Semantic Analysis — 2 Corinthians (Koine Greek → Polish)

Curriculum: 2 Corinthians 1–13 Core passage: 2 Corinthians 5:11–21 Language pair: English (source) → Polish (destination) Baseline authority: Romans Language Package (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, doctrine_risk_registry.json) — all established renderings below are reused exactly where the same term recurs in 2 Corinthians. New terms extend, and never contradict, the baseline.

Methodology Note

This document analyzes the whole of 2 Corinthians. Part 1 gives verse-by-verse treatment of the core passage (5:11–21), the theological anchor of the curriculum. Part 2 works chapter-by-chapter through the entire book (chapters 1–13), documenting every load-bearing term not already exhausted by the core-passage treatment. Terms already fixed in the Romans baseline are marked [TM] and reused verbatim; new terms proposed for the 2 Corinthians extension of translation memory are marked [NEW]. Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly.

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PART 1 — Core Passage Verse-by-Verse: 2 Corinthians 5:11–21

5:11

Greek: Εἰδότες οὖν τὸν φόβον τοῦ Κυρίου ἀνθρώπους πείθομεν, θεῷ δὲ πεφανερώμεθα· ἐλπίζω δὲ καὶ ἐν ταῖς συνειδήσεσιν ὑμῶν πεφανερῶσθαι.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου	phobos tou Kyriou	fear/reverence of the Lord	reverent awe, not terror; motivates conduct	”fear of the Lord,” “reverence for the Lord”	Paul’s ministry integrity is rooted in accountability to Christ ([TM] Pan / Lord, Critical), not human approval	bojaźń Pańska [NEW] — Medium. Standard devotional Polish phrase; risk is flattening to generic piety rather than the specific accountability-to-Christ sense driving Paul’s argument.
πείθω	peithō	persuade	persuade, appeal to, win over	”persuade,” “try to win over”	Paul’s evangelistic/apologetic appeal to people, contrasted with his standing before God	przekonywać / przynaglać [NEW] — Low. Straightforward.
φανερόω	phaneroō	make visible, disclose	be made manifest/known, laid open	”made manifest,” “plain,” “known”	Paul’s motives are transparent before God and (he hopes) before the Corinthians’ conscience — ties to Sincerity doctrine	być znanym / jawnym [NEW] — Medium. Underlies the “Sincerity and Apostolic Authority” doctrine; must not soften to mere reputation-management.
συνείδησις	syneidēsis	conscience	moral self-awareness, inward judgment	”conscience”	The Corinthians’ own inward moral sense should confirm Paul’s integrity	sumienie [NEW] — Low. Standard, unambiguous Polish term.

5:12

Greek: οὐ πάλιν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνομεν ὑμῖν, ἀλλὰ ἀφορμὴν διδόντες ὑμῖν καυχήματος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, ἵνα ἔχητε πρὸς τοὺς ἐν προσώπῳ καυχωμένους καὶ μὴ ἐν καρδίᾳ.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
συνιστάνω ἑαυτούς	synistanō heautous	commend/recommend oneself	self-commendation, self-promotion	”commend ourselves”	Paul disclaims self-promotion — direct polemic against the rival “super-apostles” of ch. 10–12	polecać samych siebie [NEW] — Medium. Ties to Genuine vs. False Apostleship doctrine.
ἀφορμή	aphormē	starting point, occasion, pretext	opportunity, material, basis	”opportunity,” “occasion,” “ground”	Giving the Corinthians grounds to answer the false apostles	sposobność / podstawa [NEW] — Low.
καύχημα	kauchēma	boast, ground for boasting	object/basis of boasting (noun, distinct from the verb)	“boast,” “ground for pride”	Related to the recurring boasting vocabulary central to chs. 10–12 (see kauchaomai family, [NEW], High)	chluba / powód do chluby [NEW] — High. See full note under Ch. 10–12 below.
ἐν προσώπῳ … ἐν καρδίᾳ	en prosōpō … en kardia	in face/appearance … in heart	outward show vs. inward reality	”outwardly … in heart,” “by appearance … in heart”	Contrast between superficial, appearance-based boasting (the rivals) and Paul’s inward integrity	na pokaz / z zewnątrz … w sercu [NEW] — Medium. Sincerity doctrine.

5:13

Greek: εἴτε γὰρ ἐξέστημεν, θεῷ· εἴτε σωφρονοῦμεν, ὑμῖν.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
ἐξίστημι	existēmi	be beside oneself, be in ecstasy	ecstatic/overwhelming spiritual experience, “out of one’s mind"	"beside ourselves,” “out of our mind”	Possibly answering the charge that Paul’s visionary experiences (cf. 12:1–7) are self-serving; such experiences belong to God alone	byliśmy jakby “nie przy sobie” [NEW] — Low. Idiomatic; low doctrinal weight but should not be rendered as literal mental illness.
σωφρονέω	sōphroneō	be of sound mind, self-controlled	sober-mindedness, rational self-possession	”in our right mind,” “sober”	Paul’s ordinary, sober ministry is for the Corinthians’ benefit	być trzeźwym na umyśle [NEW] — Low.

5:14

Greek: ἡ γὰρ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ συνέχει ἡμᾶς, κρίναντας τοῦτο, ὅτι εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν, ἄρα οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον·

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ	agapē tou Christou	love of Christ	Christ’s love for believers (objective genitive preferred in context)	“love of Christ,” “Christ’s love”	The controlling motive of apostolic ministry; not primarily our love for Christ but his self-giving love compelling us	miłość Chrystusa [NEW] — Medium. Genitive ambiguity (Christ’s love for us / our love for Christ) must be resolved contextually toward the former; flag for native speaker review.
συνέχω	synechō	hold together, constrain, compel	control, press upon, leave no other option	”compels,” “controls,” “constrains”	Paul’s ministry is not self-chosen career but a compulsion arising from Christ’s love	przymuszać / ogarniać [NEW] — Medium.
εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν	heis hyper pantōn apethanen	one died on behalf of all	substitutionary, representative death “on behalf of/for the sake of"	"one died for all”	CRITICAL substitutionary atonement statement; ὑπέρ (“hyper,” on behalf of/for) is the central preposition of the whole passage (also 5:15, 5:20, 5:21)	jeden umarł za wszystkich [NEW] — Critical. The preposition “za” (for/on behalf of) must retain vicarious/substitutionary force, not merely “because of” or “with respect to.”
ἄρα οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον	ara hoi pantes apethanon	therefore all died	corporate/representative death “in” the One who died	”therefore all died,” “then all died”	Believers’ union with Christ’s death (cf. [TM baseline doctrine] Christian Identity in Christ, Critical) — death to the old self, not universal automatic salvation	przeto wszyscy umarli [NEW] — Critical. Must not be read as universalism (all are automatically saved); the “all” refers to those united to Christ by faith, paralleling Romans 6’s “died with Christ” language.

5:15

Greek: καὶ ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν ἵνα οἱ ζῶντες μηκέτι ἑαυτοῖς ζῶσιν ἀλλὰ τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
ζάω	zaō	live	live physically; live morally/spiritually oriented toward someone	”live”	New life’s orientation shifts from self to Christ	żyć [TM-pattern] — Low.
ἐγείρω	egeirō	raise up	raise from the dead (verb form of the resurrection doctrine)	“was raised,” “raised him up”	Same doctrine as [TM] resurrection / zmartwychwstanie (Critical) though expressed here with the verb ἐγείρω rather than the noun ἀνάστασις	wzbudzony z martwych — reuse doctrine “zmartwychwstanie” [TM] — Critical. Must be flagged for human theologian review per baseline escalation rule (Resurrection).

5:16

Greek: Ὥστε ἡμεῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν οὐδένα οἴδαμεν κατὰ σάρκα· εἰ καὶ ἐγνώκαμεν κατὰ σάρκα Χριστόν, ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκέτι γινώσκομεν.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
κατὰ σάρκα	kata sarka	according to the flesh	(a) merely human/external viewpoint (this verse); (b) sinful nature (elsewhere, e.g. Rom. 8)	“according to the flesh,” “from a worldly point of view,” “by human standards”	Here an epistemological sense — evaluating people/Christ by external, worldly categories rather than in light of the cross and resurrection	według ciała [NEW] — High. Sense must be disambiguated per occurrence — this is anthropological/perceptual here, not the moral “sinful nature” sense; conflating the two senses across 2 Corinthians (also 10:2–3; 11:18) risks doctrinal confusion. Flag for native speaker review each occurrence.
γινώσκω / οἶδα	ginōskō / oida	know	two Greek verbs for “know,” near-synonymous here	”know,” “have known”	Emphasizes a total reorientation of how believers now “know” Christ and others	znać / poznać [NEW] — Low.

5:17

Greek: ὥστε εἴ τις ἐν Χριστῷ, καινὴ κτίσις· τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν, ἰδοὺ γέγονεν καινά.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
ἐν Χριστῷ	en Christō	in Christ	union/incorporation formula	”in Christ”	Reuses the [TM baseline doctrine] Christian Identity in Christ (Critical) — identity grounded in union with Christ, not inherited religious-national identity	w Chrystusie [TM pattern] — Critical.
καινὴ κτίσις	kainē ktisis	new creation	(a) the individual believer transformed; (b) cosmic/eschatological new creation inaugurated	”new creation,” “new creature,” “made new”	CRITICAL doctrine anchor of the curriculum (“New Creation in Christ”). Must convey ontological, Spirit-wrought transformation, not moral self-improvement or a fresh start achieved by willpower	nowe stworzenie [NEW] — Critical. Human theologian review required on every occurrence per new doctrine-risk entry below.
τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν	ta archaia parēlthen	the old things passed away	the former state/order has ended, decisively and finally	”the old has passed away,” “the old has gone”	Definitive, not gradual/optional — parallels the decisive break of Romans 6’s “died to sin”	stare przeminęło [NEW] — High. Must not be softened into “is passing away” (implying an ongoing process one may resist).
γέγονεν καινά	gegonen kaina	have become new (perfect tense — completed act with ongoing result)	all things (τὰ πάντα, cf. 5:18) have already, decisively, become new	”the new has come,” “behold, new things have come”	Perfect tense signals accomplished fact, not future hope only	nastały nowe [NEW] — High. Verb tense/aspect must preserve “already accomplished,” not merely “will become new.”

5:18

Greek: τὰ δὲ πάντα ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ, τοῦ καταλλάξαντος ἡμᾶς ἑαυτῷ διὰ Χριστοῦ καὶ δόντος ἡμῖν τὴν διακονίαν τῆς καταλλαγῆς,

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ	ek tou theou	from God	source/origin	”from God,” “of God”	All of the preceding renewal originates in [TM] Bóg (God), not human achievement	od Boga [TM pattern] — Critical (inherits God’s own Critical risk tier).
καταλλάσσω	katallassō	reconcile, exchange enmity for peace	restore a broken relationship; move from hostility to peace	”reconcile,” “restore to favor”	CRITICAL doctrine anchor (“Reconciliation with God”). God himself is the reconciling agent; humanity is the reconciled party — must not read as humanity reconciling itself to God, nor as an achievement of the sacrament of confession	pojednać (się) [NEW] — Critical. See dedicated doctrine-risk note below (collision with the Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance).
διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς	diakonia tēs katallagēs	ministry/service of reconciliation	the specific task entrusted to the apostle(s)/church: proclaiming and mediating (not achieving) reconciliation	”ministry of reconciliation,” “message/task of reconciliation”	Defines apostolic ministry’s content and legitimacy — central to Sincerity/Apostolic Authority doctrine	służba pojednania [NEW] — Critical. See διακονία note below (risk of collapsing into the clerical office “diakon”).

5:19

Greek: ὡς ὅτι θεὸς ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ κόσμον καταλλάσσων ἑαυτῷ, μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα, καὶ θέμενος ἐν ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
θεὸς ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ	theos ēn en Christō	God was in Christ	God’s own reconciling action was enacted in and through Christ	”God was in Christ,” “God, in Christ, was…”	Christological/reconciliation statement affirming God’s direct agency through the incarnate Son ([TM] Syn Boży / wcielenie)	Bóg w Chrystusie [TM pattern] — Critical.
κόσμον καταλλάσσων	kosmon katallassōn	reconciling the world	universal scope of the reconciling offer	”reconciling the world,” “reconciling all people”	Reuses [TM baseline doctrine] Universal Scope of the Gospel (High) — offer extends to all, without ethnic/national restriction	jednając [z sobą] świat [NEW, using pojednanie root] — Critical.
μὴ λογιζόμενος	mē logizomenos	not counting, not reckoning	not imputing/crediting a debt or fault against someone	”not counting,” “not holding against,” “not imputing”	Same root (λογίζομαι) underlying [TM] imputed_righteousness / poczytana sprawiedliwość (Critical) — here the negative side: sins NOT imputed, corresponding to 5:21’s positive imputation of righteousness	nie poczytując [NEW, same root as TM “poczytana”] — Critical. This term must be recognized as the direct lexical counterpart of the Romans baseline’s “poczytana sprawiedliwość”; translators must use the “poczytać” word-family consistently across both doctrines (sin not imputed / righteousness imputed).
παράπτωμα	paraptōma	trespass, false step	moral failure/transgression; a near-synonym of ἁμαρτία but with a nuance of “false step, lapse"	"trespasses,” “transgressions,” “wrongdoings”	Distinct term from [TM] grzech (sin); should generally be rendered “przewinienie/upadek” to preserve the lexical distinction while conveying the same accountability	przewinienie [NEW] — Medium.
λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς	logos tēs katallagēs	word/message of reconciliation	the content of the gospel proclamation entrusted to the church	”message of reconciliation,” “word of reconciliation”	Parallel expression to διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς (5:18) — the message that content the ministry delivers	słowo pojednania [NEW] — Critical.

5:20

Greek: Ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ οὖν πρεσβεύομεν ὡς τοῦ θεοῦ παρακαλοῦντος διʼ ἡμῶν· δεόμεθα ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ, καταλλάγητε τῷ θεῷ.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
πρεσβεύω	presbeuō	act as an elder/envoy, serve as ambassador	represent a sovereign with delegated authority and message	”we are ambassadors,” “we act as envoys,” “we are Christ’s representatives”	High doctrine anchor (“Sincerity and Apostolic Authority” / Genuine Apostleship) — apostolic authority is derivative, representative, never self-generated	pełnimy poselstwo w imieniu Chrystusa [NEW] — High.
ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ	hyper Christou	on behalf of Christ	representative agency, repeated 2x in this verse	”on behalf of Christ,” “for Christ,” “in Christ’s place”	Reinforces that the apostolic appeal carries Christ’s own authority, not Paul’s personal agenda	w imieniu Chrystusa [NEW] — High.
παρακαλέω (here: appeal)	parakaleō	call to one’s side; appeal, urge, entreat (sense varies by context)	(a) exhort [TM: napominać]; (b) comfort/console [NEW: pocieszać]; (c) appeal/entreat (this verse)	“appealing,” “entreating,” “imploring,” “urging”	Here God himself is making an appeal through the apostles — the appeal, not command, is the mode of the reconciliation-ministry’s address	wzywać / błagać [NEW] — High. Context-sensitive polysemy flag: this is neither the “exhort” sense already fixed as “napominać” [TM] nor the “comfort” sense dominant in ch. 1 and 7; translators must select the “urgent appeal/entreaty” gloss here and must not default automatically to “napominać.”
δέομαι	deomai	beg, plead, implore	urgent request	”we plead,” “we beg,” “we implore”	Intensifies the appeal — apostolic ministry pleads rather than coerces	prosimy / błagamy [NEW] — Medium.
καταλλάγητε τῷ θεῷ	katallagēte tō theō	be reconciled to God (passive/permissive imperative)	receive/accept the reconciliation God has already accomplished	”be reconciled to God”	CRITICAL: the imperative is permissive/receptive, not causative — the appeal is to receive a reconciliation God has already achieved (5:18–19), not to achieve reconciliation through the hearer’s own effort, penance, or merit	pojednajcie się z Bogiem [NEW] — Critical. Must be rendered so as to preserve the passive/receptive force (Polish reflexive “pojednać się” naturally carries this), never a rendering implying self-accomplished reconciliation through works or ritual.

5:21

Greek: τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν, ἵνα ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ.

Original	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Polish rendering & risk
τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν	ton mē gnonta hamartian	the one who did not know sin	sinlessness — total, personal freedom from sin (not merely legal innocence)	“who had no sin,” “who knew no sin,” “the sinless one”	Affirms Christ’s sinlessness as the necessary basis for a valid substitution — foundational to the atonement’s validity	ten, który nie znał grzechu [NEW] — Critical. Must not be diluted to “who committed few sins” or any gradation of sinlessness.
ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν	hamartian epoiēsen	he made [to be] sin	God the Father made the sinless Christ “to be sin” in a forensic/representative sense — bearing sin’s guilt and penalty, not becoming sinful in nature or character	”made him to be sin,” “made him sin for us,” “he was made sin”	CRITICAL substitutionary atonement statement, using [TM] grzech. This is a legal/representative transaction (parallel to imputation, 5:19), not an ontological change in Christ’s moral character — Christ does not become a sinner; guilt/penalty is transferred to him	uczynił grzechem [NEW] — Critical. Requires an explicit translator/teaching note in every occurrence clarifying this is forensic/representative imputation of guilt, not a claim that Christ’s nature or character became sinful — see doctrine-risk entry below.
ἵνα ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ	hina hēmeis genōmetha dikaiosynē theou	so that we might become the righteousness of God	believers are credited/constituted as righteous by union with Christ — the positive counterpart of Christ becoming sin	”that we might become the righteousness of God,” “that we might be made righteous”	CRITICAL, directly reusing [TM] sprawiedliwość (righteousness, Critical) and [TM] poczytana sprawiedliwość (imputed righteousness, Critical). The double exchange (Christ made sin ↔ believers made righteousness) is the passage’s theological center and must be preserved as a forensic exchange, not gradual moral improvement	abyśmy się stali sprawiedliwością Bożą [TM pattern: sprawiedliwość] — Critical.
ἐν αὐτῷ	en autō	in him	union formula, parallel to ἐν Χριστῷ (5:17)	“in him”	Righteousness is possessed only “in Christ,” reinforcing Christian Identity in Christ (baseline doctrine)	w nim [TM pattern] — Critical.

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PART 2 — Chapter-by-Chapter Study, 2 Corinthians 1–13

Reused baseline (Romans) terms are marked [TM]; each is used in exactly the recorded Polish rendering. New terms proposed for the 2 Corinthians extension of translation memory are marked [NEW].

Chapter 1

Introduces the letter’s key relational and pastoral vocabulary.

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning in 2 Cor 1	Polish & risk
apostle	ἀπόστολος	apostolos	one sent with delegated authority	Paul’s self-identification and authority basis (1:1)	apostoł [TM] — Low, per baseline.
saints	ἅγιοι	hagioi	set-apart ones; all believers, corporate	”to all the saints… in Achaia” (1:1)	święci [TM] — Critical; requires the standard baseline note distinguishing corporate sainthood from canonized/venerated saints, exceptionally salient given the letter’s repeated use in chs. 8–9 and 13.
grace / peace	χάρις / εἰρήνη	charis / eirēnē	unmerited favor / relational peace	Standard Pauline greeting formula (1:2)	łaska [TM] — High; pokój [TM] — Medium.
Father of mercies	πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν	patēr tōn oiktirmōn	father characterized by compassion	God’s comforting character grounding the letter’s suffering/comfort theme	Ojciec [TM] miłosierdzia [NEW] — Medium. “Miłosierdzie” is the standard Polish Bible rendering, but is also the exact vocabulary of the intensely popular Divine Mercy devotion (Boże Miłosierdzie, St. Faustina, “Jezu, ufam Tobie”). This can function as a cultural bridge if the text’s own compassionate-Father sense is taught explicitly, but risks narrowing to the specific Divine Mercy devotional framework if left unexplained.
comfort / consolation	παράκλησις / παρακαλέω	paraklēsis / parakaleō	comfort, encouragement (noun/verb) — one of three senses of this word-family in the letter	God’s comfort in affliction is the dominant theme of 1:3–7	pociecha / pocieszać [NEW] — High. Doctrine anchor: “Suffering and Comfort in Ministry.” Do not default to the baseline’s “exhort” gloss (napominać, [TM], fixed for a different sense of parakaleō); this is the comfort sense. Flag every occurrence for sense-disambiguation.
affliction	θλῖψις	thlipsis	pressure, trouble, tribulation	Paul’s sufferings for the sake of ministry (1:4, 1:6, 1:8)	ucisk [NEW] — Medium.
seal / guarantee	σφραγίς / ἀρραβών	sphragis / arrabōn	mark of ownership / down payment guaranteeing future fulfillment	The Spirit as God’s seal on believers and pledge of future inheritance (1:22)	pieczęć [NEW] — Medium; rękojmia [NEW] — High. Connects directly to the baseline doctrine “Assurance of Salvation” (Critical in Romans); mistranslating “rękojmia” as a mere “gift” would weaken the legal-guarantee force.
sincerity	εἰλικρίνεια; also σοφία σαρκική (negatively)	eilikrineia; sophia sarkikē	purity of motive without hidden agenda; “fleshly wisdom” as its foil	Paul denies conducting himself “according to fleshly wisdom” (1:12) — anchors the “Sincerity and Apostolic Authority” doctrine from its first chapter	szczerość [NEW] — High; mądrość cielesna/ludzka [NEW] — Medium.
Amen	ἀμήν	amēn	so be it, confirmed	Liturgical confirmation formula (1:20)	Amen [per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md transliteration standard] — Low.

Chapter 2

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
forgive (grace-rooted)	χαρίζομαι	charizomai	to grant graciously, forgive as an act of grace	Forgiving the offending church member (2:7, 2:10) — lexically built on the χάρις (grace) root already fixed as łaska [TM]	wybaczyć / darować [NEW] — Medium. Note the etymological link to grace; a “gracious forgiving,” not mere tolerance.
Satan	σατανᾶς	satanas	adversary, the devil	Guarding against Satan’s “schemes” (2:11)	szatan [general vocabulary] — Low.
fragrance/aroma of Christ	εὐωδία / ὀσμή Χριστοῦ	euōdia / osmē Christou	pleasing smell; sacrificial-aroma imagery	Apostolic ministry pictured as an aroma pleasing to God, spreading Christ’s knowledge (2:14–16)	woń Chrystusa [NEW] — Medium.
peddling God’s word	καπηλεύω τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ	kapēleuō ton logon tou theou	to hawk/retail merchandise, i.e. treat as goods for profit	Contrast with false teachers who commercialize ministry (2:17) — direct polemical link to “Sincerity and Apostolic Authority”	kupczyć słowem Bożym [NEW] — Medium.

Chapter 3

The letter’s central New Covenant argument.

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
covenant / new covenant	διαθήκη / καινὴ διαθήκη	diathēkē / kainē diathēkē	relational covenant bond / the covenant inaugurated by Christ, superseding the Mosaic covenant	Central argument of ch. 3: ministers of a “new covenant,” superior in glory to the old (3:6, 3:14)	przymierze [TM] + nowe przymierze [NEW] — Critical. Note: the phrase “nowe i wieczne przymierze” already occurs in the Polish Catholic Mass’s words of consecration, which can be a cultural asset (familiar phrase) but risks narrowing “nowe przymierze” to a strictly Eucharistic-liturgical referent rather than 2 Corinthians 3’s broader argument about the Spirit-written, glory-surpassing covenant.
letter / Spirit	γράμμα / πνεῦμα	gramma / pneuma	written text/law / the life-giving Spirit	”The letter kills, but the Spirit gives life” (3:6) — contrast between the old covenant’s external code and the new covenant’s internal, Spirit-empowered transformation	litera / Duch [NEW] — High. Must not be read as denigrating Scripture itself (which Paul elsewhere calls inspired, cf. Romans baseline doctrine “Inspiration of Scripture”); the contrast is covenant-administration, not written-text-versus-spirit-in-general.
veil	κάλυμμα	kalymma	a covering, veil	Moses’ veil and the veiled minds of those who reject Christ (3:13–16)	zasłona [NEW] — Medium.
glory	δόξα	doxa	radiant honor, visible splendor	The fading glory of the old covenant vs. the surpassing, unfading glory of the new (3:7–11, 18)	chwała [TM] — Medium (per baseline); here intensified by direct contrast between covenants — flag for native-speaker review to ensure the comparative (“greater glory”) force is not lost.
transformed	μεταμορφόω	metamorphoō	to change form, be transfigured	Believers “being transformed” into Christ’s likeness by beholding his glory (3:18) — parallel but distinct term from Romans 12:2’s transformation language	przemieniać się [NEW] — High. Doctrine: Sanctification ([TM] uświęcenie doctrine cross-reference); ensure the present-tense, ongoing, Spirit-wrought sense (not a single past event) is preserved.
freedom	ἐλευθερία	eleutheria	liberty, freedom	”Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom” (3:17)	wolność [general vocabulary] — Medium.

Chapter 4

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
ministry	διακονία	diakonia	service, appointed task	”since we have this ministry” (4:1) — see full note under διακονία below	służba [NEW] — High.
god of this age	ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου	ho theos tou aiōnos toutou	”the god of this age/world” — a title for Satan as a usurping, false object of worship	Satan blinding the minds of unbelievers (4:4)	“bóg” tego świata (lowercase) [NEW] — Critical. Polish capitalization (Bóg = the true God [TM, Critical] vs. bóg = a false deity) is itself doctrinally load-bearing; a capitalization error here would imply theological dualism or a rival true deity. Requires explicit style-guide enforcement and human theologian review on every occurrence.
image of God	εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ	eikōn tou theou	visible representation/likeness of God	Christ as “the image of God,” whose glory is veiled to unbelievers (4:4)	obraz Boga [NEW] — High. Ties to Deity of Christ (baseline Critical doctrine); must not be softened to “an image” among several, nor to the distinct (and lower) sense in which humanity generally bears God’s image.
treasure in jars of clay	θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν	thesauros en ostrakinois skeuesin	valuable content / fragile earthenware containers	The gospel’s power housed in fragile human ministers, so that the power is recognized as God’s, not the ministers’ (4:7)	skarb [NEW] — Low; naczynia gliniane [NEW] — Medium. Doctrine anchor: “Power in Weakness.”
outer/inner man	ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος	exō anthrōpos / esō anthrōpos	outward/physical person / inward/spiritual person	The outer self wastes away while the inner self is renewed daily (4:16)	człowiek zewnętrzny / człowiek wewnętrzny [NEW] — Low.
eternal weight of glory	αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης	aiōnion baros doxēs	eternal, weighty/substantial glory	Present affliction is “light” compared to the surpassing eternal glory it produces (4:17)	brzemię chwały / nieprzemijająca chwała [NEW] — Medium.

Chapter 5

Contains the core passage (5:11–21, treated fully in Part 1). This section covers the remaining load-bearing terms of 5:1–10.

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
earthly tent / heavenly dwelling	ἐπίγειος οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους / οἰκοδομὴν ἐκ θεοῦ	epigeios oikia tou skēnous / oikodomēn ek theou	earthly, temporary tent-dwelling (the body) / a building from God (the resurrection body)	The mortal body as temporary housing, awaiting the permanent resurrection body (5:1–4)	namiot ziemski / budowla od Boga [NEW] — Medium. Ties to Resurrection doctrine ([TM], Critical).
down payment of the Spirit	ἀρραβὼν τοῦ Πνεύματος	arrabōn tou Pneumatos	guarantee/pledge (same term as 1:22)	The Spirit given as guarantee of the future resurrection body (5:5)	rękojmia Ducha [NEW] — High, per the Ch. 1 note above.
walk by faith, not by sight	διὰ πίστεως … οὐ διὰ εἴδους	dia pisteōs … ou dia eidous	through faith … not through visible appearance	Believers’ present confidence rests on faith, not empirical sight (5:7)	[TM] wiara reused — Critical, per baseline.
judgment seat of Christ	βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	bēma tou Christou	tribunal, judgment platform	Every believer’s works will be evaluated before Christ’s tribunal (5:10)	trybunał Chrystusa [NEW] — High. Must be clearly distinguished from the Roman Catholic doctrine of a post-mortem purgatorial purification process (czyściec); this is Christ’s evaluation of works for reward/commendation, not a process completing unfinished sanctification or atoning for remaining sin — the believer’s standing before God (justification) is already settled (Romans baseline, Critical doctrine “Justification”).

Chapter 6

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
fellow workers	συνεργοῦντες	synergountes	working together with (God)	Paul appeals as one working together with God (6:1)	współpracownicy [general vocabulary] — Low; note potential (but here minor) resonance with synergism/monergism debates already flagged in the Romans baseline under “election” — low risk in this context since it concerns ministry cooperation, not the mechanics of justification.
unequally yoked	ἑτεροζυγέω (μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες)	heterozygeō	to be mismatched under a single yoke	Call to distinct, holy living, not compromising partnership with unbelief (6:14)	nie wprzęgać się w jedno jarzmo [NEW] — Medium.
righteousness / lawlessness; light / darkness	δικαιοσύνη/ἀνομία; φῶς/σκότος	dikaiosynē/anomia; phōs/skotos	paired ethical-spiritual contrasts	Rhetorical contrasts reinforcing the “unequally yoked” appeal (6:14)	sprawiedliwość [TM] reused — Critical; światło/ciemność [general vocabulary] — Low.
Belial	Βελίαρ	Beliar	a name for Satan (hapax legomenon in the NT)	Contrast: “Christ” vs. “Belial” (6:15)	Belial [NEW, transliterated proper noun] — Low-Medium. Rare/obscure to modern Polish readers; recommend a brief explanatory footnote identifying it with Satan.
temple of God	ναὸς θεοῦ	naos theou	the sanctuary, God’s dwelling place	Believers collectively as God’s temple (6:16)	świątynia Boga [NEW] — Medium.
sons and daughters	υἱοὺς καὶ θυγατέρας	huious kai thygateras	full filial status, both genders	Quotes 2 Sam. 7/Isa. 43 covenant-family language; parallels [TM] usynowienie (adoption) doctrine	synowie i córki [TM-pattern via usynowienie] — Medium.

Chapter 7

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
comfort	παράκλησις	paraklēsis	see Ch. 1 note	Titus’s arrival brings comfort amid affliction (7:4–7, 7:13)	pociecha [NEW] — High, per Ch. 1 entry.
godly sorrow / worldly sorrow	λύπη κατὰ θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου	lypē kata theon / lypē tou kosmou	grief aligned with God’s purposes (leads to repentance and life) / grief without spiritual fruit (leads to death)	Central distinction of 7:8–11	smutek według Boga / smutek światowy [NEW] — Medium.
repentance	μετάνοια	metanoia	a change of mind/heart; turning	Godly sorrow “produces repentance … leading to salvation” (7:9–10)	nawrócenie [NEW] (preferred) or upamiętanie [NEW] (alternative) — Critical. AVOID “pokuta.” In Polish Catholic usage “pokuta” is tied specifically to the Sacrament of Penance (Sakrament pokuty i pojednania) — auricular confession, priestly absolution, and assigned penitential acts. Romans’ and 2 Corinthians’ μετάνοια denotes an inward change of heart and direction, not a sacramental transaction; using “pokuta” risks collapsing this into the sacramental system. This mirrors the baseline’s existing “sanctification/czyściec” and “salvation/sacramental automaticity” cautions and should be added to the doctrine risk registry as its own entry (see below).
fear and trembling	φόβος καὶ τρόμος	phobos kai tromos	reverent, earnest concern	The Corinthians’ earnest response to Titus (7:15)	bojaźń i drżenie [NEW] — Low.

Chapter 8

The generosity/collection chapters begin; χάρις (grace) takes on an extended sense.

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
grace (extended sense: generous gift/enablement)	χάρις	charis	(a) unmerited salvific favor [TM, Critical]; (b) here, God’s gracious enablement producing generous giving	”the grace of God” given to the Macedonian churches, resulting in generous giving (8:1); “see that you excel in this grace also” (8:7)	łaska [TM] reused — High. Semantic range note: translators must recognize this expanded, non-soteriological-but-still-grace-rooted sense (grace as the source of generosity) without treating it as a separate doctrine from justifying grace — both flow from the same divine character. Flag for native speaker review whenever “łaska” appears in chs. 8–9’s financial context, to ensure readers do not read generosity as a means of earning grace (reversing Romans’ grace/works contrast).
church	ἐκκλησία	ekklēsia	the assembled congregation	”the churches of Macedonia” (8:1); Titus’s traveling companion “appointed by the churches” (8:19, 23)	kościół [TM] — Medium, per baseline; distinguish local congregations here from the capitalized institutional “Kościół” sense.
equality	ἰσότης	isotēs	fairness, proportional balance	The goal of the collection: relieving need through mutual sharing, not enforced sameness (8:13–14)	równość [NEW] — Medium.
fellowship (in giving)	κοινωνία	koinōnia	shared participation	”the fellowship/participation in the ministry to the saints” (8:4)	wspólnota [TM] reused — Low, per baseline; here specifically shared financial participation.
ministry (of/to the saints)	διακονία	diakonia	service, task	The collection itself described as “ministry” (8:4, 19–20; 9:1, 12–13)	służba [NEW] — High, per full note below.
apostles (generic, lower-case sense)	ἀπόστολοι (ἐκκλησιῶν)	apostoloi ekklēsiōn	messengers/delegates sent by the churches	”messengers of the churches” carrying the collection (8:23) — a generic sense, distinct from Paul’s own technical apostolic office	wysłannicy zborów / posłowie kościołów [NEW] — Medium. Context-sensitive, parallel to the baseline’s existing caution on “called” (klētos): the same Greek word (apostolos) here denotes an ordinary church delegate, not the foundational office; must not be capitalized or elevated as though claiming the Twelve’s authority.

Chapter 9

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
cheerful giver	ἱλαρὸς δότης	hilaros dotēs	one who gives gladly, without reluctance	”God loves a cheerful giver” (9:7)	radosny dawca [NEW] — Low.
sowing and reaping	σπείρω / θερίζω	speirō / therizō	agricultural metaphor for cause and consequence	Generosity described as sowing that yields a harvest (9:6, 9:10)	siać / zbierać żniwo [NEW] — Low. Must not be read as a “sow financial seed, reap financial prosperity” formula (prosperity-gospel risk); context (9:8–11) frames the “harvest” as increased capacity for further generosity and righteousness, not guaranteed material wealth. Flag Medium for teaching context though lexically Low.
righteousness	δικαιοσύνη	dikaiosynē	see baseline	”the harvest of your righteousness” (9:10)	sprawiedliwość [TM] reused — Critical.
thanksgiving	εὐχαριστία	eucharistia	grateful acknowledgment	The collection results in “many thanksgivings to God” (9:11–12)	dziękczynienie [TM] reused — Low.
collection/gift-fund	λογία	logia	a monetary collection	The Jerusalem collection itself (mentioned across chs. 8–9, esp. 1 Cor. 16:1 parallel, and implied throughout ch. 9)	zbiórka [NEW] — Low.
”thanks be to God” idiom	χάρις τῷ θεῷ	charis tō theō	idiomatic thanksgiving formula using the “grace” word	”Thanks be to God for his indescribable gift” (9:15); also 2:14, 8:16	dzięki Bogu [NEW] — NOT “łaska Bogu” — High exception flag. This is the one recurring context where the word χάρις should NOT be rendered with the fixed term łaska [TM]; established Polish Bible tradition renders this idiom as “dzięki Bogu” (thanks be to God), matching the thanksgiving sense, not the grace-doctrine sense. Blanket enforcement of “łaska” here would produce an unnatural and doctrinally confusing rendering. Record as an explicit exception in translation memory.

Chapter 10

Boasting vocabulary intensifies as Paul confronts the rival teachers.

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
boasting	καύχησις / καύχημα / καυχάομαι	kauchēsis / kauchēma / kauchaomai	to glory in, take pride in, boast — negative (self-exalting) or positive (glorying in the Lord) depending on object	Paul redefines legitimate boasting as boasting “in the Lord” (10:17, citing Jer. 9:24), against the rivals’ self-commendation	chlubić się (positive, in the Lord) / chełpić się (negative, self-exalting) [NEW] — High. Context-sensitive; doctrine anchor for both “Genuine vs. False Apostleship” and “Power in Weakness” (fully realized in ch. 11–12).
flesh (warfare sense)	σάρξ (κατὰ σάρκα, ἐν σαρκί)	sarx	see Ch. 5 note; here in a military metaphor: not waging war “according to the flesh”	Paul’s spiritual warfare is not conducted by worldly/human means (10:3–4)	ciało [NEW, per Ch. 5 entry] — Medium. Distinguish this metaphorical-military sense from both the anthropological sense (5:16) and the moral sense (11:18).
measure/rule	κανών	kanōn	a measuring rod; standard, sphere of assigned responsibility	Paul boasts only within the “measure/sphere” God assigned him (10:13–16)	miara / zakres [NEW] — Low.
self-comparison	συγκρίνω	synkrinō	to compare, measure oneself against others	Paul refuses to compare himself with those who commend themselves (10:12)	porównywać się [general vocabulary] — Low.

Chapter 11

The “false apostles” polemic; central to Genuine vs. False Apostleship.

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
different Jesus / different spirit / different gospel	ἄλλος Ἰησοῦς / ἕτερον πνεῦμα / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον	allos Iēsous / heteron pneuma / heteron euangelion	a Jesus/spirit/gospel other than the one Paul preached	The rivals’ proclamation is fundamentally different in substance, not a mere variation (11:4)	inny Jezus / inny duch / inna ewangelia [NEW] — Critical. Directly implicates [TM] Jezus (Critical), [TM] Duch Święty (Critical, by contrast), and [TM] Ewangelia (High). Must be rendered so the reader understands these as illegitimate substitutes, not acceptable alternative expressions of the same faith.
simplicity/sincerity	ἁπλότης	haplotēs	singleness of devotion, unmixed sincerity	The Corinthians’ devotion to Christ compared to a bride’s single-hearted devotion (11:3)	prostota [NEW] — High.
pure virgin (bridal imagery)	παρθένος ἁγνή	parthenos hagnē	a chaste, unmarried woman pledged to one husband	The church betrothed to Christ as “one husband,” to be presented pure (11:2–3)	czysta dziewica [NEW] — High. Corporate, ecclesial bridal imagery (the church as Christ’s bride) risks conflation with Poland’s intense Marian purity devotion (Immaculate Conception, veneration of Mary’s virginity); must be taught explicitly as corporate-church imagery, not a statement about any individual woman or about Mary specifically.
super-apostles	οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι	hoi hyperlian apostoloi	the “super-eminent” apostles — an ironic superlative	Paul’s sarcastic label for the rival teachers claiming superior credentials (11:5, 12:11)	arcyapostołowie [NEW] — High. The irony/sarcasm of the Greek superlative must be preserved; a flat, non-ironic rendering risks the reader accepting the rivals’ self-description at face value.
false apostles	ψευδαπόστολοι	pseudapostoloi	counterfeit apostles	Direct denunciation (11:13)	fałszywi apostołowie [NEW] — High, using established [TM] apostoł.
angel of light	ἄγγελος φωτός	angelos phōtos	a being of deceptive, false brilliance	Satan disguises himself as an angel of light; so do his servants (11:14–15)	anioł światłości [NEW] — Medium.
ministers of Satan	διάκονοι … τοῦ σατανᾶ	diakonoi tou satana	servants/agents of Satan	The false apostles’ true master, despite disguising themselves as “ministers of righteousness” (11:15)	słudzy szatana [NEW] — Medium; contrasted with διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης → słudzy sprawiedliwości [NEW], Medium.
boasting according to the flesh	κατὰ σάρκα καυχᾶσθαι	kata sarka kauchasthai	boasting rooted in worldly credentials	Paul reluctantly “boasts” of his sufferings, following the false apostles’ own worldly game, to expose it (11:18, 11:21)	chlubić się według ciała [NEW] — High, combining the two term-families above.

Chapter 12

The “Power in Weakness” doctrine reaches its clearest expression.

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
paradise / third heaven	παράδεισος / τρίτος οὐρανός	paradeisos / tritos ouranos	the abode of God’s presence / a Jewish cosmological designation for the highest heaven	Paul’s visionary experience (12:1–4), recounted reluctantly	raj [NEW] — Low; trzecie niebo [NEW] — Low.
thorn in the flesh	σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	skolops tē sarki	a sharp stake, thorn, or splinter	A persistent affliction given to keep Paul humble (12:7)	cierń w ciele [NEW] — Medium. Some Polish Bible traditions (Biblia Tysiąclecia) render this “oścień dla ciała” (goad); note both as acceptable, but standardize on one for consistency.
weakness	ἀσθένεια	astheneia	frailty, lack of strength/capacity	”I am content with weaknesses … for when I am weak, then I am strong” (12:9–10) — the doctrinal center of “Power in Weakness”	słabość [NEW] — High. Must be preserved as a paradox (strength precisely through, not despite or after overcoming, weakness); risk of readers resolving the paradox toward either triumphalist strength-focus or fatalistic resignation.
grace is sufficient	ἡ χάρις μου ἀρκεῖ σοι	hē charis mou arkei soi	God’s grace is enough, adequate	Christ’s answer to Paul’s prayer for the thorn’s removal (12:9)	łaska [TM] reused — High, per baseline; the “sufficiency” framing here directly reinforces the grace/self-sufficiency contrast central to Romans’ grace doctrine.
power of Christ	δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ	dynamis tou Christou	Christ’s own power/capability, “resting on” or “dwelling in” Paul	”That the power of Christ may rest upon me” (12:9)	moc Chrystusa, cf. [TM] moc Boża — High.
signs of a true apostle	σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου	sēmeia tou apostolou	attesting marks/proofs	Paul’s ministry authenticated by signs, wonders, and endurance (12:12)	znaki apostoła [NEW] — Medium.
revelations	ἀποκαλύψεις	apokalypseis	disclosures of hidden divine truth	The abundance of Paul’s revelations, balanced by the thorn (12:1, 12:7)	objawienia [general vocabulary] — Medium.

Chapter 13

Closing exhortations, self-examination, and the letter’s trinitarian benediction.

Term	Original	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	Contextual meaning	Polish & risk
tested/proven character	δοκιμή / δόκιμος / δοκιμάζω	dokimē / dokimos / dokimazō	tested and approved through trial (recurring across the letter: 2:9; 8:2, 8, 22; 9:13; 13:3, 5–7)	“Examine yourselves, to see whether you are in the faith… do you not realize that Jesus Christ is in you?” (13:5) — the letter’s climactic test of “Genuine vs. False Apostleship” applied reflexively to the Corinthians’ own faith	próba / wypróbowany / badać (siebie) [NEW] — High. A recurring, load-bearing term-family across the whole letter; must be rendered consistently to preserve the reader’s ability to trace this thread from 2:9 through 13:5.
faith (self-examination)	πίστις	pistis	see baseline	”Examine yourselves, to see whether you are in the faith” (13:5)	[TM] wiara reused — Critical, per baseline; especially salient given the baseline’s caution against “wiara” collapsing into inherited national-cultural identity — self-examination here demands personal, examinable trust in Christ, precisely counter to an inherited, unexamined identity.
holy kiss	ἅγιον φίλημα	hagion philēma	a customary greeting gesture, sanctified	”Greet one another with a holy kiss” (13:12)	święte pocałowanie [NEW] — Low, using established [TM] święty.
saints (greeting)	ἅγιοι	hagioi	see Ch. 1	”All the saints greet you” (13:12/13)	święci [TM] reused — Critical, per baseline note.
trinitarian benediction	ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος	hē charis… kai hē agapē… kai hē koinōnia…	“the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit”	The letter’s closing benediction (13:13/14) — an early, implicit trinitarian formula naming all three Persons together in a single act of blessing	Composed entirely of already-established baseline terms: łaska [TM] / Pan [TM] / Jezus Chrystus [TM] / Bóg [TM] / wspólnota [TM] / Duch Święty [TM] — Critical as a set. Though lexically low-risk (every component term is already fixed), the combination carries high doctrinal weight as an early trinitarian confession and must render all three Persons with equal syntactic weight, without subordinating any one Person’s mention to the others. Flag for human theologian review per the baseline’s Trinity/Christology escalation pattern.

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Summary of Coverage

All thirteen chapters of 2 Corinthians have been surveyed. Chapters 1–13 each contribute load-bearing theological vocabulary; none is a doctrinal blank. The core passage (5:11–21) received full verse-by-verse treatment in Part 1; surrounding chapter 5 material (5:1–10) and all other chapters received chapter-level treatment in Part 2. New terms proposed here for extension of the translation memory are consolidated with full detail in 08_core_glossary.md.