boldness And Access
Approved rendering: ความกล้าและโอกาสเข้าถึงพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam kla lae okat khao thueng Phra Chao
Doctrine: Reconciliation and Peace with God and Others
Rejected alternatives: ร่างทรง, บนบานศาลกล่าว
Original: παρρησία / προσαγωγή
Category: Mystery
NEW. Eph 2:18; 3:12. Direct, unmediated access to God through Christ alone — never through a spirit-medium or a shrine-vow bargain.
Fullness
Approved rendering: ความบริบูรณ์
Transliteration: khwam boribun
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Original: πλήρωμα
Category: Christology
NEW. Eph 1:23; 3:19; 4:13. Keep concretely tied to ‘of Christ’/‘of God’ (ของพระคริสต์/ของพระเจ้า) at every occurrence; avoid drift into speculative cosmological emanation-hierarchy or worldly-prosperity connotations.
Unity
Approved rendering: เอกภาพ (ฝ่ายพระวิญญาณ)
Transliteration: ekaphap (fai Phra Winyan)
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ความสามัคคี (bare civic term)
Original: ἑνότης
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 4:3, 13. Distinguish from ความสามัคคี as a civic-nationalist social-harmony slogan; this is a Spirit-wrought oneness grounded in ‘one Lord, one faith, one baptism,’ to be maintained, not manufactured.
Temple Dwelling Place
Approved rendering: พระวิหาร / ที่ประทับของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phra wihan / thi prathap khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: วัด, ศาลพระภูมิ
Original: ναός / κατοικητήριον
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 2:21-22. Never วัด (Buddhist temple compound, already forbidden for church in the baseline) or ศาลพระภูมิ/ศาลเจ้า (spirit-houses); the gathered believing community, not a building or shrine, is God’s dwelling.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: การทรงให้คืนดีกัน
Transliteration: kan song hai khuen di kan
Doctrine: Reconciliation and Peace with God and Others
Rejected alternatives: บนบานศาลกล่าว (shrine-vow bargaining)
Original: ἀποκαταλλάσσω
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 2:16. Relational restoration by God through Christ’s cross, not appeasement or a negotiated settlement with an offended spirit.
Grieve Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: อย่าทำให้พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์เสียพระทัย
Transliteration: ya tham hai Phra Winyan Borisut sia phra jai
Doctrine: Filling with the Holy Spirit
Original: λυπεῖτε τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον
Category: God
NEW, extends holy_spirit. Eph 4:30. The grammar of a person being grieved is itself a doctrinal safeguard for the Spirit’s full personhood; must not be flattened into an abstract ‘do not act against the Spirit’s will.‘
Sacrifice Offering
Approved rendering: เครื่องบูชา / เครื่องถวาย
Transliteration: khreuang bucha / khreuang thawai
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: θυσία / προσφορά
Category: Ethics
NEW. Eph 5:2. Christ’s unique, once-for-all self-offering, not one offering among an ongoing, repeated, merit-generating devotional pattern (offerings to spirit-houses, monks, or shrines).
Submission
Approved rendering: การยอมเชื่อฟัง / การยอมอยู่ใต้
Transliteration: kan yom cheuafang / kan yom yu tai
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: ὑποτάσσομαι
Category: Ethics
NEW. Eph 5:21-24. Must never be taught as coercive subjugation or implying inferior worth; the husband’s parallel, weightier call to self-sacrificial love (5:25) must receive equal translational and pastoral weight.
Ruler Of Power Of Air
Approved rendering: เจ้าแห่งอำนาจในย่านอากาศ
Transliteration: chao haeng amnat nai yan akat
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: ผี
Original: ὁ ἄρχων τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Eph 2:2. A specific, personal, defeated-yet-active evil ruler (Satan), never the diffuse folk category of ผี, nor a morally neutral ‘spirit of the age.‘
Age This World
Approved rendering: ยุคของโลกนี้
Transliteration: yuk khong lok ni
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Rejected alternatives: กัป (kalpa cyclical-age framing)
Original: αἰών / κόσμος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Eph 2:2. A linear, terminus-bound age, never a recurring cosmic cycle as in Buddhist-Brahmanic kalpa cosmology.
Ages To Come
Approved rendering: ยุคต่าง ๆ ที่จะมาถึง
Transliteration: yuk tang tang thi ja ma thueng
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Exaltation and Lordship
Original: οἱ αἰῶνες οἱ ἐπερχόμενοι
Category: Christology
NEW. Eph 2:7. Same linear/cyclical caution as age_this_world; the eschatological future unfolds toward a definite consummation in Christ, not through an endless wheel of ages.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:15; 2:8; 3:12, 17; 4:5, 13; 6:16, 23. Elevated scrutiny at Eph 2:8, where faith must remain the instrument, not the meritorious basis, of salvation.
Saints
Approved rendering: วิสุทธิชน
Transliteration: wisutthichon
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: พระอรหันต์
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:1, 15, 18; 3:8, 18; 4:12; 5:3; 6:18.
Adoption
Approved rendering: การรับเป็นบุตร
Transliteration: kan rap pen but
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: การอุปการะ
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:5, predestined to adoption.
Peace
Approved rendering: สันติสุข
Transliteration: santisuk
Doctrine: Reconciliation and Peace with God and Others
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:2; 2:14, 15, 17; 4:3; 6:15, 23.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ของประทานฝ่ายวิญญาณ
Transliteration: khong pratan fai winyan
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Rejected alternatives: ฤทธิ์อำนาจลึกลับ
Original: χαρίσματα / δόματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 4:7-11, the distribution of gift-offices by the ascended Christ.
Church
Approved rendering: คริสตจักร
Transliteration: khritsatchak
Doctrine: The Church as the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: วัด
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:22; 3:10, 21; 5:23-32. Never วัด, a Buddhist temple compound.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Idolatry and Exclusive Worship
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักรของพระเจ้า
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 5:5, ‘the kingdom of Christ and God.‘
Gentiles
Approved rendering: คนต่างชาติ
Transliteration: khon tang chat
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Rejected alternatives: ชาวต่างประเทศ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 2:11; 3:1, 6, 8.
Heir
Approved rendering: ทายาท
Transliteration: thayat
Doctrine: Adoption and Inheritance in Christ
Original: κληρονόμος / κληρόομαι
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:14, 18; 3:6.
Revelation
Approved rendering: การทรงสำแดง
Transliteration: kan song samdaeng
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Revelation
Rejected alternatives: นิมิตของหมอดู
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Galatians package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:17; 3:3, 5.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: การเข้าสุหนัต
Transliteration: kan khao sunat
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: περιτομή / ἀκροβυστία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Galatians package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 2:11. No Thai cultural equivalent; short OT-covenant-background translator note required at first occurrence.
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Revelation
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:1; 2:20; 3:5; 4:11.
Dead Spiritually
Approved rendering: ตายแล้ว (ฝ่ายจิตวิญญาณ)
Transliteration: tai laeo (fai jit winyan)
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Universal Human Guilt
Original: νεκρός
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 2:1, 5. Must be anchored explicitly to spiritual/relational deadness; never softened to ‘sick’ or ‘weak,’ which would wrongly imply residual capacity to self-improve one’s own standing before God.
Trespasses
Approved rendering: การล่วงละเมิด
Transliteration: kan luang lamoet
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Universal Human Guilt
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 2:1, 5. Concrete offense against a personal God, not violation of an impersonal moral order or a minor breach of etiquette.
Workmanship
Approved rendering: งานฝีพระหัตถ์ของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: ngan fi phra hat khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Original: ποίημα
Category: Salvation
NEW. Eph 2:10. Avoid a flat, generic word for ‘product’; the honorific พระหัตถ์ (‘God’s own hand’) preserves the personal-maker sense.
Walk
Approved rendering: ดำเนินชีวิต
Transliteration: damnoen chiwit
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: περιπατέω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Consistency-critical motif recurring 2:2, 10; 4:1, 17; 5:2, 8, 15. Must use the identical Thai verb at every occurrence to preserve the letter’s literary inclusio (formerly walked in sin, 2:2; now walk in good works, 2:10).
Blessing
Approved rendering: พระพร
Transliteration: phra phon
Doctrine: Election and Predestination in Christ
Rejected alternatives: พร (unqualified)
Original: εὐλογητός / εὐλογία
Category: Election
NEW. Eph 1:3. The พระ- honorific distinguishes divine blessing from the generic พร sought from monks or spirit-shrines; consistent honorific use required.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: มรดก
Transliteration: moradok
Doctrine: Adoption and Inheritance in Christ
Rejected alternatives: โชค
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Election
NEW. Eph 1:11, 14, 18. A certain, promised legal inheritance, not a matter of chance.
Fellow Heirs
Approved rendering: ทายาทร่วมกัน
Transliteration: thayat ruam kan
Doctrine: Adoption and Inheritance in Christ
Original: συγκληρονόμος
Category: Election
NEW, extends heir. Eph 3:6. Full and equal inheritance-sharing status for Gentiles alongside Jews.
Stewardship
Approved rendering: ภาระหน้าที่ที่ทรงมอบไว้
Transliteration: phara nathi thi song mop wai
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Revelation
Original: οἰκονομία
Category: Mystery
NEW. Eph 3:2, 9. Delegated, entrusted responsibility, not self-appointed office.
Pastor
Approved rendering: ศิษยาภิบาล
Transliteration: sitsayaphiban
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: ποιμήν
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 4:11. Established Thai Christian term; its root meaning (‘shepherd of disciples’) should not be confused with the guru-like อาจารย์-ศิษย์ bond flagged in the Galatians baseline’s guardian entry.
Teacher
Approved rendering: ผู้สอนพระวจนะ
Transliteration: phu son phra wotchana
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ (bare)
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 4:11. Avoid the bare อาจารย์, which carries the connotation of an enduring, reverential, lifelong teacher-disciple bond in Thai Buddhist tradition; this is one distributed service-gift among several, not a singular guru relationship.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: ศิลามุมเอก / ฐานราก
Transliteration: sila mum ek / than rak
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: ἀκρογωνιαῖος / θεμέλιος
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 2:20. Brief note distinguishing the metaphor from a Buddhist temple/stupa foundation-consecration ritual is advisable.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: ครอบครัวของพระเจ้า / ประชากรร่วมชาติ
Transliteration: khrobkhrua khong Phra Chao / prachakon ruam chat
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: οἰκεῖοι τοῦ θεοῦ / συμπολῖται
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 2:19. Consistent with the baseline church entry: the gathered people of God, never วัด.
Strangers Aliens
Approved rendering: คนต่างด้าว / ผู้แปลกหน้า
Transliteration: khon tang dao / phu plaek na
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: ξένοι / πάροικοι
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 2:12, 19. Retain the sense of total covenantal exclusion, not mere cultural unfamiliarity.
Dividing Wall
Approved rendering: กำแพงที่กั้นด้วยความเป็นศัตรู
Transliteration: kamphaeng thi kan duai khwam pen sattru
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles in One New Humanity
Original: τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 2:14. Requires an OT temple-architecture background note for low-OT-literacy readers.
Renewed Mind
Approved rendering: ได้รับการทรงเปลี่ยนใจและความคิดใหม่
Transliteration: dai rap kan song plian jai lae khwam khit mai
Doctrine: The New Self: Putting Off the Old, Putting On the New
Original: ἀνανεοῦσθαι τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοός
Category: Sanctification
NEW, extends sanctification. Eph 4:23. Retain the ทรง- divine-agency marker to distinguish this from Buddhist mind-training (การฝึกจิต, การเจริญภาวนา) achieved through the practitioner’s own sustained meditative discipline.
Imitators Of God
Approved rendering: ผู้เลียนแบบพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phu liaenbaep Phra Chao
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: μιμηταὶ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Ethics
NEW. Eph 5:1. Frame relationally (a child resembling a parent), avoiding resonance with ritual imitation/veneration of a distant venerated image.
One Flesh Marriage Mystery
Approved rendering: เนื้อเดียวกัน / ความล้ำลึก
Transliteration: nuea diao kan / khwam lam luek
Doctrine: Marriage as a Picture of Christ and the Church
Original: μία σάρξ / μυστήριον
Category: Ethics
NEW. Eph 5:31-32. The ‘mystery’ here is the same central term as 1:9; 3:3-9; 6:19 — render consistently across all four occurrences.
Slaves Masters
Approved rendering: ทาส / นาย
Transliteration: that / nai
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: δοῦλος / κύριος
Category: Ethics
NEW. Eph 6:5-9. Requires an explanatory translator note distinguishing the first-century household-slavery context from modern employer-employee application.
Impartiality
Approved rendering: ไม่ทรงเห็นแก่หน้าใคร
Transliteration: mai song hen kae na khrai
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: προσωπολημψία
Category: Ethics
NEW. Eph 6:9. A direct, culturally relevant challenge to Thai patron-client and face-based favoritism norms (เกรงใจ, การเห็นแก่หน้า).
Devil
Approved rendering: มารซาตาน / พญามาร
Transliteration: Mansatan / phaya man
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Eph 6:11. Distinct from the diffuse folk category of ผี appeased in Thai folk religion; a specific, personal, defeated-yet-active adversary.
Word Of God Rhema
Approved rendering: พระวจนะของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phra wotchana khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God
Original: ῥῆμα θεοῦ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Eph 6:17. LINGUISTIC GAP: Greek distinguishes ῥῆμα (a specific utterance) from λόγος (the broader word/message); Thai commonly renders both as พระวจนะ. Not doctrinally load-bearing enough here to require a separate coinage.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: การขอบพระคุณ
Transliteration: kan khop phra khun
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Praise
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 1:16; 5:4, 20.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: การสามัคคีธรรม
Transliteration: kan samakkhi tham
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: มิตรภาพ
Original: κοινωνία / συμμέτοχος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 5:11, negative use (‘no fellowship with darkness’).
Exhort
Approved rendering: หนุนใจ
Transliteration: nun jai
Doctrine: Walking in Newness of Life
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 4:1.
Mutual Edification
Approved rendering: การเสริมสร้างซึ่งกันและกัน
Transliteration: kan soemsang sueng kan lae kan
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: οἰκοδομή
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 4:12, 16, 29.
Prophet
Approved rendering: ผู้เผยพระวจนะ
Transliteration: phu phoei phra wotchana
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Rejected alternatives: หมอดู
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Occurs Eph 2:20; 3:5; 4:11.
Manifold Wisdom
Approved rendering: พระปัญญาอันหลากหลายและล้ำลึก
Transliteration: phra panya an lakhlai lae lam luek
Doctrine: The Mystery of Christ Revealed
Original: ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία
Category: Mystery
NEW. Eph 3:10.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: ผู้ประกาศข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: phu prakat khao prasoet
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Church
NEW, reuses the baseline gospel term. Eph 4:11.
Equipping
Approved rendering: การเตรียมให้พร้อม
Transliteration: kan triam hai phrom
Doctrine: Gifts for Building Up the Church
Original: καταρτισμός
Category: Church
NEW. Eph 4:12.
Obey Honor Parents
Approved rendering: เชื่อฟัง / ให้เกียรติ
Transliteration: cheuafang / hai kiat
Doctrine: Household Codes and Christ-Centered Relationships
Original: ὑπακούω / τιμάω
Category: Ethics
NEW. Eph 6:1-3. Thai filial piety (กตัญญูกตเวที) provides a positive cultural bridge; ground the command explicitly ‘in the Lord,’ not generic filial duty alone.
Ambassador In Chains
Approved rendering: ทูตที่ถูกล่ามโซ่
Transliteration: thut thi thuk lam so
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Revelation
Original: πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW. Eph 6:20. ทูต retains its dignified, official-representative sense rather than reading merely as ‘messenger.’
Referenced passages