Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Book of James (English–Thai)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of James, chapter by chapter, plus the verse-by-verse core passage (James 2:14–26). Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE] and MUST be reused with the exact recorded Thai rendering; they are listed here for completeness and cross-reference, not for re-decision. New terms proposed for this curriculum are marked [NEW] and must be added to translation_memory.json in Phase 2 Step 16 per the pipeline’s term-discovery procedure.
Risk tiers use the same definitions as doctrine_risk_registry.json: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review), Low (automated review).
Section 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (Reference)
| Term (EN) | Thai Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Key James Passages | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | ความเชื่อ | Medium | 1:3,6; 2:1,5,14-26 (core); 5:15 | Object of faith (Christ/God) must be recoverable from context even where James’s phrasing is terse. |
| grace | พระคุณ | Critical | 4:6 | Forbidden substitutions (บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี) apply identically. |
| salvation / save | ความรอด / ช่วยให้รอด | Critical | 1:21; 2:14; 4:12; 5:20 | Must be disambiguated from σῴζω’s healing sense at 5:15 — see Section 3. |
| righteousness | ความชอบธรรม | Critical | 2:23; 3:18 | Never บุญกุศล/ความดี. |
| justification (การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม) | การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม | Critical | 2:21, 23, 24, 25 | Mandatory harmonizing translator note required at every occurrence — see Section 2. |
| imputed righteousness | ความชอบธรรมที่ทรงถือว่าเป็นของเรา | Critical | 2:23 (Gen 15:6 quotation) | Verbatim-identical to Romans 4:3 / Galatians 3:6 rendering — same OT quotation rule. |
| sin | บาป | High | 1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-16, 20 | Always anchored to offense against a personal God, never อกุศลกรรม. |
| law | ธรรมบัญญัติ | High | 1:25; 2:8-12; 4:11 | Never พระธรรมวินัย (monastic code). |
| lord | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | Critical | 1:1; 2:1; 5:4, 7-8, 10-11, 14-15 | Never collapse into ordinary respectful address or royal-honorific-only register. |
| god | พระเจ้า | Critical | throughout | Never เทวดา/พระพรหม. |
| holy spirit | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Critical | (not named explicitly in James; the Spirit’s implied presence at 4:5 is textually disputed) | See Section 3 for the James 2:26 inverse-case note (unqualified วิญญาณ, generic human spirit). |
| freedom / law of liberty | เสรีภาพ | Critical | 1:25; 2:12 | Never หลุดพ้น/วิมุตติ. |
| peace | สันติสุข | Medium | 2:16; 3:18 | Not meditative calm. |
| curse | คำสาปแช่ง | High | 3:9-10 | Never เคราะห์กรรม. |
| fruit (of righteousness/Spirit pattern) | ผล… [ + ความชอบธรรม/พระวิญญาณ] | Critical | 3:18 | Never ผลบุญ/ผลกรรม. |
| church | คริสตจักร | Medium | 5:14 | Never วัด. |
| providence | การทรงดูแลรักษาของพระเจ้า | High | 4:15 | Never เวรกรรม/ดวง. |
| messiah / eschatological hope (pattern extended to Lord’s coming) | (pattern) | Critical | 5:7-8 (parousia) | Never พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย-style future-savior collision. |
Section 2 — New Term Glossary Table (Full Book)
| # | Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Thai Rendering | Thai Translit. | Risk | Doctrine | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | works (James’s sense, general deeds) | ἔργα | erga | การกระทำ | kan kratham | High | Faith and Works | 1:25; 2:14-26; 3:13 | Must remain lexically distinct from baseline works_of_the_law (การประพฤติตามธรรมบัญญัติ) to prevent apparent contradiction with Paul’s polemic. |
| 2 | benefit/profit | ὄφελος | ophelos | ประโยชน์ | prayochan | Low | Faith and Works | 2:14, 16 | Rhetorical; low collision risk. |
| 3 | dead (of faith) | νεκρά | nekra | ตายแล้ว | tai laeo | High | Faith and Works | 2:17, 26 | Must convey total inertness, not mere weakness. |
| 4 | demons | δαιμόνια | daimonia | ผีมาร / วิญญาณชั่ว | phi man / winyan chua | High | Faith and Works | 2:19 | Distinguish from ancestral/nature spirits (ผีบรรพบุรุษ, ศาลพระภูมิ); these are personal beings hostile to God. |
| 5 | justified (demonstrative sense) | δικαιόω (present/aorist passive) | dikaioutai / edikaiōthē | การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม [BASELINE REUSE] | kan thuk nap wa pen phu chop tham | Critical | Faith and Works | 2:21, 24, 25 | Mandatory harmonizing translator note distinguishing forensic (Paul) vs. demonstrative/vindicating (James) senses; never resolved by inventing a separate Thai word. |
| 6 | worked together (faith and works) | συνεργέω | synergei | ทำงานร่วมกับ | tham ngan ruam kap | High | Faith and Works | 2:22 | Must not imply synergistic (faith + works as co-causes) soteriology. |
| 7 | was perfected/completed | τελειόω | eteleiōthē | บรรลุถึงความสมบูรณ์ | banlu thueng khwam sombun | Medium-High | Faith and Works | 2:22 | Avoid self-attained-perfection framing. |
| 8 | friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ | philos theou | มิตรของพระเจ้า | mit khong Phra Chao | High | Faith and Works | 2:23 | Must convey exalted covenant honor, not casual friendship (baseline already rejected มิตรภาพ for κοινωνία as too weak); not a status earned by merit. |
| 9 | messengers (human, not angels) | ἄγγελοι | angeloi | ผู้สื่อสาร / สายสืบ | phu sue san / sai suep | Critical | Faith and Works | 2:25 | NEVER ทูตสวรรค์ (heavenly angels) here; refers to Joshua’s human scouts (Joshua 2). |
| 10 | breath/spirit (generic human) | πνεῦμα (unqualified, human sense) | pneuma | วิญญาณ (unqualified) | winyan | High | Faith and Works | 2:26 | Inverse case of the baseline’s Holy Spirit rule: do NOT add พระ/บริสุทธิ์ qualifiers here; this is the ordinary human life-spirit, not the Holy Spirit. |
| 11 | servant (of God) | δοῦλος | doulos | ผู้รับใช้ | phu rap chai | Medium | Introduction | 1:1 | Honored total devotion, not degradation. |
| 12 | trial / temptation | πειρασμός | peirasmos | การทดลอง (external) / การถูกล่อลวงให้ทำบาป (internal) | kan thodlong / kan thuk lo luang hai tham bap | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:2-4, 12-14; 5:13 (implicit) | Same Greek word, two senses; God tests but never solicits sin (1:13). |
| 13 | testing/proven genuineness | δοκίμιον | dokimion | การพิสูจน์ความเชื่อ | kan phisut khwam cheua | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:3 | Metallurgical refining metaphor. |
| 14 | steadfastness/endurance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | ความอดทน | khwam otthon | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:3-4, 12; 5:11 | NEVER ขันติ (the Buddhist pāramī/perfection of patience cultivated through self-discipline); this endurance is hope-grounded, God-given resilience under trial. |
| 15 | perfect/mature | τέλειος | teleios | สมบูรณ์ / เป็นผู้ใหญ่ฝ่ายจิตวิญญาณ | sombun / pen phu yai fai chit winyan | Medium-High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:4, 17, 25; 3:2 | Not self-attained ascetic perfection. |
| 16 | wisdom | σοφία | sophia | สติปัญญา (จากพระเจ้า) | satipanya (chak Phra Chao) | Critical | Wisdom from Above | 1:5; 3:13-17 | NEVER framed as self-cultivated ปัญญา (paññā); always a gift asked for and given by God. |
| 17 | doubt/waver | διακρίνομαι | diakrinomai | สงสัยลังเล | songsai langle | Medium | Wisdom from Above | 1:6 | Wavering trust, not intellectual uncertainty about doctrine. |
| 18 | double-souled | δίψυχος | dipsychos | สองใจ | song jai | Medium-High | Wisdom from Above / Worldliness | 1:8; 4:8 | Divided loyalty between God and self/world. |
| 19 | rich / poor | πλούσιος / πτωχός | plousios / ptōchos | คนมี / คนจน | khon mi / khon jon | High | Favoritism and the Poor | 1:9-11, 27; 2:1-7, 15-16; 5:1-6 | Must not be read through the Thai merit-wealth framework (wealth as karmic reward, “คนมีบุญ”); James reverses worldly valuation of status. |
| 20 | crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς | stephanos tēs zōēs | มงกุฎแห่งชีวิต | mongkut haeng chiwit | Medium-High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:12 | Eschatological reward for enduring trial in love for God, not merit-earned reward. |
| 21 | brought forth/gave birth (sin’s escalation / God’s begetting) | ἀποκύω | apokyō | ก่อให้เกิด (1:15) / ทรงให้บังเกิด (1:18) | ko hai koet / song hai bangkoet | High | Trials / Wisdom from Above | 1:15, 18 | Distinguish sin’s deadly generative process from God’s own life-giving act; avoid any accidental overlap with forbidden rebirth/reincarnation vocabulary (การเกิดใหม่). |
| 22 | implanted word | ἔμφυτος λόγος | emphytos logos | พระวจนะที่ทรงปลูกไว้ในใจ | Phra Wotchana thi song plook wai nai jai | Medium-High | Wisdom from Above | 1:21 | A word taking root within; received, not merely heard. |
| 23 | doer of the word / hearer only | ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατὴς μόνον | poiētēs logou / akroatēs monon | ผู้ประพฤติตามพระวจนะ / ผู้ฟังแต่ไม่ประพฤติตาม | phu praphruet tam Phra Wotchana / phu fang tae mai praphruet tam | High | Faith and Works | 1:22-25 | Foreshadows the ch. 2 faith-and-works argument. |
| 24 | pure religion | θρησκεία καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος | thrēskeia kathara kai amiantos | ศาสนกิจอันบริสุทธิ์ปราศจากตำหนิ | satsanakit an borisut prasajaak tamni | Medium | Wisdom from Above | 1:26-27 | Redefined as ethical care, not ritual correctness or comparative-religion identity. |
| 25 | orphans and widows | ὀρφανοὺς καὶ χήρας | orphanous kai chēras | ลูกกำพร้าและหญิงม่าย | luk kamphra lae ying mam | Low-Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | 1:27 | Concrete content of pure religion. |
| 26 | unstained from the world | ἄσπιλον ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου | aspilon apo tou kosmou | รักษาตัวให้ปราศจากมลทินของโลก | raksa tua hai prasajaak monthin khong lok | Medium-High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 1:27 | Introduces negative theological sense of κόσμος, developed at 4:4. |
| 27 | favoritism/partiality | προσωπολημψία | prosōpolēmpsia | การลำเอียง | kan lam-iang | High | Favoritism and the Poor | 2:1, 9 | Incompatible with genuine faith in Christ. |
| 28 | assembly (Christian gathering) | συναγωγή | synagōgē | ที่ประชุมของคริสเตียน | thi prachum khong Christian | Medium | Church as God’s People (pattern) | 2:2 | Functionally = baseline คริสตจักร; lexically distinct term, needs a cross-reference note. |
| 29 | royal law | νόμος βασιλικός | nomos basilikos | ธรรมบัญญัติของกษัตริย์ | thammabanyat khong kasat | Medium-High | Favoritism and the Poor | 2:8 | Must not be read as commentary on Thai monarchy; God’s supreme law of neighbor-love. |
| 30 | mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | พระกรุณา / ความเมตตา | phra karuna / khwam metta | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | 2:13 | Compassionate action evidencing having received mercy. |
| 31 | tongue | γλῶσσα | glōssa | ลิ้น | lin | Medium | Taming the Tongue | 3:2-10 | Metaphor for the whole capacity of speech. |
| 32 | teacher | διδάσκαλος | didaskalos | ครู / อาจารย์ | khru / achan | Medium | Taming the Tongue | 3:1 | Avoid implying the permanent Thai อาจารย์-ศิษย์ reverential bond. |
| 33 | Gehenna/hell | γέεννα | geenna | นรก (ไฟแห่งเกเฮนนา) | narok (fai haeng Gehenna) | High | Taming the Tongue | 3:6 | A fixed place/source of judgment, NOT one of the Buddhist cosmology’s temporary, karma-exhaustible hell realms. |
| 34 | likeness of God | καθ᾽ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ | kath’ homoiōsin theou | ตามพระลักษณะของพระเจ้า | tam Phra Laksana khong Phra Chao | High | Taming the Tongue | 3:9 | Foundational human dignity; not an indwelling divine spark or Buddha-nature. |
| 35 | wisdom from above / earthly-unspiritual-demonic wisdom | σοφία ἄνωθεν / ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης | sophia anōthen / epigeios, psychikē, daimoniōdēs | สติปัญญาจากเบื้องบน / สติปัญญาฝ่ายโลก จิตใจ และมาร | satipanya chak bueang bon / satipanya fai lok, jit jai, lae man | Critical | Wisdom from Above | 3:13-17 | Escalates term #16’s collision; a gift received, evidenced by observable Spirit-given character, not self-cultivated insight. |
| 36 | desires/passions | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | ความอยาก | khwam yak | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:1-3 | Do not silently map onto Buddhist ตัณหา (taṇhā); remedy is submission to God and grace, not self-directed detachment. |
| 37 | friendship with the world / enmity with God | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ | philia tou kosmou / echthra tou theou | ความเป็นมิตรกับโลก / เป็นศัตรูต่อพระเจ้า | khwam pen mit kap lok / pen satru to Phra Chao | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:4 | Binary framing; no morally neutral middle ground. |
| 38 | resist the devil | ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ | antistēte tō diabolō | ต่อสู้กับมาร / ต่อต้านพญามาร | to su kap man / to tan phaya man | Medium-High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:7 | Distinguish from the Buddhist figure of Māra; a personal, hostile being opposed by active resistance. |
| 39 | if the Lord wills | Ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ | ean ho kyrios thelēsē | ถ้าองค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าทรงโปรด | tha ong Phra Phu Pen Chao song prot | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith (providence link) | 4:15 | Distinguish from fatalistic “แล้วแต่ดวง/แล้วแต่กรรม”; submission to a personal sovereign will, not an impersonal causal system. |
| 40 | Lord of Sabaoth/Hosts | κύριος Σαβαώθ | kyrios Sabaōth | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าจอมโยธา | ong Phra Phu Pen Chao chom yotha | High | Favoritism and the Poor | 5:4 | OT divine military title; God’s supreme personal authority. |
| 41 | patience/forbearance | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | ความอดกลั้น | khwam ot klan | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:7-8, 10 | Distinguish from ὑπομονή (ch. 1); NEVER ขันติ. |
| 42 | the Lord’s coming | παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου | parousia tou kyriou | การเสด็จมาขององค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | kan sadet ma khong ong Phra Phu Pen Chao | Critical | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:7-8 | Must not invite comparison with popular expectation of a future Buddha (Phra Si Ariya Metrai), already Critical for messiah in the baseline. |
| 43 | oath/swearing | ὅρκος / ὀμνύω | horkos / omnyō | การสาบาน | kan sabaan | Medium-High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:12 | Contrast point with Thai vow-making at spirit shrines (บนบานศาลกล่าว); James’s concern is truthful speech. |
| 44 | prayer of faith / save (heal) the sick | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως … σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα | euchē tēs pisteōs … sōsei ton kamnonta | คำอธิษฐานด้วยความเชื่อ…จะช่วยให้คนป่วยนั้นหายโรค | kham athitthan duai khwam cheua … ja chuai hai khon puai nan hai rok | High | Prayer and Healing | 5:15 | σῴζω disambiguated as physical healing here, distinct from 5:20’s salvation sense. |
| 45 | anointing with oil | ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ | aleiphō elaiō | ทาน้ำมัน (พร้อมกับการอธิษฐาน) | tha namman (phrom kap kan athitthan) | High | Prayer and Healing | 5:14 | The prayer/God’s action, not the oil, is the acting agent; avoid วัตถุมงคล-style inherent-potency framing. |
| 46 | elders of the church | πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας | presbyteroi tēs ekklēsias | ผู้ปกครองคริสตจักร | phu pokkhrong khritsatchak | Medium | Prayer and Healing | 5:14 | Reuses baseline คริสตจักร. |
| 47 | confess sins to one another | ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας | exomologeisthe allēlois tas hamartias | จงสารภาพบาปต่อกันและกัน | chong sarapap bap to kan lae kan | High | Confession and Restoration | 5:16 | Distinguish from formal monastic confession (ปวารณา) and from any merit-generating ritual; mutual, restorative confession. |
| 48 | cover a multitude of sins | καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | kalypsei plēthos hamartiōn | จะปกคลุมบาปเป็นอันมาก | ja pokklum bap pen an mak | Critical | Confession and Restoration | 5:20 | Must not read as a merit-offsetting mechanism (กรรมดีลบกรรมชั่ว); relational/spiritual restoration through God’s mercy. |
| 49 | save a soul from death | σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου | sōsei psychēn ek thanatou | ช่วยวิญญาณให้รอดจากความตาย | chuai winyan hai rot chak khwam tai | High | Confession and Restoration | 5:20 | σῴζω here in its eschatological-salvation sense, contrasted with 5:15’s healing sense. |
| 50 | Job’s endurance / righteous man’s effective prayer | ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ / δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη | hypomonē Iōb / deēsis dikaiou energoumenē | ความอดทนของโยบ / คำอธิษฐานของผู้ชอบธรรมที่ทรงประทานพลัง | khwam otthon khong Yoob / kham athitthan khong phu chop tham thi song pratan phalang | Medium | Trials / Prayer and Healing | 5:11, 16 | Job as concrete OT exemplar; reuse ความอดทน (term #14) for consistency. |
Section 3 — Special Disambiguation Notes (Not Independent Terms)
These are not separate glossary entries but flag Greek lexemes that require verse-specific, context-sensitive translation decisions rather than a single fixed default rendering, and must therefore be checked individually at every occurrence during Phase 2:
| Greek lexeme | Occurrences in James | Default baseline handling | James-specific handling required |
|---|---|---|---|
| σῴζω (save) | 1:21; 2:14; 4:12; 5:15; 5:20 | ความรอด (eternal salvation) | 5:15 = physical healing (หายโรค), NOT ความรอด; all other occurrences = eternal salvation sense, use ความรอด/ช่วยให้รอด. |
| πνεῦμα (spirit) | 2:26; 4:5 (disputed) | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ (Holy Spirit, always qualified) | 2:26 = generic human life-breath, use unqualified วิญญาณ; do NOT add พระ/บริสุทธิ์ qualifiers. |
| ἄγγελος (messenger/angel) | 2:25 | ทูตสวรรค์ (heavenly angel), where applicable elsewhere in Scripture | 2:25 = human scouts (Joshua 2); use ผู้สื่อสาร/สายสืบ, NEVER ทูตสวรรค์. |
| δικαιόω (justify) | 2:21, 24, 25 | การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม (forensic sense, Romans/Galatians) | Same Thai phrase reused per consistency rule, but MANDATORY translator note distinguishing James’s demonstrative/vindicating sense from Paul’s forensic sense at every occurrence. |
| ἔργα (works) | 1:25; 2:14-26; 3:13 | (no single baseline default; contrast with works_of_the_law) | Always การกระทำ, generic deeds of faith — never the baseline’s Galatians การประพฤติตามธรรมบัญญัติ phrase. |
This glossary must be loaded alongside 07_semantic_analysis.md, the baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of James begins. New terms in Section 2 are to be added to translation_memory.json as version increments per the pipeline’s term-discovery procedure; Section 3’s disambiguation notes must be implemented as segment-level conditional logic, not as new fixed terms.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Governs James 4:6 (quoting Prov 3:34, ‘grace to the humble’). Every occurrence must reinforce favor given apart from any accumulated merit, directly relevant to James’s Worldliness versus Friendship with God doctrine.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: บุญกุศล, ความดี
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Used at James 2:23 (Genesis 15:6 quotation) and 3:18 (‘fruit of righteousness’). Never บุญกุศล or ความดี.
Justification
Approved rendering: การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม
Transliteration: kan thuk nap wa pen phu chop tham
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: การได้บุญ
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, and MANDATORY REUSE at James 2:21, 23, 24, 25 per the pipeline’s same-term-same-rendering rule. James’s occurrences carry the demonstrative/vindicating sense (faith shown genuine by works) rather than Paul’s forensic sense (a legal declaration received by faith alone); do NOT invent a separate Thai phrase to resolve the apparent tension. Every occurrence in James 2 requires a MANDATORY translator/teaching note distinguishing the two senses so Phase 2 output never implies James contradicts the baseline’s justification_by_faith doctrine.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรมที่ทรงถือว่าเป็นของเรา
Transliteration: khwam chop tham thi song thue wa pen khong rao
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: บุญที่สะสมไว้
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly, and MANDATORY VERBATIM MATCH at James 2:23, which quotes Genesis 15:6 identically to Romans 4:3 and Galatians 3:6. This is the clearest test case in the whole pipeline of the cross-curriculum same-OT-quotation consistency rule.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Governs James 1:21 (the implanted word able to save the soul), 4:12, and 5:20 (eternal-salvation sense). MUST be disambiguated from the physical-healing sense of the same underlying Greek verb σῴζω at James 5:15 — see prayer_of_faith_heal_sick entry below; never use ความรอด at 5:15.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Applied throughout James (1:1; 2:1; 5:4, 7-8, 10-11, 14-15) and as the base construction for lord_of_hosts, if_the_lord_wills, and lords_coming below. Must never collapse into ordinary respectful address or Thailand’s own royal-honorific register.
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Source of every good gift (1:5, 17) and sole object of saving faith (2:19, 23) in James. Never เทวดา or พระพรหม.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Reserved for the divine, personal Spirit (implied at the textually disputed James 4:5). Never applied at James 2:26, where πνεῦμα is the generic human life-spirit — see human_spirit entry below for the mandatory inverse-case exception.
Freedom
Approved rendering: เสรีภาพ
Transliteration: seriphap
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: หลุดพ้น, วิมุตติ
Inherited from Galatians addendum to the baseline package, copied exactly. Underlies James’s ‘law of liberty’ (νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας / νόμος ἐλευθερίας, 1:25; 2:12) — see law_of_liberty entry below. Never หลุดพ้น (liberation from samsara) or วิมุตติ (Pali technical term for liberation from defilements).
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Inherited from the Galatians addendum to the baseline package (established proper-name form), copied exactly. Used throughout James alongside ‘the Lord Jesus Christ’ (1:1; 2:1).
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: การประพฤติตามธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: kan praphruet tam thammabanyat
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: กรรมดีตามธรรมบัญญัติ, บุญจากการถือธรรมบัญญัติ
Inherited from the Galatians addendum to the baseline package, copied exactly. Retained in this package NOT for direct use in James but as a MANDATORY CONTRAST TERM: James’s own ‘works’ (ἔργα, see the new works entry below) must always render as generic การกระทำ and must NEVER be confused with or drift toward this phrase, which names Paul’s specific, rejected polemical target (Torah-performance as a ground of justification). Confusing the two vocabularies would make James appear to contradict Paul.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: ผลของพระวิญญาณ
Transliteration: phon khong Phra Winyan
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ผลบุญ, ผลกรรม
Inherited from the Galatians addendum to the baseline package, copied exactly. Retained here as the pattern-source for James’s ‘fruit of righteousness’ (καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης, 3:18) — see fruit_of_righteousness entry below. Never ผลบุญ or ผลกรรม (karmic fruit) for any ‘fruit’ vocabulary in this curriculum.
Messiah
Approved rendering: พระเมสสิยาห์
Transliteration: Phra Messiya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Retained here as the pattern-source for the identical Thai-culture collision James’s ‘coming of the Lord’ (παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου, 5:7-8) must avoid — see lords_coming entry below. Never พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย (the future Buddha Phra Si Ariya Metrai).
Human Messengers
Approved rendering: ผู้สื่อสาร / สายสืบ
Transliteration: phu sue san / sai suep
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ทูตสวรรค์ (heavenly angels — FORBIDDEN at this reference)
Original: ἄγγελοι
Category: Spiritual Beings
NEW. James 2:25’s ἄγγελοι refers to the two human scouts Rahab received (Joshua 2:1), NOT heavenly angels. Using the standard heavenly-angel term here would falsely claim Rahab hosted angelic beings. Mandatory human review at every occurrence of ἄγγελος throughout the pipeline where the referent is not unambiguously heavenly. Requires a translator note pointing to Joshua 2.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: สติปัญญา (จากพระเจ้า)
Transliteration: satipanya (chak Phra Chao)
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: ปัญญา unqualified (Buddhist paññā, one of the Three Trainings, self-cultivated through meditative insight and discipline)
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 1:5’s σοφία — practical, God-given insight requested by prayer and freely given by ‘the giving God’, never framed as self-cultivated attainment. Every occurrence must reinforce ‘asked for and given by God.‘
Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติอันสมบูรณ์แห่งเสรีภาพ / ธรรมบัญญัติแห่งเสรีภาพ
Transliteration: thammabanyat an sombun haeng seriphap / thammabanyat haeng seriphap
Doctrine: The Royal Law and the Law of Liberty
Rejected alternatives: หลุดพ้น, วิมุตติ
Original: νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας / νόμος ἐλευθερίας
Category: Law
NEW compound construction reusing the baseline’s Critical freedom term (เสรีภาพ) exactly. James 1:25’s νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας and 2:12’s νόμος ἐλευθερίας. Never read as compatible with Buddhist liberation-through-practice vocabulary.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: สติปัญญาจากเบื้องบน / สติปัญญาฝ่ายโลก จิตใจ และมาร
Transliteration: satipanya chak bueang bon / satipanya fai lok, jit jai, lae man
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: ปัญญา unqualified
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν / σοφία ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 3:13-18’s σοφία ἄνωθεν contrasted with σοφία ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης — escalates the collision already flagged for the wisdom entry above; true wisdom is evidenced by observable Spirit-given character (peaceable, gentle fruit), not self-attained insight.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: ผลของความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: phon khong khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: ผลบุญ, ผลกรรม
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Salvation
NEW compound reusing the baseline’s righteousness (ความชอบธรรม) term and the fruit_of_the_spirit forbidden-substitution pattern exactly. James 3:18’s καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης — the peaceable outcome sown by peacemakers, never ผลบุญ/ผลกรรม.
Lords Coming
Approved rendering: การเสด็จมาขององค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: kan sadet ma khong ong Phra Phu Pen Chao
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: any phrasing inviting comparison with พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย (the future Buddha Phra Si Ariya Metrai)
Original: παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Patience and Eschatology
NEW compound reusing the baseline lord construction and the messiah forbidden-substitution pattern. James 5:7-8’s παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου — a singular, historically anchored future event within a linear view of history, never one stage of a cyclical Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology of recurring world-ages.
Cover Multitude Of Sins
Approved rendering: จะปกคลุมบาปเป็นอันมาก
Transliteration: ja pokklum bap pen an mak
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: any phrasing suggesting กรรมดีลบกรรมชั่ว (good deeds offsetting/erasing bad karma)
Original: καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:19-20’s καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν. The ‘covering’ is relational and spiritual restoration accomplished through God’s mercy in response to genuine repentance, never a ledger-balancing mechanism the restorer personally performs.
High Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Occurs throughout James (1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-16, 20); always anchored to offense against a personal God, never the impersonal negative-karma sense of อกุศลกรรม.
Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: tham banyat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: พระธรรมวินัย
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. James calls this law ‘perfect’ and ‘royal’ and a ‘law of liberty’ (1:25; 2:8-12; 4:11); never พระธรรมวินัย, the Buddhist monastic disciplinary code.
Curse
Approved rendering: คำสาปแช่ง
Transliteration: kham sap chaeng
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: เคราะห์กรรม
Original: κατάρα
Category: Speech Ethics
Inherited from the Galatians addendum to the baseline package, copied exactly. Used at James 3:9-10 (cursing a person made in God’s likeness, condemned alongside blessing God with the same mouth). Never เคราะห์กรรม (impersonal karmic misfortune).
Providence
Approved rendering: การทรงดูแลรักษาของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: kan song dulae raksa khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม, ดวง
Original: πρόνοια (implied; cf. 4:13-15)
Category: Providence
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Governs James 4:13-15’s ‘if the Lord wills’ submission formula (see if_the_lord_wills entry below). Never เวรกรรม or ดวง.
Works
Approved rendering: การกระทำ
Transliteration: kan kratham
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: การประพฤติตามธรรมบัญญัติ (baseline Galatians ‘works of the law’, would falsely equate James’s evidentiary deeds with Paul’s rejected Torah-performance polemic), กรรมดี, บุญ
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James’s ἔργα (1:25; 2:14-26; 3:13) — concrete deeds of obedience and love that authenticate the reality of professed faith. Must remain lexically and conceptually distinct from works_of_the_law throughout the pipeline.
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: ตายแล้ว
Transliteration: tai laeo
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: อ่อนแอ (merely ‘weak’, would blunt the absolute claim)
Original: νεκρά
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:17, 26: faith without works is νεκρά, ‘dead’ — total inertness, not weakness or immaturity. Understating this would suggest James describes a lesser-but-still-saving faith, which he explicitly denies.
Demons
Approved rendering: ผีมาร / วิญญาณชั่ว
Transliteration: phi man / winyan chua
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ผีบรรพบุรุษ, ผีบ้านผีเรือน
Original: δαιμόνια
Category: Spiritual Beings
NEW. James 2:19’s δαιμόνια — evil spiritual beings in personal, hostile rebellion against God, whose correct belief produces terror rather than saving trust. Must be clearly distinguished from benign-or-negotiable Thai ancestral/household/nature spirits.
Worked Together
Approved rendering: ทำงานร่วมกับ
Transliteration: tham ngan ruam kap
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: συνεργέω
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:22’s συνήργει: Abraham’s faith and his obedient act were not two independent, co-equal causes of his justification. Must not suggest a synergistic faith-plus-works soteriology, which would collide with the Critical grace doctrine and Thai merit-accumulation vocabulary (บุญ, กรรมดี).
Perfected Faith
Approved rendering: บรรลุถึงความสมบูรณ์
Transliteration: banlu thueng khwam sombun
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: τελειόω
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:22’s ἐτελειώθη: faith reaching its intended, visible maturity through works, not sinless self-attained perfection through practice.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: มิตรของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: mit khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: เพื่อนของพระเจ้า (too casual for Thai hierarchical social register)
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:23’s φίλος θεοῦ. Requires a mandatory teaching note establishing this as a unique covenant honor granted by God’s initiative, not a status achieved by merit or familiarity, given Thai social register’s strong patron-client hierarchy assumptions.
Human Spirit
Approved rendering: วิญญาณ
Transliteration: winyan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ (would wrongly claim the Holy Spirit personally, individually animates every human body)
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: Anthropology
NEW. James 2:26’s unqualified πνεῦμα — the generic human life-breath, not the Holy Spirit. This is the INVERSE case of the baseline’s Holy Spirit forbidden-substitution rule: here the UNQUALIFIED form is correct, and adding พระ/บริสุทธิ์ qualifiers would be the error.
Trial Temptation
Approved rendering: การทดลอง / การถูกล่อลวงให้ทำบาป
Transliteration: kan thodlong / kan thuk lo luang hai tham bap
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. πειρασμός covers two senses in James: external trial (1:2-4, การทดลอง) and internal enticement to sin (1:13-14, การถูกล่อลวงให้ทำบาป). Must render with two distinct Thai phrases so 1:13’s denial that God tempts to sin is not misread as contradicting 1:2-12’s affirmation that God sends testing trials.
Endurance
Approved rendering: ความอดทน
Transliteration: khwam otthon
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ขันติ (Buddhist pāramī of patience, cultivated through the practitioner’s own sustained self-discipline toward enlightenment)
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:3-4, 12’s ὑπομονή, reprised regarding Job (5:11). NEVER ขันติ. James’s endurance is hope-grounded, God-given resilience produced through trial, not a self-cultivated virtue.
Perfect Mature
Approved rendering: สมบูรณ์ / เป็นผู้ใหญ่ฝ่ายจิตวิญญาณ
Transliteration: sombun / pen phu yai fai chit winyan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: τέλειος
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:4, 17, 25; 3:2’s τέλειος — completeness/maturity of Christian character, not sinless ascetic perfection achieved through self-discipline.
Rich And Poor
Approved rendering: คนมี / คนจน
Transliteration: khon mi / khon jon
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: any framing implying ‘คนมีบุญ’ (present wealth as evidence of accumulated merit from past lives)
Original: πλούσιος / πτωχός
Category: Favoritism and Poverty
NEW. James’s deliberate status-reversal (1:9-11, 27; 2:1-7, 15-16; 5:1-6): the poor believer exalted, the rich one’s status fleeting. Must never be read through the Thai merit-wealth folk framework, which would invert James’s argument into its opposite.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: มงกุฎแห่งชีวิต
Transliteration: mongkut haeng chiwit
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:12’s στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς — the eschatological victor’s-wreath reward for enduring trial out of love for God, not a this-worldly merit-earned payout.
Sins Generative Process
Approved rendering: ก่อให้เกิด (1:15) / ทรงให้บังเกิด (1:18)
Transliteration: ko hai koet / song hai bangkoet
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: เกิดใหม่ / การกลับชาติมาเกิด (rebirth/reincarnation vocabulary, already forbidden in the baseline for ‘resurrection’ and ‘new creation’)
Original: ἀποκύω
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James’s ἀποκύω: desire ‘gives birth to’ sin and death (1:15); God ‘brought us forth’ by the word of truth (1:18). The 1:18 occurrence must avoid any accidental overlap with the baseline’s forbidden rebirth vocabulary despite the surface similarity of ‘gives new birth.‘
Doer Of The Word
Approved rendering: ผู้ประพฤติตามพระวจนะ / ผู้ฟังแต่ไม่ประพฤติตาม
Transliteration: phu praphruet tam Phra Wotchana / phu fang tae mai praphruet tam
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατὴς μόνον
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 1:22-25’s ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατὴς μόνον — foreshadows the ch. 2 faith-and-works argument. The ‘doing’ vocabulary here must be consistent with การกระทำ (the works entry above) so Thai readers perceive a single developing theme.
Unstained From World
Approved rendering: รักษาตัวให้ปราศจากมลทินของโลก
Transliteration: raksa tua hai prasajaak monthin khong lok
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Worldliness
NEW. James 1:27’s ἄσπιλον ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου — introduces the negative theological sense of κόσμος developed fully at 4:4.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: การลำเอียง
Transliteration: kan lam-iang
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωπολημψία
Category: Favoritism and Poverty
NEW. James 2:1, 9’s προσωπολημψία — partiality based on external status, declared incompatible with genuine faith in Christ; must retain full seriousness, not read as mere good manners in a status-deferential culture.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติของกษัตริย์
Transliteration: thammabanyat khong kasat
Doctrine: The Royal Law and the Law of Liberty
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Law
NEW. James 2:8’s νόμος βασιλικός — the supreme law of neighbor-love (Lev 19:18), described as ‘royal.’ Given Thailand’s strict cultural/legal protections around royal-honorific language (lèse-majesté sensitivity), REQUIRES a mandatory clarifying translator note establishing the referent as God’s supreme command, never commentary on earthly kingship or the Thai monarchy.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: นรก (ไฟแห่งเกเฮนนา)
Transliteration: narok (fai haeng Gehenna)
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: bare นรก without qualification (implies the temporary, karma-exhaustible hell realms of Buddhist cosmology from which beings are eventually reborn)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:6’s γέεννα — a fixed reality under a personal God’s judgment, not one stage in a cyclical rebirth cosmology. Requires the parenthetical qualifier and a clarifying translator note at every occurrence.
Likeness Of God
Approved rendering: ตามพระลักษณะของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: tam Phra Laksana khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: καθ᾽ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:9’s καθ᾽ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ — humanity’s foundational, God-given dignity grounding the prohibition of cursing others; must not be confused with an indwelling divine spark or inherent Buddha-nature realized through practice.
Desires Passions
Approved rendering: ความอยาก
Transliteration: khwam yak
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: ตัณหา (Buddhist taṇhā, the Second Noble Truth’s cause of suffering, remedied through self-directed detachment via the Eightfold Path)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Worldliness
NEW. James 4:1-3’s ἐπιθυμία — inward cravings producing quarrels and conflict. James’s remedy is submission to God, resistance of the devil, and grace (4:6-10), not detachment achieved through one’s own practice.
Friendship With World
Approved rendering: ความเป็นมิตรกับโลก / เป็นศัตรูต่อพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam pen mit kap lok / pen satru to Phra Chao
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness
NEW. James 4:4’s φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ — a binary framing (allegiance to worldly value-systems as active hostility to God); must not be softened into a matter of degree.
Resist The Devil
Approved rendering: ต่อสู้กับมาร / ต่อต้านพญามาร
Transliteration: to su kap man / to tan phaya man
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ
Category: Worldliness
NEW. James 4:7’s ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ. διάβολος is a personal being in hostile rebellion against God, distinct from the Buddhist figure of Māra (มาร), who personifies obstruction to individual enlightenment within a different cosmology. A translator note distinguishing the two is required wherever มาร is used; พญามาร is a lower-collision alternative.
If The Lord Wills
Approved rendering: ถ้าองค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าทรงโปรด
Transliteration: tha ong Phra Phu Pen Chao song prot
Doctrine: Submission to God’s Sovereign Will
Rejected alternatives: แล้วแต่ดวง (up to astrological fortune), แล้วแต่กรรม (up to karma)
Original: Ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ
Category: Providence
NEW compound reusing the baseline lord term. James 4:15’s Ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ — submission to a personal, addressable, sovereign God, never an impersonal, self-operating fatalistic system.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าจอมโยธา
Transliteration: ong Phra Phu Pen Chao chom yotha
Doctrine: Warning to the Oppressive Rich
Original: κύριος Σαβαώθ
Category: God
NEW compound reusing the baseline lord term. James 5:4’s κύριος Σαβαώθ — grounds the coming judgment on exploitative wealth in God’s supreme, personal authority over all created power, not a political/military title on loan to earthly authority.
Patience Forbearance
Approved rendering: ความอดกลั้น
Transliteration: khwam ot klan
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: ขันติ
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Patience and Eschatology
NEW. James 5:7-8, 10’s μακροθυμία — patient forbearance toward people and delayed outcomes, distinguished from the endurance-under-pressure sense of ὑπομονή (ch. 1). NEVER ขันติ.
Prayer Of Faith Heal Sick
Approved rendering: คำอธิษฐานด้วยความเชื่อ…จะช่วยให้คนป่วยนั้นหายโรค
Transliteration: kham athitthan duai khwam cheua … ja chuai hai khon puai nan hai rok
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: ความรอด (the baseline eternal-salvation vocabulary — WRONG SENSE at this verse)
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως … σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15’s εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως … σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα. σῴζω here means physical healing (หายโรค), not eternal salvation; must be disambiguated from the salvation entry above, and from save_soul_from_death at 5:20.
Anointing With Oil
Approved rendering: ทาน้ำมัน (พร้อมกับการอธิษฐาน)
Transliteration: tha namman (phrom kap kan athitthan)
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: framing implying the oil itself carries inherent sacred potency, as with น้ำมนต์/วัตถุมงคล
Original: ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14’s ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ — a simple accompanying physical act; the prayer of faith and God’s own action, not the oil, are the acting agents of healing.
Confess Sins To One Another
Approved rendering: จงสารภาพบาปต่อกันและกัน
Transliteration: chong sarapap bap to kan lae kan
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: ปวารณา (the formal, Vinaya-governed Buddhist monastic confession ritual)
Original: ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW compound reusing the baseline sin term. James 5:16’s ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας — mutual, horizontal, restorative confession within the priesthood of all believers, not a formal monastic ritual and not merit-generating.
Save Soul From Death
Approved rendering: ช่วยวิญญาณให้รอดจากความตาย
Transliteration: chuai winyan hai rot chak khwam tai
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW compound reusing the baseline salvation vocabulary exactly. James 5:20’s σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου — σῴζω back in its eternal-salvation sense, contrasted with the physical-healing sense at 5:15 (see prayer_of_faith_heal_sick entry).
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. In James (1:3, 6; 2:1, 5, 14-26; 5:15), the object of faith (Christ/God) must remain recoverable from context even where James’s terse phrasing does not restate it in every clause; must not drift toward abstract intellectual assent, which James himself critiques at 2:19 (‘even demons believe’).
Peace
Approved rendering: สันติสุข
Transliteration: santisuk
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Occurs at James 2:16 (in the condemned empty-blessing speech-act) and 3:18 (the genuine peace sown by peacemakers); not meditative mental calm.
Church
Approved rendering: คริสตจักร
Transliteration: khritsatchak
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: วัด
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly. Used at James 5:14 (elders of the church), functionally parallel to but lexically distinct from James’s earlier συναγωγή at 2:2 (see christian_assembly entry below). Never วัด.
Servant Of God
Approved rendering: ผู้รับใช้
Transliteration: phu rap chai
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW. James’s self-designation (1:1), δοῦλος — a term of honored total devotion, not degradation.
Testing Genuineness
Approved rendering: การพิสูจน์ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: kan phisut khwam cheua
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:3’s δοκίμιον — the metallurgical assaying/refining metaphor for faith’s proven genuineness.
Doubt Waver
Approved rendering: สงสัยลังเล
Transliteration: songsai langle
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: διακρίνομαι
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 1:6’s διακρίνομαι — wavering trust in God’s character, not intellectual uncertainty about doctrinal content.
Double Souled
Approved rendering: สองใจ
Transliteration: song jai
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 1:8; 4:8’s δίψυχος — divided loyalty between trust in God and reliance on self/the world.
Implanted Word
Approved rendering: พระวจนะที่ทรงปลูกไว้ในใจ
Transliteration: Phra Wotchana thi song plook wai nai jai
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἔμφυτος λόγος
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 1:21’s ἔμφυτος λόγος — the word of truth received with meekness, able to save the soul; must be received, not merely heard.
Pure Religion
Approved rendering: ศาสนกิจอันบริสุทธิ์ปราศจากตำหนิ
Transliteration: satsanakit an borisut prasajaak tamni
Doctrine: Pure and Undefiled Religion
Original: θρησκεία καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 1:26-27’s θρησκεία καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος — redefined as practical ethical care, not ritual correctness or comparative-religion identity.
Christian Assembly
Approved rendering: ที่ประชุมของคริสเตียน
Transliteration: thi prachum khong Christian
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
NEW. James 2:2’s συναγωγή — James’s own term for the Christian gathering, functionally parallel to but lexically distinct from ἐκκλησία/คริสตจักร (used at 5:14). A cross-reference note is required so readers do not imagine two different meetings.
Mercy
Approved rendering: พระกรุณา / ความเมตตา
Transliteration: phra karuna / khwam metta
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Favoritism and Poverty
NEW. James 2:13’s ἔλεος — compassionate action evidencing having received mercy; ‘judgment without mercy’ awaits the one who withholds it.
Tongue
Approved rendering: ลิ้น
Transliteration: lin
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:2-10’s γλῶσσα — the organ of speech, metaphor for the whole capacity of speech.
Teacher
Approved rendering: ครู / อาจารย์
Transliteration: khru / achan
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:1’s διδάσκαλος. Should not imply the reverential, quasi-permanent guru-disciple bond of the Thai อาจารย์-ศิษย์ tradition; James’s concern is accountability for speech.
Oath Swearing
Approved rendering: การสาบาน
Transliteration: kan sabaan
Doctrine: Oaths and Truthful Speech
Original: ὅρκος / ὀμνύω
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 5:12’s ὅρκος / ὀμνύω — James forbids oath-taking, commending simple truthful speech; a useful contrast point with, but not equated to, Thai vow-making at spirit shrines (บนบานศาลกล่าว).
Elders Of Church
Approved rendering: ผู้ปกครองคริสตจักร
Transliteration: phu pokkhrong khritsatchak
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας
Category: Church
NEW compound reusing the baseline church term. James 5:14’s πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας — the recognized, appointed spiritual leaders called to pray over the sick.
Jobs Endurance
Approved rendering: ความอดทนของโยบ
Transliteration: khwam otthon khong Yoob
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW compound reusing the endurance term exactly. James 5:11’s ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ — Job cited as the concrete Old Testament exemplar of God-given endurance under trial.
Low Risk Terms
Abraham
Approved rendering: อับราฮัม
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Inherited from the Galatians addendum to the baseline package, copied exactly. Central figure of James’s core-passage argument (2:21-23).
Benefit
Approved rendering: ประโยชน์
Transliteration: prayochan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ὄφελος
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James’s rhetorical ὄφελος at 2:14, 16 (‘what is the benefit?’). No religious-vocabulary collision risk.
Orphans And Widows
Approved rendering: ลูกกำพร้าและหญิงม่าย
Transliteration: luk kamphra lae ying mam
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ὀρφανοὺς καὶ χήρας
Category: Favoritism and Poverty
NEW. James 1:27 — the concrete content of pure religion; standard vocabulary, minimal collision risk.
Job Proper Name
Approved rendering: โยบ
Transliteration: Yoob
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. Established Thai Bible proper-name form for the Old Testament exemplar cited at James 5:11.
Rahab Proper Name
Approved rendering: ราหับ
Transliteration: Rahap
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. Established Thai Bible proper-name form for the woman named at James 2:25 (implied; not stated by name in the Greek text of 2:25 itself but required for the accompanying Joshua 2 cross-reference note).
Joshua Proper Name
Approved rendering: โยชูวา
Transliteration: Yoshua
Doctrine: Faith and Works
NEW. Established Thai Bible proper-name form for the Old Testament leader who sent the scouts referenced at James 2:25 (Joshua 2:1). Must be kept visually distinct from Jesus (พระเยซู) in any teaching material to avoid confusion between the two figures who share the same underlying Hebrew/Greek name.
Elijah Proper Name
Approved rendering: เอลียาห์
Transliteration: Eliyah
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. Established Thai Bible proper-name form for the prophet cited as a prayer exemplar at James 5:17-18.
James Book Name
Approved rendering: ยากอบ
Transliteration: Yakop
Doctrine: Divine Calling
NEW. Established Thai Bible Society citation form for the book of James and for the author’s own proper name (1:1). Governs all James chapter:verse citations, e.g., ยากอบ 2:14-26.
Referenced passages