Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Matthew (English → Thai)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the core passage (Matthew 5:1-12) and all 28 chapters of Matthew. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and MUST use the identical recorded Thai rendering — no new rendering is proposed for these. Terms new to the Matthew curriculum are marked [NEW] and carry a proposed rendering, risk tier, and rejected alternatives for Phase 2 translation-memory extension.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly (Critical / High / Medium / Low), with the same review-routing implications (Critical and High require human theologian review; Medium requires native speaker review; Low requires automated review only).
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused Without Modification
| Term (EN) | Thai Rendering | Risk | Matthew Chapters | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | พระเจ้า | Critical | 1-28 (throughout) | Exactly as baseline; never เทวดา/พระพรหม |
| Jesus | พระเยซู | Critical | 1-28 (throughout) | Exactly as baseline |
| Christ / Messiah | พระคริสต์ / พระเมสสิยาห์ | Critical | 1, 2, 11, 16, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27 | Exactly as baseline; never พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย |
| Holy Spirit | พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | Critical | 1, 3, 4, 10, 12, 28 | Exactly as baseline; never วิญญาณ alone or ผี |
| Father (of God) | พระบิดา | High | 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 26, 28 | Exactly as baseline; never พ่อขุน |
| Son of God | พระบุตรของพระเจ้า | Critical | 3, 4, 8, 14, 16, 26, 27 | Exactly as baseline; never เทพบุตร/อวตารของพระเจ้า; kept distinct from believers’ plain บุตร (5:9) |
| Lord | องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า | Critical | 7, 8, 9, 12, 21, 22, 25 | Exactly as baseline |
| David | ดาวิด | Medium | 1, 9, 12, 15, 20, 21, 22 | Exactly as baseline |
| Israel | อิสราเอล | Medium | 2, 8, 9, 10, 15, 19, 27 | Exactly as baseline |
| Abraham | อับราฮัม | Low | 1, 3, 8, 22 | Exactly as baseline |
| kingdom of God (rare Matthean use) | แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า | Medium | 6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31, 43 | Exactly as baseline; theologically synonymous with Matthew’s own kingdom_of_heaven — see Part B |
| law | ธรรมบัญญัติ | High | 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23 | Exactly as baseline; never พระธรรมวินัย |
| sin | บาป | High | 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 26 | Exactly as baseline |
| gentiles | คนต่างชาติ | Medium | 4, 6, 10, 12, 20, 28 | Exactly as baseline; contrast with the broader “all nations” (πάντα τὰ ἔθνη) at 28:19, see Part B |
| glory | พระสิริ | High | 4, 6, 16, 17, 19, 24, 25 | Exactly as baseline |
| faith | ความเชื่อ | Medium | 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 21 | Exactly as baseline; object must be Christ specifically |
| righteousness | ความชอบธรรม | Critical | 3, 5, 6, 21 | Exactly as baseline |
| salvation / save | ความรอด | Critical | 1, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 24, 27 | Exactly as baseline; never การบรรลุนิพพาน |
| resurrection | การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย | Critical | 12, 17, 20, 22, 27, 28 | Exactly as baseline; never การเกิดใหม่ |
| apostle | อัครทูต | Medium | 10 | Exactly as baseline |
| covenant | พันธสัญญา | High | 26 | Exactly as baseline |
| prophet / prophecy | ผู้เผยพระวจนะ / คำพยากรณ์ | Low | 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 13, 21, 26, 27 | Exactly as baseline |
| church | คริสตจักร | Medium | 16, 18 | Exactly as baseline; never วัด |
| gospel | ข่าวประเสริฐ | High | 4:23; 9:35; 24:14; 26:13 | Exactly as baseline |
| mission | พันธกิจ | Medium | 10, 28 | Exactly as baseline |
Part B — New Matthew-Specific Terms
| Term (EN) | Thai Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Matthew Chapters | Alternatives Rejected | Translation Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kingdom of heaven | แผ่นดินสวรรค์ | phaendin sawan | Critical | The Kingdom of Heaven | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25 | อาณาจักรสวรรค์ (territorial-political overtone) | สวรรค์ collides with Buddhist heavenly rebirth-realms (temporary saṃsāric stations). Must be taught as God’s eternal, personal, sovereign reign inaugurated in Christ. Theologically synonymous with baseline’s kingdom_of_god (แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า); the two phrases name one reality. |
| son of David | บุตรดาวิด | but dawit | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 1, 9, 12, 15, 20, 21, 22 | เชื้อสายดาวิด (used for the lineage-fact entry seed_of_david only) | A confessional messianic title used by petitioners/crowds, distinct from mere genealogical descent and from the Critical พระบุตรของพระเจ้า. |
| blessed | เป็นสุข | pen suk | High | (Beatitudes; ties to Kingdom of Heaven doctrine) | 5 (core passage), 11:6, 13:16, 16:17, 24:46 | โชคดี (luck, rejected — strips out divine agency) | Must convey God’s own declarative verdict of favor and eschatological vindication, not self-attained inner tranquility (a live Buddhist soteriological category). |
| poor in spirit | ยากจนฝ่ายจิตวิญญาณ | yakjon fai jitwinyan | Medium-High | Kingdom of Heaven | 5:3 | ยากจนทางใจ (too vague) | Humble total dependence on God’s grace, not a lack of spiritual attainment. |
| meek | ใจอ่อนโยน | jai on yon | Medium | Kingdom of Heaven | 5:5 | อ่อนแอ (weak, rejected — implies powerlessness rather than restrained strength) | Strength submitted to God, not passivity. |
| merciful / mercy | มีใจกรุณา / ความกรุณา | mi jai karuna / khwam karuna | High | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:7, 9:13, 12:7, 18:33 | เมตตา (retained as a secondary/parallel term; carries the same Brahmavihāra risk) | Must anchor to God’s own prior mercy in Christ, not an independently self-cultivated meditative virtue. |
| pure in heart | มีใจบริสุทธิ์ | mi jai borisut | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:8 | (reuses baseline บริสุทธิ์ root) | Inward moral/relational purity, not ritual cleanness. |
| peacemakers | ผู้สร้างสันติ | phu sang santi | Medium | Kingdom of Heaven | 5:9 | ผู้รักสงบ (passive “peace-loving,” rejected — loses active reconciling sense) | Active reconciling work, not conflict-avoidance. |
| reward | บำเหน็จ | bamnet | High | Kingdom of Heaven; Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 5:12, 6:1-18, 10:41-42, 20:1-16 | ผลบุญ / รางวัล (rejected — merit-ledger framing) | God’s gracious relational response, not a wage earned through a merit-accounting system. |
| immanuel | อิมมานูเอล | Immanuel | Critical | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David; Fulfillment of OT Prophecy | 1:23 | (none; retain transliteration with Matthew’s own gloss พระเจ้าสถิตกับเรา) | Direct incarnation/deity claim; สถิต must carry literal divine presence, not mere favorable disposition. |
| virgin | หญิงพรหมจารี | ying phrommachari | Critical | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy | 1:23, 1:18-25 | หญิงสาว (young woman — rejected, undercuts miraculous conception) | Retain literal virginal conception; brief note on the term’s Sanskrit-Brahmanic root, though already established Thai Christian usage. |
| wise men / magi | นักปราชญ์ | nak prat | Medium-High | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy | 2 | โหราจารย์ (astrologer — rejected as primary term; risks endorsing Thai astrological-divination culture, ดูดวง/โหราศาสตร์) | God’s one-time providential use of a star, not a validation of astrology as ongoing guidance. |
| fulfilled | สำเร็จ / เป็นจริงตามที่ | samret / pen jing tam thi | High | Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy | 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 21, 26, 27 | (none specific) | Linear, one-time historical fulfillment; never the cyclical world-ages of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology. |
| repent | กลับใจ | glap jai | High | (foundational to all doctrines; esp. Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees) | 3, 4, 11, 12 | สำนึกผิด (regret/remorse — rejected, too shallow) | Decisive, Spirit-enabled, whole-person Godward turning, not private resolution. |
| baptize / baptism | บัพติศมา | baptisma | Medium | The Great Commission | 3, 28 | รดน้ำมนต์ (Buddhist ritual water-blessing — explicitly rejected) | Established Christian loanword; kept distinct from Thai monk-performed water-blessing. |
| disciple | สาวก | sawok | Medium-High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 4-28 (throughout) | ศิษย์ (student/pupil — rejected as too weak for total allegiance) | Total, exclusive, costly allegiance to Jesus as Lord, not intellectual apprenticeship; shares vocabulary with Buddhist usage (a monk’s/Buddha’s สาวก) — must be Christ-specific. |
| tempted | ถูกทดลอง | thuk tholong | High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 4, 6, 26 | ถูกมารทดสอบ (rejected as primary — risks assimilating the devil to Māra of Buddhist narrative) | A personal, hostile, evil agent’s attempt to induce sin; note the Māra-temptation parallel risk explicitly in training. |
| authority | สิทธิอำนาจ | sit-it amnat | High | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 7, 8, 9, 10, 21, 28 | อำนาจ alone (too generic; loses “right to” nuance) | Unique, non-derived, self-evident divine authority, not social rank. |
| Son of Man | บุตรมนุษย์ | but manut | Critical | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David; Judgment and the End of the Age | 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26 | (none; established rendering) | Double-edged title: genuine humility/humanity now, transcendent Daniel-7 divine authority and judgment to come. Kept visibly distinct from พระบุตรของพระเจ้า though referring to the same person. |
| new wine, new wineskins | เหล้าองุ่นใหม่ / ถุงหนังใหม่ | lao angun mai / thung nang mai | Low | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy | 9 | (none) | Incompatibility of old religious forms with the new reality in Christ. |
| compassion | เกิดความสงสาร | koet khwam songsan | Medium | The Great Commission | 9, 14, 15, 18, 20 | ความเมตตา (used elsewhere for “merciful,” kept distinct here to avoid over-loading one Thai term) | Personal, visceral compassion, especially Christ’s own. |
| confess / deny | ยอมรับ / ปฏิเสธ | yom rap / patiset | Medium-High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 10, 26 | (none) | Public, reciprocal, high-stakes allegiance/disowning before others, not private belief alone. |
| take up his cross | แบกกางเขนของตน | baek kang khen khong ton | High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 10, 16 | (none; retain literal image) | Specific, costly, potentially fatal allegiance to Christ; guard against the term’s drift into a generic secular Thai idiom for “burdens.” |
| lose life / find life | สูญเสียชีวิต…/ได้ชีวิตนั้นคืนมา | sun sia chiwit / dai chiwit khuen ma | Medium-High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 10, 16 | (none) | Retain “for my sake” as the pivot; not a general truth about self-sacrifice. |
| the one who is to come | ผู้ที่จะเสด็จมา | phu thi ja sadet ma | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 11 | (none; tied to พระเมสสิยาห์) | Messianic-expectation title answered by Jesus’ works. |
| my yoke is easy | แอกของเรานั้นก็เบา | aek khong rao nan pen bao | Medium-High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 11 | หลุดพ้นจากภาระ (liberation-from-burden framing — rejected; risks collision with baseline’s Critical freedom/หลุดพ้น entry) | A substitution of one’s burden for Christ’s light one, not liberation from all constraint. |
| Sabbath | วันสะบาโต | wan sabato | Medium | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 12 | (none; established loanword) | Setting for Christ’s “Lord of the Sabbath” authority claim; needs brief cultural-background note. |
| blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | การหมิ่นประมาทพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | kan min pramat Phra Winyan Borisut | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age | 12 | (none) | Settled, willful rejection of the Spirit’s testimony to Christ; must retain full unforgivable-sin force, never generalized or read as a karma-debt category. |
| sign of Jonah | หมายสำคัญของโยนาห์ | maisamkhan khong Yona | High | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy; (Resurrection of Christ) | 12 | (none) | Typological pointer to Christ’s bodily resurrection; forbidden-substitution rule for resurrection applies when explained. |
| mysteries of the kingdom | ความล้ำลึกแห่งแผ่นดินสวรรค์ | khwam lam luek haeng phaendin sawan | High | The Kingdom of Heaven | 13 | ความรู้ลับ (secret esoteric knowledge — rejected, implies elite attainment) | Grace-given revelation to faith, not esoteric initiation reserved for spiritual adepts. |
| little faith | มีความเชื่อน้อย | mi khwam cheua noi | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 14, 6:30, 8:26, 16:8 | (none) | Genuine but immature faith, not unbelief or moral failure. |
| tradition of men / commandment of God | ประเพณีของมนุษย์ / พระบัญญัติของพระเจ้า | prapheni khong manut / phra banyat khong phra chao | Medium-High | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 15 | (none) | Critique of a specific first-century pattern of elevating custom above God’s revealed will; not a generic anti-tradition polemic. |
| rock (church’s foundation) | ศิลา | sila | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 16 | หิน (generic stone — rejected, too plain for foundational imagery) | Foundation is theological (the confessed truth of Christ’s identity), not merely institutional-political. |
| keys of the kingdom | ลูกกุญแจแผ่นดินสวรรค์ | luk kunjae phaendin sawan | Medium | The Church and Church Discipline | 16 | (none) | Delegated stewardship authority regarding the kingdom’s proclamation. |
| bind and loose | ผูกและแก้ | phuk lae kae | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 16, 18 | (none; retain literal idiom with explanatory note) | Authoritative, Spirit-guided declarative act of the gathered church, not literal ritual binding (risk of collision with Thai สายสิญจน์/ผูกข้อมือ practices). |
| transfigured | ทรงจำแลงพระกาย | song jamlaeng phra kai | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 17 | กลายร่าง (shape-shift — rejected, implies change into a different being) | Momentary unveiling of Christ’s own pre-existing divine glory, not metamorphosis into something new; guard against Ramakien-style shape-shifting connotations of จำแลง. |
| little ones | เด็กเล็กๆ / ผู้เล็กน้อยเหล่านี้ | dek lek-lek / phu lek noi lao ni | Medium | The Church and Church Discipline | 18, 25 | (none) | Literal children (humility model) and, by extension, vulnerable believers; make the metaphorical extension explicit. |
| church discipline procedure | ขั้นตอนการตักเตือนและระเบียบวินัยในคริสตจักร | khantorn kan takteun lae rabiap winai nai khritsatchak | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 18 | การลงโทษของศาสนา (religious punishment — rejected, loses restorative purpose) | Explicitly restorative goal (“gained your brother”), exercising real bind/loose authority. |
| forgive | ยกโทษ | yok thot | Medium-High | The Church and Church Discipline | 6, 18 | ปล่อยวาง (Buddhist “letting go” — rejected as primary; too self-focused) | Relational pardon rooted in and responsive to God’s own prior forgiveness. |
| eternal life | ชีวิตนิรันดร์ | chiwit nirandon | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age | 19, 25 | การหลุดพ้นจากการเวียนวนตายเกิด (escape from rebirth cycle — rejected) | Unending relational life with the personal God through Christ; never conflated with escape from saṃsāra. |
| eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven | ผู้ที่ถือตนเป็นขันทีเพื่อเห็นแก่แผ่นดินสวรรค์ | phu thi thue ton pen khanthi phuea hen kae phaendin sawan | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 19 | (none; requires explanatory note) | Voluntary celibate devotion, not literal mutilation or a devaluing of marriage. |
| ransom | ค่าไถ่ | kha thai | Critical | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus; (Atonement) | 20:28 | ปลดเปลื้องกรรม (self-discharged karmic debt — explicitly forbidden, per baseline redeem entry) | Christ’s own substitutionary payment securing others’ release; ἀντὶ (“instead of”) must remain substitutionary. |
| Hosanna | โฮซันนา | Hosanna | Low-Medium | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 21 | (none; retain transliteration) | Messianic acclamation combining a plea for salvation with the Davidic title. |
| cornerstone | ศิลามุมเอก | sila mum ek | Medium | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 21 | (none; established term) | Christ’s rejection paradoxically becomes exaltation to foundational status; the paradox must be taught explicitly. |
| the greatest commandment (love God/neighbor) | ความรัก (ในบัญญัติที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุด) | khwam rak | Medium-High | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 22 | (none; distinguish from romantic รัก and from เมตตา) | Willed, covenantal, God-grounded love, commanded rather than merely felt. |
| woe | วิบัติ | wibat | Medium-High | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees; Judgment and the End of the Age | 23 | คำสาปของหมอผี (folk-shaman’s curse — rejected) | God’s own prophetic judicial pronouncement through Christ, not a folk curse (คุณไสย). |
| hypocrite | คนหน้าซื่อใจคด | khon na sue jai khot | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 6, 15, 22, 23 | (none; established idiom) | External religious performance masking inward corruption. |
| abomination of desolation | สิ่งที่น่าสะอิดสะเอียนซึ่งก่อให้เกิดความพินาศ | sing thi na sa-it sa-iang sueng ko hai koet khwam phinat | High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24 | ลางร้าย (vague “bad omen” — rejected, loses Daniel-rooted specificity) | Specific, historically-anchored apocalyptic marker requiring a Daniel-background translator note. |
| the coming of the Son of Man | การเสด็จมาของบุตรมนุษย์ | kan sadet ma khong but manut | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24, 25, 26 | (none; guard against avatar-style or cyclical-renewal readings) | Christ’s singular, final, bodily return — never a repeatable divine descent or the start of a new cosmic cycle. |
| eternal punishment / eternal fire | การลงโทษนิรันดร์ / ไฟนิรันดร์ | kan long thot nirandon / fai nirandon | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age | 25 | นรก in the sense of a temporary, exhaustible rebirth-realm (implicitly rejected as an equivalence) | Final, unending, irreversible judgment, categorically distinct from a temporary Buddhist purgative hell-realm (นรก). |
| the least of these my brothers | ผู้เล็กน้อยที่สุดเหล่านี้ที่เป็นพี่น้องของเรา | phu lek noi thi sut lao ni thi pen phi nong khong rao | Medium-High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 25 | (none) | Evidence/fruit of a life oriented to Christ, not a merit-earning transaction securing salvation. |
| blood of the covenant | พระโลหิตแห่งพันธสัญญา | phra lohit haeng phanthasanya | Critical | The Church and Church Discipline (Lord’s Supper); (Atonement) | 26 | พิธีระลึกถึงเฉยๆ (a merely symbolic remembrance ritual — rejected) | Real, substitutionary, atoning, covenant-founding sacrifice “for the forgiveness of sins,” never a merit-transfer offering. |
| betrayed | การทรยศ | kan thorayot | Low-Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 26 | (none) | Judas’s specific act initiating the Passion. |
| crucified | การตรึงกางเขน | kan trueng kang khen | High | (Resurrection of Christ, prerequisite) | 27 | (none; must be a real, historical death) | Genuine, physically fatal execution — necessary premise for the resurrection’s meaning; guard against docetic softening. |
| why have you forsaken me | ทำไมพระองค์ทรงทอดทิ้งข้าพระองค์เสีย | thammai phra-ong song thotthing kha phra-ong sia | Critical | (Atonement; Deity of Christ) | 27 | (none; requires careful theological framing) | Christ bears sin’s judicial weight in his humanity; does not imply the eternal Trinitarian relationship was ontologically severed. |
| the temple veil torn | ม่านในพระวิหารขาด | man nai phra wihan khat | Medium | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy | 27 | (none; needs Holy-of-Holies background note) | Direct access to God secured through Christ’s death, replacing the old sacrificial system’s symbolism. |
| all authority in heaven and on earth | สิทธิอำนาจทั้งสิ้นทั้งในสวรรค์และในแผ่นดินโลก | sit-it amnat thang sin thang nai sawan lae nai phaendin lok | Critical | The Great Commission; The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 28 | (none) | Total, universal, resurrection-grounded authority; foundation for both Christ’s Lordship and the missionary mandate. |
| make disciples of all nations | ทำให้ทุกชนชาติเป็นสาวก | tham hai thuk chon chat pen sawok | High | The Great Commission | 28 | ทุกประเทศ (all countries — rejected, narrows to political nation-states) | Universal mandate to every people group, Jew and Gentile alike, broader than baseline’s คนต่างชาติ (gentiles specifically). |
| baptizing in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit | ให้รับบัพติศมาในพระนามของพระบิดา พระบุตร และพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ | hai rap baptisma nai phra nam khong Phra Bida, Phra But, lae Phra Winyan Borisut | Critical | The Great Commission | 28 | ในพระนามทั้งสาม (rejected as primary — could imply three separate names/deities rather than one shared name) | Trinitarian formula: one singular “name,” three distinct persons. Thai’s lack of grammatical number-marking requires explicit surrounding teaching to preserve this, paralleling the baseline’s documented seed_of_abraham linguistic gap. |
| teaching them to observe all I have commanded | สอนเขาให้ถือรักษาคำสั่งทั้งปวงที่เราได้สั่งท่านไว้ | son khao hai thue raksa kham sang thang puang thi rao dai sang than wai | High | The Great Commission; The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 28 | (none) | Jesus’ own words as binding content, not merely general ethical instruction. |
| I am with you always, to the end of the age | เราจะอยู่กับท่านทั้งหลายเสมอไป จนกว่าจะสิ้นยุคนี้ | rao ja yu kap than thang lai samoe pai, jon kwa ja sin yuk ni | High | The Great Commission; Judgment and the End of the Age | 28 | (none; guard against cyclical-kalpa readings of “the age”) | Christ’s abiding presence until the single, linear, final consummation; echoes and completes the Immanuel theme of 1:23. |
Part C — Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2
- สวรรค์ (heaven) family of terms — kingdom_of_heaven, treasure_in_heaven (Ch. 6), reward (Ch. 5), all inherit the same Critical/High collision with Buddhist heavenly-rebirth cosmology. Phase 2 reviewers should treat any occurrence of สวรรค์ in a soteriological or reward context as an automatic High-risk flag even where the specific term is not listed individually above.
- บุญ/merit family of terms — almsgiving (Ch. 6), reward (Ch. 5), treasure in heaven (Ch. 6), the least of these (Ch. 25) all interact with Thailand’s live public dāna/merit culture. These should be reviewed together in translator training as a single collision cluster, parallel to how the baseline treats grace/works_of_the_law as one cluster.
- Son of Man / Son of God — must remain visibly distinct renderings (บุตรมนุษย์ vs. พระบุตรของพระเจ้า) throughout, even though both refer to the same person; do not let translators harmonize them into a single title.
- Cross-bearing / crucified with Christ — Matthew’s disciple-facing “take up his cross” (Ch. 10, 16) must be kept distinct from, while clearly grounded in, the baseline Galatians’ Christ-facing “crucified_with_christ” (ถูกตรึงไว้กับพระคริสต์); the disciple’s action is a response to and participation in Christ’s unique, prior, once-for-all act.
- Citation format: Matthew = มัทธิว, per Thai Bible Society convention, to be added to the shared citation table in
12_ai_translation_requirements.mdin a later step.
End of core glossary. All [NEW] entries above require formal addition to translation_memory.json with theologian sign-off before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the Pre-flight Checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: พระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra Chao
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทวดา, พระพรหม
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never เทวดา (a deva) or พระพรหม (Brahma, worshipped at shrines such as Erawan). Load-bearing at Matthew’s genealogy (ch.1), Immanuel (1:23), and the Great Commission’s Trinitarian formula (28:19).
Jesus
Approved rendering: พระเยซู
Transliteration: Phra Yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Standard Thai Bible form; teaching must reinforce unique deity at Matthew’s climactic confessions (14:33; 16:16; 28:18-20), not generic sacredness shared with the honorific พระ.
Christ
Approved rendering: พระคริสต์
Transliteration: Phra Khrit
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package proper-name-form entry, exact reuse. Used as title and increasingly bare name across Matthew (1:1,16-17; 16:16,20; 26:63; 27:17,22).
Messiah
Approved rendering: พระเมสสิยาห์
Transliteration: Phra Messiya
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Rejected alternatives: พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. CRITICAL: never พระศรีอริยเมตไตรย (the future Buddha of popular Thai millenarian expectation). Matthew’s dense convergence of messianic titles (Son of David, Christ, Son of Man, Son of God) makes this collision live throughout the whole book.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: วิญญาณ, ผี
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never วิญญาณ alone or ผี. Active at the virginal conception (1:18,20), Jesus’ baptism (3:16), temptation (4:1), ministry (12:18,28), and the Great Commission (28:19); the unforgivable-sin warning (12:31-32) raises the stakes of mistranslation higher than anywhere in the Romans/Galatians baseline.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: พระบุตรของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: Phra But khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เทพบุตร, อวตารของพระเจ้า
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never เทพบุตร or อวตารของพระเจ้า. Must stay visibly distinct throughout Matthew from the plain บุตร used for believers’ derived, adoptive sonship (5:9, 5:45) and from บุตรมนุษย์ (Son of Man).
Lord
Approved rendering: องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า
Transliteration: ong phra phu pen chao
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: เจ้านาย, ท่านผู้นำ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Used both as respectful address and confession of deity in Matthew (7:21-22; 8:2,25; 9:28; 21:3,9; 22:44; 25:37); must never blur into the ordinary respectful address the same Greek word carries in the servant/master imagery of 10:24-25.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ความชอบธรรม
Transliteration: khwam chop tham
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Rejected alternatives: บุญกุศล, ความดี
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never บุญกุศล or generic ความดี. Matthew 5:20’s call to ‘exceeding’ righteousness is a both/and with the forensic sense: right standing granted by grace that then produces exceeding, heart-level living, never a moral-achievement scale.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ความรอด
Transliteration: khwam rot
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: การบรรลุนิพพาน, การหลุดพ้น
Original: σῴζω / σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never การบรรลุนิพพาน. Anchored in Jesus’ own name (1:21, ‘he will save his people from their sins’) and the Passion’s ironic mockery (27:42,49).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: การเป็นขึ้นจากตาย
Transliteration: kan pen khuen chak tai
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: การเกิดใหม่, การกลับชาติมาเกิด
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never การเกิดใหม่/การกลับชาติมาเกิด. Foreshadowed by the sign of Jonah (12:39-40) and climaxed at the empty tomb (28:6); always flag for a translator note distinguishing this from rebirth.
Kingdom Of Heaven
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินสวรรค์
Transliteration: phaendin sawan
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักรสวรรค์
Original: βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew’s preferred synonym (32 occurrences) for ‘kingdom of God.’ สวรรค์ is a live Buddhist cosmological term for one of several temporary heavenly rebirth-realms (สวรรค์ 6 ชั้น) within saṃsāra, eventually left once merit is exhausted. Must be taught, at every occurrence, as God’s eternal, personal, sovereign reign inaugurated in Christ, never a temporary meritorious afterlife station. Theologically synonymous with kingdom_of_god.
Immanuel
Approved rendering: อิมมานูเอล (พระเจ้าสถิตกับเรา)
Transliteration: Immanuel
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: Ἐμμανουήλ
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 1:23, Matthew’s own explicit gloss. The Gospel’s first, clearest incarnation claim; สถิตกับ must carry the full weight of literal divine presence, never softened to favorable disposition; consistent with baseline’s การทรงบังเกิดเป็นมนุษย์, never อวตาร.
Virgin
Approved rendering: หญิงพรหมจารี
Transliteration: ying phrommachari
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: หญิงสาว
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 1:18,23,25. Must retain literal virginal conception; never weakened to ‘young woman’ (หญิงสาว), which would undercut the incarnation doctrine. Established Thai Christian usage despite Sanskrit-Brahmanic root.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: บุตรมนุษย์
Transliteration: but manut
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW. Jesus’ preferred self-designation (30+ occurrences: 8:20; 9:6; 12:8; 16:13,27-28; 17:22; 20:28; 24:30; 25:31; 26:64). Double edge (humility now / Daniel-7 transcendent judge to come) easily lost in Thai, which reads literally as ‘a human being’s son.’ Kept visibly distinct from พระบุตรของพระเจ้า though referring to the same person.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: การหมิ่นประมาทพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: kan min pramat Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: ἡ βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα
Category: Sin
NEW. Matthew 12:31-32. Must not be generalized into ‘any serious sin,’ softened into a social offense, or read through a karma-debt lens as an unusually large negative-karma act; names a settled, willful rejection of the Spirit’s testimony to Christ.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ชีวิตนิรันดร์
Transliteration: chiwit nirandon
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Eternal Punishment
Rejected alternatives: การหลุดพ้นจากการเวียนวนตายเกิด
Original: ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Matthew 19:16-29; 25:46. Must be unending relational life with the personal God through Christ’s finished work, never conflated with escape from saṃsāra or a merely extended lifespan.
Ransom
Approved rendering: ค่าไถ่
Transliteration: kha thai
Doctrine: The Atonement and Christ’s Ransom
Rejected alternatives: ปลดเปลื้องกรรม
Original: λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW. Matthew 20:28. Christ’s own substitutionary payment securing others’ release; never assimilated to ปลดเปลื้องกรรม (self-discharged karmic debt), the same inversion baseline forbids for ‘redeem.’ ἀντὶ (‘instead of’) must remain substitutionary.
Coming Of Son Of Man
Approved rendering: การเสด็จมาของบุตรมนุษย์
Transliteration: kan sadet ma khong but manut
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: ἡ παρουσία τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Judgment
NEW. Matthew 24:27,30,37,39,44; 25:31; 26:64. Must be the single, final, bodily return of the same already-incarnate and resurrected Christ, never a repeatable divine descent (echoing incarnation/อวตาร collision) or the start of a new cosmic cycle (echoing the Phra Si Ariya Metrai collision).
Eternal Punishment
Approved rendering: การลงโทษนิรันดร์ / ไฟนิรันดร์
Transliteration: kan long thot nirandon / fai nirandon
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Eternal Punishment
Original: κόλασιν αἰώνιον / πῦρ αἰώνιον
Category: Judgment
NEW. Matthew 25:41,46. Thai นรก is a temporary, exhaustible rebirth-realm; นิรันดร์ must be preserved as final, unending, irreversible, categorically distinct from a temporary purgative station.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: พระโลหิตแห่งพันธสัญญา
Transliteration: phra lohit haeng phanthasanya
Doctrine: The Atonement and Christ’s Ransom
Rejected alternatives: พิธีระลึกถึงเฉยๆ
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Salvation
NEW. Matthew 26:28. Must retain the full weight of a real, substitutionary, atoning, covenant-founding sacrifice ‘for the forgiveness of sins,’ never reduced to symbolic remembrance or assimilated to a merit-transfer offering.
Why Have You Forsaken Me
Approved rendering: พระเจ้าของข้าพระองค์ พระเจ้าของข้าพระองค์ ทำไมพระองค์ทรงทอดทิ้งข้าพระองค์เสีย
Transliteration: Phra Chao khong kha phra-ong, Phra Chao khong kha phra-ong, thammai phra-ong song thotthing kha phra-ong sia
Doctrine: The Atonement and Christ’s Ransom
Original: Θεέ μου θεέ μου, ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπες
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 27:46, quoting Psalm 22. Must not be taught as an ontological rupture within the Godhead; rather, Christ as sin-bearer experienced, in his humanity, the judicial weight and felt absence appropriate to bearing sin’s penalty. Requires careful theological framing.
All Authority
Approved rendering: สิทธิอำนาจทั้งสิ้นทั้งในสวรรค์และในแผ่นดินโลก
Transliteration: sit-it amnat thang sin thang nai sawan lae nai phaendin lok
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: ἐδόθη μοι πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 28:18. Christ’s total, universal, resurrection-grounded authority; must not be diminished to a delegated or partial authority; grounds both Christ’s Lordship and the missionary mandate that follows.
Baptizing Trinitarian Formula
Approved rendering: ให้รับบัพติศมาในพระนามของพระบิดา พระบุตร และพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: hai rap baptisma nai phra nam khong Phra Bida, Phra But, lae Phra Winyan Borisut
Doctrine: Baptism and the Trinitarian Formula
Rejected alternatives: ในพระนามทั้งสาม
Original: βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: Great Commission
NEW. Matthew 28:19. The Greek’s singular ‘name’ (not ‘names’) asserts one God in three persons; Thai’s lack of number-marking requires explicit surrounding teaching to avoid a tritheistic misreading, paralleling the baseline’s seed_of_abraham linguistic gap.
High Risk Terms
Father
Approved rendering: พระบิดา
Transliteration: Phra Bida
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: พ่อขุน
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never พ่อขุน (paternalistic Sukhothai-era ‘father-ruler’ title). Especially prominent in the Sermon on the Mount (ch.5-7) and the Lord’s Prayer (6:9), where the intimate relational sense is load-bearing.
Law
Approved rendering: ธรรมบัญญัติ
Transliteration: tham banyat
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Rejected alternatives: พระธรรมวินัย
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never พระธรรมวินัย (Buddhist monastic disciplinary code); load-bearing at Jesus’ fulfillment claim (5:17-18) and the antitheses (5:21-48).
Sin
Approved rendering: บาป
Transliteration: bap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: อกุศลกรรม
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Must anchor to offense against a personal God, most load-bearing at 1:21 and 26:28.
Glory
Approved rendering: พระสิริ
Transliteration: Phra Siri
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: บารมี
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never บารมี. Displayed visibly at the Transfiguration (17:2,5) and promised at the Son of Man’s future coming (16:27; 19:28; 24:30; 25:31).
Faith
Approved rendering: ความเชื่อ
Transliteration: khwam cheua
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ศรัทธา
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Object must always be recoverable as Christ specifically (8:10; 9:22; little-faith rebukes at 8:26; 14:31; 16:8).
Covenant
Approved rendering: พันธสัญญา
Transliteration: phanthasanya
Doctrine: The Atonement and Christ’s Ransom
Rejected alternatives: ข้อตกลง
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Used of Christ’s atoning blood at the Last Supper (26:28); must carry the full weight of a new, blood-sealed covenant, not a mere ceremonial pledge.
Gospel
Approved rendering: ข่าวประเสริฐ
Transliteration: khao prasoet
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ข่าวดี
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Authoritative kingdom proclamation (4:23; 9:35), to be preached to all nations before the end (24:14) and remembered wherever preached (26:13).
Son Of David
Approved rendering: บุตรดาวิด
Transliteration: but dawit
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Rejected alternatives: เชื้อสายดาวิด
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW. A confessional messianic title used by petitioners and crowds (9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42), distinct from mere genealogical descent (เชื้อสายของดาวิด, reserved for the lineage-fact) and never confused with the Critical พระบุตรของพระเจ้า.
Blessed
Approved rendering: เป็นสุข
Transliteration: pen suk
Doctrine: Beatitude Blessing and Kingdom Character
Rejected alternatives: โชคดี
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Opens each Beatitude (5:3-11); recurs 11:6, 13:16, 16:17, 24:46. ความสุข is a central Buddhist soteriological category attained through detachment/mental cultivation; เป็นสุข must be taught as God’s own declarative verdict of favor and eschatological vindication, never self-attained inner tranquility. Never โชคดี (lucky), which removes divine agency.
Poor In Spirit
Approved rendering: ยากจนฝ่ายจิตวิญญาณ
Transliteration: yakjon fai jitwinyan
Doctrine: Beatitude Blessing and Kingdom Character
Rejected alternatives: ยากจนทางใจ
Original: πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew 5:3. Risks being misheard as a lack of spiritual attainment (opposite of a ‘spiritually advanced’ meditative adept) rather than humble, self-emptying dependence on God’s grace. Requires explicit teaching note.
Merciful
Approved rendering: มีใจกรุณา
Transliteration: mi jai karuna
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Rejected alternatives: เมตตา (as primary gloss)
Original: ἐλεήμονες
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 5:7; 9:13; 12:7; 18:33. กรุณา is one of the Four Brahmavihāra cultivated through Buddhist meditation as a self-developed mental quality. Must be anchored explicitly to God’s own prior mercy in Christ (9:13; 12:7, quoting Hosea 6:6), not presented as an independently cultivable virtue.
Reward
Approved rendering: บำเหน็จ
Transliteration: bamnet
Doctrine: Treasure, Almsgiving, and Reward in Heaven
Rejected alternatives: ผลบุญ, รางวัล
Original: μισθός
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew 5:12; 6:1-18; 10:41-42; 20:1-16. Thai has a ready-made merit-ledger framework (บุญ, ผลบุญ); บำเหน็จ must be taught as the Father’s gracious relational response, not a wage earned through merit-accounting — a distinction Matthew itself makes explicit in the parable of the workers (20:1-16).
Magi
Approved rendering: นักปราชญ์
Transliteration: nak prat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: โหราจารย์
Original: μάγοι
Category: Fulfillment
NEW. Matthew 2. โหราจารย์ (astrologer) rejected as primary term to avoid endorsing Thailand’s live astrological-divination culture (ดูดวง, โหราศาสตร์). God’s one-time providential use of a star establishes no ongoing pattern of legitimate astrological guidance.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: สำเร็จ / เป็นจริงตามที่
Transliteration: samret / pen jing tam thi
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: ἐπληρώθη / πληρῶσαι
Category: Fulfillment
NEW. Matthew’s recurring fulfillment formula (1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 26:56; 27:9), occurring 11+ times. Must convey linear, one-time historical fulfillment, never the cyclical world-ages (กัป) of Buddhist-Brahmanic cosmology.
Repent
Approved rendering: กลับใจ
Transliteration: glap jai
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: สำนึกผิด
Original: μετανοεῖτε
Category: Salvation
NEW. Matthew 3:2,8; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41. Risks assimilation to Buddhist สำนึกผิด (remorse resolved through merit-making) or superficial resolution. Must be a decisive, Spirit-enabled, whole-person Godward turning tied to genuine faith in Christ.
Disciple
Approved rendering: สาวก
Transliteration: sawok
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: ศิษย์
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 4:18-22; 5:1; 10:1-42; 28:19. Shared vocabulary with Thai Buddhism (a monk’s/Buddha’s สาวก). Must be taught as total, exclusive, costly allegiance to Jesus as Lord, not intellectual apprenticeship or one relationship among several religious teachers.
Tempted
Approved rendering: ถูกทดลอง
Transliteration: thuk tholong
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: ถูกมารทดสอบ (as primary framing)
Original: πειρασθῆναι / πειράζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 4:1-11. Risk of assimilating the devil (มาร) to Māra of the Buddha’s temptation narrative, read as an impersonal ‘obstacle to enlightenment’ rather than a personal, evil, created being. Requires a standing translator/teaching note distinguishing the two.
Authority
Approved rendering: สิทธิอำนาจ
Transliteration: sit-it amnat
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Rejected alternatives: อำนาจ (alone)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 7:28-29; 8:9; 9:6,8; 21:23-27; 28:18. Must convey Jesus’ unique, self-evident, non-derived right and power, not mere social rank or the earned status of a senior teacher (อาจารย์ใหญ่).
Confess Deny
Approved rendering: ยอมรับ / ปฏิเสธ
Transliteration: yom rap / patiset
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ὁμολογήσει / ἀρνήσηται
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 10:32-33. Must retain the reciprocal, high-stakes, public nature of confession/denial, not soften into private belief alone.
Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: แบกกางเขนของตน
Transliteration: baek kang khen khong ton
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ἄρας τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 10:38; 16:24. แบกกางเขน has drifted into secular Thai idiom for ‘carrying burdens generally’; must retain specific, costly, potentially fatal allegiance to Christ. Distinct from, but grounded in, baseline’s crucified_with_christ (ถูกตรึงไว้กับพระคริสต์).
Lose Life Find Life
Approved rendering: สูญเสียชีวิต…เพื่อเรา / ได้ชีวิตนั้นคืนมา
Transliteration: sun sia chiwit…phuea rao / dai chiwit nan khuen ma
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ὁ ἀπολέσας τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ εὑρήσει αὐτήν
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 10:39; 16:25. Must retain ‘for my sake’ as the pivot; not a general truth about self-sacrifice but specifically about allegiance to Christ.
One Who Is To Come
Approved rendering: ผู้ที่จะเสด็จมา
Transliteration: phu thi ja sadet ma
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: ὁ ἐρχόμενος
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 11:3. Tied to พระเมสสิยาห์’s Critical risk profile; must retain OT messianic-expectation background, not a generic future prophet.
Easy Yoke
Approved rendering: แอกของเรานั้นก็เบา
Transliteration: aek khong rao nan pen bao
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: หลุดพ้นจากภาระ
Original: ὁ ζυγός μου χρηστός
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 11:29-30. Not liberation from all yokes but a substitution of one’s own unbearable burden for Christ’s light one; must not be rendered with liberation-from-burden framing that would collide with the baseline’s forbidden freedom/หลุดพ้น substitution.
Sign Of Jonah
Approved rendering: หมายสำคัญของโยนาห์
Transliteration: maisamkhan khong Yona
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ
Category: Fulfillment
NEW. Matthew 12:39-41. Typological pointer to Christ’s bodily resurrection; the resurrection’s forbidden-substitution rule (never การเกิดใหม่) applies whenever this passage is explained.
Mysteries Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: ความล้ำลึกแห่งแผ่นดินสวรรค์
Transliteration: khwam lam luek haeng phaendin sawan
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: ความรู้ลับ
Original: τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew 13:11. Must not be read as esoteric knowledge reserved for a spiritually advanced elite (paralleling ไสยศาสตร์ or advanced meditative attainment) but as grace-given revelation to faith.
Rock Church Foundation
Approved rendering: ศิลา
Transliteration: sila
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Rejected alternatives: หิน
Original: πέτρα
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 16:18. หิน (generic stone) rejected as too plain for foundational imagery. Must be taught with care regarding what the ‘rock’ is (the confession/Peter as first confessor), avoiding overly individualistic or institutional readings.
Bind And Loose
Approved rendering: ผูกและแก้
Transliteration: phuk lae kae
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: δήσῃς / λύσῃς
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 16:19; 18:18. ผูก (bind/tie) is active vocabulary in Thai folk-religious/Buddhist ritual practice (สายสิญจน์, ผูกข้อมือ). Must be taught as an authoritative, Spirit-guided declarative act by the gathered church, not literal ritual binding.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: ทรงจำแลงพระกาย
Transliteration: song jamlaeng phra kai
Doctrine: The Transfiguration and Christ’s Divine Glory
Rejected alternatives: กลายร่าง
Original: μετεμορφώθη
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 17:2. จำแลง is widely used in Thai folklore/Ramakien-derived mythology for shape-shifting deities and spirits. Must be taught as a momentary unveiling of Christ’s own pre-existing divine glory, not metamorphosis into a different being.
Church Discipline
Approved rendering: ขั้นตอนการตักเตือนและระเบียบวินัยในคริสตจักร
Transliteration: khantorn kan takteun lae rabiap winai nai khritsatchak
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Rejected alternatives: การลงโทษของศาสนา
Original: ἐὰν δὲ παρακούσῃ… εἰπὲ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 18:15-17. Must retain the explicitly restorative goal (‘if he listens, you have gained your brother,’ 18:15), and the real spiritual weight of the bind/loose authority (18:18).
Forgive
Approved rendering: ยกโทษ
Transliteration: yok thot
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Rejected alternatives: ปล่อยวาง
Original: ἀφίημι
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 6:12; 18:21-35 (‘seventy times seven’). Must be relational pardon rooted in and responsive to God’s own prior forgiveness (18:32-33), not a self-focused release of resentment (ปล่อยวาง, ‘letting go’).
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: สิ่งที่น่าสะอิดสะเอียนซึ่งก่อให้เกิดความพินาศ
Transliteration: sing thi na sa-it sa-iang sueng ko hai koet khwam phinat
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: ลางร้าย
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Judgment
NEW. Matthew 24:15, drawing on Daniel 9/11. Obscure without a translator note referencing Daniel; must not be generalized into a vague ‘bad omen.‘
Crucified
Approved rendering: การตรึงกางเขน
Transliteration: kan trueng kang khen
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἐσταύρωσαν
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 27:35. Must be a real, historical, physically fatal event, guarding against any docetic-style reading, since the resurrection’s force depends entirely on the reality of this prior death.
Make Disciples Of All Nations
Approved rendering: ทำให้ทุกชนชาติเป็นสาวก
Transliteration: tham hai thuk chon chat pen sawok
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Rejected alternatives: ทุกประเทศ (rejected as the noun’s qualifier)
Original: πορευθέντες… μαθητεύσατε πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Great Commission
NEW. Matthew 28:19. πάντα τὰ ἔθνη is broader than คนต่างชาติ; must use ทุกชนชาติ, never ทุกประเทศ, to avoid narrowing the mandate to political nation-states.
Teaching To Observe
Approved rendering: สอนเขาให้ถือรักษาคำสั่งทั้งปวงที่เราได้สั่งท่านไว้
Transliteration: son khao hai thue raksa kham sang thang puang thi rao dai sang than wai
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: διδάσκοντες αὐτοὺς τηρεῖν πάντα ὅσα ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν
Category: Great Commission
NEW. Matthew 28:20. Must retain Jesus’ own words as the binding content taught, not merely general ethical instruction, closing the loop back to The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching.
I Am With You Always
Approved rendering: เราจะอยู่กับท่านทั้งหลายเสมอไป จนกว่าจะสิ้นยุคนี้
Transliteration: rao ja yu kap than thang lai samoe pai, jon kwa ja sin yuk ni
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: ἐγὼ μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν εἰμι πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἕως τῆς συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος
Category: Great Commission
NEW. Matthew 28:20. ‘The end of the age’ must be a single, linear, final consummation, not a cyclical kalpa-dissolution; echoes and completes the Immanuel theme of 1:23.
Medium Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: ดาวิด
Transliteration: Dawit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Genealogy anchor (1:1,6,17) and root of the crowd’s Son-of-David acclamation.
Israel
Approved rendering: อิสราเอล
Transliteration: Itsarael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: แผ่นดินของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: phaendin khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: อาณาจักรของพระเจ้า
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Matthew’s rare synonym (6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43) for his preferred phrase ‘kingdom of heaven’; must be taught as theologically identical to แผ่นดินสวรรค์, not a second kingdom.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: คนต่างชาติ
Transliteration: khon tang chat
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ชาวต่างประเทศ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Note the broader Great Commission term ‘all nations’ (28:19, ทุกชนชาติ) deliberately transcends this narrower Jew/Gentile category; do not conflate the two.
Apostle
Approved rendering: อัครทูต
Transliteration: akkhrathut
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: อาจารย์ใหญ่
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. First naming of ‘the twelve apostles’ at their commissioning (10:2).
Church
Approved rendering: คริสตจักร
Transliteration: khritsatchak
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Rejected alternatives: วัด
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Never วัด. Founded on Christ’s identity (16:18); exercises bind/loose discipline authority (18:17).
Mission
Approved rendering: พันธกิจ
Transliteration: phanthakit
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Rejected alternatives: งานเผยแผ่ศาสนา
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Use พันธกิจ, never งานเผยแผ่ศาสนา, given Thai national identity’s close tie to Buddhism. Governs both the Twelve’s sending (ch.10) and the Great Commission (28:19).
Meek
Approved rendering: ใจอ่อนโยน
Transliteration: jai on yon
Doctrine: Beatitude Blessing and Kingdom Character
Rejected alternatives: อ่อนแอ
Original: πραεῖς
Category: Kingdom
NEW. Matthew 5:5, echoing Psalm 37:11. Could be flattened into mere passivity or the culturally valued deference (เกรงใจ) rather than confident trust in God’s justice that voluntarily forgoes self-vindication.
Pure In Heart
Approved rendering: มีใจบริสุทธิ์
Transliteration: mi jai borisut
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Matthew 5:8. Reuses baseline’s บริสุทธิ์ root (moral/relational, not ritual purity); contrasted with the externalized religiosity condemned in ch.23.
Peacemakers
Approved rendering: ผู้สร้างสันติ
Transliteration: phu sang santi
Doctrine: Beatitude Blessing and Kingdom Character
Rejected alternatives: ผู้รักสงบ
Original: εἰρηνοποιοί
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 5:9. Must convey active reconciling work, not passive conflict-avoidance (a culturally valued Thai social value that could flatten the term).
Baptize
Approved rendering: บัพติศมา
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: Baptism and the Trinitarian Formula
Rejected alternatives: รดน้ำมนต์
Original: βαπτίζω
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 3:6,11,13-16; 28:19. Established Christian loanword; must be kept distinct from Thai ritual water-blessing (รดน้ำมนต์) performed by monks.
Compassion
Approved rendering: เกิดความสงสาร
Transliteration: koet khwam songsan
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: ἐσπλαγχνίσθη
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 9:36; 14:14; 15:32; 20:34. Jesus’ own deep, personal, visceral compassion grounding the mission mandate; kept distinct from มีใจกรุณา (merciful) to avoid overloading a single Thai term.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: วันสะบาโต
Transliteration: wan sabato
Doctrine: The Sabbath and Christ’s Authority Over It
Original: σάββατον
Category: Law
NEW. Matthew 12:1-14. Established loanword; no direct Thai institutional equivalent (no weekly religious rest-day); needs brief cultural-background note, and the ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ authority claim must not be lost.
Little Faith
Approved rendering: มีความเชื่อน้อย
Transliteration: mi khwam cheua noi
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ὀλιγόπιστε
Category: Faith
NEW. Matthew 6:30; 8:26; 14:31; 16:8. Must convey genuine but immature faith, not unbelief or moral failure.
Tradition Vs Commandment
Approved rendering: ประเพณีของมนุษย์ กับ พระบัญญัติของพระเจ้า
Transliteration: prapheni khong manut kap phra banyat khong Phra Chao
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus God’s Commandment
Original: ἡ παράδοσις τῶν ἀνθρώπων / ἡ ἐντολὴ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 15:3-9. Must be taught as Jesus’ critique of a specific first-century pattern, not weaponized generically against all religious custom, while retaining force against merit-based, externalized religiosity.
Keys Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: ลูกกุญแจแผ่นดินสวรรค์
Transliteration: luk kunjae phaendin sawan
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: τὰς κλεῖδας τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 16:19. Same สวรรค์ risk profile as kingdom_of_heaven; teach as real delegated stewardship authority, not literal physical keys.
Little Ones
Approved rendering: เด็กเล็กๆ / ผู้เล็กน้อยเหล่านี้
Transliteration: dek lek-lek / phu lek noi lao ni
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: τῶν μικρῶν τούτων
Category: Church
NEW. Matthew 18:1-6,10,14; 25:40,45. Both literal children (humility model) and, by extension, vulnerable believers; the metaphorical extension must be made explicit.
Eunuchs For Kingdom
Approved rendering: ผู้ที่ถือตนเป็นขันทีเพื่อเห็นแก่แผ่นดินสวรรค์
Transliteration: phu thi thue ton pen khanthi phuea hen kae phaendin sawan
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: εὐνοῦχοι διὰ τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 19:12. Requires an explicit translator note that this describes voluntary celibate devotion, not literal mutilation nor a devaluing of marriage (cf. 19:4-6).
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: ศิลามุมเอก
Transliteration: sila mum ek
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: κεφαλὴν γωνίας
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 21:42, citing Psalm 118. The paradox (rejected yet foundational) must be preserved clearly in surrounding teaching.
Greatest Commandment
Approved rendering: ความรัก
Transliteration: khwam rak
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ἀγαπήσεις Κύριον τὸν θεόν σου… ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 22:37-40. Must be distinguished from ordinary romantic รัก and from the Brahmavihāra term เมตตา; this is willed, covenantal, God-grounded love, commanded rather than merely felt.
Woe
Approved rendering: วิบัติ
Transliteration: wibat
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: คำสาปของหมอผี
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
NEW. Matthew 23:13-36. Should be taught, parallel to the baseline’s anathema entry, as God’s own prophetic judicial pronouncement through Christ, not a folk curse (คุณไสย).
Hypocrite
Approved rendering: คนหน้าซื่อใจคด
Transliteration: khon na sue jai khot
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ὑποκριτής
Category: Ethics
NEW. Matthew 6:2,5,16; 15:7; 23:13-29. Established Thai idiom conveying external religious performance masking inward corruption.
Least Of These
Approved rendering: ผู้เล็กน้อยที่สุดเหล่านี้ที่เป็นพี่น้องของเรา
Transliteration: phu lek noi thi sut lao ni thi pen phi nong khong rao
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου τῶν ἐλαχίστων
Category: Judgment
NEW. Matthew 25:31-46. Must not be read as a merit-earning transaction but as the visible fruit and evidence of a life already oriented to Christ.
Temple Veil Torn
Approved rendering: ม่านในพระวิหารขาด
Transliteration: man nai phra wihan khat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη
Category: Fulfillment
NEW. Matthew 27:51. Signifies direct access to God secured through Christ’s death; needs brief Holy-of-Holies background note for readers without OT literacy.
Sanhedrin
Approved rendering: สภาแซนเฮดริน
Transliteration: sapha saenhedrin
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
NEW. Matthew 26:59. No Thai institutional equivalent; requires a brief descriptive gloss on first use (สภาสูงสุดของชาวยิว) since the term is otherwise opaque without OT/NT background.
High Priest
Approved rendering: มหาปุโรหิต
Transliteration: mahapurohit
Doctrine: The Atonement and Christ’s Ransom
NEW. Matthew 26:3,57-68. Standard descriptive Thai Bible compound term; no Buddhist-office collision risk as such.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: ธรรมศาลา
Transliteration: thammasala
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Rejected alternatives: วัด
NEW. Established Thai Bible rendering, distinct from วัด (Buddhist temple compound); low collision risk given the distinct lexical item.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: ไฟนรกที่ไม่มีวันดับ
Transliteration: fai narok thi mai mi wan dap
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Eternal Punishment
Rejected alternatives: นรก (bare, unqualified)
NEW. Matthew 5:22,29-30; 18:9; 23:15,33. A bare นรก risks the temporary-rebirth-realm reading; qualifying language (‘never extinguished’) is required every occurrence, aligned with the eternal_punishment entry.
Low Risk Terms
Abraham
Approved rendering: อับราฮัม
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, exact reuse. Genealogy opening (1:1-2,17).
Prophet
Approved rendering: ผู้เผยพระวจนะ
Transliteration: phu phoei phra wotchana
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: หมอดู
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Do not confuse with หมอดู (fortune-teller).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: คำพยากรณ์
Transliteration: kham phayakon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: คำทำนายดวงชะตา
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Distinct from horoscope-style fortune-telling.
New Wine New Wineskins
Approved rendering: เหล้าองุ่นใหม่ / ถุงหนังใหม่
Transliteration: lao angun mai / thung nang mai
Doctrine: New Covenant Forms versus Old
Original: οἶνον νέον… ἀσκοὺς καινούς
Category: Fulfillment
NEW. Matthew 9:16-17. Metaphor for the incompatibility of old covenant forms with the new reality in Christ; translates cleanly with minimal collision risk.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: โฮซันนา
Transliteration: Hosanna
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: Ὡσαννά
Category: Christology
NEW. Matthew 21:9,15. Established transliteration retained to preserve the acclamation’s untranslatable liturgical force.
Betrayed
Approved rendering: การทรยศ
Transliteration: kan thorayot
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: παρέδωκεν
Category: Discipleship
NEW. Matthew 26:14-16,21-25,47-50. Judas’s specific act initiating the Passion; minimal collision risk.
Pharisees
Approved rendering: ฟาริสี
Transliteration: Farisi
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
NEW. Established Thai Bible transliteration for the proper-noun party name; recurs throughout the Gospel (ch.5,9,12,15,19,22,23, etc.).
Sadducees
Approved rendering: สะดูสี
Transliteration: Sadusi
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
NEW. Established Thai Bible transliteration for the proper-noun party name (3:7; 16:1-12; 22:23-34).
Phylacteries And Tassels
Approved rendering: เครื่องหมายจารึกพระบัญญัติที่สวมติดตัว / ชายเสื้อ
Transliteration: khrueang mai charuek phra banyat thi suam tit tua / chai suea
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
NEW. Matthew 23:5. No Thai religious-garment equivalent; needs a short explanatory note rather than a coined single-word term.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: เบเอลเซบูล
Transliteration: Beelzebul
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
NEW. Matthew 10:25; 12:24,27. Proper name of a specific evil figure; retain transliteration rather than blurring with the generic มาร.
Centurion
Approved rendering: นายร้อย
Transliteration: nairoi
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
NEW. Matthew 8:5-13; 27:54. Standard Thai military-rank term; the centurion’s faith (8:10) and confession (27:54) carry doctrinal weight recorded under faith and deity_of_christ respectively, not under this proper-role term itself.
Referenced passages