Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Peter (English ↔ Thai)
This glossary covers every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning 2 Peter chapters 1-3. Terms already present in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json are marked REUSED and carry forward their exact recorded Thai rendering and risk tier unchanged; new terms introduced by this curriculum are marked NEW and are proposed here for addition to translation memory pending Phase 1 theologian sign-off.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly: Critical (human theologian review every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
Reused Baseline Terms Appearing in 2 Peter
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Status | 2 Peter Occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | อัครทูต | akkhrathut | Medium | REUSED | 1:1 | Combined with δοῦλος, “servant,” in Peter’s self-designation. |
| faith | ความเชื่อ | khwam cheua | Medium | REUSED | 1:1, 1:5 | ”Equally precious faith” extends Unity of Jews/Gentiles doctrine to all believers. |
| righteousness | ความชอบธรรม | khwam chop tham | Critical | REUSED | 1:1; 2:5, 2:21; 3:13 | Also “way of righteousness” (2:21) and righteousness dwelling in the new heavens/earth (3:13). |
| grace | พระคุณ | phra khun | Critical | REUSED | 1:2; 3:18 | Closing exhortation (3:18) “grow in grace” is a high-use verse requiring verbatim consistency. |
| peace | สันติสุข | santisuk | Medium | REUSED | 1:2; 3:14 | Standard greeting/closing usage. |
| glory | พระสิริ | Phra Siri | High | REUSED | 1:3, 1:17; 3:18 | Distinct from the plural “glories” (δόξαι, angelic beings) at 2:10-11 — see new term below. |
| power_of_god | ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า | rit det khong Phra Chao | High | REUSED | 1:3, 1:16 | Extended with the adjective “divine” (θεῖος); retain personal-power sense, never amulet potency. |
| holy | บริสุทธิ์ | borisut | High | REUSED | 1:18; 2:21; 3:2, 3:11 | ”Holy mountain,” “holy commandment,” “holy prophets,” “holy conduct.” |
| holy_spirit | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Phra Winyan Borisut | Critical | REUSED | 1:21 | Core inspiration-of-Scripture verse; see φερόμενοι risk note in semantic analysis — never วิญญาณ alone or a construction resembling เข้าทรง (spirit possession). |
| father | พระบิดา | Phra Bida | High | REUSED | 1:17 | God the Father’s voice at the Transfiguration. |
| son_of_god | พระบุตรของพระเจ้า | Phra But khong Phra Chao | Critical | REUSED | 1:17 | ”This is my beloved Son” — Father’s direct testimony to Christ’s Sonship. |
| jesus | พระเยซู | Phra Yesu | Critical | REUSED | throughout | Standard form. |
| christ | พระคริสต์ | Phra Khrit | Critical | REUSED | throughout | Standard form. |
| god | พระเจ้า | Phra Chao | Critical | REUSED | throughout | Standard form; never เทวดา/พระพรหม. |
| lord | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | ong phra phu pen chao | Critical | REUSED | throughout; esp. 3:10 “day of the Lord” | Extended into the compound “Day of the Lord” (ฉ 3) — see new term below. |
| salvation | ความรอด | khwam rot | Critical | REUSED | 3:15 | Fused with patience doctrine: “regard the Lord’s patience as salvation.” |
| calling | การทรงเรียก | kan song riak | High | REUSED | 1:10 | ”Calling and election,” paired. |
| election | การทรงเลือก | kan song lueak | High | REUSED | 1:10 | Never โชคชะตา/เวรกรรม. |
| kingdom_of_god | แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า | phaendin khong Phra Chao | Medium | REUSED | 1:11 | Extended as “eternal kingdom.” |
| sanctification | การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์ | kan song chamra hai borisut | High | REUSED | 1:9 (conceptually, “cleansing from past sins”) | Coordinate rendering for καθαρισμός. |
| fellowship | การสามัคคีธรรม | kan samakkhi tham | Low | REUSED (conceptual root) | 1:4 (κοινωνός, related noun) | See new term “partaker” below for the distinct nominal form. |
| freedom | เสรีภาพ | seriphap | Critical | REUSED | 2:19 | False teachers’ false promise; NEVER หลุดพ้น/วิมุตติ. |
| slavery | ความเป็นทาส | khwam pen that | High | REUSED | 2:19 | Paired with freedom; “slaves of corruption.” |
| flesh | เนื้อหนัง | nuea nang | Critical | REUSED | 2:18 | ”Lusts of the flesh”; never upgrade to กิเลส. |
| curse | คำสาปแช่ง | kham sap chaeng | High | REUSED | 2:14 | ”Children of cursing”; God’s judicial verdict, never เคราะห์กรรม. |
| redeem | ทรงไถ่ | song thai | Critical | REUSED | 2:1 (conceptually, “the Master who bought them”) | Underlies the Δεσπότης entry below. |
| promise | พระสัญญา | phra sanya | High | REUSED | 1:4; 3:4, 3:9, 3:13 | Central to certainty-of-return and new-heavens-new-earth doctrines. |
| prophet | ผู้เผยพระวจนะ | phu phoei phra wotchana | Low | REUSED | 1:19-21; 2:1; 3:2 | ”Holy prophets”; “false prophets” (ψευδο- prefix, see new term). |
| prophecy | คำพยากรณ์ | kham phayakon | Low | REUSED (elevated to High in this doctrine context) | 1:19-21; 3:2 | Central to Reliability/Inspiration of Scripture; elevated risk here given surrounding ἐπίλυσις/φερόμενοι terms. |
| new_creation | การทรงสร้างใหม่ | kan song sang mai | Critical | REUSED (pattern applied to new term) | 3:13 (as “new heavens and new earth,” distinct phrase, same forbidden-substitution rule) | See new term “new heavens and new earth” below, which inherits this entry’s rule directly. |
| fallen_from_grace | หล่นจากพระคุณ | lon chak phra khun | Critical | REUSED (verb root only) | 3:17 (ἐκπίπτω, “fall from stability,” distinct object) | See new term “fall from stability” below; same verb root, different object — do not conflate the two warnings. |
New Terms Introduced by 2 Peter
| English Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | 2 Peter Occurrences | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| savior (title) | พระผู้ช่วยให้รอด | Phra Phu Chuai Hai Rot | High | Salvation (title extension) | 1:1, 1:11; 2:20; 3:2, 3:18 | Built on ความรอด root; never framed as one of several available savior-figures. |
| knowledge (epignōsis/gnōsis) | ความรู้จัก(พระเจ้า) | khwam ruchak (Phra Chao) | High | Growing in Christian Virtue; Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:6, 1:8; 2:20; 3:18 | Rejected: ปัญญา, ญาณ (Buddhist insight-knowledge terms implying self-attained liberating wisdom). Must anchor to personally knowing Christ. |
| myth | นิยายที่ประดิษฐ์ขึ้นอย่างชาญฉลาด | niyai thi pradit khuen yang chanchat | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:16 | Must not read as “one myth-tradition versus another”; this is fact-versus-fabrication. |
| eyewitness | ผู้เห็นด้วยตาตนเอง | phu hen duai ta ton eng | Low | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:16 | Avoid Hellenistic mystery-initiation register; plain eyewitness sense only. |
| majesty | พระเกียรติอันยิ่งใหญ่ | phra kiat an ying yai | High | Certainty of Christ’s Return; Deity of Christ (extended) | 1:16 | Distinguish from royal-honorific register applied to the monarchy. |
| coming / parousia | การเสด็จมา | kan sadet ma | Critical | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:16; 3:4, 3:12 | Rejected: any framing evoking พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย (future Buddha) expectation. Single, certain, historical future event. |
| Majestic Glory (title) | พระเกียรติสิริอันสูงสุด | phra kiat siri an sung sut | High | Deity of Christ (extended) | 1:17 | A reverent title for God the Father himself; not an impersonal cosmic radiance. |
| voice from heaven | พระสุรเสียงจากฟ้าสวรรค์ | phra suraseang chak fa sawan | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:18 | Single unrepeatable historical event; not an ongoing oracular channel. |
| more fully confirmed | ที่มั่นคงยิ่งขึ้น | thi mankhong ying khuen | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:19 | Preserve syntactic ambiguity (compares prophetic word to eyewitness testimony, or states its own certainty). |
| lamp in a dark place | ตะเกียงที่ส่องสว่างในที่มืดมัว | takiang thi song sawang nai thi meut mua | Low | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:19 | Avoid overlap with Dhamma-as-lamp-to-one’s-own-enlightenment imagery. |
| the day dawns | รุ่งอรุณจะมาถึง | rung arun cha ma thueng | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:19 | Coordinate with Day of the Lord vocabulary (ch. 3). |
| morning star | ดาวประกายพรึก | dao prakai phruek | High | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 1:19 | Flag astrology/horoscope association (ดูดวง); requires translator note. |
| private interpretation | การตีความตามความคิดเห็นส่วนตัว | kan tikwahm tam khwam khit hen suan tua | Critical | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:20 | Rejected: any phrasing suggesting reader-attained insight parallel to ปัญญา/ญาณ. Preserve both scholarly readings (prophet’s origination vs. reader’s interpretation) per ambiguity-handling rule. |
| carried along / inspired | ทรงดลใจ / ทรงนำ | song dolchai / song nam | Critical | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:21 | SEVERE RISK: must never resemble เข้าทรง/ร่างทรง (spirit possession/mediumship). Retain “men spoke” as grammatical subject; Spirit’s agency conveyed by ทรงดลใจ/ทรงนำ only. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| men spoke from God | มนุษย์ได้กล่าวโดยมาจากพระเจ้า | manut dai klao doi ma chak Phra Chao | Critical | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 1:21 | Dual-authorship formula; preserve both genuine human speech and divine origination. |
| servant (doulos, self-designation) | ผู้รับใช้ | phu rap chai | Medium | Apostleship (extended) | 1:1 | Positive self-designation of devoted service; distinguish from baseline’s slavery-under-sin sense. |
| divine nature | ธรรมชาติแห่งพระเจ้า / พระลักษณะของพระเจ้า | thammachat haeng Phra Chao / phra laksana khong Phra Chao | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4 | SEVERE RISK: never framed as Buddha-nature (พุทธภาวะ) or Hindu-Vedantic atman-Brahman union. Received by promise, not self-realized. Mandatory theologian review. |
| partaker | ผู้มีส่วนร่วม | phu mi suan ruam | High | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4 | Read together with “divine nature” entry; real granted participation, not erasure of Creator-creature distinction. |
| lust / desire (epithymia) | ตัณหา | tanha | High | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption; False Teachers and Their Judgment | 1:4; 2:10, 2:18; 3:3 | Deliberate, unavoidable collision with the Buddhist Four Noble Truths’ technical term for craving. Anchor to willful moral rebellion against a personal God; escape granted by God, not self-attained. Mandatory theologian review. |
| corruption / decay | ความเสื่อมทราม | khwam suam sam | Critical | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | 1:4; 2:12, 2:19 | Never rendered via impermanence-vocabulary (อนิจจัง); “escaping” must be God’s rescue, not self-attained renunciation. Mandatory theologian review. |
| virtue / excellence (aretē) | คุณธรรม / ความดีเลิศ | khunatham / khwam di loet | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:3, 1:5 | Fruit of grace and knowledge of Christ, not self-generated merit. |
| godliness (eusebeia) | การดำเนินชีวิตที่ตามอย่างพระเจ้า / ความเลื่อมใสในพระเจ้าอย่างบริสุทธิ์ | kan damnoen chiwit thi tam yang Phra Chao | High | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:3, 1:6, 1:7; 3:11 | Flows from relationship with God, not merit-generating devotional practice. |
| self-control (enkrateia) | การรู้จักบังคับตนเอง | kan ruchak bangkhap ton eng | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6 | Distinguish from Buddhist ascetic sense-restraint (สังวร) as an independent self-discipline technique. |
| steadfastness / endurance (hypomonē) | ความอดทนบุกบั่น | khwam otthan bukban | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:6 | Standard established usage. |
| brotherly affection (philadelphia) | ความรักฉันพี่น้อง | khwam rak chan phi nong | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:7 | Extends baseline’s fellowship family of terms. |
| love (agapē) | ความรัก | khwam rak | Low | Growing in Christian Virtue | 1:7 | Established Thai Christian usage. |
| unfruitful / cleansing | ไม่เกิดผล / การทรงชำระ | mai koet phon / kan song chamra | Low-Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue; Sanctification (extended) | 1:8-9 | Cleansing is God’s act, not ritual self-purification. |
| tent / departure (body/death) | ร่างกายอันเป็นเสมือนกระโจม / การจากไป | rangkai an pen samuean krachom / kan chak pai | Low | (contextual, not a named curriculum doctrine) | 1:13-15 | Departure to be with Christ, not transition into a new incarnation. |
| false teacher | ผู้สอนเท็จ | phu son thet | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Doctrinal corruption from within, not a legitimate alternative teacher. |
| destructive heresy | ลัทธินอกรีตที่นำไปสู่ความพินาศ | latthi nok roek thi nam pai su khwam pinat | High | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Qualifying clause “leads to destruction” must always be retained. |
| Master (despotēs) | องค์เจ้านายผู้ทรงไถ่ไว้ | ong chao nai phu song thai wai | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:1 | Distinct from κύριος/lord; incorporates ทรงไถ่ (redeem) to convey ownership-by-purchase. |
| destruction / perdition (apōleia) | ความพินาศ | khwam pinat | High | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 2:1, 2:3; 3:7, 3:9, 3:16 | Real, final, personal divine judgment outcome, never impersonal karmic consequence. |
| cast into Tartarus / confined in darkness | ทรงกักขังไว้ในที่มืดมิดเพื่อรอการพิพากษา | song kakkhang wai nai thi meut mit phuea ro kan phiphaksa | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 2:4 | Avoid unqualified นรก (overlaps with Buddhist temporary purgatorial naraka-realms within samsara); this is fixed confinement awaiting a future legal judgment. |
| day of judgment (hēmera kriseōs) | วันแห่งการพิพากษา | wan haeng kan phiphaksa | High | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 2:9 | Coordinate with “Day of the Lord” (ch. 3); personal divine Judge as subject. |
| glories (angelic beings, doxai) | สิ่งทรงเกียรติเบื้องบน | sing song kiat bueang bon | Medium | (contextual) | 2:10-11 | Distinct plural sense from “glory of God” (พระสิริ); do not apply reverent divine-glory vocabulary here. |
| pleasure (hēdonē) | ความสำราญทางกาย | khwam samran thang kai | Low-Medium | (contextual, vice list) | 2:13 | Standard vice-list vocabulary. |
| blemishes and blots / spotless and blameless | ตำหนิและข้อด่างพร้อย / ปราศจากตำหนิและข้อด่างพร้อย | tamni lae kho dang phroi / prasak jak tamni lae kho dang phroi | Medium | Growing in Christian Virtue (negative/positive pairing) | 2:13; 3:14 | Deliberately mirrored vocabulary linking 2:13 (negative) and 3:14 (positive) for doctrinal-rhetorical consistency. |
| holy commandment (entolē) | พระบัญญัติอันบริสุทธิ์ | phra banyat an borisut | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture (apostolic instruction) | 2:21 | Distinguish from ธรรมบัญญัติ (Mosaic Law) and from ศีล (Buddhist precepts, merit-observance connotation). |
| the last days | วันสุดท้าย / ยุคสุดท้าย | wan sut thai / yuk sut thai | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return; Day of the Lord | 3:3 | Distinguish from cyclical kalpa-ending (สิ้นกัป) cosmology. |
| scoffer (empaiktēs) | ผู้เย้ยหยัน | phu yoei yan | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:3 | Mockery specifically directed at the certainty of Christ’s return. |
| creation (ktisis) | การทรงสร้าง | kan song sang | Medium | Certainty of Christ’s Return; Day of the Lord | 3:4-6 | Linked doctrinally to “new heavens and new earth” (3:13); coordinate rendering. |
| fire (judgment) | ไฟ | fai | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:7, 3:10, 3:12 | A specific, final divine judgment act, not a cyclical cosmic-destruction motif. |
| ungodly (asebēs) | คนอธรรม / ผู้ไม่ยำเกรงพระเจ้า | khon atham / phu mai yamkreng Phra Chao | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:7, 3:12 | Antonym of godliness (eusebeia). |
| patience / longsuffering (makrothymia) | ความอดกลั้นพระทัย | khwam ot klan phra thai | High | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:8-9, 3:15 | God as willing personal subject of the patience; never assimilated to impersonal karmic-ripening process. |
| repentance (metanoia) | การกลับใจ | kan klap jai | Medium | Patience of God’s Timing | 3:9 | Genuine God-enabled reorientation, not a merit-generating devotional practice. |
| Day of the Lord | วันขององค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | wan khong ong phra phu pen chao | Critical | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:10, 3:12 | SEVERE RISK: avoid any resemblance to cyclical kalpa world-age destruction/renewal cosmology. Single, unrepeatable, morally decisive event. Mandatory theologian review. |
| elements (physical, stoicheia) | ธาตุต่างๆของโลก | that tuang tuang khong lok | Medium | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | 3:10, 3:12 | DO NOT reuse the Galatians baseline’s “elemental_spirits” rendering (หลักการเบื้องต้นของโลก) — different sense of the same Greek word; physical matter, not enslaving religious principles. |
| new heavens and new earth | ฟ้าสวรรค์ใหม่และแผ่นดินใหม่ | fa sawan mai lae phaendin mai | Critical | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment; Certainty of Christ’s Return | 3:13 | SEVERE RISK: inherits Galatians baseline’s new_creation forbidden-substitution rule directly. Never การเกิดใหม่ (rebirth/reincarnation). Single linear re-creation, not a cosmic cycle. Mandatory theologian review. |
| hard to understand / twist (Scripture) | ยากที่จะเข้าใจ / บิดเบือน | yak thi cha khao chai / bitbuean | Medium | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | 3:16 | บิดเบือน matches register of baseline’s false_gospel entry (ถูกบิดเบือน). |
| error / deception (planē) | การหลงผิด / ความเข้าใจผิดที่นำไปสู่บาป | kan long phit / khwam khaochai phit thi nam pai su bap | Medium | False Teachers and Their Judgment | 3:17 | Standard vocabulary; low ambiguity beyond context. |
| fall from stability | หล่นจากความมั่นคงของท่าน | lon chak khwam mankhong khong than | Medium | Patience of God’s Timing (pastoral warning) | 3:17 | Reuses the verb root of baseline’s fallen_from_grace (หล่นจาก) for cross-curriculum lexical consistency; distinct object (stability, not grace) — do not conflate the two warnings. |
Proper Names (Established Thai Bible Forms — Low Risk)
| English | Thai | Occurrences |
|---|---|---|
| Peter | เปโตร | 1:1 |
| Noah | โนอาห์ | 2:5 |
| Sodom | โสโดม | 2:6 |
| Gomorrah | โกโมราห์ | 2:6 |
| Lot | โลท | 2:7-8 |
| Balaam | บาลาอัม | 2:15-16 |
| Paul | เปาโล | 3:15 |
Risk Summary for 2 Peter New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 8 (savior-adjacent salvation reuse aside: private interpretation, carried along/inspired, men spoke from God, divine nature, corruption, Day of the Lord, new heavens and new earth, plus reused Critical baseline terms freedom/flesh/grace/etc.) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 12 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 24 | Native speaker review, theologian escalation on request |
| Low | 8 | Automated review |
Cross-reference note: This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json as part of the next Phase 1 step, with every new term above assigned a version-incremented entry per the existing schema, and every Critical/High term added to doctrine_risk_registry.json under the seven named curriculum doctrines (Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture; Growing in Christian Virtue; False Teachers and Their Judgment; The Certainty of Christ’s Return; The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment; Patience of God’s Timing; Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption).
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: บุญกุศล, ความดี
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used at 2 Peter 1:1 (God’s own righteousness), 2:5 and 2:21 (‘way of righteousness’ abandoned by apostates), and 3:13 (righteousness permanently dwelling in the new heavens and earth).
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Grace and the Christian Life
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Opens (1:2) and closes (3:18, ‘grow in grace and knowledge’) the letter as its doctrinal bookend; both occurrences require verbatim-consistent rendering across all study materials.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Core inspiration verse (1:21): the Spirit’s superintending agency over human prophetic speech. This caution is especially load-bearing here because the adjacent verb ‘carried along’ (see carried_along) sits directly beside Thai spirit-mediumship vocabulary (เข้าทรง/ร่างทรง) — never let this term or its context read as possession.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: พระบุตรของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra But khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทพบุตร, อวตารของพระเจ้า
Original: ὁ Υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Directly confirmed by the Father’s own voice at 1:17: ‘This is my beloved Son’ (พระบุตรที่ทรงรัก). Never เทพบุตร (a lesser celestial being’s son).
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard Thai Bible form, used throughout 2 Peter.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Christology
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, unchanged. Frequently in the compound title ‘our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ’ (1:11; 2:20; 3:2, 3:18).
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: Θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied jointly with ‘Savior’ to both God and Jesus Christ in the same clause at 1:1, a significant deity-of-Christ data point.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: Κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Extended in 2 Peter into the compound title ‘the Day of the Lord’ (see day_of_the_lord) — must not read as an extension of the royal-honorific register Thai reserves for the monarchy.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. At 3:15 explicitly fused with God’s patience: ‘regard the patience of our Lord as salvation’ — a unique doctrinal joint requiring the grammatical fusion of the clause to be preserved, not split into two disconnected ideas.
Freedom
Approved rendering: เสรีภาพ
Transliteration: seriphap
Doctrine: Freedom Falsely Promised
Rejected alternatives: หลุดพ้น, วิมุตติ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. At 2 Peter 2:19 false teachers ‘promise them freedom’ while themselves enslaved to corruption — a direct, load-bearing recurrence of the highest-stakes doctrinal pairing for Thai. The forbidden-substitution rule applies even to this ironic/false use of the concept; never let ‘it’s a false promise anyway’ become a loophole for using หลุดพ้น/วิมุตติ.
Flesh
Approved rendering: เนื้อหนัง
Transliteration: nuea nang
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: กิเลส
Original: σάρξ
Category: Anthropology
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. ‘Lusts of the flesh’ (ἐπιθυμίαις σαρκός, 2:18) drive the false teachers’ corruption of new believers. Never upgrade to กิเลส (Buddhist defilements extinguished through self-effort).
Redeem
Approved rendering: ทรงไถ่
Transliteration: song thai
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose / Christ’s Ownership
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: ἀγοράζω (ἀγοράσαντα)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Underlies the Δεσπότης/Master title at 2:1 (see despotes_master) — ‘even denying the Master who bought them.‘
New Creation
Approved rendering: การทรงสร้างใหม่
Transliteration: kan song sang mai
Doctrine: Cosmic Dissolution and New Creation
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่
Original: καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν (structural parallel to καινὴ κτίσις)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged (base pattern). The forbidden-substitution rule (never การเกิดใหม่, rebirth/reincarnation) applies directly and explicitly to 2 Peter 3:13’s ‘new heavens and new earth’ — see new_heavens_new_earth.
Fallen From Grace
Approved rendering: หล่นจากพระคุณ
Transliteration: lon chak phra khun
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἐκπίπτω (root verb; object differs at 3:17)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged (verb root only, หล่นจาก). At 3:17 the same verb governs a distinct object, ‘your own stability’ (τοῦ ἰδίου στηριγμοῦ) — see fall_from_stability. Do not conflate the two pastoral warnings.
Parousia
Approved rendering: การเสด็จมา
Transliteration: kan sadet ma
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: παρουσία
Category: Christology
NEW (1:16; 3:4, 3:12). Uses the royal-register verb เสด็จ per established ทรง/เสด็จ conventions for divine action. Must never be conflated with the popular Thai millenarian expectation of the future Buddha Phra Si Ariya Metrai’s arrival, nor presented as one instance in a cycle of recurring world-teacher arrivals. A unique, singular, historically certain future event.
Private Interpretation
Approved rendering: การตีความตามความคิดเห็นส่วนตัว
Transliteration: kan tikwahm tam khwam khit hen suan tua
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ปัญญา, ญาณ
Original: ἰδία ἐπίλυσις
Category: Scripture
NEW (1:20). Renders ἰδία ἐπίλυσις. CRITICAL: Thai Buddhist teaching prizes personally attained insight (ปัญญา, ญาณ) as the goal of practice; a careless rendering could imply Scripture invites each reader to discover its meaning through private meditative insight — the opposite of Peter’s point. Preserve both scholarly readings (prophet’s origination vs. reader’s interpretation) per the Ambiguity Handling rule. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Carried Along
Approved rendering: ทรงดลใจ
Transliteration: song dolchai
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: เข้าทรง, ร่างทรง, คนทรง, ทรงนำ (acceptable secondary variant, not an alternative to be rejected but interchangeable within the same safe collocation)
Original: φερόμενοι (ὑπὸ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου)
Category: Scripture
NEW (1:21). Renders φερόμενοι, the letter’s single most theologically load-bearing verb for inspiration. SEVERE, THAI-SPECIFIC RISK: the ทรง- prefix, combined with certain verbs, overlaps เข้าทรง (‘to become possessed’/‘to channel a spirit’) and คนทรง/ร่างทรง (‘spirit medium’), one of the most visible Thai folk-animist practices. Must retain ‘men spoke’ (มนุษย์…ได้กล่าว) as explicit grammatical subject/agent; the Spirit’s superintending agency is conveyed ONLY by ทรงดลใจ/ทรงนำ, never any construction resembling เข้าทรง/ร่างทรง. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence; translator note required.
Men Spoke From God
Approved rendering: มนุษย์ได้กล่าวโดยมาจากพระเจ้า
Transliteration: manut dai klao doi ma chak Phra Chao
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι
Category: Scripture
NEW (1:21). Renders ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι, the dual-authorship formula. Both halves must be retained: genuine human speech and genuine divine origination. Tied directly to carried_along; mandatory theologian review.
Divine Nature
Approved rendering: ธรรมชาติแห่งพระเจ้า
Transliteration: thammachat haeng Phra Chao
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: พุทธภาวะ, อาตมัน, พรหมัน
Original: θεία φύσις
Category: Anthropology
NEW (1:4). Renders θεία φύσις. SEVERE RISK: arguably the single most theologically dangerous phrase in the letter for a Thai reader. Never framed as Buddha-nature (พุทธภาวะ, an innate awakened potential awaiting self-realization) or Hindu-Vedantic atman-Brahman union (accessible via the Ramakien’s Brahmanic layer). Peter’s claim: God’s own promise and power give believers a share in his moral nature from OUTSIDE themselves, received through knowing Christ, never self-discovered or self-cultivated from within. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence; translator note contrasting both frameworks required.
Corruption
Approved rendering: ความเสื่อมทราม
Transliteration: khwam suam sam
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: อนิจจัง
Original: φθορά
Category: Anthropology
NEW (1:4; 2:12, 2:19). Renders φθορά. Never rendered via impermanence-vocabulary (อนิจจัง, the morally neutral Buddhist doctrine of arising-and-passing-away). Doubled risk: (a) impermanence-vocabulary makes corruption sound like a neutral cosmic fact, not moral corruption tied to ตัณหา; (b) ‘escaping’ this corruption must always be God’s promise-and-power-granted rescue (1:4), never Buddhist-style self-achieved renunciation/detachment. Direct parallel to the baseline’s salvation/nibbana caution. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: วันขององค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: wan khong ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: กัป (avoid juxtaposition), สิ้นกัป (avoid juxtaposition)
Original: ἡμέρα Κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
NEW (3:10, 3:12). Renders ἡμέρα Κυρίου, built directly on the baseline’s lord entry. SEVERE RISK: the description of heavens passing away and elements dissolving in fire bears surface resemblance to Buddhist-Brahmanic cyclical kalpa cosmology (world-systems periodically destroyed/re-arising with no final terminus or personal moral Judge). The rendering and study material must make explicit this is a single, unrepeatable, morally decisive divine judgment under the personal Lord as explicit grammatical subject — not one more turn of a cosmic wheel. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
New Heavens New Earth
Approved rendering: ฟ้าสวรรค์ใหม่และแผ่นดินใหม่
Transliteration: fa sawan mai lae phaendin mai
Doctrine: Cosmic Dissolution and New Creation
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่
Original: καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν
Category: Eschatology
NEW (3:13). Renders καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν, directly inheriting the Galatians baseline’s new_creation forbidden-substitution rule. NEVER การเกิดใหม่ (rebirth/reincarnation) — more tempting here than in Galatians since the entire cosmos being remade invites comparison to a new kalpa arising after fiery dissolution. A single, final, linear act of divine re-creation, not one iteration in an ongoing cosmic cycle. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reserved exclusively for God/Christ’s own glory (1:3, 1:17; 3:18 doxology). Must NOT be applied to the distinct plural ‘glories’ of created angelic beings at 2:10-11 — see glories_angelic_beings, which uses a different Thai term.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: rit det khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: อำนาจศักดิ์สิทธิ์ของวัตถุมงคล
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ / θεία δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Extended in 2 Peter with the adjective θεῖος/θεία (‘divine’), rendered อันเป็นของพระเจ้า; evidenced at the Transfiguration (1:16) and as the source of all things pertaining to life and godliness (1:3). Never the sacred potency ascribed to amulets.
Holy
Approved rendering: บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ศักดิ์สิทธิ์
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used of the Transfiguration mountain (1:18, ‘holy mountain’ — set apart by the event, not independently potent like a spirit-shrine), the apostolic commandment (2:21), the OT prophets (3:2), and expected conduct (3:11).
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Original: Θεὸς Πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Father’s own direct voice testifies to the Son at the Transfiguration (1:17).
Calling
Approved rendering: การทรงเรียก
Transliteration: kan song riak
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paired with election at 1:10 as ground for believers’ assured diligence.
Election
Approved rendering: การทรงเลือก
Transliteration: kan song lueak
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา, เวรกรรม
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paired with calling at 1:10; never karma-fixed destiny.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: การทรงชำระให้บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: kan song chamra hai borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: การชำระบาปด้วยตนเอง
Original: καθαρισμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Coordinate rendering used at 1:9 for καθαρισμός, ‘cleansing from past sins’ — God’s own act, never ritual self-purification.
Slavery
Approved rendering: ความเป็นทาส
Transliteration: khwam pen that
Doctrine: Freedom Falsely Promised
Original: δοῦλοι
Category: Freedom
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. At 2:19, ‘slaves of corruption,’ the direct contrast to the freedom false teachers promise; keep paired consistently with เสรีภาพ so the irony remains visible in Thai.
Curse
Approved rendering: คำสาปแช่ง
Transliteration: kham sap chaeng
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: เคราะห์กรรม
Original: κατάρα (κατάρας τέκνα)
Category: Law
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. ‘Children of cursing’ (κατάρας τέκνα, 2:14) — God’s own righteous judicial verdict, never impersonal karmic misfortune.
Promise
Approved rendering: พระสัญญา
Transliteration: phra sanya
Doctrine: Abrahamic Covenant and Promise / Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: พร
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Galatians package, unchanged. Central to three separate 2 Peter doctrines: escape from corruption (1:4), the promise of Christ’s coming mocked by scoffers (3:4, 3:9), and the promise of new heavens and new earth (3:13). Never พร (a general blessing/boon sought from monks or spirits).
Prophet
Approved rendering: ผู้เผยพระวจนะ
Transliteration: phu phoei phra wotchana
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: หมอดู
Original: προφήτης (ψευδοπροφήτης for the negative)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED from Low to High in this book because this term sits immediately beside the Critical private_interpretation and carried_along cluster at 1:19-21. ‘Holy prophets’ (3:2) contrasted with ‘false prophets’ (ψευδοπροφήτης, 2:1).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: คำพยากรณ์
Transliteration: kham phayakon
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: คำทำนายดวงชะตา
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED from Low to High in this book. Central term: ‘no prophecy of Scripture is a matter of one’s own interpretation’ (1:20); ‘no prophecy ever came by the will of man’ (1:21).
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. ‘Former sins’ from which believers are cleansed (1:9); the sinning angels judged and held for judgment (2:4).
Savior
Approved rendering: พระผู้ช่วยให้รอด
Transliteration: Phra Phu Chuai Hai Rot
Doctrine: Salvation (title extension)
Original: Σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW. Built directly on the baseline ความรอด root. Applied to both ‘our God’ and ‘Jesus Christ’ at 1:1, and repeated at 1:11; 2:20; 3:2, 3:18 — one of 2 Peter’s most emphasized titles. Never framed as one of several available savior/rescuer figures in Thailand’s pluralistic religious landscape (comparable devotional titles exist for revered monks and bodhisattva-figures); always the personal-rescue sense already established for salvation.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: ความรู้จักพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam ruchak Phra Chao
Doctrine: Knowledge of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ปัญญา, ญาณ
Original: ἐπίγνωσις / γνῶσις
Category: Faith
NEW. Renders ἐπίγνωσις/γνῶσις. Occupies the exact functional slot Thai Buddhist soteriology assigns to ปัญญา (wisdom) or ญาณ (self-attained insight-knowledge) as the means of liberation. Every occurrence (1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:6, 1:8; 2:20; 3:18) must anchor to personally knowing the person of Christ — a relationship received, not an insight self-attained. Prefer รู้จัก (personal acquaintance) over รู้ alone (propositional information).
Majesty
Approved rendering: พระเกียรติอันยิ่งใหญ่
Transliteration: phra kiat an ying yai
Doctrine: Deity and Majesty of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
NEW (1:16). Renders μεγαλειότης. Overlaps Thai’s royal-honorific majesty-register reserved for the monarchy; must convey Christ’s own unique inherent divine majesty, never royal-court praise-language.
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: พระเกียรติสิริอันสูงสุด
Transliteration: phra kiat siri an sung sut
Doctrine: Deity and Majesty of Christ
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: God
NEW (1:17). Renders μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα, a reverent periphrastic title for God the Father himself, compounding พระเกียรติ with the established พระสิริ root. Must not imply impersonal cosmic radiance (Hindu-Brahmanic light-theophany, accessible via the Ramakien); this Glory is the personal Father.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: ดาวประกายพรึก
Transliteration: dao prakai phruek
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Eschatology
NEW (1:19). Established Thai term for Venus/morning star. Celestial imagery carries strong horoscope/astrology associations (ดูดวง; birth-star determinism). Mandatory translator note: this is a metaphor for Christ’s own light dawning in the heart, not an astrologically significant sign.
Partaker
Approved rendering: ผู้มีส่วนร่วม
Transliteration: phu mi suan ruam
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: κοινωνός
Category: Anthropology
NEW (1:4). Renders κοινωνός. Must be read together with divine_nature’s Critical caution; a real, granted participation, not erasure of the Creator-creature distinction.
Lust Desire
Approved rendering: ตัณหา
Transliteration: tanha
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Anthropology
NEW (1:4; 2:10, 2:18; 3:3). Renders ἐπιθυμία. This is the established, near-unavoidable Thai Bible rendering AND the precise Pali-derived technical term for ‘craving’ in the Buddhist Four Noble Truths (the cause of dukkha, binding beings to rebirth). Intentional, unavoidable collision, comparable to บาป in the baseline. Anchoring, not substitution, required: every occurrence taught as willful moral rebellion against a personal God, escape from which is granted by God — never the impersonal, self-driven Dependent-Origination chain extinguished through the practitioner’s own insight. Mandatory theologian review.
Godliness
Approved rendering: การดำเนินชีวิตที่ตามอย่างพระเจ้า
Transliteration: kan damnoen chiwit thi tam yang Phra Chao
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: ความศรัทธา, การทำบุญ, ความเคร่งครัดในศาสนา
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Ethics
NEW (1:3, 1:6-7; 3:11). Renders εὐσέβεια. Thai has a rich existing vocabulary of religious devotion and merit-making (ความศรัทธา, การทำบุญ, ความเคร่งครัดในศาสนา); must be devout character flowing FROM relationship with God, never devotional activity generating religious merit or standing before God — same merit/grace distinction flagged Critical for grace generally.
False Teacher
Approved rendering: ผู้สอนเท็จ
Transliteration: phu son thet
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλος
Category: False Teaching
NEW (2:1). Renders ψευδοδιδάσκαλος, built on the same pattern as the Galatians baseline’s false_gospel entry. Must read as doctrinal corruption from within the community claiming Christian authority, not a legitimate alternative teacher in Thailand’s pluralistic religious landscape.
Destructive Heresy
Approved rendering: ลัทธินอกรีตที่นำไปสู่ความพินาศ
Transliteration: latthi nok roek thi nam pai su khwam pinat
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: αἵρεσις ἀπωλείας
Category: False Teaching
NEW (2:1). Renders αἵρεσις ἀπωλείας. ลัทธิ alone is neutral Thai vocabulary for a school of thought (used even for Buddhist sects/nikaya); the qualifying clause ‘that leads to destruction’ must ALWAYS be retained, never abbreviated.
Destruction Perdition
Approved rendering: ความพินาศ
Transliteration: khwam pinat
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἀπώλεια
Category: Judgment
NEW (2:1, 2:3; 3:7, 3:9, 3:16). Renders ἀπώλεια. Must be a real, final, personal divine judgment outcome, never softened into a generic ‘bad ending’ or an impersonal karmic consequence — same personal-vs-impersonal distinction the baseline draws for providence, election, and curse.
Day Of Judgment
Approved rendering: วันแห่งการพิพากษา
Transliteration: wan haeng kan phiphaksa
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κρίσεως
Category: Judgment
NEW (2:9). Renders ἡμέρα κρίσεως, the precursor to the fully developed ‘Day of the Lord’ vocabulary of chapter 3. Coordinate with day_of_the_lord; retain a personal divine Judge as grammatical and theological subject.
Patience Of God
Approved rendering: ความอดกลั้นพระทัย
Transliteration: khwam ot klan phra thai
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: God
NEW (3:8-9, 3:15). Renders μακροθυμία, using the honorific พระทัย. A natural but doctrinally distorting alternative is available: God’s ‘delay’ could be assimilated to เวรกรรม (impersonal karmic ripening over time). Peter’s point is the reverse — the personal, gracious forbearance of a personal God actively choosing not yet to bring judgment, to give opportunity for repentance. God must remain the willing, personal grammatical subject in every occurrence.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In 2 Peter 1:1 Peter combines this with servant/δοῦλος (see servant entry) as his self-designation, combining total submission with commissioned authority.
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Peter 1:1’s ‘faith of equal standing’ extends the baseline’s Unity of Jews/Gentiles doctrine to all believers regardless of background.
Peace
Approved rendering: สันติสุข
Transliteration: santisuk
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Epistolary greeting (1:2) and the ethical goal of awaiting the Day of the Lord in peace (3:14).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักรของพระเจ้า
Original: αἰώνιος βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Extended at 1:11 as ‘the eternal kingdom’ (แผ่นดินนิรันดร์ของพระเจ้าและพระเยซูคริสต์องค์พระผู้ช่วยให้รอดของเรา).
Myth
Approved rendering: นิยายที่ประดิษฐ์ขึ้นอย่างชาญฉลาด
Transliteration: niyai thi pradit khuen yang chanchat
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Rejected alternatives: เทพนิยาย, ตำนาน
Original: μῦθος (σεσοφισμένοις μύθοις)
Category: Scripture
NEW (1:16). Thailand’s religious imagination is richly populated with mythological narrative (the Ramakien epic, Jataka birth-tales); must read as fact-versus-fabrication, not one sacred-story tradition defended against others.
Voice From Heaven
Approved rendering: พระสุรเสียงจากฟ้าสวรรค์
Transliteration: phra suraseang chak fa sawan
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: φωνὴ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ
Category: Scripture
NEW (1:18). Uses the royal/divine honorific พระสุรเสียง. Must present a single, unrepeatable historical event, not an ongoing oracular channel like a spirit-shrine or medium.
More Fully Confirmed
Approved rendering: ที่มั่นคงยิ่งขึ้น
Transliteration: thi mankhong ying khuen
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: βεβαιότερος
Category: Scripture
NEW (1:19). Renders βεβαιότερος. Preserve the genuine syntactic ambiguity (compares the prophetic word to the Transfiguration experience, or states the prophetic word’s own high certainty) per the Ambiguity Handling rule.
Day Dawns
Approved rendering: รุ่งอรุณจะมาถึง
Transliteration: rung arun cha ma thueng
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἡμέρα διαυγάσῃ
Category: Eschatology
NEW (1:19). Coordinate with the Day of the Lord vocabulary developed fully in chapter 3.
Servant
Approved rendering: ผู้รับใช้
Transliteration: phu rap chai
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW (1:1). Renders δοῦλος as Peter’s positive self-designation, ‘servant and apostle.’ Distinguish from the baseline’s slavery entry (ความเป็นทาส, negative bondage to sin/corruption elsewhere in this book, e.g. 2:19); here δοῦλος is a positive self-designation of devoted service.
Virtue
Approved rendering: คุณธรรม
Transliteration: khunatham
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Ethics
NEW (1:3, 1:5). Renders ἀρετή. คุณธรรม is doctrinally safe as generic ethics vocabulary but is widely used in Buddhist-influenced ethics education; must always stay explicitly anchored to the grace/knowledge-of-Christ foundation of 1:3-4, never presented as self-generated moral accomplishment on a merit ledger.
Self Control
Approved rendering: การรู้จักบังคับตนเอง
Transliteration: kan ruchak bangkhap ton eng
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: สังวร
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Ethics
NEW (1:6). Renders ἐγκράτεια. Distinguish from Buddhist ascetic sense-restraint (สังวร, indriya-samvara) practiced as an independent liberating technique; this is Spirit-enabled character.
Steadfastness
Approved rendering: ความอดทนบุกบั่น
Transliteration: khwam otthan bukban
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Ethics
NEW (1:6). Renders ὑπομονή. Established Thai Christian vocabulary; low ambiguity beyond standard care.
Brotherly Affection
Approved rendering: ความรักฉันพี่น้อง
Transliteration: khwam rak chan phi nong
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Ethics
NEW (1:7). Renders φιλαδελφία. Continuous with the baseline’s fellowship family of terms.
Unfruitful Cleansing
Approved rendering: ไม่เกิดผล
Transliteration: mai koet phon
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue / Sanctification
Original: ἄκαρπος / καθαρισμός
Category: Sanctification
NEW (1:8-9). Renders ἄκαρπος (unfruitful); paired with คลุ่มการทรงชำระ (cleansing, see sanctification) for καθαρισμός. Cleansing is God’s act, not ritual self-purification.
Despotes Master
Approved rendering: องค์เจ้านายผู้ทรงไถ่ไว้
Transliteration: ong chao nai phu song thai wai
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment / Christ’s Ownership
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย (alone)
Original: Δεσπότης
Category: Christology
NEW (2:1). Renders Δεσπότης. Incorporates the baseline’s ทรงไถ่ (redeem) to capture the purchase-ownership sense. Distinct from the baseline’s rejected ‘lord’ alternative (เจ้านาย alone, too generic); here ownership/purchase vocabulary is called for but must retain full divine weight.
Tartarus Confined
Approved rendering: ทรงกักขังไว้ในที่มืดมิดเพื่อรอการพิพากษา
Transliteration: song kakkhang wai nai thi meut mit phuea ro kan phiphaksa
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels and Historical Precedents
Rejected alternatives: นรก (unqualified)
Original: ταρταρόω
Category: Judgment
NEW (2:4). Renders ταρταρόω, a descriptive rendering avoiding a mythology-laden Greek transliteration. Avoid unqualified นรก, since Buddhist naraka realms are temporary purgatorial states within an ongoing rebirth cycle; this confinement is fixed, awaiting a future one-time divine legal reckoning.
Glories Angelic Beings
Approved rendering: สิ่งทรงเกียรติเบื้องบน
Transliteration: sing song kiat bueang bon
Doctrine: Contextual (Angelology)
Rejected alternatives: พระสิริ (must not be reused here)
Original: δόξαι (βλασφημοῦντες)
Category: Angelology
NEW (2:10-11). Renders δόξαι, plural, referring to glorious/angelic beings slandered by false teachers. A distinct plural sense from the baseline’s singular ‘glory of God’ (พระสิริ, reserved for God/Christ); do not apply reverent divine-glory vocabulary here, which would elevate created beings to divine status.
Pleasure
Approved rendering: ความสำราญทางกาย
Transliteration: khwam samran thang kai
Doctrine: Contextual (vice list)
Original: ἡδονή
Category: Ethics
NEW (2:13). Renders ἡδονή. Standard vice-list vocabulary; low ambiguity.
Blemishes Spotless
Approved rendering: ตำหนิและข้อด่างพร้อย
Transliteration: tamni lae kho dang phroi
Doctrine: Christian Character and Ethical Virtue List
Original: σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι / ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι
Category: Ethics
NEW (2:13; positively reversed at 3:14 as ปราศจากตำหนิและข้อด่างพร้อย). Renders σπίλοι καὶ μῶμοι / ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι. Deliberately mirrored vocabulary across the two passages for rhetorical/doctrinal consistency.
Holy Commandment
Approved rendering: พระบัญญัติอันบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: phra banyat an borisut
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ศีล
Original: ἁγία ἐντολή
Category: Law
NEW (2:21). Renders ἁγία ἐντολή, combining the baseline’s holy (บริสุทธิ์) with พระบัญญัติ (distinct from ธรรมบัญญัติ, the Mosaic Law). Never ศีล (Buddhist precepts, e.g. เบญจศีล), which carries a self-observance/merit connotation.
The Last Days
Approved rendering: วันสุดท้าย
Transliteration: wan sut thai
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return / Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: สิ้นกัป
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Eschatology
NEW (3:3). Renders ἔσχαται ἡμέραι. Not to be conflated with Buddhist cosmological end-of-a-kalpa (สิ้นกัป) language, which describes natural, cyclical dissolution/re-arising rather than a unique, linear, morally-charged final reckoning.
Scoffer
Approved rendering: ผู้เย้ยหยัน
Transliteration: phu yoei yan
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐμπαίκτης
Category: Eschatology
NEW (3:3). Renders ἐμπαίκτης. Mockery specifically directed at the certainty of Christ’s return; tie to parousia.
Creation Ktisis
Approved rendering: การทรงสร้าง
Transliteration: kan song sang
Doctrine: Certainty of Christ’s Return / Day of the Lord
Original: κτίσις
Category: Eschatology
NEW (3:4-6). Renders κτίσις. Consistent with the ทรง-honorific convention for divine action. Doctrinally linked to new_heavens_new_earth (3:13); make this coordination explicit in translator training.
Fire Judgment
Approved rendering: ไฟ
Transliteration: fai
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: πῦρ
Category: Judgment
NEW (3:7, 3:10, 3:12). Renders πῦρ. Must be read as a specific, divinely purposed act of final judgment, not assimilated to a generic cross-cultural fire-purification or cyclical-destruction motif (Hindu-Brahmanic cosmology accessible via the Ramakien).
Ungodly
Approved rendering: คนอธรรม
Transliteration: khon atham
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἀσεβής
Category: Judgment
NEW (3:7, 3:12). Renders ἀσεβής, the direct antonym of godliness.
Repentance
Approved rendering: การกลับใจ
Transliteration: kan klap jai
Doctrine: Repentance and Salvation
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
NEW (3:9). Renders μετάνοια, an established Thai Christian term. Must not be read as a devotional practice generating merit to offset bad karma; genuine God-enabled reorientation.
Elements Physical
Approved rendering: ธาตุต่างๆของโลก
Transliteration: that tuang tuang khong lok
Doctrine: Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: หลักการเบื้องต้นของโลก (Galatians’ elemental_spirits entry — DO NOT REUSE)
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: Eschatology
NEW (3:10, 3:12). Renders στοιχεῖα in its physical-matter sense, an entirely different sense from the Galatians baseline’s elemental_spirits entry (abstract enslaving religious principles, στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου). Translator training must flag this distinction to prevent mechanical, incorrect reuse of the Galatians glossary entry.
Hard To Understand Twist
Approved rendering: บิดเบือน
Transliteration: bitbuean
Doctrine: Scripture’s Difficulty and Misinterpretation
Original: δυσνόητα / στρεβλόω
Category: Scripture
NEW (3:16). Renders δυσνόητα (ยากที่จะเข้าใจ, difficult) and στρεβλόω (บิดเบือน, twist/distort), matching the register of the baseline’s false_gospel entry (ถูกบิดเบือน). Ensure the twisting is of Scripture’s actual meaning toward self-destructive ends, never framed as one legitimate interpretation among several.
Error Deception
Approved rendering: การหลงผิด
Transliteration: kan long phit
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πλάνη
Category: False Teaching
NEW (3:17). Renders πλάνη. Standard vocabulary; low ambiguity beyond context.
Fall From Stability
Approved rendering: หล่นจากความมั่นคงของท่าน
Transliteration: lon chak khwam mankhong khong than
Doctrine: Perseverance and Stability
Original: ἐκπίπτω τοῦ ἰδίου στηριγμοῦ
Category: Ethics
NEW (3:17). Renders ἐκπίπτω τοῦ ἰδίου στηριγμοῦ, deliberately reusing the หล่นจาก verb root established for the Galatians baseline’s fallen_from_grace (หล่นจากพระคุณ) for cross-curriculum lexical consistency, while keeping the distinct object (stability, not grace) clear. Do not conflate this pastoral warning with Galatians 5:4’s warning.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: การสามัคคีธรรม
Transliteration: kan samakkhi tham
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: มิตรภาพ
Original: κοινωνός (root κοινωνία)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged (conceptual root). The distinct nominal κοινωνός at 1:4 requires the separate High-risk term ผู้มีส่วนร่วม — see partaker.
Eyewitness
Approved rendering: ผู้เห็นด้วยตาตนเอง
Transliteration: phu hen duai ta ton eng
Doctrine: Apostolic Eyewitness Testimony
Original: ἐπόπτης
Category: Scripture
NEW (1:16). Renders ἐπόπτης. Avoid vocabulary echoing Hellenistic mystery-cult initiation (the Greek term’s original sense); the point is plain, verifiable eyewitness observation.
Lamp In Dark Place
Approved rendering: ตะเกียงที่ส่องสว่างในที่มืดมัว
Transliteration: takiang thi song sawang nai thi meut mua
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λύχνος … ἐν αὐχμηρῷ τόπῳ
Category: Scripture
NEW (1:19). Avoid overlap with ‘Dhamma as a lamp’ imagery describing the believer’s own path to enlightenment; this light is Scripture pointing to Christ’s return, not self-generated insight.
Love
Approved rendering: ความรัก
Transliteration: khwam rak
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
NEW (1:7). Renders ἀγάπη, the crowning term of the virtue chain. Established Thai Christian usage.
Tent Departure
Approved rendering: การจากไป
Transliteration: kan chak pai
Doctrine: Contextual (not a named curriculum doctrine)
Original: σκήνωμα / ἔξοδος
Category: Anthropology
NEW (1:13-15). Renders ἔξοδος (death as ‘departure’), paired with ร่างกายอันเป็นเสมือนกระโจม for σκήνωμα (the body as a temporary tent). Death is departure to be with Christ, never transition into a new incarnation (rebirth-adjacent reading forbidden).
Flood
Approved rendering: น้ำท่วมโลก
Transliteration: nam thuam lok
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels and Historical Precedents
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: Judgment
NEW (2:5; 3:5-6). Renders κατακλυσμός, a descriptive rendering rather than a coined technical term. Low risk provided the historical, once-for-all nature of the event is retained.
Peter
Approved rendering: เปโตร
Transliteration: Petro
Doctrine: Authorship
Original: Πέτρος (Συμεὼν Πέτρος)
Category: Church
Established Thai Bible proper-name form. Author of the letter (1:1, Συμεὼν Πέτρος).
Noah
Approved rendering: โนอาห์
Transliteration: Noa
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels and Historical Precedents
Original: Νῶε
Category: Judgment
Established Thai Bible proper-name form (2:5).
Sodom
Approved rendering: โสโดม
Transliteration: Sodom
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels and Historical Precedents
Original: Σόδομα
Category: Judgment
Established Thai Bible proper-name form (2:6).
Gomorrah
Approved rendering: โกโมราห์
Transliteration: Gomorra
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels and Historical Precedents
Original: Γόμορρα
Category: Judgment
Established Thai Bible proper-name form (2:6).
Lot
Approved rendering: โลท
Transliteration: Lot
Doctrine: Judgment of Fallen Angels and Historical Precedents
Original: Λώτ
Category: Judgment
Established Thai Bible proper-name form (2:7-8).
Balaam
Approved rendering: บาลาอัม
Transliteration: Balaam
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: False Teaching
Established Thai Bible proper-name form (2:15-16).
Paul
Approved rendering: เปาโล
Transliteration: Paolo
Doctrine: Scripture’s Difficulty and Misinterpretation
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Scripture
Established Thai Bible proper-name form, per the shared transliteration standards table (3:15-16).
Referenced passages