Core Glossary
Jude — Core Glossary (English → Thai)
PRD Phase 1, Step 1 — Companion to 07_semantic_analysis.md
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified across the whole of Jude (1:1–25), citing the verse(s) of first/key occurrence. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json are marked REUSED and must be rendered exactly as recorded there — they are listed here for completeness and cross-reference only, not re-derived. New Jude-specific terms are marked NEW and are proposed here for addition to translation memory pending theologian review of Critical/High entries.
A. Reused Baseline Terms (Verbatim Enforcement Required)
| Term | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk (baseline) | Jude Occurrence(s) | Notes for Jude Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | พระเจ้า | Phra Chao | Critical | 1:1, 21, 25 | No new risk; 1:25’s “only God” (μόνῳ θεῷ) must preserve exclusivity. |
| Jesus | พระเยซู | Phra Yesu | Critical | 1:1, 4, 17, 21, 25 | No new risk. |
| Christ | พระคริสต์ | Phra Khrit | Critical | 1:1, 4, 17, 21, 25 | No new risk. |
| Lord (κύριος) | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | ong phra phu pen chao | Critical | 1:4, 5 (var.), 9, 14, 17, 21, 25 | Paired with δεσπότης at 1:4 (see new entry below) in a joint Christological confession; must retain full Critical weight in every occurrence. |
| Holy Spirit | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Phra Winyan Borisut | Critical | 1:19, 20 | 1:19’s “not having the Spirit” is the decisive negative mark of the false teachers; must never render as generic วิญญาณ or ผี. |
| holy | บริสุทธิ์ | borisut | High | 1:14 (ἁγίαις μυριάσιν), 1:20 (ἁγιωτάτῃ … πίστει) | 1:20 uses the superlative form; render as ที่บริสุทธิ์ที่สุด, retaining reverent (not merely intensive-colloquial) force. |
| saints | วิสุทธิชน | wisutthichon | Medium | 1:3 (implied, τοῖς ἁγίοις) | The apostolic faith was entrusted to all believers, not an ascetic elite. |
| faith | ความเชื่อ | khwam cheua | Medium/High | 1:3, 20 | Note the “the faith” (body of apostolic doctrine) sense dominates in Jude, distinct from the baseline’s more frequent “act of trusting” sense in Romans — flag as High in this specific sense. |
| called | ผู้ที่ทรงเรียก | phu thi song riak | High | 1:1 (κλητοῖς) | Standard baseline sense: sovereign, effectual, non-revocable divine summons. |
| grace | พระคุณ | phra khun | Critical | 1:4 | Here abused/twisted into license for sin — the opposite distortion from Galatians’ legalism, equally Critical to guard against. |
| glory (of God) | พระสิริ | Phra Siri | High | 1:24, 25 | Reserved for God’s own inherent glory; must NOT be used for the created “glorious ones” of 1:8 (see new entry ผู้ทรงเกียรติ below). |
| salvation / save (σωτηρία / σώζω) | ความรอด / ทรงช่วยให้รอด | khwam rot | Critical | 1:3, 5, 23 | 1:3’s “common salvation” and 1:23’s urgent rescue imagery both build on this root; never confuse with self-attained liberation. |
| sin (ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός) | บาป / คนบาป | bap / khon bap | High | 1:15 | Anchor to offense against a personal God, never impersonal negative-karma. |
| apostle | อัครทูต | akkhrathut | Medium | 1:17 | Grounds the church’s expectation of last-days mockery in prior apostolic authority. |
| Israel (implied via “the people”) | อิสราเอล / ประชากร | Itsarael / prachakon | Medium | 1:5 | The first OT type; a real historical covenant people, not allegory. |
| Amen | อาเมน | Amen | Low | 1:25 | Established transliteration. |
| power of God (root) | ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า | rit det khong Phra Chao | High | 1:24 (δυναμένῳ), 1:25 (κράτος, related) | See new κράτος entry below for the specific doxological noun. |
B. New Jude-Specific Terms
| # | English Term | Greek | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | bondservant / slave (of Christ) | δοῦλος | ทาสของพระเยซูคริสต์ | that khong Phra Yesu Khrit | High | Contending for the Faith / Paul’s-type Apostleship parallel | ผู้รับใช้ (too weak; loses total-ownership force) | Positive, honorific self-designation of total belonging to Christ. Must be distinguished in teaching notes from the baseline’s negative “slavery” (ความเป็นทาส) — same root, opposite theological valence depending on the master in view (Christ = honor; sin/law = bondage to escape). |
| 2 | kept / to keep (τηρέω, the letter’s central wordplay verb) | τηρέω | รักษา / ทรงรักษา / ทรงพิทักษ์รักษาไว้ | raksa / song raksa | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | ปกป้อง (acceptable near-synonym but must not replace รักษา as the primary consistent root) | Occurs 1:1 (believers kept), 1:6 (angels not keeping their position / kept for judgment), 1:13 (darkness kept), 1:21 (believers commanded to keep themselves). MUST use one consistent Thai root across all occurrences so the letter’s positive/negative wordplay is perceptible to the Thai reader. See also φυλάσσω (#20 below), the near-synonym at 1:24. |
| 3 | ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια | อธรรม / ความอธรรม (ผู้ไม่ยำเกรงพระเจ้า) | a-tham / khwam a-tham | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (title doctrine) | ไม่มีศีลธรรม (too generically moralistic; loses the God-directed dimension) | Shares the ธรรม root with ธรรมบัญญัติ (“Law,” baseline) and with Buddhist dharma vocabulary generally; requires an anchoring phrase (ไม่ยำเกรงพระเจ้า) at first occurrence (1:4) to fix the meaning as irreverence toward a personal God, not violation of an impersonal moral/cosmic order. Recurs intensively at 1:15 (four cognate forms in one verse) and 1:18. |
| 4 | judgment / condemnation | κρίσις / κρίμα | การพิพากษา / คำพิพากษาลงโทษ | kan phiphaksa | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | เคราะห์กรรม (impersonal misfortune; forbidden) | Must remain explicitly forensic/judicial, issued by a personal Judge. Occurs 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15. |
| 5 | Master / Sovereign Master (paired with Lord) | δεσπότης | องค์เจ้านาย | ong chaonai | Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers / Lordship of Christ (extension) | เจ้านาย alone (too ordinary/weak — the exact term already rejected in baseline for κύριος) | Paired with κύριος at 1:4 in a double Christological confession the false teachers deny. Must retain the master-of-servants force (etymologically tied to δοῦλος, #1 above) while carrying full divine weight via the องค์ honorific. |
| 6 | sensuality / licentiousness | ἀσέλγεια | ความเสเพล | khwam sepen | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | — | The practical fruit of twisting grace (พระคุณ) into license. |
| 7 | angel | ἄγγελος | ทูตสวรรค์ | thut sawan | Medium | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | เทวดา (forbidden — Buddhist-cosmology deva) | Shares the ทูต root with อัครทูต (“apostle,” baseline) — a helpful, doctrinally sound family resemblance (“sent ones”), not a source of confusion. |
| 8 | eternal fire | πῦρ αἰώνιον | ไฟนิรันดร์ | fai nirandon | High | OT Warnings as Types (Sodom) / Judgment | นรก used alone as equivalent (misleading — implies temporary cyclical suffering) | Must be taught as unending, final judgment, explicitly distinguished from the Buddhist cosmology of temporary hell-realms (narok) exhausted once karma is spent. Mandatory translator note at first occurrence (1:7). |
| 9 | the devil | διάβολος | มาร | marn | Critical | OT Warnings as Types / Judgment | ปีศาจ (too generic/weak; loses proper-name specificity), ซาตาน (viable alternative transliteration, record as alternative_considered) | มาร is the proper name of Buddhist tradition’s tempter-figure Māra (who assailed the Buddha under the Bodhi tree). Existing Thai Bible usage retains มาร for διάβολος, so replacement is not recommended, but a mandatory translator/teaching note is required at 1:9 clarifying that Scripture’s มาร (the one fallen angelic adversary of the one true God) is not affirmed as the same being as Buddhist tradition’s Māra, despite the shared name. |
| 10 | archangel | ἀρχάγγελος | อัครทูตสวรรค์ | akkhrathut sawan | Medium | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | — | Compound of อัครทูต (chief/apostle root) + ทูตสวรรค์ (angel); linguistically natural, doctrinally sound. |
| 11 | to dispute / contend (legal sense) | διακρίνομαι (sense 1) | โต้เถียง / ต่อสู้ด้วยเหตุผล | to thiang | High | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | ลังเล (reserved exclusively for sense 2, below — must NOT be used here) | 1:9 only. See #12 for the letter’s other, unrelated sense of the same Greek root — the two MUST receive different Thai renderings. |
| 12 | to waver / be in doubt | διακρίνομαι (sense 2) | ลังเลใจ / ลังเลสงสัย | lang le jai | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | โต้เถียง (reserved exclusively for sense 1, above — must NOT be used here) | 1:22 only. The doctrine title term for “Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering” depends on this being kept distinct from #11’s dispute-sense. |
| 13 | glorious ones / dignities (created, not divine) | δόξα (plural, created-being sense) | ผู้ทรงเกียรติ / ผู้มีสิริ | phu song kiat | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | พระสิริ (forbidden here — reserved exclusively for God’s own incommunicable glory per baseline) | 1:8 only. Must use a different Thai construction than the baseline’s พระสิริ to avoid wrongly elevating created angelic dignity to the same category as God’s own glory. |
| 14 | worldly / soulish / natural (unregenerate) | ψυχικός | ฝ่ายโลก (มีเพียงชีวิตตามธรรมชาติ) | fai lok | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | ทางจิตใจ (too easily misread as merely psychological/emotional) | 1:19. Must be explicitly paired with “not having the [Holy] Spirit” in the same verse to convey the natural/unregenerate-versus-Spirit-indwelt contrast. |
| 15 | lust / evil desire | ἐπιθυμία (negative sense) | ตัณหาชั่ว (never bare ตัณหา) | tanha chua | Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | ตัณหา (bare, unqualified — forbidden as primary gloss) | 1:16, 1:18. ตัณหา (taṇhā) is the precise Buddhist technical term for the craving that is the direct cause of suffering per the Second Noble Truth, extinguished through the Noble Eightfold Path by self-effort. Bare, unqualified use risks importing that entire self-liberation framework. Always qualify with ชั่ว/ชั่วร้าย; flag every occurrence for theologian review, directly parallel to the Galatians baseline’s caution against “upgrading” flesh (σάρξ) to กิเลส. |
| 16 | mercy (God’s own, noun) | ἔλεος (divine) | พระกรุณา | Phra Karuna | Critical | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | เมตตา/กรุณา used bare or without the divine honorific พระ- (risks reading as a self-cultivated Buddhist brahmavihāra virtue rather than a freely-given divine gift) | 1:2, 1:21. God’s own sovereign, freely-given covenant compassion, not a meditative virtue cultivated through one’s own contemplative discipline (the brahmavihāra framework of เมตตา/กรุณา as two of the Four Sublime Abidings). Mandatory translator note at first occurrence (1:2). |
| 17 | mercy (shown by believers to others, verb) | ἐλεέω | จงมีเมตตาต่อ | chong mi metta to | Critical | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | — | 1:22, 1:23. The human, other-directed counterpart to #16; must be explicitly taught in teaching notes as modeled on and made possible by God’s own prior mercy (v. 21), not as an independently self-cultivated meditative state, despite Thai naturally using a different honorific register (no พระ- prefix) for this human-subject occurrence of the same underlying concept. |
| 18 | rescue / snatch from fire | ἁρπάζω (+ σῴζω) | ฉวยดึงออกมาจากไฟให้รอด | chuai dueng ok ma chak fai hai rot | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | ช่วยเหลือ alone (too gentle; loses forceful urgency) | 1:23. Urgent, forceful emergency rescue imagery; must not be softened into leisurely counsel. |
| 19 | defiled garment | χιτὼν ἐσπιλωμένος | เสื้อผ้าที่เปื้อนมลทิน(จากเนื้อหนัง) | suea pha thi puean monthin | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | — | 1:23. OT purity-imagery (cf. Zechariah 3); requires brief explanatory note for readers with low OT literacy. |
| 20 | guard / keep from stumbling | φυλάσσω (+ ἄπταιστος) | ทรงสามารถป้องกันไม่ให้ท่านล้ม / ทรงพิทักษ์รักษาไม่ให้พลาด | song samat pongkan mai hai than lom | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless (doctrinal climax) | — | 1:24. Near-synonym of τηρέω (#2); should echo, without being identical to, the รักษา root established for τηρέω throughout the letter, showing that believers’ own “keeping” (1:21) rests on God’s own greater “keeping/guarding” power. Flag for theologian review, continuous with the baseline’s “Assurance of Salvation” Critical/High doctrine. |
| 21 | blameless / without blemish | ἄμωμος | ไร้ตำหนิ | rai tamni | Medium | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | — | 1:24. OT sacrificial-purity term (unblemished sacrificial animals); link to Christ’s atoning work, not self-achieved moral perfection. |
| 22 | eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | ชีวิตนิรันดร์ | chiwit nirandon | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | — | 1:21. Same eternal-versus-cyclical caution as #8 (eternal fire): unending communion with God via bodily resurrection, not escape from an endless rebirth-cycle nor a temporary heavenly rebirth-destination. |
| 23 | Savior (exclusive) | σωτήρ | พระผู้ช่วยให้รอด | Phra Phu Chuai Hai Rot | Critical | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | — | 1:25 (“the only God, our Savior”). Must retain the exclusive, monotheistic μόνος (“only”) force; not one savior-figure among several available spiritual helpers in Thailand’s religiously plural landscape. |
| 24 | majesty | μεγαλωσύνη | พระบรมเดชานุภาพ / ความยิ่งใหญ่สูงสุด | Phra Boromma Detchanuphap | High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | — | 1:25. Risks blending into Thai’s royal-address honorific register (already a standing baseline caution for Father/glory/government passages); keep distinct from ordinary monarchy-courtesy vocabulary even while using the required ทรง/พระ- honorific grammar. |
| 25 | dominion / might | κράτος | ฤทธานุภาพ / พระอานุภาพ | Rit-thanuphap | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | — | 1:25. Shares a root with the baseline’s “power of God” (ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า); keep terminologically distinct but thematically consonant. |
| 26 | authority | ἐξουσία | สิทธิอำนาจ | sitthi amnat | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | — | 1:25. Standard vocabulary, low independent risk; part of the fourfold doxological cluster with δόξα, μεγαλωσύνη, κράτος. |
| 27 | forever / unto all the ages (linear eternity) | εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας / πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος | ตลอดไปทุกยุคทุกสมัยเป็นนิตย์ / ตั้งแต่ก่อนกาลเวลาทั้งสิ้น | talot pai thuk yuk thuk samai pen nit | High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | กัป-based cyclical phrasing (forbidden) | 1:25 (also underlies 1:7, 1:13, 1:21’s “eternal” terms). Must convey a single, linear, unbounded eternity in both directions, never the recurring world-ages (กัป, kalpa) of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology. |
| 28 | crept in secretly | παρεισέδυσαν | แอบแทรกเข้ามา | aep saek khao ma | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | — | 1:4. Must retain covert, undetected infiltration sense. |
| 29 | designated beforehand for judgment | πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα | ที่ทรงกำหนดไว้ล่วงหน้าเพื่อการลงโทษนี้ | thi song kamnot wai luang na | Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | เวรกรรม / ดวง (forbidden — impersonal karmic/astrological destiny) | 1:4. Echoes the baseline’s Critical “election” caution; พระเจ้า must remain the explicit, personal, purposive agent. |
| 30 | contend for (the faith) | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι | ต่อสู้อย่างเต็มกำลังเพื่อ(ปกป้อง) | to su yang tem kamlang phuea | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered (title doctrine) | (avoid literal-violence framing) | 1:3. Vigorous doctrinal defense, not physical/political combat; not passive assent either. |
| 31 | once for all delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ | ที่ทรงมอบไว้แล้วครั้งเดียวเป็นนิตย์ | thi song mop wai laeo khrang diao pen nit | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered (title doctrine) | อาจารย์-ศิษย์-style ongoing reinterpreted transmission (forbidden framing) | 1:3. The letter’s programmatic claim; must never read as compatible with an evolving, teacher-to-teacher reinterpreted oral doctrinal lineage. |
| 32 | woe (prophetic judgment-pronouncement) | οὐαί | วิบัติ | wibat | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | — | 1:11. Formal prophetic force, not casual exclamation. |
| 33 | the way of Cain / error of Balaam / rebellion of Korah | ὁδὸς τοῦ Κάϊν / πλάνη τοῦ Βαλαάμ / ἀντιλογία τοῦ Κόρε | ทางของคาอิน / การหลงผิดของบาลาอัม / การกบฏของโคราห์ | — | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | — | 1:11. Proper names; low doctrinal collision but requires OT-background teaching notes given assumed low OT narrative literacy. |
| 34 | love feasts | ἀγάπαι | งานเลี้ยงแห่งความรัก | ngan liang haeng khwam rak | Medium | Church fellowship (contextual) | ทำบุญเลี้ยงพระ-style framing (avoid direct equation) | 1:12. Distinguish the early church’s mutual-fellowship meal from Thai merit-making feast practices. |
| 35 | wandering stars | ἀστέρες πλανῆται | ดวงดาวที่พลัดหลงจากทางของตน | duang dao thi phlat long | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | (avoid horoscope/astrology framing) | 1:13. Metaphor for directionless instability only; not an opening for Thai astrological (โหราศาสตร์) reading. |
| 36 | Enoch’s prophecy (citation of non-canonical material) | Προεφήτευσεν … Ἑνώχ | เอโนคพยากรณ์ไว้ | Enoch phayakon wai | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture (canonicity nuance) | — | 1:14. Requires explicit doctrinal framing: affirms this specific saying’s truthfulness under Jude’s own inspiration, without extending canonical/inspired status to the whole Book of 1 Enoch. |
| 37 | grumblers / malcontents | γογγυστής / μεμψίμοιρος | คนช่างบ่นว่า / คนไม่พอใจในชะตาชีวิตของตน | khon chang bon wa | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | โชคชะตา-style fatalistic framing of μοῖρα root (avoid) | 1:16. Echoes Israel’s wilderness grumbling (1:5); avoid importing a fatalistic “fixed fate” reading of the μοῖρα root. |
| 38 | mockers / scoffers | ἐμπαῖκται | คนที่ชอบเยาะเย้ยเหยียดหยาม | khon thi chop yoyoei yiat yam | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | — | 1:18. |
| 39 | those who cause divisions | ἀποδιορίζοντες | ผู้ก่อให้เกิดการแตกแยก | phu ko hai koet kan taek yaek | Medium | Church as God’s People (contextual) | — | 1:19. |
| 40 | building up (oneself/one another) | ἐποικοδομέω | เสริมสร้าง | soem sang | Low | Mutual Edification (baseline concept reused) | — | 1:20. Reuses baseline “mutual edification” root exactly. |
| 41 | love of God | ἀγάπη θεοῦ | ความรักของพระเจ้า | khwam rak khong Phra Chao | Medium | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | — | 1:21. Relational, not merely emotional; the “space” believers are exhorted to remain within. |
| 42 | fourfold doxological cluster (glory, majesty, dominion, authority) | δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία | พระสิริ พระบรมเดชานุภาพ ฤทธานุภาพ และสิทธิอำนาจ | — | High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | — | 1:25. Render as a unified, escalating acclamation, not four interchangeable synonyms; see individual entries #24–26 above and the reused พระสิริ entry (Part A). |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Summary
| Doctrine | Primary Terms (glossary #) | Overall Doctrine Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | #30, #31; reused: faith, saints | Critical |
| Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | #3, #4, #5, #6, #9, #11, #13, #14, #15, #28, #29, #32, #37, #38; reused: grace, sin | Critical |
| OT Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom) | #7, #8, #9, #10, #33; reused: Israel/people, salvation | High |
| Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | #12, #16, #17, #18, #19 | Critical |
| Kept by God and Presented Blameless | #2, #20, #21, #22, #41; reused: called, faith | Critical |
| Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | #23, #24, #25, #26, #27, #42; reused: glory, power of God, Lord, Christ, Jesus, Amen | Critical |
D. Risk Summary (New Terms Only)
| Risk Tier | Count | Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 | #2, #9, #15, #16, #17, #20, #23, #29, #31 |
| High | 12 | #3, #4, #5, #11, #12, #13, #14, #18, #22, #24, #27, #30, #42 (grouped; see table B for exact count per entry) |
| Medium | 16 | #6, #7, #8 (Medium/High border — see entry), #10, #19, #21, #25, #26, #28, #32, #33, #34, #35, #36, #37, #39 |
| Low | 4 | #38, #40; plus low-risk sub-elements noted inline in Part 1 of the semantic analysis |
Note on #8 (eternal fire) and #9 (the devil): these are recorded at High and Critical respectively above; #8’s risk stems from doctrinal/cosmological collision (temporary vs. eternal punishment), while #9’s Critical rating stems specifically from proper-name collision with an existing, named figure in Thai popular Buddhist tradition (Māra) — a distinct and in some respects sharper category of risk than a mere conceptual mismatch, warranting the higher tier and a mandatory, unconditional translator note at every occurrence.
All Critical and High risk new terms above require human theologian review before entering Phase 2 translation memory, per the escalation rules of 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. All entries in section B are proposed for addition to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in the next pipeline step.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:1, 1:21, 1:25. In 1:25 (‘the only God, our Savior’) the exclusivity marker μόνος must be preserved without softening.
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ / Lordship of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25.
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:4 (paired with δεσπότης, master_despotes, in a double confession), 1:5 (textual variant), 1:9 (Michael’s deferential rebuke formula), 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25. Must retain full Critical, exclusive-Lordship force and never collapse into ordinary respectful-address register.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:19 (‘not having the Spirit’ — the decisive negative mark distinguishing the false teachers) and 1:20 (‘praying in the Holy Spirit’). Never render with วิญญาณ alone or ผี.
Grace
Approved rendering: พระคุณ
Transliteration: phra khun
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: บุญ, กรรมดี, บารมี
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:4, where false teachers ‘turn the grace of our God into licentiousness’ — the opposite doctrinal distortion from the Galatians baseline’s legalism concern (grace replaced by merit-earning); here grace is weaponized as an excuse for sin. Both distortions must be guarded against with equal force.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:3 (‘our common salvation’ — salvation as a shared inheritance of the whole community, not an individually self-attained state) and 1:23 (‘save, snatching them out of the fire’).
Kept By God
Approved rendering: รักษา / ทรงรักษา
Transliteration: raksa / song raksa
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: ปกป้อง (acceptable near-synonym but must not replace รักษา as the primary consistent root), ควบคุมตัว (too legalistic for the positive senses)
Original: τηρέω
Category: Perseverance
The letter’s central wordplay verb τηρέω, occurring with opposite polarities: 1:1 (believers kept by/for Christ), 1:6 (angels who did NOT keep their position, and are themselves kept for judgment), 1:13 (darkness kept for the wandering stars), 1:21 (believers commanded to keep themselves). ONE consistent Thai root (รักษา) must be used at every occurrence so the wordplay is perceptible. See also ‘guard_from_stumbling’ (φυλάσσω), the near-synonym at 1:24.
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: องค์เจ้านาย
Transliteration: ong chaonai
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ (Extended)
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย alone (too ordinary/weak — already rejected in baseline for κύριος)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
δεσπότης, paired with κύριος at Jude 1:4 in a double Christological confession the false teachers deny by conduct. Etymologically tied to δοῦλος (Jude’s own self-designation, 1:1). Must retain master-of-servants force while carrying full divine weight via the องค์ honorific.
Devil
Approved rendering: มาร
Transliteration: marn
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: ปีศาจ (too generic/weak; loses proper-name specificity), ซาตาน (viable transliteration alternative, recorded as alternative considered but rejected to preserve continuity with established Thai Bible tradition)
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
Occurs Jude 1:9 only. มาร is the proper name of Māra, Buddhism’s tempter-deity who assailed the Buddha under the Bodhi tree. Retained per established Thai Bible usage, but requires a MANDATORY, unconditional translator/teaching note at every occurrence clarifying Scripture’s มาร is not affirmed as the same being as Buddhist tradition’s Māra.
Lust Evil Desire
Approved rendering: ตัณหาชั่ว
Transliteration: tanha chua
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: ตัณหา bare/unqualified (forbidden as primary gloss)
Original: ἐπιθυμία (negative sense)
Category: Sin
ἐπιθυμία negative sense, Jude 1:16, 1:18. ตัณหา (taṇhā) is Buddhism’s precise Second-Noble-Truth technical term for craving, extinguished through self-effort via the Eightfold Path. ALWAYS qualify with ชั่ว/ชั่วร้าย; the single highest-priority fencing decision in the letter, directly parallel to the Galatians baseline’s caution against upgrading flesh (σάρξ) to กิเลส. Flag every occurrence for unconditional theologian review.
Mercy Divine
Approved rendering: พระกรุณา
Transliteration: Phra Karuna
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: เมตตา/กรุณา used bare or without the divine honorific พระ- prefix
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
ἔλεος (God’s own mercy), Jude 1:2, 1:21. เมตตา/กรุณา are two of the Four Brahmavihāra, virtues cultivated through meditative discipline; the พระ- honorific fences God’s freely-given covenant compassion from that self-cultivation framework. Mandatory translator note required at first occurrence (1:2).
Mercy Human
Approved rendering: จงมีเมตตาต่อ
Transliteration: chong mi metta to
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐλεέω
Category: Ethics
ἐλεέω (mercy shown by believers), Jude 1:22, 1:23. Human-subject occurrence cannot take the พระ- honorific; must be explicitly taught in teaching notes as modeled on and made possible by God’s own prior mercy (1:21), not an independently self-cultivated meditative state.
Guard From Stumbling
Approved rendering: ทรงสามารถป้องกันไม่ให้ท่านล้ม
Transliteration: song samat pongkan mai hai than lom
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: φυλάσσω + ἄπταιστος
Category: Perseverance
φυλάσσω + ἄπταιστος, Jude 1:24, the doctrinal climax. Should echo, without duplicating, the รักษา root established for τηρέω throughout the letter, showing believers’ own ‘keeping’ (1:21) rests on God’s greater keeping power. Continuous with baseline’s Critical/High ‘Assurance of Salvation’ doctrine.
Savior
Approved rendering: พระผู้ช่วยให้รอด
Transliteration: Phra Phu Chuai Hai Rot
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
σωτήρ, Jude 1:25 (‘the only God, our Savior’). Must retain the exclusive, monotheistic force of μόνος — not one savior-figure among several available spiritual helpers in Thailand’s religiously plural landscape.
Designated For Judgment
Approved rendering: ที่ทรงกำหนดไว้ล่วงหน้าเพื่อการลงโทษนี้
Transliteration: thi song kamnot wai luang na phuea kan longthot ni
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: เวรกรรม (impersonal karmic destiny; forbidden), ดวง (astrological fortune; forbidden)
Original: πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα
Category: Judgment
πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα, Jude 1:4. Directly echoes the Romans baseline’s Critical caution on ‘election.’ พระเจ้า must remain the explicit, personal, purposive agent.
Once For All Delivered
Approved rendering: ที่ทรงมอบไว้แล้วครั้งเดียวเป็นนิตย์
Transliteration: thi song mop wai laeo khrang diao pen nit
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์-ศิษย์-style ongoing reinterpreted transmission framing (forbidden)
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ
Category: Faith
ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ, Jude 1:3, the letter’s programmatic claim. Must never read as compatible with an ongoing, teacher-to-teacher reinterpreted oral lineage. ครั้งเดียวเป็นนิตย์ (‘once, permanently’) must never be dropped.
High Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: บริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ศักดิ์สิทธิ์
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:14 (ἁγίαις μυριάσιν, ‘holy myriads’) and 1:20 (ἁγιωτάτῃ, superlative, ‘most holy faith’). The Thai superlative (บริสุทธิ์ที่สุด) must retain reverent doctrinal force, not merely intensive-colloquial emphasis.
Called
Approved rendering: ผู้ที่ทรงเรียก
Transliteration: phu thi song riak
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ผู้ที่ได้รับเชิญ
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:1 (κλητοῖς). Must convey a sovereign, non-revocable summons, never โชคชะตา (fixed astrological destiny).
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, restricted strictly to God’s own glory. Occurs Jude 1:24, 1:25. Must NOT be used for the created ‘glorious ones’ (angelic dignities) of Jude 1:8 — see ‘glorious_ones’ in Section B — to avoid wrongly elevating created beings’ derivative honor into God’s own incommunicable glory category.
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, no change. ἁμαρτωλός (‘sinners’) occurs Jude 1:15 in the intensive four-fold ungodly/sin rhetorical cluster of Enoch’s prophecy. Must remain anchored to offense against a personal God, never the impersonal negative-karma sense of อกุศลกรรม.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: rit det khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: อำนาจศักดิ์สิทธิ์ของวัตถุมงคล
Original: δύναμαι (participle δυναμένῳ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; root reused for Jude 1:24 (δυναμένῳ, ‘him who is able’) and thematically consonant with 1:25’s κράτος (see ‘dominion_might’ in Section B). Never the sacred potency ascribed to amulets or holy objects.
The Faith Deposit
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ (ในฐานะเนื้อหาคำสอนที่ทรงมอบไว้)
Transliteration: khwam cheua (nai thana nuea ha kham son thi song mop wai)
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: ความเชื่อ unqualified (allows collapse into the personal-trust sense only)
Original: ἡ πίστις (τοῖς ἁγίοις παραδοθεῖσα)
Category: Faith
NEW sense-specific entry, distinct from the generic ‘faith’ entry above though sharing the same Thai word. Occurs Jude 1:3, 1:20. Must not be collapsed into the personal-trust sense; the verb ‘contend for’ (ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι) only makes sense applied to a defendable body of content. Elevated risk because Thai readers may otherwise default to the ongoing-transmission model of Thai Buddhist teacher-to-disciple (อาจารย์-ศิษย์) oral lineage, which this doctrine explicitly rejects.
Bondservant Of Christ
Approved rendering: ทาสของพระเยซูคริสต์
Transliteration: that khong Phra Yesu Khrit
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ (Extended)
Rejected alternatives: ผู้รับใช้ (too weak; loses total-ownership force)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
Occurs Jude 1:1. Positive, honorific NT self-designation (shared with Paul and James) of total, willing belonging to Christ as absolute Master. Must be distinguished in teaching notes from the Galatians baseline’s negative ‘slavery’ (ความเป็นทาส) — same Thai root ทาส, opposite theological valence depending on which master is in view.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: อธรรม / ผู้ไม่ยำเกรงพระเจ้า
Transliteration: a-tham / phu mai yamkraeng Phra Chao
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: ไม่มีศีลธรรม (too generically moralistic; loses the God-directed dimension)
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
Title term of the letter’s central doctrine. Occurs Jude 1:4, and intensively four times in 1:15. Shares the ธรรม root with baseline ธรรมบัญญัติ (‘Law’) and general Buddhist dharma vocabulary; requires the anchoring phrase ไม่ยำเกรงพระเจ้า at first occurrence to fix the meaning as irreverence toward a personal God, not violation of an impersonal moral/cosmic order.
Judgment
Approved rendering: การพิพากษา / คำพิพากษาลงโทษ
Transliteration: kan phiphaksa / kham phiphaksa longthot
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: เคราะห์กรรม (impersonal misfortune; forbidden)
Original: κρίσις / κρίμα
Category: Judgment
Occurs Jude 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15. Must remain explicitly forensic/judicial, issued by a personal Judge, never drifting toward a vague ‘bad outcome.‘
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: ไฟนิรันดร์
Transliteration: fai nirandon
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: นรก used alone as equivalent (misleading — implies temporary cyclical suffering)
Original: πῦρ αἰώνιον
Category: Judgment
Occurs Jude 1:7. Must be taught as unending, final judgment, explicitly distinguished from Thai Buddhism’s temporary hell-realms (นรก) exhausted once karma is spent. Mandatory translator note required at first occurrence.
Dispute Contend
Approved rendering: โต้เถียง / ต่อสู้ด้วยเหตุผล
Transliteration: to thiang / to su duai het phon
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: ลังเลใจ (reserved exclusively for the unrelated ‘waver’ sense at 1:22 — must NOT be used here)
Original: διακρίνομαι (sense 1: formal legal dispute)
Category: Church
διακρίνομαι sense 1 (formal legal dispute), Jude 1:9 only. Must receive a Thai rendering entirely distinct from the letter’s other, unrelated sense of the same Greek root (see ‘waver_doubt’).
Waver Doubt
Approved rendering: ลังเลใจ / ลังเลสงสัย
Transliteration: lang le jai / lang le song sai
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: โต้เถียง (reserved exclusively for the unrelated ‘dispute’ sense at 1:9 — must NOT be used here)
Original: διακρίνομαι (sense 2: internal wavering)
Category: Faith
διακρίνομαι sense 2 (internal wavering/doubt), Jude 1:22 only. The doctrine title term depends on this being kept distinct from ‘dispute_contend.‘
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: ผู้ทรงเกียรติ / ผู้มีสิริ
Transliteration: phu song kiat / phu mi siri
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: พระสิริ (forbidden here — reserved exclusively for God’s own incommunicable glory)
Original: δόξαι (plural, created-being sense)
Category: Angelology
Occurs Jude 1:8 only. δόξαι, plural, created-being sense — exalted (likely angelic) beings bearing derivative honor. Must use a construction distinct from the baseline’s พระสิริ.
Worldly Soulish
Approved rendering: ฝ่ายโลก (มีเพียงชีวิตตามธรรมชาติ)
Transliteration: fai lok (mi phiang chiwit tam thammachat)
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: ทางจิตใจ (too easily misread as merely psychological/emotional)
Original: ψυχικός
Category: Anthropology
ψυχικός, Jude 1:19. No existing baseline term covers this anthropological category. Must be explicitly paired with ‘not having the [Holy] Spirit’ in the same verse to convey the contrast.
Rescue From Fire
Approved rendering: ฉวยดึงออกมาจากไฟให้รอด
Transliteration: chuai dueng ok ma chak fai hai rot
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: ช่วยเหลือ alone (too gentle; loses forceful urgency)
Original: σῴζω + ἁρπάζω
Category: Salvation
σῴζω + ἁρπάζω, Jude 1:23. Urgent, forceful emergency rescue imagery; must not be softened into leisurely counsel. Reuses the baseline’s ความรอด/save root exactly.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ชีวิตนิรันดร์
Transliteration: chiwit nirandon
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
ζωὴ αἰώνιος, Jude 1:21. Same eternal-versus-cyclical caution as ‘eternal_fire’: unending communion with a personal God via bodily resurrection, not escape from an endless rebirth-cycle nor a temporary heavenly rebirth-destination.
Majesty
Approved rendering: พระบรมเดชานุภาพ
Transliteration: Phra Boromma Detchanuphap
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: God
μεγαλωσύνη, Jude 1:25. Overlaps Thailand’s royal-address honorific register (a standing baseline caution for Father, glory, and government-authority passages); must be read as God’s own unique transcendent majesty, not merely extended courtesy-register vocabulary.
Doxological Cluster
Approved rendering: พระสิริ พระบรมเดชานุภาพ ฤทธานุภาพ และสิทธิอำนาจ
Transliteration: Phra Siri, Phra Boromma Detchanuphap, Rit-thanuphap, lae Sitthi Amnat
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία
Category: God
δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία, Jude 1:25. Must be rendered as a fixed, ordered, unified escalating acclamation — a single translation unit — never re-ordered or partially paraphrased across lesson materials.
Forever Eternity
Approved rendering: ตั้งแต่ก่อนกาลเวลาทั้งสิ้น…ตลอดไปทุกยุคทุกสมัยเป็นนิตย์
Transliteration: tang tae kon kan wela thang sin … talot pai thuk yuk thuk samai pen nit
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: กัป-based cyclical world-age phrasing (forbidden)
Original: πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος … εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας
Category: Eschatology
πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος … εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας, Jude 1:25 (also underlies ‘eternal’ vocabulary at 1:7, 1:13, 1:21). Must convey a single, linear, unbounded eternity, never the recurring world-ages (กัป, kalpa) of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology.
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: ต่อสู้อย่างเต็มกำลังเพื่อ(ปกป้อง)
Transliteration: to su yang tem kamlang phuea (pokpong)
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: literal-combat framing (rejected), passive ‘holding to’ framing (rejected)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι
Category: Faith
ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι, Jude 1:3, the verb of the letter’s title doctrine. Vigorous doctrinal defense, not physical/political combat; not passive assent either.
Medium Risk Terms
Saints
Approved rendering: วิสุทธิชน
Transliteration: wisutthichon
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: พระอรหันต์
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Implied at Jude 1:3 (τοῖς ἁγίοις), recipients of the once-for-all-delivered faith. Confirms the apostolic deposit belongs to the whole believing community, not an ascetic elite.
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package for the act-of-trusting sense. In Jude this sense is secondary; the dominant sense of πίστις in this letter is the fixed body of apostolic doctrine — see the separate ‘the_faith_deposit’ entry in Section B, which carries a higher risk tier for that specific sense.
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:17, grounding the church’s expectation of last-days mockers in prior apostolic prediction rather than Jude’s own personal authority alone.
Israel
Approved rendering: อิสราเอล
Transliteration: Itsarael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package, no change (proper name). A new supplementary sense (λαός, ‘the people’) is added for Jude 1:5 — see ‘israel_people’ in Section B.
Peace
Approved rendering: สันติสุข
Transliteration: santisuk
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ความสงบทางใจ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, no change. Occurs Jude 1:2, part of the salutation’s threefold blessing (mercy, peace, love).
Israel People
Approved rendering: ประชากร
Transliteration: prachakon
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: λαός / Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
NEW supplementary sense (λαός) added for Jude 1:5, alongside the reused proper name อิสราเอล. Must be read as a real, historical, once-delivered covenant people, not an allegory disconnected from actual history, given the target audience’s assumed low OT narrative literacy.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: ความเสเพล
Transliteration: khwam sepen
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
Occurs Jude 1:4. The practical fruit of twisting grace into license; must retain that link, not merely name the indulgence in isolation.
Angel
Approved rendering: ทูตสวรรค์
Transliteration: thut sawan
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา (forbidden — a Buddhist-cosmology deva)
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Angelology
Occurs Jude 1:6, 1:8 (implicit), 1:9. Shares the ทูต root with อัครทูต (‘apostle’) — a helpful family resemblance (‘sent ones’). Must be kept distinct from เทวดา.
Archangel
Approved rendering: อัครทูตสวรรค์
Transliteration: akkhrathut sawan
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
Occurs Jude 1:9 (Michael). Compound of อัครทูต (chief/apostle root) + ทูตสวรรค์ (angel); ensure not misread as implying Michael shares apostolic office.
Defiled Garment
Approved rendering: เสื้อผ้าที่เปื้อนมลทิน(จากเนื้อหนัง)
Transliteration: suea pha thi puean monthin (chak nuea nang)
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: χιτὼν ἐσπιλωμένος
Category: Ethics
χιτὼν ἐσπιλωμένος, Jude 1:23. OT purity image (cf. Zechariah 3); requires a brief explanatory note for readers with low OT literacy.
Blameless
Approved rendering: ไร้ตำหนิ
Transliteration: rai tamni
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Sanctification
ἄμωμος, Jude 1:24. OT sacrificial-purity term; link to Christ’s atoning work, not self-achieved moral perfection.
Dominion Might
Approved rendering: ฤทธานุภาพ / พระอานุภาพ
Transliteration: Rit-thanuphap / Phra Anuphap
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: κράτος
Category: God
κράτος, Jude 1:25. Shares a root with the baseline’s ‘power_of_god’ (ฤทธิ์เดชของพระเจ้า); keep terminologically distinct but thematically consonant.
Authority
Approved rendering: สิทธิอำนาจ
Transliteration: sitthi amnat
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: God
ἐξουσία, Jude 1:25. Standard vocabulary; low independent collision risk; part of the fourfold doxological cluster.
Crept In Secretly
Approved rendering: แอบแทรกเข้ามา
Transliteration: aep saek khao ma
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: παρεισέδυσαν
Category: Church
παρεισέδυσαν, Jude 1:4. Must retain covert, undetected infiltration sense; must not soften to a neutral ‘came’ or ‘joined.‘
Woe
Approved rendering: วิบัติ
Transliteration: wibat
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
οὐαί, Jude 1:11. Established Thai Bible prophetic-woe term; must retain formal, judicial-prophetic force, not casual exclamation.
Ot Types Cain Balaam Korah
Approved rendering: ทางของคาอิน / การหลงผิดของบาลาอัม / การกบฏของโคราห์
Transliteration: thang khong Kha-in / kan long phit khong Balaam / kan kabot khong Korah
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ὁδὸς τοῦ Κάϊν / πλάνη τοῦ Βαλαάμ / ἀντιλογία τοῦ Κόρε
Category: Covenant
Jude 1:11. Proper names carry low intrinsic doctrinal collision risk; given assumed low OT narrative literacy, each requires a brief explanatory teaching note (Cain = Genesis 4; Balaam = Numbers 22-24, 31:16; Korah = Numbers 16).
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: งานเลี้ยงแห่งความรัก
Transliteration: ngan liang haeng khwam rak
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ทำบุญเลี้ยงพระ-style merit-feast framing (avoid direct equation)
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
ἀγάπαι, Jude 1:12. Distinguish the early church’s mutual-fellowship meal from Thai merit-making feast practices.
Wandering Stars
Approved rendering: ดวงดาวที่พลัดหลงจากทางของตน
Transliteration: duang dao thi phlat long chak thang khong ton
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: horoscope/astrology-adjacent framing (avoid)
Original: ἀστέρες πλανῆται
Category: Judgment
ἀστέρες πλανῆται, Jude 1:13. Metaphor for directionless instability only; not an opening for Thai astrological (โหราศาสตร์) reading.
Enochs Prophecy
Approved rendering: เอโนคพยากรณ์ไว้
Transliteration: Enoch phayakon wai
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and Apostolic Authority
Original: Προεφήτευσεν … Ἑνώχ
Category: Scripture
Jude 1:14-15, citing material paralleling the non-canonical Book of 1 Enoch. Requires explicit doctrinal framing: affirms this specific saying’s truthfulness under Jude’s own inspiration, without extending canonical status to the whole Book of Enoch.
Grumblers
Approved rendering: คนช่างบ่นว่า / คนไม่พอใจในชะตาชีวิตของตน
Transliteration: khon chang bon wa / khon mai phochai nai chata chiwit khong ton
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: โชคชะตา-style fatalistic framing of the μοῖρα root (avoid)
Original: γογγυστής / μεμψίμοιρος
Category: Sin
γογγυστής / μεμψίμοιρος, Jude 1:16. Echoes Israel’s wilderness grumbling (1:5); avoid importing a fatalistic ‘fixed fate’ reading.
Divisions
Approved rendering: ผู้ก่อให้เกิดการแตกแยก
Transliteration: phu ko hai koet kan taek yaek
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
ἀποδιορίζοντες, Jude 1:19. Ties to the baseline ‘church’ doctrine (คริสตจักร).
Love Of God
Approved rendering: ความรักของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: khwam rak khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀγάπη θεοῦ
Category: God
ἀγάπη θεοῦ, Jude 1:21 (‘keep yourselves in the love of God’). Genitive ambiguity resolved contextually as primarily God’s own love as the relational ‘space’ believers remain within — a relational, not merely emotional, category.
Low Risk Terms
Amen
Approved rendering: อาเมน
Transliteration: Amen
Doctrine: Doxology
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Liturgical
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package established transliteration standard, no change. Occurs Jude 1:25.
Mockers
Approved rendering: คนที่ชอบเยาะเย้ยเหยียดหยาม
Transliteration: khon thi chop yoyoei yiat yam
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Sin
ἐμπαῖκται, Jude 1:18. Standard vocabulary, low collision risk.
Building Up
Approved rendering: เสริมสร้าง
Transliteration: soem sang
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: ἐποικοδομέω
Category: Church
ἐποικοδομέω, Jude 1:20. Reuses the baseline’s established mutual-edification root exactly.
Love
Approved rendering: ความรัก
Transliteration: khwam rak
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
ἀγάπη, plain occurrence, Jude 1:2. Standard, well-established Thai Christian term; keep this ἀγάπη-sense distinct in register from colloquial romantic ความรัก.
Referenced passages