Cross-Reference Analysis
Cross-Reference Analysis — Acts (English → Thai)
Method and Scope
This document catalogs every Old Testament quotation and allusion, every messianic reference, every typological pattern, and every parallel to the Romans/Galatians baseline curriculum found across the entire book of Acts, chapters 1–28. Chapters that contain no direct OT citation are explicitly marked “no direct OT quotation; reviewed” together with any conceptual allusion present, per the full-book-coverage mandate. All citations use the normalized format Book Chapter:Verse (e.g., Acts 2:1-41, Genesis 15:6, Romans 10:13) so that Phase 2 tooling can machine-match references across curricula.
Governing rule: Where Acts quotes or echoes a text already quoted in the Romans/Galatians baseline, the Thai rendering of the shared quoted material must be verbatim-identical across both curricula. Where Acts quotes an OT text new to this Language Package, a fresh Thai rendering is proposed here, built from already-established baseline term renderings wherever those terms recur (e.g., lord, holy_spirit, christ, gentiles, promise).
Citation Convention Table (new book names introduced by Acts, extending the baseline table)
| English | Thai (Thai Bible Society convention) |
|---|---|
| Acts | กิจการ (กิจการของอัครทูต) |
| Exodus | อพยพ |
| Deuteronomy | เฉลยธรรมบัญญัติ |
| Amos | อาโมส |
| 1 Samuel | 1 ซามูเอล |
| 2 Samuel | 2 ซามูเอล |
| Leviticus | เลวีนิติ |
| Numbers | กันดารวิถี |
PART A — OT Quotation and Allusion Cross-Reference Matrix, Chapter by Chapter
Chapter 1
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 1:16-20 | Apostolic Authority; Fulfillment of Prophecy | Peter, Judas | Direct quotation: Psalm 69:25 (“may his camp become desolate”) and Psalm 109:8 (“let another take his office”) | Medium. Peter reads David’s imprecatory psalms as Spirit-inspired prediction of Judas’s fate and replacement. Render as fulfilled prophecy language, not as a curse Peter personally pronounces; keep Psalm 69:25/Psalm 109:8 citation format normalized for cross-reference tooling. |
| Acts 1:8 | The Great Commission Fulfilled; Persecution and Bold Witness | The apostles | Structural echo of Isaiah 49:6 (“to the end of the earth”) — programmatic verse for the whole book’s geographic-theological structure (Jerusalem → Judea/Samaria → ends of the earth) | Medium. No direct citation formula, but functions as the book’s thesis verse, parallel in role to Romans 1:16-17. Should be flagged in teaching notes as Acts’ structural key verse. |
Chapter 2 — Core Passage
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 2:17-21 | The Holy Spirit and Pentecost; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Peter | Direct quotation: Joel 2:28-32 | Critical. See Part D below — verbatim cross-curriculum consistency required for Joel 2:32/Acts 2:21/Romans 10:13 (“everyone who calls on the name of the Lord”). |
| Acts 2:25-28 | Resurrection of Christ; Fulfillment of Prophecy | Peter, David (as speaker in the Psalm), Christ (as referent) | Direct quotation: Psalm 16:8-11 | Critical. Messianic reading of a Davidic psalm; David’s “Holy One” (v.10) is applied to Christ, not David himself (explicitly argued in Acts 2:29-31). Must preserve Peter’s own interpretive argument, not just the bare citation. |
| Acts 2:29-31 | Davidic Covenant; Resurrection of Christ | Peter, David | Allusion: 2 Samuel 7:12-16; Psalm 132:11 (Davidic covenant background) | High. Requires the reader to hold the Davidic covenant promise in view (already flagged High in the Romans baseline’s davidic_covenant doctrine, esp. Romans 1:3). |
| Acts 2:34-35 | Lordship of Christ | Peter, David (as speaker), Christ (as referent) | Direct quotation: Psalm 110:1 | Critical. The most-quoted OT verse in the NT; grounds the exaltation/Lordship declaration of Acts 2:36. Must retain the distinction between “the LORD” (God the Father, addressed) and “my Lord” (the Messiah, addressee) — a distinction foundational to the doctrine “Lordship of Christ,” already Critical in the baseline. |
| Acts 2:36 | Lordship of Christ; Deity of Christ | Peter | Climax of the sermon’s argument from Psalm 110:1 and Psalm 16 | Critical. See 07_semantic_analysis.md Acts 2:32-36 entry; render พระเจ้าทรงตั้งพระองค์ให้เป็นทั้งองค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้าและพระคริสต์ with the installation/vindication sense, not an ontological-origin sense. |
| Acts 2:38-39 | Repentance and Baptism; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Peter | Echo of Isaiah 57:19 (“peace, peace, to the far and to the near”) behind “all who are far off” | High. Extends the promise’s Gentile-inclusion horizon; connects forward to Acts 10:34-35, Acts 13:47, Acts 15:14-17, and the baseline’s universal_scope_of_gospel doctrine. |
Chapter 3
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 3:13 | Deity of Christ; Fulfillment of Prophecy | Peter | Direct quotation/echo: Exodus 3:6 (“the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob”) | Medium. Anchors the God of the apostles’ preaching as the same covenant God of the patriarchs, not a new or foreign deity — important in a Thai context where a “new religion” framing is a live risk (cf. baseline’s national-identity caution). |
| Acts 3:22-23 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Messianic Promise | Peter, Moses (as prophet), Christ | Direct quotation: Deuteronomy 18:15, 18-19 | High. “Prophet like Moses” typology; requires an OT-background note for low-OT-literacy readers (see 07_semantic_analysis.md ch.3 “prophet like Moses” entry). Reused again at Acts 7:37. |
| Acts 3:25 | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Peter, Abraham | Direct quotation/echo: Genesis 22:18 (cf. Genesis 26:4) — “in your offspring shall all the families of the earth be blessed” | High. Same covenant-promise formula that Galatians 3:8 quotes from Genesis 12:3; render เชื้อสาย consistently with the baseline’s seed_of_abraham entry, including its linguistic-gap note on Thai’s number-neutral nouns. |
Chapter 4
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 4:11 | Apostolic Authority and Miracles; Deity of Christ | Peter, Christ | Direct quotation: Psalm 118:22 (“the stone that was rejected… has become the cornerstone”) | High. Christ as the rejected-yet-vindicated cornerstone; reinforces the rejection/exaltation pattern already present at Acts 2:23-24, 36. Render the stone-metaphor literally (ศิลา/หิน); no Thai-specific collision, but pair with a note on the OT building-stone image if used didactically. |
| Acts 4:24-26 | Providence; Persecution and Bold Witness | The gathered believers | Direct quotation: Psalm 2:1-2 | High. The believers pray Psalm 2 over their own persecution, identifying Herod/Pilate/the rulers with the psalm’s rebellious “kings of the earth” — models Scripture-saturated prayer under threat, directly relevant to “Persecution and Bold Witness.” |
| Acts 4:12 | The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; Salvation | Peter | No direct OT citation; theological climax statement (see 08_core_glossary.md “no other name” entry) | Critical. ไม่มีความรอดในผู้ใดอื่นเลย — mandatory theologian review per baseline escalation rule for salvation-exclusivity language. |
Chapter 5
No direct OT quotation in this chapter; reviewed. Gamaliel’s speech (Acts 5:35-39) cites recent historical figures (Theudas, Judas the Galilean), not Scripture. The chapter’s theological weight (lying to the Holy Spirit, Acts 5:3, 9; the providence statement of Acts 5:39) is carried by conceptual continuity with holy_spirit and providence, both already established in the baseline and in 08_core_glossary.md.
Chapter 6
No direct OT quotation; reviewed. The Hellenist/Hebrew tension (Acts 6:1) and the appointment of the seven (Acts 6:2-6) introduce ecclesial-office vocabulary already documented in 08_core_glossary.md (Hellenists, deacon/serving tables) with no new OT citation.
Chapter 7 — Stephen’s Speech
Stephen’s speech is the single densest concentration of OT allusion in Acts, functioning as a compressed salvation-history survey structurally comparable to Romans 4 and Galatians 3’s Abraham argument and Galatians 4:21-31’s Hagar/Sarah allegory.
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 7:2-4 | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Stephen, Abraham | Allusion: Genesis 12:1, Genesis 11:31-12:5 | Medium. Reuses baseline abraham/promise terms. |
| Acts 7:5-7 | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Stephen, Abraham | Direct quotation/echo: Genesis 15:13-14; Exodus 3:12 | High. Genesis 15:6 (Abraham’s faith counted as righteousness) is not directly quoted here, but is the same Abraham-narrative already quoted in Romans 4:3 and Galatians 3:6; Stephen’s speech assumes this same Abraham without restating the imputed-righteousness formula. See Part D below for the cross-curriculum consistency rule. |
| Acts 7:9-16 | Persecution and Bold Witness (typological) | Joseph | Allusion: Genesis 37-50 (Joseph narrative) | High. See Part C, Joseph typology, below. |
| Acts 7:18 | Fulfillment of Prophecy | Stephen, Moses | Allusion: Exodus 1:8 | Low. Narrative background only. |
| Acts 7:27-28, 35 | Apostolic Authority and Miracles (typological) | Moses | Allusion: Exodus 2:14 | Medium. Moses rejected by his own people before being sent as deliverer — typological parallel to Christ’s rejection (see Part C). |
| Acts 7:30-34 | The Holy Spirit and Pentecost (theophany background) | Moses | Allusion: Exodus 3:1-10 | Medium. Burning bush theophany; conceptual background for the Pentecost fire (Acts 2:3), though not a direct citation. |
| Acts 7:37 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Messianic Promise | Stephen, Moses, Christ | Direct quotation: Deuteronomy 18:15 | High. Verbatim reuse of the same OT text already quoted at Acts 3:22; the Thai rendering of this quotation MUST be identical at both occurrences within Acts. |
| Acts 7:40 | Universal Human Accountability | Stephen, Israel | Direct quotation: Exodus 32:1 | Medium. Golden calf narrative; illustrates Israel’s historic pattern of rejecting God’s chosen deliverer, the speech’s central charge against its hearers. |
| Acts 7:42-43 | Universal Human Accountability | Stephen, Israel | Direct quotation: Amos 5:25-27 | Medium. Idolatry indictment; no Thai-specific collision beyond the general idol-worship caution already present in the baseline (Acts 14:15, ch.14 below). |
| Acts 7:49-50 | Deity of Christ (God’s transcendence) | Stephen | Direct quotation: Isaiah 66:1-2 | Medium. God’s transcendence over any physical temple; relevant background for teaching against equating God’s presence with a specific consecrated building (a live comparison point with Thai temple-centered religious geography, already flagged in the baseline’s church entry, never วัด). |
| Acts 7:56 | Deity of Christ; Sonship of Christ | Stephen, Christ | Allusion: Daniel 7:13-14 (Son of Man) | Critical. See 08_core_glossary.md “Son of Man” entry; flag for theologian review. |
Chapter 8
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 8:32-33 | Messianic Promise; Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | The Ethiopian eunuch, Philip, Christ | Direct quotation: Isaiah 53:7-8 | Critical. The eunuch is reading the Suffering Servant song when Philip explains it points to Christ (Acts 8:35) — the clearest direct messianic-fulfillment proof-text scene in Acts. Render with the same Servant-of-God conceptual weight as the baseline’s Servant (of God) entry (Acts 3:13, 26); flag for theologian review given the doctrinal centrality of substitutionary suffering here (“like a lamb led to slaughter… he opens not his mouth”). |
Chapter 9
No direct OT quotation; reviewed. The Damascus road encounter (Acts 9:3-6) is a direct theophanic revelation rather than a scriptural citation; conceptual parallels to Sinai theophany (Exodus 19) and to prophetic call-narratives (Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1) are available as teaching bridges but are not textual quotations requiring rendering-consistency rules.
Chapter 10
No direct OT quotation; reviewed. Peter’s vision (Acts 10:9-16) presupposes the Levitical clean/unclean food categories (Leviticus 11, Leviticus 20:25) without quoting them; see 07_semantic_analysis.md ch.10 “unclean/common” entry for the doctrinal handling of this allusion.
Chapter 11
No new OT quotation; reviewed. Reuses ch.10’s Levitical background allusion in Peter’s retelling (Acts 11:5-10).
Chapter 12
No direct OT quotation; reviewed. Herod’s death (Acts 12:20-23) narratively echoes the fate of prideful kings in OT judgment narratives (e.g., Daniel 4) as a conceptual, not citational, parallel.
Chapter 13 — Paul’s Antioch Sermon
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 13:22 | Davidic Covenant | Paul, David | Allusion: 1 Samuel 13:14; Psalm 89:20 (“a man after my heart”) | Medium. Establishes David’s own divinely-approved kingship as the type fulfilled in Christ. |
| Acts 13:33 | Sonship of Christ; Resurrection of Christ | Paul, Christ | Direct quotation: Psalm 2:7 (“You are my Son, today I have begotten you”) | Critical. Same psalm already quoted in Acts 4:25-26 (v.1-2) and echoed conceptually at Romans 1:4’s “declared to be the Son of God… by his resurrection.” “Today I have begotten you” must be read as public resurrection-vindication of eternal Sonship, not an origination of Sonship at that moment — parallel caution to the Acts 2:36 entry above. Flag for theologian review. |
| Acts 13:34 | Resurrection of Christ | Paul, Christ | Direct quotation: Isaiah 55:3 (“I will give you the holy and sure blessings of David”) | High. Links the Davidic covenant’s permanence directly to Christ’s bodily, non-decaying resurrection (v.34-37). |
| Acts 13:35 | Resurrection of Christ | Paul, Christ | Direct quotation: Psalm 16:10 | Critical. Verbatim reuse of the same psalm already quoted at Acts 2:27; Thai rendering must match Acts 2:27 exactly. |
| Acts 13:38-39 | Justification apart from the Law; Repentance and Baptism | Paul | Doctrinal statement (no direct OT citation) parallel to Romans 3:24-28, Galatians 2:16 | Critical. See Part D below; reuses baseline justification (การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม). |
| Acts 13:41 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Persecution and Bold Witness | Paul | Direct quotation: Habakkuk 1:5 | Medium. NOTE: this is Habakkuk 1:5 (“Look among the nations, and see… for I am doing a work in your days that you would not believe”), a different verse from the Habakkuk citation shared with Romans/Galatians (Habakkuk 2:4, “the righteous shall live by faith,” quoted at Romans 1:17 and Galatians 3:11). Translators must not conflate these two distinct Habakkuk citations; each requires its own independent, non-shared Thai rendering. |
| Acts 13:47 | The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; The Great Commission Fulfilled | Paul, Barnabas | Direct quotation: Isaiah 49:6 (“I have made you a light for the Gentiles”) | High. See 08_core_glossary.md “light to the Gentiles” entry; structurally parallel to Acts 1:8’s “ends of the earth” thesis statement. |
Chapter 14
No direct OT quotation; reviewed. Acts 14:15’s “turn from these vain things to the living God” echoes the general prophetic anti-idol polemic of texts such as Isaiah 44:9-20 and Psalm 115:4-8 without a direct citation formula; see 07_semantic_analysis.md ch.14 entry for doctrinal handling.
Chapter 15 — The Jerusalem Council
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 15:16-17 | The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; The Great Commission Fulfilled | James | Direct quotation: Amos 9:11-12 | High. James’s climactic OT proof-text for Gentile inclusion without circumcision — the scriptural capstone of the very controversy Galatians 2 narrates from the inside. Render consistently with the baseline’s gentiles (คนต่างชาติ) and note that this quotation functions as Acts’ own scriptural “Galatians 3:8”-equivalent moment. |
| Acts 15:1, 5, 10-11 | Justification apart from the Law; Law and Grace | Judaizing believers, Peter, Paul | Direct doctrinal parallel: Galatians 2:1-16; Galatians 5:1 (yoke of slavery) | Critical. See Part D below — Acts 15 and Galatians 2 narrate companion events; doctrinal vocabulary (circumcision, works_of_the_law, grace, salvation) must be rendered identically to the Galatians baseline. |
Chapter 16
No new OT quotation; reviewed. Acts 16:31’s salvation formula parallels Romans 10:9-10 conceptually (see Part D) but contains no OT citation of its own.
Chapter 17
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 17:28 | The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles (missionary method) | Paul | Quotation of pagan Greek poets (Epimenides and/or Aratus, Cleanthes: “In him we live and move and have our being”; “we are his offspring”) — NOT an OT citation | Medium. A unique case in Acts: Paul quotes non-biblical literature as a missionary bridge, not as inspired Scripture. Must be taught as a rhetorical strategy of cultural engagement, structurally similar to the “unknown god” altar-inscription bridge at Acts 17:23, and must not be presented to Thai readers as implying pagan literature (or, by extension, Buddhist scripture) carries equal revelatory authority to the OT/NT canon — a live risk in Thailand’s pluralistic religious environment, continuous with the baseline’s caution on false_gospel and religious-pluralism softening. |
Chapter 18
No OT quotation; reviewed.
Chapter 19
No OT quotation; reviewed.
Chapter 20
No direct OT quotation; reviewed. Acts 20:35 quotes a saying of Jesus not recorded in the Gospels (“it is more blessed to give than to receive”) — an authoritative dominical saying, not an OT citation; no rendering-consistency issue arises since it has no parallel occurrence elsewhere in the baseline package.
Chapter 21
No direct OT quotation; reviewed. The Nazirite vow (Acts 21:23-24) presupposes Numbers 6 without quoting it (see 07_semantic_analysis.md ch.21 entry).
Chapter 22
No OT quotation; reviewed. Paul’s retelling of his conversion (Acts 22:6-16) parallels Acts 9 and Acts 26 narratively rather than citing Scripture.
Chapter 23
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 23:5 | Persecution and Bold Witness (civil conduct) | Paul | Direct quotation: Exodus 22:28 (“You shall not speak evil of a ruler of your people”) | Medium. Paul self-corrects after unknowingly rebuking the high priest, citing the Law’s own respect-for-authority principle. Connects to the baseline’s existing caution (Romans 13; Acts 22 and 25’s Roman-citizenship entries) regarding Thailand’s lèse-majesté-sensitive register around authority language; should be handled with the same care already flagged there. |
Chapter 24
No OT quotation; reviewed.
Chapter 25
No OT quotation; reviewed.
Chapter 26
No direct OT quotation; reviewed. Acts 26:18’s “light… darkness… power of Satan” (see 08_core_glossary.md) echoes Isaiah 42:6-7 and Isaiah 49:6 conceptually without a direct citation formula; also structurally parallels OT prophetic call-narratives (Jeremiah 1:4-10; Isaiah 6:8-10, the latter directly quoted at Acts 28:26-27 below).
Chapter 27
No OT quotation; reviewed.
Chapter 28
| Acts Passage | Theme | Related Character | OT/NT Connection | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 28:26-27 | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Universal Human Accountability | Paul | Direct quotation: Isaiah 6:9-10 | High. The book’s closing scriptural citation, applied to persistent Jewish unbelief and functioning, alongside Acts 13:46-47 and Acts 15:16-17, as one of the theological hinges turning the narrative decisively toward Gentile mission — Acts’ own bookend to the Acts 1:8/Isaiah 49:6 thesis. Render with full force; do not soften the judgment-language of spiritual blindness into a generic statement about cultural misunderstanding. |
PART B — Messianic References Summary Table
| OT Text | Acts Citation(s) | Messianic Content | Baseline Cross-Reference | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Psalm 16:8-11 | Acts 2:25-28; Acts 13:35 | The Holy One who will not see corruption/decay — bodily resurrection | Reinforces baseline resurrection_of_christ doctrine (Critical) | Critical |
Psalm 110:1 | Acts 2:34-35 | The Messiah seated at God’s right hand, addressed as “my Lord” by David | Reinforces baseline lordship_of_christ doctrine (Critical) | Critical |
Psalm 2:1-2, 7 | Acts 4:25-26; Acts 13:33 | The nations’ rebellion against God’s Anointed; the Son publicly declared/installed | Parallels Romans 1:4’s “declared Son of God… by resurrection” | Critical |
Psalm 118:22 | Acts 4:11 | The rejected stone become the cornerstone | New to Acts; extends baseline Deity-of-Christ rejection/exaltation pattern | High |
Deuteronomy 18:15, 18-19 | Acts 3:22-23; Acts 7:37 | The prophet like Moses, to be heeded absolutely | New to Acts; requires OT-background note | High |
Isaiah 53:7-8 | Acts 8:32-33 | The Suffering Servant, silent before slaughter | New to Acts; parallels baseline Servant (of God) entry (Acts 3:13, 26) | Critical |
Isaiah 55:3 | Acts 13:34 | The everlasting, sure Davidic blessings realized in the resurrection | New to Acts; reinforces davidic_covenant doctrine | High |
Isaiah 49:6 | Acts 13:47 | A light to the nations/Gentiles | New to Acts; reinforces universal_scope_of_gospel doctrine | High |
Amos 9:11-12 | Acts 15:16-17 | The restored “tent of David” including the Gentiles who bear God’s name | New to Acts; scriptural capstone for Gentile inclusion apart from the law | High |
Genesis 22:18 / Genesis 26:4 | Acts 3:25 | ”In your offspring all the families of the earth shall be blessed” | Same Abrahamic covenant-promise family as Genesis 12:3 (quoted Galatians 3:8) | High |
Daniel 7:13-14 | Acts 7:56 (allusion) | The Son of Man given everlasting dominion | New to Acts; parallels Sonship/Deity of Christ doctrines | Critical |
PART C — Typological Patterns
1. Passover → Pentecost Typology
Already named in the semantic analysis (Acts 2:1 entry). Christ’s death fulfills Passover (the Lamb slain); the Spirit’s outpouring fulfills the wheat-harvest festival of Pentecost, fifty days later, inaugurating the ingathering of the nations into the new-covenant people. Teaching note: this typological structure should be surfaced explicitly for Thai readers with low OT-festival literacy, since the Thai transliteration วันเพ็นเทคอสต์ carries no inherent meaning without it.
2. Moses → Christ Typology
Threads through Acts 3:22-23, Acts 7:20-44, and Deuteronomy 18:15. Moses, rejected initially by his own people (Exodus 2:14; Acts 7:27-28, 35) yet appointed by God as ruler and deliverer, prefigures Christ’s rejection by his own people (Acts 2:23; 3:13-15) and God’s vindication of him as ruler and deliverer (Acts 2:32-36; 5:31). The “prophet like Moses” formula makes this typology explicit and textual, not merely thematic.
3. David → Christ Typology
Threads through Acts 2:25-31, Acts 13:22-37. David’s kingship, his psalms of suffering and vindication, and God’s covenant promise of an eternal throne (2 Samuel 7:12-16) are read as finding their true fulfillment only in the resurrected and enthroned Christ — David himself, Peter insists, “saw corruption” (Acts 2:29) and so cannot be the final referent of his own psalm. This directly extends the baseline’s davidic_covenant doctrine (already High risk at Romans 1:3).
4. Joseph → Christ Typology (Implicit in Stephen’s Speech)
Acts 7:9-16 retells the Joseph narrative (Genesis 37-50) at unusual length within a speech ostensibly about Israel’s rejection of Moses. The implicit pattern — a righteous deliverer rejected and sold by his own brothers, exalted by a foreign power, who then becomes the means of his brothers’ salvation and reconciliation when they do not recognize him — mirrors Christ’s rejection by his own people (Israel) and his exaltation, through which salvation is extended back to the very people who rejected him (Acts 3:19-26). This typology is implicit rather than a formula the text names directly; translators should not overstate it beyond what Stephen’s speech itself asserts, but it is a legitimate and traditional teaching bridge.
5. Suffering Servant Typology
Isaiah 53 (quoted directly at Acts 8:32-33) together with the “Servant of God” title applied to Jesus at Acts 3:13, 26; 4:27, 30 forms a coherent typological-messianic thread distinct from, but complementary to, the Davidic-king and Son-of-Man threads. This is the same Servant-Songs background already flagged High risk in 08_core_glossary.md’s “Servant (of God)” entry.
PART D — Cross-Curriculum Parallels to Romans and Galatians, with Rendering-Consistency Rules
| Shared Text / Concept | Romans/Galatians Occurrence | Acts Occurrence | Consistency Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
Joel 2:32 — “everyone who calls on the name of the Lord [shall be saved]“ | Romans 10:13 | Acts 2:21 | MANDATORY VERBATIM MATCH. Render ทุกคนที่ร้องออกพระนามขององค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า[จะรอด] identically in both curricula. This is explicitly required by the baseline requirements doc’s cross-document consistency rule extended to this shared citation. |
Genesis 15:6 — Abraham’s faith counted as righteousness | Romans 4:3; Galatians 3:6 | Not directly quoted in Acts, but the same Abraham narrative underlies Acts 7:2-8 and Acts 3:25; no verbatim citation collision, but the imputed_righteousness baseline term (ความชอบธรรมที่ทรงถือว่าเป็นของเรา) should govern any Phase 2 exposition of Abraham’s faith within Acts material. | Reuse baseline term; no new rendering needed. |
Genesis 12:3 / Genesis 22:18 — “in you/your offspring all families/nations shall be blessed” | Galatians 3:8 (quotes Genesis 12:3) | Acts 3:25 (quotes Genesis 22:18/Genesis 26:4) | Same covenant-promise family, different specific verse-form. Do not force verbatim identity between the two citations themselves (they are two related but textually distinct OT verses), but render both using the baseline’s promise (พระสัญญา) and seed_of_abraham (เชื้อสาย) terms consistently, preserving the linguistic-gap note on Thai’s number-neutral nouns from the baseline. |
Habakkuk 2:4 — “the righteous shall live by faith” | Romans 1:17; Galatians 3:11 | NOT quoted in Acts. Acts 13:41 quotes the textually distinct Habakkuk 1:5. | Do not conflate. These are two separate verses from the same OT book; each requires its own independent Thai rendering, and translators must not substitute the well-known Habakkuk 2:4 wording when rendering Habakkuk 1:5. |
| Justification apart from the law / works of the law | Romans 3:21-4:25; Galatians 2:15-3:14 | Acts 13:38-39; Acts 15:1-11 | Terminological identity required. justification (การถูกนับว่าเป็นผู้ชอบธรรม), works_of_the_law (การประพฤติตามธรรมบัญญัติ), grace (พระคุณ), and circumcision (การเข้าสุหนัต) must be rendered identically to the Galatians baseline whenever Acts 13 or Acts 15 material is translated, since Acts 15 narrates the very council Galatians 2 describes from Paul’s personal viewpoint. |
| Salvation-confession formula | Romans 10:9-10 | Acts 16:30-31 | Structural (not verbatim-text) consistency required. The two passages are not quoting the same underlying Greek text, but both are the curriculum’s paradigm “how to be saved” statements. The Thai renderings of lord (องค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า) and salvation (ความรอด) in both must match exactly, and the confessional simplicity/directness of both statements must be preserved without theological hedging in either. |
| ”No distinction” / universal gospel scope | Romans 3:22-23; Romans 10:12-13 | Acts 10:34-35; Acts 15:9; Acts 11:12 | Reuse baseline universal_scope_of_gospel and unity_of_jews_and_gentiles doctrine renderings; Acts 10:34’s พระเจ้าไม่ทรงเลือกที่รักมักที่ชัง functions as Acts’ own idiomatic equivalent of Romans’ “no distinction.” |
| Freedom from the law’s yoke | Galatians 5:1 (“yoke of slavery”) | Acts 15:10 (“a yoke that neither our fathers nor we have been able to bear”) | Shared image, consistent vocabulary required. Render Acts 15:10’s “yoke” with the same เป็นทาส/เสรีภาพ conceptual pairing already Critical in the Galatians baseline’s freedom/slavery entries. |
| Christ’s exaltation and installation as Lord | Romans 1:4 (“declared to be the Son of God… by the resurrection”) | Acts 2:36; Acts 13:33 | Doctrinal-nuance consistency required, not verbatim text (different underlying Greek). All three passages describe a public resurrection-vindication of an already-eternal status, never an origination of deity. Phase 2 translators must apply the same “installation, not origination” guardrail at all three locations. |
PART E — Summary of New Cross-Reference Entries for Phase 2 Tooling
The following citation pairs must be added to the Phase 2 segment cache as “linked citations requiring consistency check”:
Acts 2:21↔Romans 10:13(Joel 2:32) — mandatory verbatim matchActs 3:22↔Acts 7:37(Deuteronomy 18:15) — mandatory internal-Acts verbatim matchActs 2:25-28↔Acts 13:35(Psalm 16) — mandatory internal-Acts verbatim matchActs 4:25-26↔Acts 13:33(Psalm 2) — mandatory internal-Acts verbatim matchActs 13:38-39↔Acts 15:1-11↔Galatians 2:15-16— terminological identity (justification/works of the law/grace)Acts 16:30-31↔Romans 10:9-10— structural consistency (salvation confession)Acts 13:41(Habakkuk 1:5) flagged as distinct fromRomans 1:17/Galatians 3:11(Habakkuk 2:4) — do-not-conflate flag