Core Glossary
Core Glossary — James (Jakuba)
Destination language: Polish
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json for the James curriculum. Terms already recorded in the baseline are marked “REUSED (baseline)” and their baseline rendering is repeated verbatim — no alternative rendering is proposed. New terms introduced by James are marked “NEW” and are proposed here for addition to translation memory at the recorded risk tier, pending theologian review for all Critical/High entries per the baseline’s escalation rules.
A. Reused Baseline Terms (apply exactly as recorded in translation_memory.json)
| Term (English) | Original | Polish rendering | Risk (baseline) | Key James occurrences | James-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faith | πίστις | wiara | Critical | 1:3,6; 2:1,5,14-26; 5:15 | James exposes counterfeit faith (bare profession) — the term itself is unchanged, but every occurrence in 2:14-26 requires the “claimed vs. living faith” disambiguating note. |
| Grace | χάρις | łaska | High | 4:6 | Quotes Proverbs 3:34; reapply baseline’s grace-not-merit guardrail. |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | sprawiedliwość | Critical | 2:23; 3:18; 5:6,16 | 3:18 “fruit of righteousness sown in peace” — practical/ethical sense; 5:6,16 — character/conduct sense; 2:23 — forensic/imputed sense (Genesis 15:6 quotation). All three senses must be distinguished in teaching notes while sharing one Polish lexeme, consistent with baseline practice. |
| Justification / Justified | δικαιόω / δικαίωσις | usprawiedliwienie / usprawiedliwiony | Critical | 2:21,24,25 | Top harmonization priority for this curriculum. See mandatory translator note at James 2:21-24 in 07_semantic_analysis.md: James’s vindicative/demonstrative sense must never be flattened into, nor taught as contradicting, Paul’s forensic sense in Romans. |
| Imputed righteousness | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | poczytana sprawiedliwość | Critical | 2:23 | Identical Genesis 15:6 quotation as Romans 4:3. MUST use the exact baseline phrase. Never render as “sprawiedliwość wlana” (forbidden per baseline). |
| Law | νόμος | Prawo | High | 1:25; 2:8-12; 4:11 | James’s “law of liberty” (1:25; 2:12) and “royal law” (2:8) are positive/liberating framings of the same term — must not read as legalistic bondage. |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | grzech | Medium | 1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-16,20 | Standard; James adds the “sin as the offspring of desire and the parent of death” causal chain (1:15) and communal confession context (5:16) — no change to core rendering. |
| Glory | δόξα | chwała | Medium/High | 2:1 | ”our glorious Lord Jesus Christ” (τῆς δόξης) — standard rendering; reinforces deity_of_christ. |
| Lord | κύριος | Pan | Critical | throughout (1:1,7; 2:1; 4:10,15; 5:4,7-8,10-11,14-15) | Exclusive, supreme lordship sense fully applies; also renders titles “Lord of Sabaoth” (Pan Zastępów) and “the Lord’s coming” (przyjście Pana). |
| God | θεός | Bóg | Critical | throughout | Standard. |
| Jesus (Christ) | Ἰησοῦς (Χριστός) | Jezus (Chrystus) | Critical | 1:1; 2:1 | Standard established forms. |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | pokój | Medium | 2:16; 3:18 | 2:16 — ironic/empty use (hollow farewell); 3:18 — positive fruit-of-righteousness use. Same lexeme, opposite rhetorical valence — context must carry the distinction, per baseline guidance on context-sensitive terms. |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία (τοῦ θεοῦ) | królestwo (Boże) | Medium | 2:5 | ”heirs of the kingdom” — standard reuse. |
| Church | ἐκκλησία | kościół | Medium | 5:14 | James’s only ἐκκλησία occurrence; συναγωγή (2:2) refers to the same reality with a different Greek term — do not render συναγωγή as “kościół,” see New Terms table below. |
B. New Terms Introduced by James (proposed additions to translation memory)
| id | English gloss | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Polish rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Key passages | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| works | works (deeds) | ἔργα | erga | czyny | Faith and Works | Critical | 2:14-26; 1:25 (“doer of the word”) | “zasługi” (merits); “uczynki zasługujące” (meritorious deeds) | Must never carry Tridentine merit-cooperation connotation; denotes observable, faith-verifying conduct, not a parallel meritorious basis for salvation alongside grace. |
| dead_faith | dead (of faith) | νεκρά | nekra | martwa | Faith and Works | Critical | 2:17,20,26 | ”niepełna” (incomplete); “słaba” (weak) | Diagnostic category: faith without works is not weak faith but no living faith at all. Must not be read as implying works generate spiritual life (causative), only that they evidence it (diagnostic). |
| show_demonstrate | to show/demonstrate | δείκνυμι | deiknymi | wykazać / pokazać | Faith and Works | High | 2:18 | ”udowodnić” (prove, in a legalistic-merit sense) | Evidentiary demonstration of genuine faith, not proof of worthiness earning salvation. |
| perfected_matured | perfected, completed, matured | τελειόω | teleioō | dopełnić się / dojść do pełni | Faith and Works | High | 2:22; cf. 1:4 τέλειος | ”ukończona” alone (implying prior invalidity) | Faith reaches its intended, mature, visible expression through works; connects to 1:4’s τέλειος (maturity theme). |
| mature_complete | perfect, mature, complete | τέλειος | teleios | dojrzały / doskonały | Faith and Works; Trials | Medium-High | 1:4; 3:2 | ”bezgrzeszny” (sinless) framing | Prefer “dojrzały” over “doskonały” where sinless-perfection misreading is a risk, given Polish devotional associations of “doskonałość.” |
| friend_of_god | friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ | philos theou | przyjaciel Boga | Faith and Works; Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | Medium | 2:23; cf. 4:4 | — | Positive counterpart to φιλία τοῦ κόσμου (4:4); intentional structural contrast within the letter. |
| trial_temptation | trial / temptation | πειρασμός | peirasmos | próba (trial) / pokuszenie (temptation) | Trials and the Testing of Faith | High | 1:2,12-14 | single blanket rendering across both senses | Same Greek word covers two distinct English/Polish concepts; context-sensitive dual rendering mandatory with translator note at each shift. |
| endurance | endurance, steadfastness | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | wytrwałość | Trials and the Testing of Faith; Patience and the Lord’s Return | High | 1:3-4; 5:11 | conflating with “cierpliwość” | Distinguish from μακροθυμία/cierpliwość (below); endurance under pressure vs. patient forbearance/waiting. |
| double_minded | double-minded, double-souled | δίψυχος | dipsychos | człowiek o rozdwojonym umyśle / niezdecydowany | Trials and the Testing of Faith | Medium | 1:8; 4:8 | ”niepewny” alone (too weak) | Deeper spiritual instability than mere uncertainty. |
| wisdom_from_above | wisdom | σοφία (ἄνωθεν) | sophia (anōthen) | mądrość (z góry / od Boga) | Wisdom from Above | Critical | 1:5; 3:13-18 | equating with worldly cleverness or esoteric/occult insight | Central positive doctrine term; defined by its ethical fruit (3:17), contrasted explicitly with δαιμονιώδης (demonic) wisdom. |
| demonic_wisdom | demonic, devilish | δαιμονιώδης | daimoniōdēs | demoniczna / szatańska | Wisdom from Above | High | 3:15 | softening to “worldly” or “unhealthy” only | Explicit spiritual-source claim must be retained. |
| jealousy_selfish_ambition | jealousy / selfish ambition | ζῆλος / ἐριθεία | zēlos / eritheia | zazdrość / samolubna ambicja | Wisdom from Above | Medium | 3:14,16; cf. 4:1-2 | — | Roots of false wisdom and of communal conflict (Ch.4). |
| favoritism | favoritism, partiality | προσωπολημψία | prosōpolēmpsia | stronniczość / wzgląd na osobę | Favoritism and the Poor | High | 2:1,9 | — | Congregational/practiced sin, not merely private attitude; contradicts God’s own impartial character. |
| synagogue_assembly | assembly, synagogue | συναγωγή | synagōgē | zgromadzenie / zebranie | Favoritism and the Poor; Church as God’s People | Medium | 2:2 | transliterating as “synagoga” | Refers to the Christian gathering in James’s very early Jewish-Christian setting, not a distinct Jewish institution; do not confuse the referent. |
| royal_law | royal law | νόμος βασιλικός | nomos basilikos | Prawo królewskie | Favoritism and the Poor | Medium-High | 2:8 | — | The love-of-neighbor command treated as the law’s summary/apex. |
| mercy | mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | miłosierdzie | Favoritism and the Poor | Medium | 2:13; 3:17; 5:11 | conflating with χάρις/łaska | Distinct but related to grace; compassion toward the suffering/guilty, not the specific unmerited-favor-for-salvation category. |
| tongue | tongue (speech) | γλῶσσα | glōssa | język | Taming the Tongue | Medium | 1:26; 3:1-12 | — | Context always disambiguates from “język” = language. |
| bridle_tongue | to bridle, control | χαλιναγωγέω | chalinagōgeō | okiełznać / trzymać na wędzy | Taming the Tongue | Medium | 1:26; 3:2-3 | — | Natural idiomatic Polish equestrian metaphor available. |
| gehenna_hell | Gehenna, hell | γέεννα | geenna | Gehenna / piekło | Taming the Tongue | High | 3:6 | collapsing into generic folk “piekło” imagery without NT background | Prefer transliterated “Gehenna” with gloss, per established Polish Bible precedent. |
| image_likeness_of_god | likeness of God | ὁμοίωσις θεοῦ | homoiōsis theou | podobieństwo Boże | Taming the Tongue | High | 3:9 | — | Grounds speech ethics in the doctrine of the image of God (Genesis 1:26 echo). |
| worldliness | the world (as God-opposed system) | κόσμος | kosmos | świat | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Critical | 1:27; 4:4 | reading as condemning material creation/culture per se | Denotes the God-opposed value-system, a rival allegiance — not physical creation or ordinary social life. |
| friendship_with_world | friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου | philia tou kosmou | przyjaźń ze światem | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Critical | 4:4 | — | Paired with ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ; mutually exclusive allegiances; direct contrast with φίλος θεοῦ (2:23). |
| enmity_with_god | enmity with God | ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ | echthra tou theou | wrogość z Bogiem / wrogość wobec Boga | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Critical | 4:4 | — | See above. |
| desire_lust | desire, craving, lust | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | pożądliwość | Worldliness versus Friendship with God; Trials | High | 1:14-15; 4:1-2 | neutral “chęć/pragnienie” | Consistently negative/disordered sense throughout James; root of internal conflict and of sin’s causal chain (1:15). |
| submit_resist | submit / resist | ὑποτάγητε / ἀντίστητε | hypotagēte / antistēte | poddajcie się (Bogu) / przeciwstawcie się (diabłu) | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Medium-High | 4:7 | — | Paired imperatives; submission grounds resistance. |
| devil | devil | διάβολος | diabolos | diabeł | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | Medium | 4:7 | — | Personal spiritual adversary, standard and unambiguous. |
| lord_willing | if the Lord wills | ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ | ean ho Kyrios thelēsē | jeśli Pan zechce | Providence (reuses baseline doctrine) | Medium-High | 4:13-15 | fatalistic “jak Bóg da” folk-idiom without providential content | Extends baseline providence (opatrzność Boża) to everyday planning. |
| lord_of_hosts | Lord of Sabaoth/hosts | Κύριος Σαβαώθ | Kyrios Sabaōth | Pan Zastępów | Favoritism and the Poor | Medium-High | 5:4 | — | Standard Polish OT-tradition title. |
| patience_longsuffering | patience, longsuffering | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | cierpliwość | Patience and the Lord’s Return | High | 5:7-8,10 | conflating with ὑπομονή/wytrwałość | Patient forbearance/waiting on God’s timing and toward others, distinct from endurance under pressure. |
| lords_coming | the Lord’s coming, parousia | παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου | parousia tou Kyriou | przyjście Pana (paruzja) | Patience and the Lord’s Return | Critical | 5:7-8 | vague symbolic-presence reading | Concrete, personal, future, bodily return of Christ; theologian review required. |
| the_righteous_one | the righteous (person) | δίκαιος | dikaios | sprawiedliwy | Faith and Works (extension) | High | 5:6,16 | — | Character/conduct sense; must be distinguished in teaching from the forensic sense (baseline Romans usage) while sharing the same Polish lexeme. |
| anoint_with_oil | to anoint with oil | ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ | aleiphō elaiō | namaścić olejem | Prayer and Healing | Critical | 5:14 | presenting as equivalent to, or replacement/critique of, the Catholic Sakrament chorych | Congregational elders’ prayer-with-anointing for restoration to health, not a clergy-exclusive sacramental rite reserved for the dying. Mandatory theologian review and pastorally sensitive framing required. |
| elders_of_church | elders of the church | πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας | presbyteroi tēs ekklēsias | starsi kościoła / starsi zboru | Prayer and Healing; Church as God’s People | High | 5:14 | — | Register choice (“kościoła” vs. “zboru”) flagged for native-speaker review given mixed Catholic/Evangelical audience. |
| prayer_of_faith | the prayer of faith | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως | euchē tēs pisteōs | modlitwa wiary | Prayer and Healing | High | 5:15 | — | σῴζω here = physical healing (uzdrowić), disambiguated from 2:14’s eschatological σῴζω (zbawić). |
| confess_to_one_another | confess your sins to one another | ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας | exomologeisthe allēlois tas hamartias | wyznawajcie sobie nawzajem grzechy | Confession and Restoration | Critical | 5:16 | presenting as equivalent to, or replacement/critique of, Sakrament pokuty i pojednania | Mutual, horizontal, congregational confession-practice, distinct from and not contradicting sacramental confession to a priest. Mandatory theologian review, pastorally sensitive framing required. |
| effective_prayer | prayer, being effective/at work | δέησις ἐνεργουμένη | deēsis energoumenē | modlitwa czynna/skuteczna | Prayer and Healing | High | 5:16 | mechanical/magical-force reading | Power flows from relationship with God, not a formula or independent force. |
| turn_back_restore | to turn back, restore (a straying sinner) | ἐπιστρέφω | epistrephō | odwrócić (grzesznika) / przywrócić | Confession and Restoration | High | 5:19-20 | — | Community’s active responsibility toward a straying member. |
| cover_multitude_of_sins | will cover a multitude of sins | καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | kalypsei plēthos hamartiōn | zakryje wiele grzechów / zakryje mnóstwo grzechów | Confession and Restoration | Critical | 5:20 | reading as human merit atoning for sin, rivaling Christ’s finished work | Figurative relational-restoration language operating within, not competing with, Christ’s atonement (cf. baseline grace/salvation guardrails). |
| pure_religion | (pure) religion | θρησκεία (καθαρὰ) | thrēskeia (kathara) | pobożność / religia (czysta) | Wisdom from Above (practical piety); general | Medium-High | 1:26-27 | reducing to ritual/catechetical-class connotation only | James redefines authentic devotion as ethical/compassionate action (orphans, widows, moral self-control), not ritual correctness alone. |
| implanted_word | the implanted word | λόγος ἔμφυτος | logos emphytos | wszczepione słowo | Faith and Works (background) | Medium | 1:21 | — | Anticipates the saving/transforming vocabulary developed in 2:14 (σῶσαι). |
| rich_poor | rich / poor | πλούσιος / πτωχός | plousios / ptōchos | bogaty / ubogi (biedny) | Favoritism and the Poor | Medium | 1:9-11; 2:1-7; 5:1-6 | inconsistent biedny/ubogi usage across passages | Prefer “ubogi” for Scripture-register consistency; must render consistently across all three passages for the doctrine’s cross-chapter coherence. |
| heir_of_kingdom | heir (of the kingdom) | κληρονόμος (τῆς βασιλείας) | klēronomos (tēs basileias) | dziedzic (królestwa) | Favoritism and the Poor | Medium | 2:5 | — | Reuses baseline “królestwo Boże.” |
| oaths_yes_no | to swear / yes, no | ὄμνυμι / ναί, οὔ | omnymi / nai, ou | przysięgać / “tak,” “nie” | Taming the Tongue (extension) | Medium | 5:12 | — | Extends tongue-ethic to truthful, oath-free speech. |
C. Terms Requiring Mandatory Translator/Theologian Notes (Critical-tier, non-negotiable)
- δικαιόω/usprawiedliwienie at James 2:21-24 — vindicative vs. forensic sense; top harmonization priority with Romans.
- ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ/namaścić olejem at James 5:14 — collision with Sakrament chorych.
- ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις/wyznawajcie sobie grzechy at James 5:16 — collision with Sakrament pokuty i pojednania.
- φιλία τοῦ κόσμου/przyjaźń ze światem at James 4:4 — must not condemn material creation/culture; concerns rival allegiance only.
- καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν/zakryje wiele grzechów at James 5:20 — must not imply human merit atones for sin.
- παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου/przyjście Pana at James 5:7-8 — must retain concrete, personal, future, bodily return sense.
- ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην/poczytana sprawiedliwość at James 2:23 — exact baseline phrase required; identical citation to Romans 4:3.
D. Chapter Coverage Confirmation
- Chapter 1: reviewed — introduces πειρασμός, ὑπομονή, τέλειος, δίψυχος, σοφία, πλούσιος/πτωχός, θρησκεία, ὀρφανός/χήρα, κόσμος (moral sense), νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας, λόγος ἔμφυτος.
- Chapter 2 (vv.1-13): reviewed — introduces προσωπολημψία, συναγωγή, κληρονόμος/βασιλεία, νόμος βασιλικός, ἔλεος.
- Chapter 2 (vv.14-26, core passage): full verse-by-verse treatment above — ἔργα, νεκρά, δεῖξόν, τελειόω, φίλος θεοῦ, δικαιόω crux, Ῥαάβ, σῶμα/πνεῦμα analogy.
- Chapter 3: reviewed — introduces γλῶσσα, χαλιναγωγέω, γέεννα, ὁμοίωσις θεοῦ, εὐλογία/κατάρα, σοφία ἄνωθεν, δαιμονιώδης, ζῆλος/ἐριθεία.
- Chapter 4: reviewed — introduces πόλεμος/μάχη, ἐπιθυμία (extended), φιλία τοῦ κόσμου/ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ, ὑπερήφανος/ταπεινός, ὑποτάγητε/ἀντίστητε, διάβολος, ἐγγίσατε τῷ θεῷ, καταλαλέω/κρίνετε, ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ.
- Chapter 5: reviewed — introduces κύριος Σαβαώθ, τρυφή/σπαταλάω, μακροθυμία, παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου, δίκαιος (extended sense), ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ, πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας, εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως, ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις, δέησις ἐνεργουμένη, Ἠλίας, ὄμνυμι/ναί-οὔ, εὔθυμος/κακοπαθέω/ψάλλω, ἐπιστρέφω, καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.
No chapter of James was found to be free of new load-bearing theological vocabulary; every chapter is documented above with its own term set, in addition to the full verse-by-verse treatment of the core passage (James 2:14-26).
Critical Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:14-26 exposes counterfeit faith (bare verbal profession, 2:14) versus living faith (2:22,26); the Polish rendering is unchanged, but every occurrence in the core passage requires a disambiguating note distinguishing ‘claimed faith’ from ‘genuine/living faith’ so readers do not conclude James teaches a second, works-added path to salvation alongside Romans’ faith-alone teaching. Also occurs 1:3,6; 5:15 (modlitwa wiary).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość zdobyta przez zasługi i praktyki religijne
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. James deploys this root in three distinct senses sharing one Polish lexeme: forensic/imputed (2:23, quoting Genesis 15:6), ethical fruit (3:18, ‘owoc sprawiedliwości zasiany w pokoju’), and character/conduct (5:6,16, ‘sprawiedliwy’). All three must be taught as distinguished senses without introducing separate Polish terms.
Justification
Approved rendering: usprawiedliwienie
Transliteration: dikaioō / dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Justification: Vindicative versus Forensic Sense (Harmonization with Romans)
Rejected alternatives: stopniowe uświęcenie zamiast deklaracji prawnej
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. TOP HARMONIZATION PRIORITY for this curriculum. James 2:21,24,25 use the verb in a vindicative/demonstrative sense (Abraham’s already-declared righteousness of Genesis 15:6 shown genuine by Genesis 22’s later obedience), not Paul’s initial forensic-declaration sense (Romans 3:28). Because Trent’s merit-cooperation catechesis already primes a works-inclusive reading of ‘usprawiedliwienie,’ James 2:24 (‘człowiek zostaje usprawiedliwiony z czynów, a nie tylko z wiary’) MUST carry a mandatory theologian-reviewed harmonizing note at every occurrence. The translation itself must never be edited toward ‘faith alone’ agreement.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: poczytana sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn
Doctrine: Justification: Vindicative versus Forensic Sense (Harmonization with Romans)
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość wlana (kategoria trydencka)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:23 quotes the IDENTICAL Genesis 15:6 text also quoted in Romans 4:3. The exact baseline phrase must be used verbatim; NEVER substitute ‘sprawiedliwość wlana.’ This occurrence anchors the mandatory harmonization note at James 2:21-24: Abraham’s imputed righteousness (by faith alone) preceded and grounded the later demonstrative justification of Genesis 22.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout James (1:1,7; 2:1; 4:10,15; 5:4,7-8,10-11,14-15), including compound titles: ‘Lord of Sabaoth’ (Κύριος Σαβαώθ, Pan Zastępów) and ‘the Lord’s coming’ (παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου, przyjście Pana). The exclusive-lordship sense fixed in the baseline applies fully.
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and unambiguous throughout James.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Iēsous (Christos)
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: Ἰησοῦς (Χριστός)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at James 1:1; 2:1 (‘Jezus Chrystus’).
Salvation
Approved rendering: zbawienie
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: zbawienie zapewnione automatycznie przez chrzest, sakramenty i przynależność narodowo-religijną
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL disambiguation required in James: σῴζω carries TWO distinct senses — eschatological salvation (1:21; 2:14; 4:12; 5:20b), rendered ‘zbawić/zbawienie’ exactly per baseline, and physical healing/restoration (5:15; 5:20a), which must be rendered ‘uzdrowić/wybawić,’ NEVER ‘zbawić.’ Every occurrence requires a context note to prevent conflation between the two senses.
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Pure Religion and Authentic Piety
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs James 1:17 (‘Ojciec światłości’), 1:27 (‘przed Bogiem i Ojcem’), 3:9 (blessing ‘Pana i Ojca’). Standard, unambiguous personal Fatherhood of God.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch Święty
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. NOT used explicitly as a term in James’s core doctrinal argument, but reused here as a required disambiguation anchor: James 2:26’s analogy (‘σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν’ / ‘ciało bez ducha jest martwe’) uses πνεῦμα in the sense of breath/life-principle, NOT the Holy Spirit. A translator note is mandatory at 2:26 clarifying this occurrence must not be read as ‘Duch Święty.‘
Works
Approved rendering: czyny
Transliteration: erga
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: zasługi, uczynki zasługujące, uczynki (as default rendering)
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. Must never carry Tridentine merit-cooperation connotation. Denotes observable, faith-verifying conduct, not a parallel meritorious basis for salvation alongside grace. Prefer ‘czyny’ over the more common Polish devotional word ‘uczynki’ (associated with ‘dobre uczynki,’ ‘uczynki miłosierdzia’) to keep maximum lexical distance from merit vocabulary. Central to James 2:14-26; also 1:25 (doer of the word).
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: martwa
Transliteration: nekra
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: niepełna, słaba
Original: νεκρά
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. Diagnostic category: faith without works is not weak faith but no living faith at all (2:17,20,26). Must not be read as implying works generate spiritual life (causative); the point is diagnostic — dead faith reveals itself through fruitlessness.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: mądrość (z góry / od Boga)
Transliteration: sophia anōthen
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: equating with worldly cleverness or esoteric/occult insight
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom
NEW term — central doctrine term. Always qualify with ‘z góry’/‘od Boga’; never allow bare ‘mądrość’ to stand for this doctrine in teaching text. Defined by its ethical fruit (3:17); flag for theologian review given the doctrine’s centrality and the contrast term δαιμονιώδης.
Worldliness
Approved rendering: świat
Transliteration: kosmos
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: reading as condemning material creation/culture per se
Original: κόσμος
Category: Worldliness
NEW term. Occurs 1:27; 4:4. Denotes the God-opposed value-system, a rival allegiance — not physical creation or ordinary social/vocational life. Mandatory translator note required at every occurrence.
Friendship With World
Approved rendering: przyjaźń ze światem
Transliteration: philia tou kosmou
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Worldliness
NEW term — doctrinal center of James 4:4. Paired with ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ (enmity with God); direct structural contrast with φίλος θεοῦ (2:23). Must not be taught as condemning material creation, culture, or social life per se.
Enmity With God
Approved rendering: wrogość z Bogiem / wrogość wobec Boga
Transliteration: echthra tou theou
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness
NEW term. See friendship_with_world entry for the paired mandatory note (James 4:4).
Lords Coming
Approved rendering: przyjście Pana (paruzja)
Transliteration: parousia tou Kyriou
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: vague symbolic-presence reading
Original: παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. James 5:7-8. The promised, personal, future, bodily return of Christ; theologian review required at every occurrence to ensure this concrete sense is preserved and not diluted into ‘obecność’ (ongoing presence), especially given the comparatively low profile of Second Coming teaching relative to Christmas/Easter in Polish devotional life. Primary rendering as phrase ‘przyjście Pana’; ‘paruzja’ permitted as secondary technical gloss.
Anoint With Oil
Approved rendering: namaścić olejem
Transliteration: aleiphō elaiō
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: presenting as equivalent to, or replacement/critique of, the Catholic Sakrament chorych
Original: ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW term — major Polish Catholic collision risk. James 5:14. Directly parallels vocabulary of the Sakrament chorych (Anointing of the Sick, historically ‘Ostatnie Namaszczenie’/Extreme Unction), administered by a priest and popularly associated with imminent death (‘last rites’). Mandatory theologian-reviewed note required: James commends elders (plural, congregational/pastoral practice) praying in faith for restoration to health generally, not exclusively end-of-life preparation, grounded in ‘the prayer of faith’ rather than a sacramental means of grace administered ex opere operato.
Confess To One Another
Approved rendering: wyznawajcie sobie nawzajem grzechy
Transliteration: exomologeisthe allēlois tas hamartias
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: presenting as equivalent to, or replacement/critique of, Sakrament pokuty i pojednania
Original: ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW term — major Polish Catholic collision risk. James 5:16. ‘Wyznawać grzechy’ is otherwise near-exclusively the verb for sacramental confession to a priest (spowiedź) in Polish religious usage. Mandatory theologian-reviewed note required: this is a horizontal, mutual, congregational practice of transparency and shared prayer for healing/restoration, complementary but distinct from the sacrament.
Cover Multitude Of Sins
Approved rendering: zakryje wiele grzechów
Transliteration: kalypsei plēthos hamartiōn
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: reading as human merit atoning for sin, rivaling Christ’s finished work
Original: καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW term. James 5:20. Figurative relational-restoration language (echoing Proverbs 10:12 LXX, 1 Peter 4:8) operating entirely within, not apart from or in competition with, Christ’s finished atoning work. Mandatory translator note required.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: łaska
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: łaska otrzymywana głównie przez zasługi i praktyki sakramentalne
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. James 4:6 quotes Proverbs 3:34 (LXX): God gives grace to the humble, not the proud. Reapply the baseline guardrail against a merit-cooperation reading; grace here is given specifically apart from any achievement, not earned by humility as a meritorious act.
Law
Approved rendering: Prawo
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. James qualifies this term positively as ‘the perfect law of liberty’ (1:25; 2:12, doskonałe Prawo wolności) and ‘the royal law’ (2:8, Prawo królewskie) — framings that must not be read through a Polish cultural lens of ‘Prawo’ as merely external civil/ecclesiastical constraint; James presents the law, fulfilled in the love command, as liberating rather than legalistic bondage.
Show Demonstrate
Approved rendering: wykazać / pokazać
Transliteration: deiknymi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: udowodnić (legalistic proof-of-worthiness sense)
Original: δείκνυμι
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. Central verb of James 2:18’s logic. Evidentiary demonstration of an already-present reality, not a means of earning it.
Perfected Matured
Approved rendering: dopełnić się / dojść do pełni
Transliteration: teleioō
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: została ukończona (alone, implying prior invalidity)
Original: τελειόω
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. James 2:22: faith reaches its intended, mature, visible expression through works. Structurally linked to 1:4’s τέλειος.
Mature Complete
Approved rendering: dojrzały / doskonały
Transliteration: teleios
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: bezgrzeszny (sinless-perfection framing)
Original: τέλειος
Category: Christian Maturity
NEW term. Occurs 1:4 and 3:2. Prefer ‘dojrzały’ over ‘doskonały’ where a sinless-perfection misreading is a risk, given Polish devotional associations of ‘doskonałość’ with mystical/ascetic traditions (imitacja Chrystusa, rady ewangeliczne).
Trial Temptation
Approved rendering: próba / pokuszenie
Transliteration: peirasmos
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: single blanket rendering across both senses
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials
NEW term. Same Greek word covers ‘trial’ (próba, 1:2-4) and ‘temptation’ (pokuszenie/kuszenie, 1:13-14); Polish requires two distinct words. Mandatory translator note at each shift to reconstruct James’s wordplay via context.
Endurance
Approved rendering: wytrwałość
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: conflating with cierpliwość
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials
NEW term. Occurs 1:3-4 and 5:11 (Job). Distinguish from μακροθυμία/cierpliwość (patient forbearance/waiting) — related but not interchangeable.
Demonic Wisdom
Approved rendering: demoniczna / szatańska
Transliteration: daimoniōdēs
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: softening to ‘worldly’ or ‘unhealthy’ only
Original: δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom
NEW term. James 3:15’s direct negative counterpart to σοφία ἄνωθεν. Must retain full force; the explicit spiritual-source claim must not be softened.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: stronniczość / wzgląd na osobę
Transliteration: prosōpolēmpsia
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωπολημψία
Category: Social Ethics
NEW term. James addresses this as a binding congregational practice (2:1,9), not merely a private attitude — must not be spiritualized into vague inner tolerance. Use ‘wzgląd na osobę’ for the direct 2:1 rendering matching established Polish Bible idiom; ‘stronniczość’ as the general doctrinal term.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: Prawo królewskie
Transliteration: nomos basilikos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Covenant
NEW term. James 2:8. The love-of-neighbor command treated as the moral law’s summary and apex; reuses baseline capitalized ‘Prawo.‘
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: Gehenna / piekło
Transliteration: geenna
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: collapsing into generic folk ‘piekło’ imagery without NT background
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. James 3:6. Prefer transliterated ‘Gehenna’ with brief gloss on first occurrence, per established Polish Bible precedent (cf. Mt 5:22), rather than generic folk ‘piekło.‘
Image Likeness Of God
Approved rendering: podobieństwo Boże
Transliteration: kath’ homoiōsin theou
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW term. James 3:9 (‘uczynieni na podobieństwo Boże’). Grounds the tongue ethic in the doctrine of the image of God, not merely social etiquette; echoes standard Polish Genesis phrasing (‘na obraz i podobieństwo Boże’).
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: pożądliwość
Transliteration: epithymia
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: neutral pragnienie/chęć
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Worldliness
NEW term. Consistently negative/disordered sense throughout James (1:14-15; 4:1-2); the internal root of both personal sin and communal conflict. Consistent rendering required across both passages.
Submit Resist
Approved rendering: poddajcie się Bogu / przeciwstawcie się diabłu
Transliteration: hypotagēte tō theō / antistēte tō diabolō
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ὑποτάγητε τῷ θεῷ / ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ
Category: Worldliness
NEW term. James 4:7; paired imperatives in which submission to God’s authority grounds effective resistance to the devil, contrasting with any notion of self-generated spiritual strength.
Lord Willing
Approved rendering: jeśli Pan zechce
Transliteration: ean ho Kyrios thelēsē
Doctrine: Providence in Everyday Plans
Rejected alternatives: fatalistic ‘jak Bóg da’ folk-idiom without providential content
Original: ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ
Category: Providence
NEW term. James 4:13-15. Extends the baseline providence doctrine to everyday life-planning; reuses baseline ‘Pan’ for κύριος.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: Pan Zastępów
Transliteration: Kyrios Sabaōth
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: transliterated ‘Sabaot’
Original: κύριος Σαβαώθ
Category: God
NEW term. James 5:4. Standard Polish Old-Testament-tradition title (cf. Izajasza, Malachiasza), reusing baseline ‘Pan’ for κύριος.
Patience Longsuffering
Approved rendering: cierpliwość
Transliteration: makrothymia
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: conflating with ὑπομονή/wytrwałość
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW term — central doctrine term. Occurs 5:7-8,10, modeled on the prophets and Job (ὑπομονή, 5:11). Distinguish from wytrwałość (endurance under trial). Always pair with explicit reference to ‘przyjście Pana’ so the ordinary word carries James’s eschatological weight.
The Righteous One
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwy
Transliteration: dikaios
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: δίκαιος
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW extension of the baseline root. Occurs 5:6,16 (efficacious prayer) and 5:10 (the prophets). Translator note required: distinguish this practical, lived-character sense from the forensic ‘declared righteous’ sense fixed as the believer’s initial standing — both true and non-contradictory but must not be conflated.
Elders Of Church
Approved rendering: starsi kościoła / starsi zboru
Transliteration: presbyteroi tēs ekklēsias
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: prezbiterzy (narrower, denomination-specific polity term)
Original: πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας
Category: Church
NEW term. James 5:14. ‘Starsi zboru’ carries a distinctly Protestant/Evangelical register (‘zbór’ = Protestant congregation) while ‘starsi kościoła’ is more neutral; flag for native-speaker register review given the curriculum’s mixed Catholic/Evangelical audience.
Prayer Of Faith
Approved rendering: modlitwa wiary
Transliteration: euchē tēs pisteōs
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW term. James 5:15. Reuses baseline ‘wiara.’ σῴζω here must be disambiguated as ‘uzdrowić’ (heal), not ‘zbawić’ (save eschatologically) — see salvation entry.
Effective Prayer
Approved rendering: modlitwa czynna/skuteczna
Transliteration: deēsis energoumenē
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: mechanical/magical-force reading
Original: δέησις ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW term. James 5:16b. Prayer’s power flows from the righteous person’s relationship with God, not a formula or independent force, consistent with baseline guardrails on ‘moc Boża’ as personal, not occult.
Turn Back Restore
Approved rendering: odwrócić (grzesznika) / przywrócić
Transliteration: epistrephō
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐπιστρέφω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW term. James 5:19-20. Central verb for the community’s active responsibility toward a straying member.
Pure Religion
Approved rendering: pobożność / religia (czysta)
Transliteration: thrēskeia (kathara)
Doctrine: Pure Religion and Authentic Piety
Rejected alternatives: reducing to ritual/catechetical-class connotation only
Original: θρησκεία (καθαρὰ)
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. James 1:26-27. Prefer ‘pobożność’ over the more institutional-sounding ‘religia,’ which in Polish usage ties closely to catechism-class instruction (lekcja religii); James redefines authentic devotion as ethical/compassionate action (orphans, widows) and moral self-control, not ritual correctness.
Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: doskonałe Prawo wolności
Transliteration: nomos teleios tēs eleutherias
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας
Category: Covenant
NEW term. James 1:25; 2:12. Not a ‘new’ law replacing Mosaic Torah legalistically, but the moral will of God fulfilled and internalized in the gospel, experienced as liberating rather than merely constraining.
Body Spirit Analogy
Approved rendering: ciało bez ducha (jest martwe)
Transliteration: sōma chōris pneumatos nekron
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. James 2:26. Render πνεῦμα here as ‘duch/tchnienie’ (breath/life-principle) — NOT as Duch Święty (baseline’s Holy Spirit rendering) — to avoid implying the Holy Spirit’s absence determines physical death. Mandatory translator note required. νεκρόν must match ‘martwa/martwe’ used consistently throughout 2:17,20,26.
Medium Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. James adds a causal chain absent from Romans’ treatment: desire (ἐπιθυμία/pożądliwość) conceives and gives birth to sin, which in turn brings forth death (1:15) — preserve this causal, biological metaphor rather than flattening it into a static list of transgressions. Also occurs 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-16,20 (confession/restoration context).
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:1 (‘naszego Pana Jezusa Chrystusa, [Pana] chwały’) applies this term directly to Christ, reinforcing the baseline’s deity-of-Christ doctrine within a letter otherwise sparing in explicit Christological statement.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:16 uses the term ironically (a hollow, conventional parting blessing exposed as empty when unaccompanied by concrete provision) — NOT the relational ‘peace with God’ sense fixed in the Romans baseline. James 3:18 uses it positively (‘owoc sprawiedliwości zasiany w pokoju’). Context must carry the opposite rhetorical valence at each occurrence; mandatory translator note required at 2:16.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: królestwo Boże
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: βασιλεία (τοῦ θεοῦ)
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:5: the poor believer as ‘dziedzic królestwa’ (heir of the kingdom) — standard reuse; distinguish from a political, territorial, or nationalist kingdom.
Church
Approved rendering: kościół
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: Kościół jako jedyna prawowita instytucja hierarchiczna
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. James’s only ἐκκλησία occurrence is 5:14 (‘starsi kościoła’); the letter’s other gathering-term, συναγωγή (2:2), refers to the same reality with a different Greek word and must NOT be rendered as ‘kościół’ (render as ‘zgromadzenie/zebranie’ — see synagogue_assembly entry).
Providence
Approved rendering: opatrzność Boża
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence in Everyday Plans
Rejected alternatives: los, przeznaczenie
Inherited from Romans package. James 4:13-17 extends this doctrine from Romans 8:28’s cosmic soteriological register into mundane everyday life-planning (ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ, jeśli Pan zechce). Avoid collapsing into the fatalistic Polish folk idiom ‘jak Bóg da’ without providential content.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: moc Boża
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Inherited from Romans package. Reused as the guardrail anchor for James 5:16’s ‘effective prayer’ (δέησις ἐνεργουμένη): prayer’s power flows from a personal relationship with God, consistent with the baseline’s guardrail against occult or mechanical-force readings of divine power.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: przyjaciel Boga
Transliteration: philos theou
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. James 2:23. Positive counterpart to φιλία τοῦ κόσμου (4:4); intentional structural contrast connecting Faith and Works with Worldliness versus Friendship with God.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: człowiek o rozdwojonym umyśle
Transliteration: dipsychos
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: niepewny (too weak)
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Trials
NEW term. Occurs 1:8 and 4:8. Deeper spiritual instability than mere uncertainty; contrasted with the wholehearted trust James commends.
Jealousy Selfish Ambition
Approved rendering: zazdrość / samolubna ambicja
Transliteration: zēlos / eritheia
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ζῆλος / ἐριθεία
Category: Wisdom
NEW term. Roots of false wisdom (3:14,16) and of communal conflict (4:1-2).
Synagogue Assembly
Approved rendering: zgromadzenie / zebranie
Transliteration: synagōgē
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: synagoga (transliteration — wrongly implies a distinct Jewish institution)
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
NEW term. James 2:2 refers to the Christian gathering in this letter’s very early Jewish-Christian setting, the same underlying reality as ἐκκλησία (5:14, kościół). Do not transliterate as ‘synagoga.‘
Mercy
Approved rendering: miłosierdzie
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: conflating with χάρις/łaska
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Social Ethics
NEW term. Occurs 2:13; 3:17; 5:11. Must remain lexically distinct from baseline’s fixed ‘łaska.’ Given the enormous devotional weight of ‘Boże Miłosierdzie’ (Divine Mercy devotion, Faustyna Kowalska) in Poland, James’s general ethical demand for impartial interpersonal mercy toward the poor must not be absorbed into that specific devotional framework.
Tongue
Approved rendering: język
Transliteration: glōssa
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW term. Central image of James 3. ‘Język’ also means ‘language’ in Polish, but context (fire, poison, bridle imagery) always disambiguates.
Bridle Tongue
Approved rendering: okiełznać / trzymać na wędzy
Transliteration: chalinagōgeō
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: χαλιναγωγέω
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW term. Occurs 1:26 and 3:2-3. Natural, idiomatic Polish equestrian metaphor (kiełznać język) available.
Devil
Approved rendering: diabeł
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: διάβολος
Category: Worldliness
NEW term. James 4:7. Personal, malevolent spiritual adversary, standard and unambiguous, consistent with the baseline’s treatment of personal (not impersonal-force) spiritual categories.
Implanted Word
Approved rendering: wszczepione słowo
Transliteration: logos emphytos
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: λόγος ἔμφυτος
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. James 1:21. God’s revealed word, received and internalized, with saving/transforming power; anticipates the σῶσαι vocabulary developed in 2:14.
Rich Poor
Approved rendering: bogaty / ubogi (biedny)
Transliteration: plousios / ptōchos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: inconsistent biedny/ubogi usage across passages
Original: πλούσιος / πτωχός
Category: Social Ethics
NEW term. Occurs 1:9-11; 2:1-7; 5:1-6. Prefer ‘ubogi’ for Scripture-register consistency; must render consistently across all three passages for the doctrine’s cross-chapter coherence.
Heir Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: dziedzic (królestwa)
Transliteration: klēronomos (tēs basileias)
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: κληρονόμος (τῆς βασιλείας)
Category: Kingdom
NEW term. James 2:5. Reuses baseline ‘królestwo Boże’ for βασιλεία.
Oaths Yes No
Approved rendering: przysięgać / “tak”, “nie”
Transliteration: omnymi / nai, ou
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ὄμνυμι / ναί, οὔ
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW term. James 5:12. Extends the ch.3 tongue-ethic to truthful, oath-free speech; echoes Matthew 5:34-37.
Blessing Cursing
Approved rendering: błogosławieństwo / przekleństwo
Transliteration: eulogia / katara
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: εὐλογία / κατάρα
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW term. James 3:9-10. The same mouth producing both is presented as a moral scandal.
Rahab
Approved rendering: Rachab, nierządnica
Transliteration: Rhaab hē pornē
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: softening the occupational descriptor
Original: Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. James 2:25. Retain the occupational descriptor rather than softening it; James’s rhetorical force depends on pairing Abraham (patriarch, ethnic insider) with Rahab (foreign, morally disreputable) as parallel examples.
Foolish Person
Approved rendering: człowiek bezrozumny
Transliteration: anthrōpe kene
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ἄνθρωπε κενέ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. James 2:20. Sharp rhetorical rebuke addressed to the imagined interlocutor who separates faith from works; natural Polish register for rebuke without vulgarity.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: prorok
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. James 5:10 cites the prophets as examples of patient suffering in the Lord’s name.
Orphans Widows
Approved rendering: sieroty / wdowy
Transliteration: orphanos / chēra
Doctrine: Pure Religion and Authentic Piety
Original: ὀρφανός / χήρα
Category: Social Ethics
NEW term. James 1:27. Standard, unambiguous; the concrete content of pure religion.
Elijah
Approved rendering: Eliasz
Transliteration: Ēlias
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: Ἠλίας
Category: Covenant
NEW term. James 5:17-18. Standard, established Polish Bible proper-name form.
Benefit Use
Approved rendering: pożytek / co z tego
Transliteration: ophelos
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ὄφελος
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. Opens James 2:14 and 2:16. Low doctrinal weight individually, but sets the rhetorical frame of the whole faith-and-works unit; must preserve the rhetorical-question force, not flatten into a declarative statement.
Demons
Approved rendering: demony
Transliteration: ta daimonia
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: τὰ δαιμόνια
Category: Faith and Works
NEW term. James 2:19. Evil spiritual beings who hold correct theological knowledge and respond with dread, proving intellectual assent alone saves no one.
Cheerful Suffering Praise
Approved rendering: radosny / cierpieć / śpiewać psalmy
Transliteration: euthymos / kakopatheō / psallō
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: εὔθυμος / κακοπαθέω / ψάλλω
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW term. James 5:13. Contrasting postures toward circumstance: suffering calls for prayer, cheerfulness calls for praise; frames the pastoral instruction within ordinary congregational life.
Referenced passages