Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Timothy (English → Polish)
Purpose and Inheritance Rule
This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans Language Package. Every term already recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json must be reused with its exact recorded Polish rendering and risk tier wherever it recurs in 1 Timothy; this document flags those recurrences rather than re-deriving them. New terms specific to 1 Timothy’s doctrinal content are assigned Polish renderings and risk tiers using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and the same standard of grounded, culture-specific justification established by the baseline.
Governing cultural fact for this curriculum: 1 Timothy 3 places the curriculum’s single highest collision risk at its theological center — the terms for church office (ἐπίσκοπος, πρεσβύτερος, διάκονος) map onto Poland’s living, highly visible Catholic hierarchical clergy (biskup, prezbiter/ksiądz, diakon) far more directly and unavoidably than any term in the Romans baseline. This glossary treats that collision as the organizing risk of the whole curriculum.
Table 1 — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans → 1 Timothy)
These terms recur in 1 Timothy and MUST use the identical Polish rendering and risk tier already fixed in the baseline. No re-derivation permitted.
| English term | Greek | Polish (baseline) | Risk (baseline) | 1 Timothy occurrences | Contextual note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostoł | Low | 1:1; 2:7 | Unchanged. |
| faith | πίστις | wiara | Critical | 1:2,4,5,14,19; 2:7,15; 3:9,13; 4:1,6,12; 5:8,12; 6:10,11,12,21 | Pervasive across the letter; forbidden-substitution rules (no national-identity or automatic-sacramental readings) apply at every occurrence, especially 3:9 (“mystery of the faith”) and 5:8 (“denied the faith”). |
| grace | χάρις | łaska | High | 1:2,14 | Unchanged; contrast with merit still applies at 1:14. |
| peace | εἰρήνη | pokój | Medium | 1:2 | Unchanged. |
| mercy | — (new; see Table 2) | — | — | — | Not previously in baseline; see ἔλεος below. |
| law | νόμος | Prawo | High | 1:7,8,9 | Unchanged. |
| church | ἐκκλησία | kościół | Medium | 3:5,15 | Reinforced by 3:15’s “church of the living God, pillar and support of truth” — elevate practical review attention though tier stays Medium per baseline definition (Critical/High escalation applied instead to the surrounding pillar-of-truth phrase itself, see Table 4). |
| glory | δόξα | chwała | Medium | 1:17; 3:16 | Unchanged. |
| salvation / Savior | σωτηρία / σωτήρ | zbawienie / Zbawiciel | Critical | 1:1,15; 2:3,4; 4:10 | σωτήρ (“Savior”) is a new lexical form built on the baseline root; apply baseline’s Critical risk and forbidden-substitution rule (no automatic/sacramental/national-belonging reading) in full. Note trinitarian breadth: applied to God the Father as well as to Christ. |
| gentiles / nations | ἔθνη | poganie (prefer narody where neutral) | Medium | 3:16 | Baseline’s caution against “poganie’s” negative overtone applies directly at 3:16 where the sense is universal gospel proclamation, not condemnation. |
| spiritual gifts | χάρισμα | dary duchowe | Medium | 4:14 | Reused for a singular ordination-gift instance; flag the narrower referent. |
| prophecy | προφητεία | proroctwo | Low | 1:18; 4:14 | Unchanged. |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | dziękczynienie | Low | 2:1 | Unchanged. |
| saints | ἅγιοι/ἅγιος | święci / święty | Critical | 5:10 | Baseline’s mandatory corporate-not-canonized clarifying note applies without exception. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω (root) | napominać | Low | 4:13 (noun παράκλησις) | Reuse verb family consistently. |
| intercession | ἔντευξις | wstawiennictwo | Critical | 2:1; 4:5 | See Table 4 — reinforced, not merely reused, given 2:5’s Mediator doctrine directly beside it. |
| Jesus / Christ / God | Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός / Θεός | Jezus / Chrystus / Bóg | Critical | throughout | Unchanged; use established forms exactly per baseline and 12_ai_translation_requirements.md proper-name table. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | sprawiedliwość | Critical | 6:11 | Unchanged, in the virtue list of 6:11. |
Table 2 — New Terms: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Polish rendering | Risk | Grounded reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sound/healthy teaching | διδασκαλία ὑγιαίνουσα (didaskalia hygiainousa) | “healthy teaching” | zdrowa nauka | High | Central organizing doctrine of the letter (1:3,10; 4:6,16; 6:3); no lexical collision, but doctrinal precision is essential — every occurrence anchors the letter’s polemic against ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω. |
| to teach a different doctrine | ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω (heterodidaskaleō) | “to teach otherwise/differently” | nauczać inaczej / głosić odmienną naukę | High | Frames what false teaching is; in Poland’s mixed Catholic-Evangelical religious landscape this term must be handled without implying cross-tradition polemic beyond what the text itself specifies (myths, genealogies, asceticism, false gnosis) — theologian review required to keep application text-bound. |
| myths | μῦθος (mythos) | “myth, legend” | baśnie / mity | Low | No Polish folklore collision; describes speculative religious material, not cultural fairy tales broadly. |
| endless genealogies | γενεαλογία (genealogia) | “genealogy” | genealogie | Low | Requires OT/Jewish background note for full comprehension; low doctrinal risk. |
| deceiving spirits | πλάνα πνεύματα (plana pneumata) | “wandering/deceiving spirits” | zwodnicze duchy | High | Names a spiritual-warfare reality distinct from Duch Święty (Holy Spirit); must never be rendered with vocabulary that could be confused with the baseline’s Critical “Duch Święty” term. |
| teachings of demons | διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων (didaskaliai daimoniōn) | “teachings of demons” | nauki demonów | High | Same concern as above; pairs with πλάνα πνεύματα as the letter’s diagnosis of the false teachers’ ultimate source. |
| falsely called knowledge | ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις (pseudōnymos gnōsis) | “falsely-named knowledge” | rzekoma wiedza / rzekome poznanie | Medium | Historically tied to early Gnostic-adjacent teaching; low direct Polish cultural collision, but should not be rendered generically as “science/wiedza” without the “falsely-named” qualifier, which carries the doctrinal weight. |
| disputes about words | λογομαχία (logomachia) | “word-battle” | spory o słowa | Low | Standard; minor risk. |
| swerve/miss the mark [from the faith] | ἀστοχέω (astocheō) | “to miss the target” | zbłądzić / odstąpić [od wiary] | Medium | Frames the letter’s opening (1:6) and closing (6:21) bookends; render identically at both occurrences for structural consistency. |
| shipwreck [of faith] | ναυαγέω (nauageō) | “to be shipwrecked” | doznać rozbicia (jak statek) | Low | Vivid metaphor; low risk, but must retain the nautical-disaster imagery rather than flattening to “to fail.” |
| the deposit [entrusted] | παραθήκη (parathēkē) | “that which is deposited/entrusted for safekeeping” | depozyt | High | Polish theological vocabulary already contains the established phrase “depozyt wiary” (Latin depositum fidei), historically used in Catholic doctrine for the whole body of revealed truth entrusted to the Church’s Magisterium for authoritative custody and interpretation. 1 Timothy 6:20 assigns the personal, pastoral responsibility of guarding sound teaching to Timothy himself, not to an institutional interpretive authority. Requires an explicit teaching note distinguishing the text’s personal-pastoral referent from the Magisterial-custodianship connotation the Polish phrase otherwise carries. |
| irreverent, empty babble | βέβηλος κενοφωνία (bebēlos kenophōnia) | “profane, empty-sounding talk” | czcza (pusta) mowa | Low | Standard; describes the false teachers’ rhetoric. |
Table 3 — New Terms: Qualifications for Church Leadership (Elders and Deacons)
This is the curriculum’s highest-density risk table.
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Polish rendering | Risk | Grounded reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| overseer / office of overseer | ἐπίσκοπος / ἐπισκοπή (episkopos / episkopē) | “one who watches over” / “the office of watching over” | biskup / urząd biskupa | CRITICAL | Established across both Biblia Tysiąclecia and Biblia Warszawska for this verse, but this is precisely the collision term: “biskup” in living Polish religious culture denotes a diocesan bishop within the Konferencja Episkopatu Polski’s multi-tier, apostolic-succession hierarchy exercising authority over many parishes and clergy — categorically different from 1 Timothy’s single-congregation shepherding office (which Titus 1:5-7 and 1 Tim 5:17-19 identify as identical to πρεσβύτερος/elder). MANDATORY teaching note at every occurrence distinguishing the NT local office from the Polish institutional referent. Human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| elder | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | “older man, elder” | starszy | High | Dual sense (age vs. office) requires context-sensitive disambiguation identical to the baseline’s “called/powołany” pattern. Additional collision risk: do NOT render as “prezbiter,” the Polish Catholic canonical term for an ordained priest below a bishop, which imports sacramental/hierarchical priesthood associations (confession, Mass, apostolic succession) absent from 1 Timothy’s teaching/shepherding office. |
| deacon | διάκονος (diakonos) | “servant, attendant, table-waiter” | diakon | High | Established rendering, but the Catholic Church’s permanent/transitional diaconate is an ordained clerical order within the sacrament of Holy Orders, conferring sacramental character under episcopal authority — 1 Timothy’s διάκονος is a locally examined and recognized service office with no implied sacramental hierarchy. Requires explicit distinguishing note. |
| council/body of elders | πρεσβυτέριον (presbyterion) | “the collective body of elders” | grono starszych / zgromadzenie starszych | Medium-High | Avoid the loanword “prezbiterium,” which in Polish denotes either a church building’s architectural sanctuary or a diocese’s collective ordained priesthood — neither matches this collegial-elder sense. |
| a one-woman man / husband of one wife | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα (mias gynaikos andra) | “a man of one woman/wife” | mąż jednej żony | High | Genuinely ambiguous in the Greek among (a) anti-polygamy, (b) anti-remarriage-after-divorce, and (c) general marital fidelity readings; literal rendering preserves this ambiguity appropriately but requires a mandatory translator note surveying the interpretive range rather than silently resolving it — especially sensitive given Poland’s differing Catholic (celibate clergy) and Protestant (married clergy) leadership norms. |
| women likewise (3:11) | γυναῖκας ὡσαύτως (gynaikas hōsautōs) | “women likewise” | kobiety także | CRITICAL | The single most contested exegetical fork in the passage: “their wives” vs. “[women] deacons.” Render literally without a possessive (“żony,” their wives) or an office-specifying noun (“diakonki,” deaconesses) that would silently foreclose one reading. Mandatory theologian review; mandatory dual-reading translator note. |
| able to teach | διδακτικός (didaktikos) | “apt/skilled at teaching” | zdolny do nauczania | Medium | Ties the overseer’s qualifications directly to the Sound Doctrine doctrine; must denote competency in apostolic teaching specifically, not general communication skill. |
| above reproach | ἀνεπίλημπτος / ἀνέγκλητος (anepilēmptos / anenklētos) | “not able to be seized upon / without accusation” | nienaganny | Medium | Public, observable character consistency; distinguish from a sacramental-confession framework of moral perfection. |
| managing [household/church] | προΐστημι (proistēmi) | “to stand before, lead, manage” | zarządzać / kierować | Medium | Use the same Polish verb for both household (3:4-5,12) and church (3:5; 5:17) senses to preserve Paul’s deliberate analogy. |
| to test/examine | δοκιμάζω (dokimazō) | “to test, prove genuine” (metallurgical) | poddać próbie / wypróbować | Medium | Denotes a structured vetting process prior to office, not casual acquaintance. |
| recent convert | νεόφυτος (neophytos) | “newly planted” | nowo ochrzczony / neofita | Medium | ”Neofita” is a recognizable, accurate Polish loanword (also used in canon law) but should be paired with a plain-language gloss for general readers. |
| laying on of hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν / χειροθεσία (epithesis tōn cheirōn) | “the placing on of hands” | wkładanie rąk | High | Catholic sacramental theology treats this act (within Holy Orders) as efficacious, conferring grace and indelible character; 1 Timothy’s usage (4:14; 5:22) is a commissioning/affirming act accompanying recognition of a Spirit-given gift, not itself the efficient cause of ministry empowerment. Requires explicit teaching distinction. |
| a good standing/step | βαθμὸς καλός (bathmos kalos) | “a good step/degree” (rare word) | dobre stanowisko / dobry stopień [uznania] | Medium | Avoid any rendering implying institutional career advancement (“awans”), a later ecclesiastical concept foreign to the text. |
| boldness/confidence | παρρησία (parrēsia) | “freedom of speech, boldness” | śmiałość / otwartość / ufność | Medium | Confident standing rooted in Christ, not mere social self-assurance. |
| double honor | τιμὴ διπλῆ (timē diplē) | “double honor/worth” | podwójna czeć | Medium | Ties elder qualification to material church support (5:17-18); avoid a purely honorific reading that excludes the financial-support sense the surrounding wage-worker citations require. |
Table 4 — New Terms: Christ as the One Mediator
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Polish rendering | Risk | Grounded reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mediator | μεσίτης (mesitēs) | “one who stands in the middle, a go-between” | pośrednik | CRITICAL | 1 Timothy 2:5’s “one Mediator between God and men” is the letter’s sharpest possible statement against multiplied mediation. Poland’s intense Marian devotional culture (Częstochowa/Jasna Góra; John Paul II’s “Totus Tuus” consecration) and the baseline’s own flagged “wstawiennictwo” risk make this verse a direct doctrinal counterweight requiring explicit teaching: Scripture affirms one Mediator, without thereby prohibiting believers from asking one another for prayer (as 1 Tim 2:1 itself models), but excluding any necessary mediating role for Mary or the saints between the believer and God. |
| ransom | ἀντίλυτρον (antilytron) | “a ransom paid in exchange” | okup | CRITICAL | Substitutionary-atonement term (2:6, “who gave himself as a ransom for all”); must not be softened into a generic “sacrifice” or “gift” term, which would blunt the letter’s explicit atonement doctrine. |
| testimony | μαρτύριον (martyrion) | “witness, testimony” | świadectwo | Medium | Standard; ties to broader “witness” vocabulary recurring at 5:19 (μάρτυς). |
| intercession (reinforced) | ἔντευξις (see Table 1) | — | wstawiennictwo | CRITICAL | Elevated reinforcement, not mere reuse: 1 Timothy 2:1 and 2:5 sit three verses apart, together forming the letter’s own internal safeguard against a Marian/saintly-mediation reading — believers intercede for one another (2:1) while only Christ mediates between God and humanity (2:5). Teach these two verses together. |
Table 5 — New Terms: Public Worship and Prayer
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Polish rendering | Risk | Grounded reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| prayer | προσευχή (proseuchē) | “prayer” | modlitwa | Low | Standard, general term. |
| petition | δέησις (deēsis) | “request, petition” | prośba | Low | Standard. |
| respectable apparel | κόσμιος καταστολή (kosmios katastolē) | “orderly/respectable clothing” | stosowny strój | Medium | Cultural-application passage; teach as a call to humility/priority on character, not a fixed dress code, avoiding both over-literal legalism and dismissive minimization. |
| modesty, self-control | αἰδώς, σωφροσύνη (aidōs, sōphrosynē) | “a sense of shame/propriety,” “soundness of mind” | skromność, umiarkowanie (opanowanie) | Medium | Standard virtue vocabulary; low collision risk. |
| quietness | ἡσυχία (hēsychia) | “stillness, quietness” | spokój / cisza | Medium | Context-sensitive; may denote a quiet, submissive demeanor rather than absolute silence — do not over-translate. |
| to teach / to exercise authority | διδάσκειν / αὐθεντεῖν (didaskein / authentein) | “to teach” / “to have/exercise authority (or: to domineer)“ | uczyć / sprawować władzę | CRITICAL | αὐθεντέω’s semantic range is genuinely disputed among specialists (neutral authority vs. domineering/usurping authority); this is the single most contested phrase in the letter for contemporary application. Mandatory theologian review; mandatory presentation of the interpretive range rather than a silently resolved rendering. |
| saved through childbearing | σωθήσεται διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας (sōthēsetai dia tēs teknogonias) | “she will be saved/preserved through childbearing” | zostanie zachowana przez rodzenie dzieci | CRITICAL | Must not read as salvation-by-works, which would contradict 1 Timothy’s own soteriology (2:3-6) and violate the baseline’s forbidden-substitution protections for “zbawienie” and “wiara.” Mandatory theologian review. |
Table 6 — New Terms: The Church as Pillar of Truth
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Polish rendering | Risk | Grounded reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| household of God | οἶκος Θεοῦ (oikos theou) | “house/household of God” | dom Boży | Medium | Distinguish from the colloquial Polish sense of “dom Boży” as a physical church building; here it denotes the believing community. |
| church of the living God | ἐκκλησία Θεοῦ ζῶντος (ekklēsia theou zōntos) | “assembly/church of the living God” | kościół Boga żywego | High | Elevated from baseline’s Medium given this verse’s structural weight; emphasizes the church’s vital relationship to God as the ground for the pillar-of-truth claim that follows. |
| pillar and support of the truth | στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας (stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias) | “supporting column and buttress/foundation of the truth” | słup i podpora prawdy | CRITICAL | The primary biblical warrant for this curriculum’s namesake doctrine. Polish Catholic ecclesiology reads Church-guardianship-of-truth through the specific lens of Magisterial/papal institutional infallibility; this verse’s own context (the “mystery of godliness” defined by the six-fold Christ-hymn, 3:16) indicates a corporate-community sense — the gathered believers visibly upholding and displaying revealed gospel truth — not a claim of institutional interpretive infallibility. Mandatory theologian review and explicit disambiguating note at every occurrence. |
| mystery of godliness | μυστήριον τῆς εὐσεβείας (mystērion tēs eusebeias) | “the mystery of piety/godliness” | tajemnica pobożności | High | ”Tajemnica” carries strong devotional associations in Polish Catholic piety (Rosary “tajemnice różańca”); Paul’s sense is the once-hidden, now-revealed content of the gospel (defined immediately by the Christ-hymn), not a devotional object for private meditation. |
| truth | ἀλήθεια (alētheia) | “truth” | prawda | Medium | Standard but load-bearing given the pillar-of-truth doctrine; keep visibly consistent across 3:15, 4:3, 6:5. |
Table 7 — New Terms: Godliness and Contentment
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Polish rendering | Risk | Grounded reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| godliness | εὐσέβεια (eusebeia) | “piety, reverence toward God expressed in right living” | pobożność | High | In Polish Catholic culture “pobożność” is strongly associated with specific devotional practices (nabożeństwa, litanie, kult świętych, pielgrzymki) rather than the holistic, whole-of-life godly character Paul intends (cf. 4:7-8; 6:6,11). Teaching note required: godliness in 1 Timothy is character and conduct flowing from sound faith, not primarily devotional exercises. |
| contentment | αὐτάρκεια (autarkeia) | “self-sufficiency, satisfaction with what one has” | zadowolenie (poprzestawanie na tym, co się ma) | High | Central to the letter’s direct polemic (6:5-6) against treating godliness as a means of financial gain — a polemic with rising relevance given the growth of prosperity-oriented charismatic teaching within Poland’s broader Christian landscape. Requires theologian review to ensure the Polish rendering carries Paul’s contrastive force against “godliness as profit,” not mere personal contentment psychology. |
| love of money | φιλαργυρία (philargyria) | “love of silver/money” | miłość do pieniędzy | Medium | Keep lexically distinct from αἰσχροκερδής (“greedy for dishonest gain,” 3:8) and visibly linked back to 3:3’s ἀφιλάργυρος (elder qualification) to preserve Paul’s deliberate inclusio across the letter. |
| root of all evils | ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν (rhiza pantōn tōn kakōn) | “root of all the evils” | korzeń wszelkiego zła | Medium | Retain “a root” force (one root among the causes of evil) rather than “the sole root,” matching the Greek’s article-less, qualitative sense often obscured by English “the root of all evil.” |
| to train oneself for godliness | γυμνάζω πρὸς εὐσέβειαν (gymnazō pros eusebeian) | “to exercise/train toward godliness” | ćwiczyć się w pobożności | Low | Athletic-training metaphor contrasted with “bodily exercise” (σωματικὴ γυμνασία); low collision risk. |
| to fight the good fight | ἀγωνίζομαι τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα (agōnizomai ton kalon agōna) | “to contend/compete in the good contest” | prowadzić dobrą walkę | Medium | Athletic/military metaphor; keep distinguishable from but thematically parallel to 1:18’s “wage the good warfare.” |
Table 8 — New Terms: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Polish rendering | Risk | Grounded reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| widow | χήρα (chēra) | “widow” | wdowa | Low | Standard, unambiguous. |
| widow indeed | ὄντως χήρα (ontōs chēra) | “really/truly a widow” | prawdziwie wdowa | Medium | Denotes a specific, qualifying category (alone, without family support, devoted to prayer) for church-funded care — teach the qualifying criteria (5:9-10) alongside the term so it is not read as merely emotive. |
| household member | οἰκεῖος (oikeios) | “belonging to the household” | domownik | Low | Standard. |
| to deny the faith | πίστιν ἀρνέομαι (pistin arneomai) | “to deny/disown the faith” | zaprzeć się wiary | High | 5:8 equates failing to provide for one’s household with denying the faith itself — a severe statement requiring full, unsoftened translation; reuses baseline wiara (Critical) exactly. |
| master (slaveowner) | δεσπότης (despotēs) | “master, lord [of a household/slave]“ | pan (lowercase) | Medium | Must be capitalization-distinguished without exception from baseline’s Pan (capitalized, Christ’s exclusive Lordship, Critical risk) — this is a mechanical but doctrinally essential typographic rule. |
| bondservant/slave | δοῦλος (doulos) | “slave, bondservant” | niewolnik / słudzy | Medium | First-century socio-economic reality; teach with a note that the passage neither endorses nor systematically condemns the institution, and should never be read as sanctioning modern slavery; note the mutual-honor ethic of 6:2. |
Table 9 — New Terms: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Polish rendering | Risk | Grounded reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the deposit [entrusted] | παραθήκη (parathēkē) | “that which is entrusted for safekeeping” | depozyt | High | See Table 2; cross-referenced here as the doctrine’s namesake term (6:20). |
| to guard | φυλάσσω (phylassō) | “to guard, keep watch over” | strzec / zachowywać | Medium | Active, ongoing pastoral responsibility — do not translate as passive “preserve,” which loses the vigilance sense. |
| conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | “co-knowledge, moral self-awareness” | sumienie | Medium | Recurs at 1:5,19; 3:9; 4:2 as a structural term tying doctrine to integrity; Polish Catholic moral theology’s developed “sumienie” doctrine (examination of conscience) is largely compatible but should not narrow “clear conscience” to successful private confessional practice alone. |
| confession | ὁμολογία (homologia) | “agreement, confession, avowal” | wyznanie | Medium | Ties Timothy’s “good confession” (6:12) and Christ’s own before Pilate (6:13) to the letter’s public-integrity theme; keep consistent with Romans 10:9’s confession vocabulary per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule. |
| the appearing [of Christ] | ἐπιφάνεια (epiphaneia) | “manifestation, appearing” | objawienie się / przyjście [Pana] | High | Refers to Christ’s future return (parousia), not his first coming. Risk flagged because Poland observes “Objawienie Pańskie” (Epiphany/Trzech Króli, a major public holiday, January 6) commemorating the magi’s visit to the infant Christ — a first-coming event. Teaching note required to prevent readers from conflating 6:14’s future “appearing” with the culturally familiar Epiphany feast. |
| King of kings and Lord of lords | βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων | ”king over the ones ruling, lord over the ones lording” | Król królów i Pan panów | Critical | Direct extension of the baseline’s Critical “Pan” (Lordship of Christ) entry; reuse Pan exactly and apply the baseline’s exclusive-lordship rule in full. |
Table 10 — Proper Names (Established Forms)
| English | Greek | Polish (established Bible form) | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul | Παῦλος | Paweł | Low |
| Timothy | Τιμόθεος | Tymoteusz | Low |
| Ephesus | Ἔφεσος | Efez | Low |
| Hymenaeus | Ὑμέναιος | Hymeneusz | Low |
| Alexander | Ἀλέξανδρος | Aleksander | Low |
| Adam | Ἀδάμ | Adam | Low |
| Eve | Εὕα | Ewa | Low |
| Pontius Pilate | Πόντιος Πιλάτος | Poncjusz Piłat | Low |
Summary: Risk Distribution for 1 Timothy New Terms
| Risk tier | Count (new terms, Tables 2–9) | Review routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 (ἐπίσκοπος/ἐπισκοπή; γυναῖκας ὡσαύτως 3:11; μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα framing note escalated within High but flagged for theologian awareness; μεσίτης; ἀντίλυτρον; ἔντευξις reinforced; διδάσκειν/αὐθεντεῖν; σωθήσεται διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας; στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας; βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 15 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 24 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 18 | Automated review |
Note: This summary counts only new terms introduced by 1 Timothy; all reused baseline terms (Table 1) retain their original baseline risk tiers and routing without exception, per the hard rule that this Language Package extension must never contradict the Romans baseline.
Critical Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith versus National-Cultural and Automatic Religious Identity
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package with full forbidden-substitution rule. Pervasive across 1 Timothy (1:2,4,5,14,19; 2:7,15; 3:9,13; 4:1,6,12; 5:8,12; 6:10-12,21); especially load-bearing at 3:9 (‘mystery of the faith’) and 5:8 (‘denied the faith’), where the letter presupposes faith as something genuinely held or lost by a person, not an inherited cultural status.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość zdobyta przez zasługi i praktyki religijne
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Appears in the virtue list Timothy is to pursue (6:11).
Salvation
Approved rendering: zbawienie
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation and God as Savior
Rejected alternatives: zbawienie zapewnione automatycznie przez chrzest, sakramenty i przynależność narodowo-religijną
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package with full forbidden-substitution rule. Occurs 1:1,15; 2:3-4; 4:10. Must not be framed as automatically conferred through sacramental participation or belonging to a historically Catholic nation.
Saints
Approved rendering: święci
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood (Corporate Holiness)
Rejected alternatives: święci kanonizowani, czczeni i proszeni o wstawiennictwo
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package with mandatory corporate-not-canonized clarifying note, reinforced without exception. Occurs at 5:10 (‘washed the feet of the saints’); Poland’s exceptional canonization prominence (Kolbe, Kowalska, John Paul II’s record canonizations) makes the note non-negotiable.
Intercession
Approved rendering: wstawiennictwo
Transliteration: enteuxis
Doctrine: Intercession and Prayer for All People
Rejected alternatives: wstawiennictwo wyłącznie świętych i Maryi jako niezbędnych pośredników
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Prayer and Worship
Inherited from Romans package, reinforced rather than merely reused. 1 Timothy 2:1 (prayer for all people, including civil authorities) sits three verses from 2:5’s exclusive Mediator statement; teach the two verses as a single unit against a Marian/saintly-mediation default reading. Also occurs at 4:5 (prayer over food).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship and Kingship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used throughout the letter.
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Salvation and God as Savior
Original: Θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch Święty
Transliteration: to pneuma
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: τὸ Πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. At 4:1, ‘the Spirit expressly says’ introduces a prophetic warning; must be kept visually and doctrinally distinct from the same verse’s ‘deceiving spirits’ (πλάνα πνεύματα) despite the shared root πνεῦμα.
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Named in the letter’s greeting (1:2).
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship and Kingship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs 1:2,12,14; 6:3,14-15. Capitalization must be enforced without exception to distinguish this term from the unrelated lowercase ‘pan’ (δεσπότης, human master) at 6:1-2, only a few verses away.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesjasz
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Doctrinally linked to the title ‘Chrystus’ used as Christ’s proper name/title throughout 1 Timothy; see new term ‘christ’ below for the specific lexical form.
Savior
Approved rendering: Zbawiciel
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Salvation and God as Savior
Rejected alternatives: Zbawiciel jako tytuł zarezerwowany wyłącznie dla instytucji kościelnej udzielającej zbawienia
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New lexical form built on the baseline’s Critical ‘zbawienie’ root. Applied to God the Father (1:1; 2:3; 4:10) as well as, in the Pastorals’ broader usage, to Christ — a trinitarian breadth to teach explicitly, not a translation ambiguity to resolve. Apply the baseline forbidden-substitution rule (no automatic/sacramental/national-belonging reading) in full.
Christ
Approved rendering: Chrystus
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New entry distinct from the baseline’s doctrine-name ‘Mesjasz.’ Established Polish Bible form used as part of Christ’s proper name/title throughout 1 Timothy (1:1-2,12,14-16; 2:5; 3:13; 6:3,13-14). Must not be interpreted as one of several religious titles but as the unique title of the Messiah fulfilled exclusively in Jesus.
Overseer Office
Approved rendering: biskup (urząd biskupa)
Transliteration: episkopos / episkopē
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: ἐπίσκοπος / ἐπισκοπή
Category: Church Leadership
CRITICAL. Core passage term (3:1-2). Established across both Biblia Tysiąclecia and Biblia Warszawska, but this is the curriculum’s central collision term: in living Polish religious culture ‘biskup’ denotes a diocesan bishop within the Konferencja Episkopatu Polski’s multi-tier, apostolic-succession hierarchy exercising authority over many parishes and clergy — categorically different from 1 Timothy’s single-congregation shepherding office, confirmed identical to πρεσβύτερος by Titus 1:5-7 and 1 Tim 5:17-19. MANDATORY teaching note at every occurrence. Human theologian review required for every occurrence, no exceptions.
Women Likewise
Approved rendering: kobiety także
Transliteration: gynaikas hōsautōs
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Deacons
Rejected alternatives: żony (deacons’ wives, forecloses the female-deacon reading), diakonki (deaconesses, forecloses the wives reading)
CRITICAL. Core passage term (3:11) and the letter’s single most contested exegetical fork: ‘their wives’ vs. ‘women [deacons].’ Render literally as ‘kobiety’ without a possessive or an office-specifying noun, either of which would silently foreclose one reading. Mandatory theologian review; mandatory dual-reading translator note at every occurrence.
Mediator
Approved rendering: pośrednik
Transliteration: mesitēs
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Christology
CRITICAL. Occurs 2:5, ‘the one Mediator between God and men.’ Poland’s intense Marian devotional culture (Częstochowa/Jasna Góra; John Paul II’s ‘Totus Tuus’ consecration) makes this verse a direct doctrinal counterweight requiring explicit teaching: Scripture affirms exactly one Mediator, without thereby prohibiting believers from asking one another for prayer (2:1 itself models this), but excluding any necessary mediating role for Mary or the saints between the believer and God.
Ransom
Approved rendering: okup
Transliteration: antilytron
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: ofiara (generic sacrifice), dar (generic gift)
Original: ἀντίλυτρον
Category: Salvation
Occurs 2:6, ‘who gave himself as a ransom for all.’ Must not be softened into a generic sacrifice or gift term, which would blunt the letter’s explicit substitutionary-atonement claim.
Teach Exercise Authority
Approved rendering: uczyć / sprawować władzę
Transliteration: didaskein / authentein
Doctrine: Women’s Teaching and Authority in the Assembly
Rejected alternatives: górować nad (unilaterally resolves toward ‘domineer’), rządzić (unilaterally resolves toward neutral governance)
Original: διδάσκειν / αὐθεντεῖν
Category: Prayer and Worship
CRITICAL. Occurs 2:12. αὐθεντέω’s semantic range is genuinely disputed among specialists (neutral ‘exercise authority’ vs. pejorative ‘domineer, usurp authority’) — among the most contested phrases in the New Testament. This is a genuine cross-linguistic gap, not a Polish-specific weakness. Mandatory theologian review; mandatory presentation of the interpretive range rather than a silently resolved rendering.
Saved Through Childbearing
Approved rendering: zostanie zachowana przez rodzenie dzieci
Transliteration: sōthēsetai dia tēs teknogonias
Doctrine: Saved through Childbearing
Rejected alternatives: zostanie zbawiona poprzez rodzenie dzieci (invites salvation-by-works misreading)
Original: σωθήσεται διὰ τῆς τεκνογονίας
Category: Prayer and Worship
CRITICAL. Occurs 2:15, one of the most exegetically difficult verses in the Pastorals. Must not read as salvation-by-works, contradicting the letter’s own soteriology (2:3-6) and violating the forbidden-substitution protections on ‘zbawienie’ and ‘wiara.’ Mandatory theologian review with presentation of the range of scholarly interpretation.
Pillar And Support Of Truth
Approved rendering: słup i podpora prawdy
Transliteration: stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: filar nauczania Magisterium (would foreclose the corporate-community sense in favor of institutional infallibility)
Original: στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Church
CRITICAL. Occurs 3:15; the primary biblical warrant for this curriculum’s namesake doctrine. Polish Catholic ecclesiology reads Church-guardianship-of-truth through the specific lens of Magisterial/papal institutional infallibility; the verse’s own immediate context (the ‘mystery of godliness’ defined by the Christ-hymn, 3:16) indicates a corporate-community sense — the gathered believers visibly upholding and displaying revealed gospel truth. Mandatory theologian review and explicit disambiguating note at every occurrence.
King Of Kings
Approved rendering: Król królów i Pan panów
Transliteration: basileus tōn basileuontōn kai kyrios tōn kyrieuontōn
Doctrine: Lordship and Kingship of Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων καὶ κύριος τῶν κυριευόντων
Category: Christology
Occurs 6:15-16, alongside ‘the blessed and only Sovereign.’ Direct extension of the inherited ‘Pan’ (Lordship of Christ) entry; apply the exclusive-lordship rule in full; must not be confused with 6:1-2’s unrelated lowercase ‘pan.‘
Vindicated In Spirit
Approved rendering: został uznany za sprawiedliwego w Duchu
Transliteration: edikaiōthē en pneumati
Doctrine: Mystery of Godliness (Christ Hymn)
Rejected alternatives: usprawiedliwiony w Duchu (without a clarifying note, risks importing Romans 3-5’s forensic sinner’s-justification sense)
Original: ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι
Category: Christology
CRITICAL. Occurs 3:16, the hymn’s second line. Built on the same root as the inherited ‘usprawiedliwienie’ (justification of the sinner by faith), but this instance does NOT carry that forensic-sinner sense — it names Christ’s own vindication/declaration-as-righteous, publicly demonstrated through the Spirit, supremely in the resurrection. Mandatory theologian review and clarifying note to prevent conflation.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Ewangelia
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In 1 Timothy 1:11 the gospel is explicitly tied to ‘sound doctrine’ (1:10-11) — false teaching is measured against it, not against a generic uplifting message.
Grace
Approved rendering: łaska
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1:14’s ‘grace overflowed’ toward Paul the former persecutor must retain the sense of unearned abundance, not merit-cooperation.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: uświęcenie
Transliteration: hagiasmos / hagiazō
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: oczyszczenie pokutne, w tym poprzez czyściec
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged root. In 1 Timothy 4:5 the verb form describes food ‘sanctified through the word of God and prayer’ — a distinct but related sense from personal moral sanctification; do not collapse the two senses without a context note.
Law
Approved rendering: Prawo
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: νόμος
Category: Sound Doctrine
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Mosaic Law, misused by false teachers as a source of speculative disputes (1:7-9).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: wcielenie
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto (theological name, cf. 1 Tim 3:16 ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί)
Doctrine: Mystery of Godliness (Christ Hymn)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged root. 1 Timothy 3:16’s ‘manifested in flesh’ is a primary proof-text; primary risk remains catechetical narrowing to the Christmas nativity scene (szopka) rather than the eternal Son’s permanent assumption of human nature.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: zdrowa nauka
Transliteration: didaskalia hygiainousa
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: διδασκαλία ὑγιαίνουσα
Category: Sound Doctrine
Central organizing standard of the letter (1:3,10; 4:6,16; 6:3). No lexical collision; doctrinal precision is essential across all five occurrences — render identically each time.
Teach Different Doctrine
Approved rendering: nauczać inaczej (głosić odmienną naukę)
Transliteration: heterodidaskaleō
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 1:3; 6:3. In Poland’s mixed Catholic-Evangelical religious landscape, application must stay bound to the text’s own named errors (myths, genealogies, forbidding marriage, false asceticism, false gnosis), not generalized cross-tradition polemic. Avoid glossing with ‘herezja’ (heresy), which imports canon-law weight foreign to the letter’s pastoral register.
Deceiving Spirits
Approved rendering: zwodnicze duchy
Transliteration: plana pneumata
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: πλάνα πνεύματα
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 4:1. Must never be rendered with vocabulary confusable with ‘Duch Święty’ (Critical, inherited) despite the shared root πνεῦμα.
Teachings Of Demons
Approved rendering: nauki demonów
Transliteration: didaskaliai daimoniōn
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 4:1. Pairs with ‘deceiving spirits’ as the letter’s diagnosis of the false teachers’ ultimate source behind the asceticism named in 4:3.
The Deposit
Approved rendering: depozyt
Transliteration: parathēkē
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 6:20 (and anticipated conceptually at 1:18-19). Polish theological vocabulary already contains the established phrase ‘depozyt wiary’ (Latin depositum fidei), historically Magisterial-custody vocabulary. 1 Timothy 6:20 assigns this as Timothy’s own personal, pastoral responsibility, not an institution’s. Mandatory distinguishing note at every occurrence; no better lexical alternative exists in Polish, so the term is retained and fenced rather than replaced.
Mystery Of The Faith
Approved rendering: tajemnica wiary
Transliteration: mystērion tēs pisteōs
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 3:9, parallel to 3:16’s ‘mystery of godliness.’ In Polish Catholic liturgical/devotional usage ‘tajemnica’ strongly evokes the Rosary’s ‘tajemnice różańca.’ Paul’s sense — revealed gospel content now made known — must be explicitly distinguished from meditative/devotional ‘mysteries’ contemplated as objects of private piety.
Elder Office
Approved rendering: starszy
Transliteration: presbyteros
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Rejected alternatives: prezbiter
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church Leadership
Dual sense (age vs. office) requires context-sensitive disambiguation identical to the baseline’s ‘called/powołany’ pattern. ‘Prezbiter’ is deliberately rejected: it is the Polish Catholic canonical term for an ordained priest below a bishop, importing sacramental/hierarchical priesthood associations (confession, Mass, apostolic succession) absent from this office. Occurs 5:1-2 (age), 5:17,19 (office), 4:14 (πρεσβυτέριον, collective).
Deacon Office
Approved rendering: diakon
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Deacons
Rejected alternatives: służący, usługujący
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church Leadership
Established loanword across Polish Bible traditions, retained rather than paraphrased. The Catholic Church’s permanent/transitional diaconate is an ordained clerical order within Holy Orders, conferring sacramental character under episcopal authority; 1 Timothy’s διάκονος (3:8-13) is a locally examined and recognized service office with no implied sacramental hierarchy. Requires explicit distinguishing note at every occurrence.
Council Of Elders
Approved rendering: grono starszych
Transliteration: presbyterion
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Rejected alternatives: prezbiterium
Original: πρεσβυτέριον
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 4:14. Avoid the loanword ‘prezbiterium,’ which in Polish denotes either a church building’s architectural sanctuary or a diocese’s collective ordained priesthood — neither sense matches this collegial-elder-body meaning.
One Woman Man
Approved rendering: mąż jednej żony
Transliteration: mias gynaikos andra
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα / ἀνήρ
Category: Church Leadership
Core passage term (3:2; reapplied to deacons at 3:12; parallel widow qualification ‘ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς γυνή’ at 5:9). Genuinely ambiguous in the Greek among (a) anti-polygamy, (b) anti-remarriage-after-divorce, and (c) general marital fidelity readings; literal rendering preserves this ambiguity appropriately but requires a mandatory translator note surveying the interpretive range — especially sensitive given Poland’s differing Catholic (celibate clergy) and Protestant (married clergy) leadership norms.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: wkładanie rąk
Transliteration: epithesis tōn cheirōn
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 4:14; 5:22. Catholic sacramental theology treats this act within Holy Orders as efficacious, conferring grace and indelible character; 1 Timothy’s usage is a commissioning/affirming act accompanying (not itself causing) recognition of a Spirit-given gift. Requires explicit distinguishing note; 5:22 adds a caution against hasty ordination.
Church Of Living God
Approved rendering: kościół Boga żywego
Transliteration: ekklēsia theou zōntos
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Occurs 3:15. Elevated from the inherited ‘church’ entry’s Medium risk given this verse’s structural weight; emphasizes the church’s vital, active relationship to God as the ground for the pillar-of-truth claim that follows, not institutional structure alone.
Mystery Of Godliness
Approved rendering: tajemnica pobożności
Transliteration: mystērion tēs eusebeias
Doctrine: Mystery of Godliness (Christ Hymn)
Original: μυστήριον τῆς εὐσεβείας
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 3:16, defined immediately by the six-line Christ-hymn. ‘Tajemnica’ carries strong devotional associations in Polish Catholic piety (Rosary ‘tajemnice różańca’); Paul’s sense is the once-hidden, now-revealed content of the gospel, not a devotional object for private meditation.
Godliness
Approved rendering: pobożność
Transliteration: eusebeia
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Occurs 2:2,10; 3:16; 4:7-8; 6:3,5-6,11. In Polish Catholic culture ‘pobożność’ is strongly associated with specific devotional practices (nabożeństwa, litanie, kult świętych, pielgrzymki) rather than the holistic, whole-of-life godly character Paul intends. Teaching note required at every occurrence in 4:7-8 and 6:3-11 especially.
Contentment
Approved rendering: zadowolenie (poprzestawanie na tym, co się ma)
Transliteration: autarkeia
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Occurs 6:6, paired with godliness against the false-teacher error that godliness is a means of financial gain. Rising relevance given prosperity-oriented charismatic teaching within Poland’s broader Christian landscape; theologian review required to preserve Paul’s contrastive force, not mere personal-contentment psychology.
Deny The Faith
Approved rendering: zaprzeć się wiary
Transliteration: pistin arneomai
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: πίστιν ἀρνέομαι
Category: Household and Family
Occurs 5:8: failing to provide for one’s household is equated with denying the faith itself. A severe statement requiring full, unsoftened translation; reuses the inherited ‘wiara’ exactly.
The Appearing
Approved rendering: objawienie się (przyjście) [Pana]
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: Christ’s Return (The Appearing)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
Occurs 6:14, Christ’s future return (parousia), not his first coming. Poland observes ‘Objawienie Pańskie’ (Epiphany/Trzech Króli, January 6), a major public holiday commemorating the magi’s visit to the infant Christ — a first-coming event. Teaching note required to prevent conflation.
Incarnation Manifested In Flesh
Approved rendering: objawił się w ciele
Transliteration: ephanerōthē en sarki
Doctrine: Mystery of Godliness (Christ Hymn)
Original: ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί
Category: Christology
Occurs 3:16, the first line of the Christ-hymn; the letter’s primary incarnation proof-text. Ties directly to the inherited ‘wcielenie’ entry; primary risk is catechetical narrowing to the Christmas nativity scene (szopka).
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: święty
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2:8 (‘holy hands’ lifted in prayer) and underlies 4:5’s sanctification language.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Named in the letter’s greeting (1:2).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dary duchowe
Transliteration: charisma
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: charyzmat
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reused for the singular ordination-gift instance at 4:14; flag the narrower referent versus Romans 12’s general plural sense. ‘Charyzmat’ explicitly rejected: in Polish religious culture it has drifted toward an individual’s distinctive personal gift or magnetism (including of canonized religious-order founders), narrower than 1 Timothy 4:14’s referent.
Church
Approved rendering: kościół
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Kościół jako jedyna prawowita instytucja hierarchiczna
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs 3:5,15. See ‘church_of_living_god’ below for the elevated-risk compound at 3:15.
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Named in the doxologies of 1:17 and 3:16’s closing hymn line.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: poganie
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Mystery of Godliness (Christ Hymn)
Inherited from Romans package with its existing caution. Prefer the neutral ‘narody’ over ‘poganie’ at 3:16 where the sense is universal, non-ethnic-restricted gospel proclamation (‘proclaimed among the nations’), not a negative religious contrast.
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech
Transliteration: hamartia / hamartōlos
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies 1:9,15 (‘Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners’) and 5:20,22,24; avoid minimizing euphemisms and note the familiar Catholic mortal/venial framework should not be read as contradicting the text’s accountability emphasis.
Mercy
Approved rendering: miłosierdzie
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Salvation and God as Savior
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
New term (not in Romans baseline). Occurs 1:2, 1:13-16 (God’s mercy toward Paul the former persecutor). Polish culture has a strongly positive devotional resonance around divine mercy (Boże Miłosierdzie, St. Faustina Kowalska, Divine Mercy Sunday); this resonance is an asset but must not narrow the term to that specific devotional framework — the referent is God’s mercy toward the undeserving sinner generally.
Falsely Named Knowledge
Approved rendering: rzekoma wiedza (rzekome poznanie)
Transliteration: pseudōnymos gnōsis
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 6:20. Historically tied to early Gnostic-adjacent teaching; must not be rendered generically as ‘wiedza/nauka’ without the ‘falsely-named’ qualifier, which carries the doctrinal weight.
Swerve From Faith
Approved rendering: zbłądzić (odstąpić) od wiary
Transliteration: astocheō
Doctrine: Faith versus National-Cultural and Automatic Religious Identity
Original: ἀστοχέω
Category: Faith
Frames the letter’s opening (1:6) and closing (6:21) bookends; render identically at both occurrences to preserve the deliberate doctrinal frame Paul builds around the whole letter.
Able To Teach
Approved rendering: zdolny do nauczania
Transliteration: didaktikos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: διδακτικός
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:2. Ties the overseer’s qualifications directly to the Sound Doctrine doctrine; must denote competency in apostolic teaching specifically, not general communication skill.
Above Reproach
Approved rendering: nienaganny
Transliteration: anepilēmptos / anenklētos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: ἀνεπίλημπτος / ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:2 (ἀνεπίλημπτος) and 3:10 (ἀνέγκλητος, near-synonym). Must be distinguished from a sacramental-confession framework of moral perfection; this is observable, consistent Christian character, not sinlessness.
Household Management
Approved rendering: zarządzać (kierować)
Transliteration: proistēmi
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: προΐστημι
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:4,5,12; 5:17. Use the same Polish verb across both household and church senses to preserve Paul’s deliberate household-as-proving-ground analogy for church oversight.
Submission Household
Approved rendering: poddanie się (posłuszeństwo)
Transliteration: hypotagē
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: ὑποταγή
Category: Household and Family
Occurs 3:4 (‘children in submission’). Context is family order, not the church-authority sense elsewhere in the Pastorals (2:11); keep senses distinguishable via context notes.
Test Examine
Approved rendering: poddać próbie (wypróbować)
Transliteration: dokimazō
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Deacons
Original: δοκιμάζω
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:10. Metallurgical background (testing metal for purity); denotes a structured vetting process prior to office, not casual acquaintance.
Recent Convert
Approved rendering: nowo ochrzczony (neofita)
Transliteration: neophytos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: νεόφυτος
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:6. ‘Neofita’ is a recognizable, accurate Polish loanword (also used in canon law) but should be paired with the plain-language gloss ‘nowo ochrzczony’ for general readers unfamiliar with the loanword.
Good Standing
Approved rendering: dobre stanowisko (dobry stopień uznania)
Transliteration: bathmos kalos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Deacons
Rejected alternatives: awans (institutional career advancement)
Original: βαθμὸς καλός
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:13, a rare word unique in the NT. Avoid any rendering implying institutional career advancement, a later ecclesiastical concept foreign to the text.
Boldness Parresia
Approved rendering: śmiałość (otwartość, ufność)
Transliteration: parrēsia
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Deacons
Original: παρρησία
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:13. Should retain the sense of confident boldness rooted in Christ, not mere social self-assurance.
Double Honor
Approved rendering: podwójna cześć
Transliteration: timē diplē
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: τιμὴ διπλῆ
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 5:17-18. Avoid a purely honorific reading that excludes the financial-support sense the surrounding wage-worker citations (5:18) require.
Devil Slanderous Wordplay
Approved rendering: diabeł / oszczerczy (plotkarski)
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: διάβολος / διάβολος (adj.)
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs as noun ‘the Devil’ (3:6-7) and adjectivally ‘slanderous’ (3:11), a deliberate Pauline wordplay. Polish has no single root spanning both senses; flag the wordplay explicitly for translators via a note even though ‘diabeł’ and ‘oszczerczy/plotkarski’ are lexically distinct.
Not Lover Of Money
Approved rendering: nie kochający pieniędzy (niechciwy)
Transliteration: aphilargyros
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Occurs 3:3, the positive counterpart of φιλαργυρία (6:10). Should be rendered with visible lexical continuity to 6:10’s term so Polish readers recognize the deliberate inclusio Paul builds across the letter.
Deacon Virtue Cluster
Approved rendering: godny poważania, nie dwulicowy, niechciwy na nieuczciwy zysk
Transliteration: semnos, dilogos, aischrokerdēs
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Deacons
Original: σεμνός, δίλογος, αἰσχροκερδής
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:8. αἰσχροκερδής (‘greedy for dishonest gain’) should be kept lexically distinct from ἀφιλάργυρος (3:3, love of money generally).
Testimony Witness
Approved rendering: świadectwo / świadek
Transliteration: martyrion / martys
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: μαρτύριον / μάρτυς
Category: Scripture and Truth
μαρτύριον (2:6, attesting testimony) and μάρτυς (5:19, a formal legal witness required for accusations against an elder); keep the noun and person-witness senses lexically distinguishable across the two occurrences.
Respectable Apparel
Approved rendering: stosowny strój
Transliteration: kosmios katastolē
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: κόσμιος καταστολή
Category: Prayer and Worship
Occurs 2:9. Teach as a call to humility and priority on godly character over ostentation, not a fixed universal dress code; avoid importing contemporary Polish fashion-modesty debates uncritically onto the text.
Modesty Self Control
Approved rendering: skromność, umiarkowanie (opanowanie)
Transliteration: aidōs, sōphrosynē
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: αἰδώς, σωφροσύνη
Category: Prayer and Worship
Occurs 2:9-10. Standard virtue vocabulary; low collision risk beyond the surrounding dress-code caution.
Quietness
Approved rendering: spokój (cisza)
Transliteration: hēsychia
Doctrine: Women’s Teaching and Authority in the Assembly
Occurs 2:11-12. May denote a quiet, submissive demeanor rather than absolute silence; do not over-translate as total muteness.
Household Of God
Approved rendering: dom Boży
Transliteration: oikos theou
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: οἶκος Θεοῦ
Category: Church
Occurs 3:15. Distinguish from the colloquial Polish sense of ‘dom Boży’ as a physical church building; here it denotes the believing community.
Truth
Approved rendering: prawda
Transliteration: alētheia
Doctrine: The Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Scripture and Truth
Occurs 3:15; 4:3; 6:5. Load-bearing given the pillar-of-truth doctrine; keep visibly consistent across all occurrences.
Love Of Money
Approved rendering: miłość do pieniędzy
Transliteration: philargyria
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: φιλαργυρία
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Occurs 6:10, ‘a root of all evils.’ Keep lexically distinct from αἰσχροκερδής (3:8) and visibly linked back to 3:3’s ἀφιλάργυρος to preserve Paul’s deliberate inclusio across the letter.
Root Of All Evils
Approved rendering: korzeń wszelkiego zła
Transliteration: rhiza pantōn tōn kakōn
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: jedyny korzeń wszelkiego zła (overstates the article-less Greek)
Original: ῥίζα πάντων τῶν κακῶν
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Occurs 6:10. Retain the qualitative, article-less ‘a root’ force rather than ‘the sole root,’ which some English idiom overstates.
Fight Good Fight
Approved rendering: prowadzić dobrą walkę
Transliteration: agōnizomai ton kalon agōna
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Occurs 6:12. Keep distinguishable from, but thematically parallel to, 1:18’s ‘wage the good warfare’ (a different verb/noun pair forming a deliberate bookend).
Widow Indeed
Approved rendering: prawdziwie wdowa
Transliteration: ontōs chēra
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: ὄντως χήρα
Category: Household and Family
Occurs 5:3,5,9-10,16. Denotes a specific qualifying category (alone, without family support, devoted to prayer) for church-funded care; teach the qualifying criteria alongside the term so it is not read as merely emotive or honorific. No independent single-noun Polish term exists; this is a paraphrase, not a technical term with independent standing.
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: pan
Transliteration: despotēs
Doctrine: Household Order: Masters and Bondservants
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Household and Family
Occurs 6:1-2. Must be capitalization-distinguished without exception from the inherited capitalized ‘Pan’ (κύριος, Christ’s exclusive Lordship, Critical) — a mechanical but doctrinally essential typographic rule, especially given the two terms’ proximity (6:1-2 vs. 6:3,14-15).
Bondservant Doulos
Approved rendering: niewolnik (słudzy)
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Household Order: Masters and Bondservants
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Household and Family
Occurs 6:1-2. First-century socio-economic reality; teach with a note that the passage neither endorses nor systematically condemns the institution and should never be read as sanctioning modern slavery. Note the mutual-honor ethic of 6:2 (‘because they are beloved brothers’).
Guard Phylasso
Approved rendering: strzec (zachowywać)
Transliteration: phylassō
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: zachować (passive ‘preserve’, loses vigilance sense)
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 6:20, Timothy’s charge to guard the deposit. Active, ongoing pastoral responsibility — do not translate as a passive ‘preserve.‘
Conscience
Approved rendering: sumienie
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Conscience and Moral Integrity
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 1:5,19; 3:9; 4:2. A structural term tying sound doctrine to integrity across the letter. Polish Catholic moral theology’s developed ‘sumienie’ doctrine (rachunek sumienia, examination of conscience before confession) is mostly compatible, but a ‘clear/good conscience’ should be taught as the fruit of genuine faith, not merely successful private confessional practice.
Confession Homologia
Approved rendering: wyznanie
Transliteration: homologia
Doctrine: Confession of Faith
Original: ὁμολογία
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 6:12-13, Timothy’s own ‘good confession’ and Christ’s confession before Pontius Pilate. Keep consistent with Romans 10:9’s confession vocabulary (‘Jezus jest Panem’) per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: życie wieczne
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: Christ’s Return (The Appearing)
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
Occurs 1:16; 6:12,19. Standard; ensure it is not read through any reincarnation-adjacent folk framework, per the baseline’s standing caution attached to the resurrection entry.
Sovereign Doxology
Approved rendering: Król wieków, nieśmiertelny, niewidzialny, jedyny Bóg / błogosławiony i jedyny Władca
Transliteration: basileus tōn aiōnōn, aphthartos, aoratos, monos theos / makarios kai monos dynastēs
Doctrine: Lordship and Kingship of Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν αἰώνων, ἄφθαρτος, ἀόρατος, μόνος Θεός / μακάριος καὶ μόνος δυνάστης
Category: God
Occurs 1:17; 6:15. Strong monotheistic affirmation; low collision risk in Poland’s culturally monotheistic context, but flag as thematically linked to 2:5’s ‘one God’ in the Mediator doctrine.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostoł
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Calling
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Grounds the letter’s authority (1:1; 2:7).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dziękczynienie
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Prayer and Worship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Listed among the four kinds of prayer commanded in 2:1.
Exhort
Approved rendering: napominać
Transliteration: parakaleō / paraklēsis
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω / παράκλησις
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged verb family. Occurs at 4:13 alongside public Scripture reading and teaching.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: wspólnota
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: świętych obcowanie (specific creedal formula)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Minimal direct occurrence in 1 Timothy; retained for cross-document consistency with the household-of-faith and church doctrines.
Myths Genealogies
Approved rendering: baśnie (mity) / genealogie
Transliteration: mythos / genealogia
Doctrine: Rejection of Speculative Teaching
Original: μῦθος / γενεαλογία
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 1:4; 4:7. No Polish folklore collision; requires an Old Testament/Jewish background note for full comprehension.
Disputes About Words
Approved rendering: spory o słowa
Transliteration: logomachia
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: λογομαχία
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 6:4. Standard; minor risk.
Shipwreck Of Faith
Approved rendering: doznać rozbicia (jak statek)
Transliteration: nauageō
Doctrine: Faith versus National-Cultural and Automatic Religious Identity
Original: ναυαγέω
Category: Faith
Occurs 1:19. Retain the vivid nautical-disaster imagery rather than flattening to ‘to fail.‘
Empty Babble
Approved rendering: czcza (pusta) mowa
Transliteration: bebēlos kenophōnia
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: βέβηλος κενοφωνία
Category: Sound Doctrine
Occurs 6:20. Standard; describes the false teachers’ rhetoric.
Elder Deacon Virtue Cluster 1
Approved rendering: trzeźwy, rozsądny (opanowany), przyzwoity, gościnny
Transliteration: nēphalios, sōphrōn, kosmios, philoxenos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: νηφάλιος, σώφρων, κόσμιος, φιλόξενος
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:2. ‘Trzeźwy’ should retain its literal sobriety sense here, contrasted with 3:3’s πάροινος, not only a figurative ‘level-headed’ gloss.
Elder Deacon Virtue Cluster 2
Approved rendering: nieskłonny do pijaństwa, nieskłonny do przemocy, łagodny, niekłótliwy
Transliteration: paroinos, plēktēs, epieikēs, amachos
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership: Overseers and Elders
Original: πάροινος, πλήκτης, ἐπιεικής, ἄμαχος
Category: Church Leadership
Occurs 3:3. Standard; low collision risk.
Prayer General
Approved rendering: modlitwa / prośba
Transliteration: proseuchē / deēsis
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: προσευχή / δέησις
Category: Prayer and Worship
General prayer and petition, listed among the four kinds of prayer commanded in 2:1.
Train For Godliness
Approved rendering: ćwiczyć się w pobożności
Transliteration: gymnazō pros eusebeian
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: γυμνάζω πρὸς εὐσέβειαν
Category: Godliness and Contentment
Occurs 4:7-8, contrasted with mere bodily exercise. Low collision risk; athletic metaphor is culturally accessible.
Widow
Approved rendering: wdowa
Transliteration: chēra
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: χήρα
Category: Household and Family
Occurs throughout 5:3-16. Standard, unambiguous.
Household Member
Approved rendering: domownik
Transliteration: oikeios
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: οἰκεῖος
Category: Household and Family
Occurs 5:8. Standard.
Paul
Approved rendering: Paweł
Transliteration: Paulos
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Calling
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Proper Names
Proper name, established Polish Bible form.
Timothy
Approved rendering: Tymoteusz
Transliteration: Timotheos
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Calling
Original: Τιμόθεος
Category: Proper Names
Proper name, established Polish Bible form. The letter’s recipient, Paul’s delegate in Ephesus.
Ephesus
Approved rendering: Efez
Transliteration: Ephesos
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: Ἔφεσος
Category: Proper Names
Proper name, established Polish Bible form. The city where Timothy was to remain (1:3).
Hymenaeus Alexander
Approved rendering: Hymeneusz i Aleksander
Transliteration: Hymenaios kai Alexandros
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: Ὑμέναιος καὶ Ἀλέξανδρος
Category: Proper Names
Proper names, established Polish Bible forms. Two men handed over to Satan for shipwrecking their faith (1:19-20).
Adam Eve
Approved rendering: Adam, Ewa
Transliteration: Adam, Heua
Doctrine: Women’s Teaching and Authority in the Assembly
Original: Ἀδάμ, Εὕα
Category: Proper Names
Proper names, established Polish Bible forms. Referenced in the creation-order argument of 2:13-14.
Pontius Pilate
Approved rendering: Poncjusz Piłat
Transliteration: Pontios Pilatos
Doctrine: Confession of Faith
Original: Πόντιος Πιλάτος
Category: Proper Names
Proper name, established Polish Bible form. Referenced as the witness of Christ’s own good confession (6:13).
Referenced passages