Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Gospel of Mark
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all 16 chapters of Mark. It is organized in two parts:
- Part A lists terms already fixed in the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json. These renderings are reused exactly per the hard rule that established term renderings must not be altered. Mark-specific contextual notes are added where Mark’s usage carries a nuance the baseline did not need to address. - Part B lists new terms required by Mark that do not exist in the baseline. These are proposed for ratification and formal addition to translation memory before Phase 2 begins, with version increment as specified in the baseline
12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers match baseline convention: Critical / High / Medium / Low.
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Change)
| English gloss | Greek | Polish rendering (baseline) | Risk | Doctrine link | Key Mark chapters | Mark-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Ewangelia | High | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16 | Mark 1:1 is the programmatic title verse of the whole book; treat as thesis-defining, parallel to Romans 1:16-17’s status. |
| Faith | πίστις | wiara | Critical | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11 | Mark repeatedly pairs faith directly against fear (5:36; 9:24); reinforce personal trust, not inherited religious identity, per baseline forbidden-substitution rule. |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | grzech | Medium/High | The Necessity of the Cross; Ransom for Many | 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 | Mark 2’s forgiveness-of-sins claim and 14’s Passion narrative give “grzech” heightened Christological weight beyond Romans’ more didactic treatment. |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | królestwo Boże | Medium/High | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1, 4, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 | Elevate to High specifically at Mark 1:15 (ἤγγικεν, “has drawn near”) given the already/not-yet tension unique to this thesis verse. |
| Glory | δόξα | chwała | Medium/High | Jesus as Suffering Servant and Son of God | 8, 9, 10, 13 | Mark 10:37 uses glory in a misunderstood courtly sense that the passage corrects — flag as an instructive misuse, not the doctrine’s positive definition. |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | Syn Boży | Critical | Deity of Christ; Sonship of Christ | 1, 3, 5, 9, 14, 15 | Bookends the Gospel (1:1 narrator’s title; 15:39 centurion’s confession) — the single most structurally important term in the book. |
| Messiah / Christ | Χριστός / Μεσσίας | Mesjasz (title) / Chrystus (name-form) | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 | Dual-form policy: use “Mesjasz” for confessional/titular occurrences (8:29; 14:61); use “Chrystus” only within the fused proper name “Jezus Chrystus” (1:1). Document this split explicitly for Phase 2 consistency checks. |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | apostoł | Low | Apostleship | 3, 6 | Unchanged from baseline; low risk. |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | przymierze | High | Ransom for Many | 14 | ”Blood of the covenant… for many” (14:24) directly parallels 10:45’s ransom language; teach as one unified atonement theology. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | Duch Święty | Critical | — | 1, 3, 13 | Mark 3:29’s unforgivable-sin saying requires careful pastoral framing distinct from lexical difficulty. |
| God | θεός | Bóg | Critical | — | throughout | Unchanged. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Jezus | Critical | — | throughout | Unchanged. |
| Father | πατήρ | Ojciec | Critical | — | 8, 13, 14 | Mark 14:36’s Gethsemane prayer directly parallels Romans 8:15’s Abba usage — cross-curriculum teaching bridge. |
| Abba | Ἀββά | Abba (paired with “Ojcze”) | Medium | Ransom for Many; Suffering Servant | 14 | Jesus’ own use of this address (14:36) precedes and grounds its extension to believers in Romans 8:15. |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω | zmartwychwstanie / powstał | Critical | — | 6 (John the Baptist rumor), 9 (Transfiguration/rising predictions), 12 (Sadducees’ question), 16 | Note the verb-form nuance at 16:6 (ἠγέρθη, “he was raised”) vs. the baseline’s noun form; fix one consistent Polish verb choice for Phase 2 (recommend “Powstał”/“Zmartwychwstał” per theologian ratification). |
| Lord | κύριος | Pan | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1 (OT quote), 2 (Lord of the Sabbath), 12 (David’s Lord) | Mark 2:28’s “Lord of the Sabbath” is a new compound claim requiring the same absolute-lordship force as the baseline entry. |
| Prophet | προφήτης | prorok | Low | — | 1, 6, 8, 9 | Unchanged. |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | pokój | Medium | — | 5 | ”Go in peace” (5:34) following a healing/salvation (σῴζω) statement — relational peace, not mere calm, per baseline note. |
| Gentiles / Nations | ἔθνη | poganie (default) — override to “narody” at Mark 10:42 | Medium/High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10, 13 | Documented context-sensitive override: Mark 10:42’s “rulers of the ἔθνη” is the secular-political sense, not the religious “pagans” sense; using “poganie” here would introduce an unwarranted negative religious charge absent from the Greek. Use “narody.” |
Part B — New Terms Required for Mark (Not in Baseline; Proposed for Translation Memory)
| English gloss | Greek | Transliteration | Polish rendering (proposed) | Risk | Doctrine link | Key Mark chapters | Notes / forbidden substitutions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | Syn Człowieczy | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God; Ransom for Many | 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 | NEVER render as generic “syn człowieka” (lower-case, non-titular) or conflate with “Syn Boży.” Must be taught with Daniel 7 background. |
| Ransom | λύτρον | lytron | okup | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10 (only occurrence) | NEVER substitute “dar” (gift) or “ofiara” (sacrifice) alone; must retain price-paid-for-release force. |
| For many (substitutionary) | ἀντὶ πολλῶν | anti pollōn | za wielu | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 10 (ἀντί), 14 (ὑπέρ, parallel) | Standard Polish phrase retained, but MUST be paired with a translator’s note preserving ἀντί’s substitution-force (“in place of,” not merely “for the benefit of”). |
| Slave / bondservant | δοῦλος | doulos | niewolnik | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 | NEVER soften to “sługa” (reserved for διάκονος); the escalation from sługa → niewolnik is a deliberate Markan device that must survive translation. |
| Servant / minister | διάκονος | diakonos | sługa | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 | NEVER render as “diakon” (the ordained office) in this generic-ethical context. |
| Cup (metaphorical/suffering) | ποτήριον | potērion | kielich | High/Critical | Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 10, 14 | Must be explicitly anchored to OT wrath/suffering imagery, not defaulted to its Catholic Eucharistic-liturgical association. |
| Baptism (literal & metaphorical) | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | chrzest / chrzcić | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1, 10 | Metaphorical use (10:38-39, “baptism” = suffering) must be distinguished from the ritual sacrament; do not import Catholic sacramental-grace assumptions into the metaphorical sense. |
| Authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | władza | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1, 2, 3, 6, 10 (negative use), 11 | Distinguish from baseline “moc Boża” (δύναμις). Note the deliberate negative reuse at Mark 10:42 for worldly domineering authority — same Greek root, opposite moral valence; Polish rendering must allow this contrast to be taught. |
| Save/heal (dual-sense) | σῴζω | sōzō | uzdrowić (physical) / zbawić (spiritual) | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 5, 10 | Greek uses one verb for both senses; Polish requires two. Flag every occurrence for a translator’s note preserving the deliberate double meaning. |
| ”I am” (theophanic echo) | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | To Ja jestem | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 6 | Preserve ambiguity: ordinary self-identification AND possible Exodus 3:14 echo; do not flatten nor overclaim in the base translation — use a theologian’s note. |
| Repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | nawrócenie / nawracać się | Critical | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Faith and Discipleship | 1, 6 | NEVER render as “pokuta,” which in Polish Catholic usage is bound to the sacrament of Penance/Confession; must convey inward, decisive turning. |
| Cross / to crucify | σταυρός / σταυρόω | stauros / stauroō | krzyż / ukrzyżować | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8, 10, 15 | Guard against the term collapsing into a familiar decorative/devotional icon (given the crucifix’s cultural ubiquity in Poland) rather than retaining its costly, violent, substitutionary force. |
| Tradition (of the elders) | παράδοσις | paradosis | tradycja | High | (Contextual — law/heart of sin) | 7 | Scope the critique explicitly to first-century Pharisaic oral tradition; do NOT generalize into a polemic against the Catholic doctrine of Sacred Tradition. |
| Mystery (of the Kingdom) | μυστήριον | mystērion | tajemnica | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4 | Distinguish from the devotional “tajemnice różańcowe” (Rosary mysteries) association. |
| Unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | duch nieczysty / demon | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 | Keep focus on Christ’s unique authority; avoid drawing on Polish folk-exorcism popular culture for illustration. |
| Holy One of God | ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ | ho hagios tou theou | Święty Boży | High | The Messianic Secret | 1 | Ironic demonic confession; pair with Messianic Secret doctrine note. |
| Beloved Son | υἱὸς ἀγαπητός | huios agapētos | Syn umiłowany | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 1, 9, 12 | Distinguish from adoptive “dzieci Boże” language applied to believers (parallel caution to baseline’s son_of_god entry). |
| Forgive sins | ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας | aphiēmi hamartias | odpuszczać / przebaczać grzechy | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 2 | Teach as Christ’s own direct divine prerogative; do not flatten into, nor polemicize against, the sacramental absolution formula. |
| Messianic Secret command (silencing) | ἐπιτιμάω / διαστέλλομαι + μηδενὶ εἴπῃς | epitimaō / diastellomai | surowo przykazał, aby nikomu nie mówili | Medium/High | The Messianic Secret | 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 | Recommend one fixed Polish phrase pattern reused at every occurrence (1:34,44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9) for pedagogical consistency. |
| Follow (as disciple) | ἀκολουθέω | akoloutheō | iść za / pójść za Nim | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1, 2, 8, 10 | Preserve costly, total-life commitment; avoid casual “być zwolennikiem” framing. |
| Disciple | μαθητής | mathētēs | uczeń | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | throughout | Distinguish theological weight from the ordinary school-pupil sense of the Polish word. |
| Eternal life | ζωὴν αἰώνιον | zōēn aiōnion | życie wieczne | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 10 | Must not be assumed automatically secured by religious observance or almsgiving. |
| Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | Syn Dawida | High | Messianic Secret; Suffering Servant and Son of God | 10, 12 | Distinct fixed rendering from baseline’s “potomek Dawida” (seed_of_david); keep both forms distinguishable in glossary. |
| Elect / chosen ones | ἐκλεκτός | eklektos | wybrani | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13 | Companion adjectival form to baseline noun “wybranie”; avoid fatalistic “przeznaczeni” framing per baseline’s election-entry caution. |
| Hand over / betray | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | wydać (theological thread) / zdradzić (Judas’s personal act) | High | The Necessity of the Cross; Ransom for Many | 14 | Preserve the theological thread of divine purpose (echoing Isaiah 53 LXX) running beneath human treachery; reserve “zdradzić” specifically for Judas. |
| Son of the Blessed | υἱὸς τοῦ εὐλογητοῦ | huios tou eulogētou | Syn Błogosławionego | Critical | Deity of Christ; Sonship of Christ | 14 | Reverent circumlocution for “Son of God”; tie directly to baseline Sonship/Deity entries. |
| Cry of dereliction | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί / ἐγκαταλείπω | Elōi Elōi, lema sabachthani / egkataleipō | Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachtani (retained) / opuściłeś | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant and Son of God | 15 | Preserve untranslated Aramaic per standard Polish Bible practice (as with “Abba,” “Talita kum”); require careful Trinitarian framing avoiding any implication the Father-Son relation was ontologically severed. |
| King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | król żydowski | High | Messianic Secret; Suffering Servant and Son of God | 15 | Ironic title, mocked yet true; teach the deliberate Markan irony explicitly. |
| Veil / curtain | καταπέτασμα | katapetasma | zasłona | Medium | The Necessity of the Cross | 15 | Symbol of opened access to God through the cross’s atoning effect. |
| Gehenna | γέεννα | geenna | Gehenna (transliterated, footnoted) / piekło | Medium | (Contextual — seriousness of sin) | 9 | Recommend transliteration with footnote on first occurrence to preserve concrete OT/geographic background over generalized folk imagery. |
| Do not fear, only believe | μὴ φοβοῦ, μόνον πίστευε | mē phobou, monon pisteue | Nie bój się, tylko wierz | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 5 | Doctrine-defining verse; fix one consistent rendering across all lesson materials, parallel to baseline’s Romans 8:28 consistency rule. |
| I believe; help my unbelief | πιστεύω· βοήθει τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ μου | pisteuō, boēthei tē apistia mou | Wierzę, pomóż niedowiarstwu memu | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 9 | Doctrine-defining verse; fix one consistent rendering across all lesson materials. |
Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Preflight
- All Part A terms load directly from the existing baseline
translation_memory.json; no new entries are needed for these, only the Mark-specific contextual notes above should be appended to their existingnotesfields. - All Part B terms must be added to
translation_memory.jsonas new entries before Phase 2 segment translation of Mark begins, each assigned the risk tier shown, with the version number incremented per the baseline’s translation-memory update protocol. - The following Part B terms are assessed Critical and must be added to the Phase 2 escalation rules (parallel to the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list): Syn Człowieczy, okup, za wielu, niewolnik, nawrócenie, To Ja jestem, krzyż/ukrzyżować, Syn umiłowany, Syn Błogosławionego, and the cry of dereliction (Eloi Eloi lema sabachtani / opuściłeś).
- Scripture citation format follows the baseline convention: Ewangelia według św. Marka (e.g., “Marka 10:45”), consistent with Biblia Tysiąclecia book-naming conventions referenced in the baseline
12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - Chapters reviewed with no new theological vocabulary beyond terms already catalogued above: none — every chapter of Mark contributes at least one load-bearing term, as documented in
07_semantic_analysis.mdPart 2.
Critical Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Mark repeatedly pairs faith directly against fear (4:40; 5:36; 6:50; 9:24; 10:52) as mutually exclusive postures; must remain decisive personal trust exercised in crisis, never inherited religious-national identity.
Salvation
Approved rendering: zbawienie
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Entry into the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: zbawienie zapewnione automatycznie przez chrzest, sakramenty i przynależność narodowo-religijną
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the verb ‘zbawić’ used for the spiritual sense of sōzō (see save_heal_sozo). The rich man’s assumption that eternal life/salvation is earned by religious observance (10:17-31) must be explicitly corrected.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: zmartwychwstanie
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (noun form). Mark 16:6 uses a passive verb form (ēgerthē, ‘he was raised’) rather than this noun; theologian review must fix one consistent Polish verb (‘Powstał’ or ‘Zmartwychwstał’) for 16:6 before Phase 2 — see kingdom_of_god-adjacent note in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 2:28’s compound claim ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ (see lord_of_the_sabbath entry) requires this same absolute, exclusive lordship force.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Syn Boży
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Deity of Christ; Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Bookends Mark (1:1 narrator’s title; 15:39 centurion’s confession) — the single most structurally important term in the book. Never soften to ‘a divine man’ or ‘the greatest of the saints.‘
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesjasz (title) / Chrystus (name-form)
Transliteration: Christos / Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / Μεσσίας
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, with a documented DUAL-FORM POLICY for Mark: use ‘Mesjasz’ for confessional/titular occurrences (8:29; 14:61; 15:32) and ‘Chrystus’ only within the fused proper name ‘Jezus Chrystus’ (1:1). Must not be read as one religious teacher among others.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Iēsous / Yeshua
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Unchanged.
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Unchanged.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch Święty
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 3:29’s blasphemy-against-the-Spirit saying requires careful pastoral framing distinct from any lexical ambiguity in ‘Duch Święty’ itself.
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction and the Trinity
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:36’s Gethsemane prayer is the direct source of the Abba-Father address later extended to believers in Romans 8:15 — cross-curriculum teaching bridge.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Syn Człowieczy
Transliteration: huios tou anthrōpou
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Rejected alternatives: syn człowieka (lower-case, non-titular), conflation with Syn Boży
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Jesus’ most frequent self-designation (14 occurrences), fusing Daniel 7:13-14’s exalted heavenly ruler with his coming suffering. Must always be paired with a Daniel 7 teaching note at first occurrence (2:10).
Ransom
Approved rendering: okup
Transliteration: lytron
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: dar (gift), ofiara (sacrifice/offering alone)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
The single most theologically loaded word in the book (10:45, only NT occurrence outside Matt 20:28 parallel). Mandatory anchoring note to the OT redemption-price background (Leviticus 25; Exodus 21:30), never to modern kidnapping-ransom news framing.
For Many Substitutionary
Approved rendering: za wielu
Transliteration: anti pollōn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: za wielu read merely as ‘for the benefit of’ without substitution note
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
The preposition ἀντί conveys substitution (‘in place of’), not mere benefit. Standard Polish phrase retained but MUST be paired with a translator’s note preserving the substitutionary force, echoing Isaiah 53:11-12 LXX.
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: niewolnik
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: sługa (reserved for diakonos, must never substitute)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
Total, rightless servitude (10:44) — the greater degree of self-abasement, deliberately escalated from diakonos (v.43). NEVER soften to ‘sługa’ or the passage’s rhetorical escalation collapses.
Cup Poterion
Approved rendering: kielich
Transliteration: potērion
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: unanchored liturgical/Eucharistic-only reading at 10:38
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Suffering
Polish ‘kielich’ is also the standard Eucharistic chalice term. Mark 10:38’s use draws on the OT cup-of-wrath/suffering background (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17,22; Jer 25:15), NOT the liturgical rite; anchor explicitly before any Eucharistic association is invoked at 14:23.
I Am Ego Eimi
Approved rendering: To Ja jestem
Transliteration: egō eimi
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: flat ‘to ja’ stripping all theophanic resonance, overclaiming a dogmatic Exodus 3:14 identification
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
Spoken walking on water (6:50), possibly echoing Exodus 3:14 LXX. Preserve ambiguity: ordinary self-identification AND possible theophanic echo; use a theologian’s note, never asserted dogmatically in the base text.
Repentance Metanoia
Approved rendering: nawrócenie / nawracać się
Transliteration: metanoia / metanoeō
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: pokuta (bound to the sacrament of Penance/Confession)
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
The necessary human response to the in-breaking Kingdom (1:4,15; 6:12). NEVER use ‘pokuta’; must convey inward, decisive turning of the whole person.
Cross Stauros
Approved rendering: krzyż / ukrzyżować
Transliteration: stauros / stauroō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: decorative/devotional-icon flattening without reactivating violent, costly force
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Suffering
First call to cross-bearing discipleship (8:34); narrated as historical execution (ch.15). Poland’s crucifix ubiquity risks the term becoming a familiar decorative icon; teaching material must reactivate its costly, violent, substitutionary force at every occurrence.
Beloved Son
Approved rendering: Syn umiłowany
Transliteration: huios agapētos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: conflation with adoptive ‘dzieci Boże’ language applied to believers
Original: υἱὸς ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
The Father’s own designation at Jesus’ baptism (1:11) and Transfiguration (9:7), echoed ironically at 12:6. Unique, unrepeatable filial love, distinct from believers’ adoptive status.
Son Of The Blessed
Approved rendering: Syn Błogosławionego
Transliteration: huios tou eulogētou
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ εὐλογητοῦ
Category: Christology
A reverent circumlocution for ‘Son of God’ used by the high priest at trial (14:61), provoking Jesus’ clearest self-identification (14:62).
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachtani (retained) / opuściłeś
Transliteration: Elōi Elōi, lema sabachthani / egkataleipō
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction and the Trinity
Rejected alternatives: any framing implying an ontological rupture within the Godhead
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί / ἐγκαταλείπω
Category: Suffering
The most theologically fraught utterance in the Gospel (15:34), quoting Psalm 22:1. Preserve the Aramaic untranslated per standard Polish Bible practice; requires careful Trinitarian framing in teaching material.
Lord Of The Sabbath
Approved rendering: Pan szabatu
Transliteration: kyrios tou sabbatou
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: a lesser or merely rabbinic reading of authority
Original: κύριος τοῦ σαββάτου
Category: Christology
Jesus’ claim to authority even over the divinely-instituted Sabbath (2:28); must carry the same absolute, exclusive lordship force as the baseline’s Romans 10:9 entry.
Suffering Servant Title
Approved rendering: Cierpiący Sługa
Transliteration: n/a — doctrinal title; cf. Isaiah 52:13-53:12 LXX (παῖς/δοῦλος)
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: collapsing into the ethical sługa/niewolnik servanthood vocabulary of Mark 10:42-45
NEW fixed doctrinal title (not a single Markan lexical occurrence) proposed in 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md to name this curriculum doctrine, cross-referenced explicitly to the Isaiah 52-53 Servant Songs and kept lexically distinct from the ethical servanthood vocabulary of the core passage.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Ewangelia
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: The Gospel of Jesus Christ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1 is the programmatic title verse of the whole book; must not be narrowed to mean ‘the book of Mark’ itself or a generic uplifting message.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: królestwo Boże
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; ELEVATED from baseline Medium to High for Mark, consistent with bible_term_registry.json (Mark). Mark 1:15’s already/not-yet ‘has drawn near’ (see kingdom_has_drawn_near) carries a tension a flattened rendering would distort; must not be read as institutional ‘Kościół’ or a national-Catholic project.
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin (Forgiveness)
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; ELEVATED from baseline Medium to High for Mark, consistent with bible_term_registry.json (Mark). Mark 2’s forgiveness claim gives grzech heightened Christological weight: Christ’s own direct, unmediated prerogative to forgive, grounding rather than competing with sacramental absolution.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: poganie
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Inclusion of the Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: poganie used where the neutral political/secular sense ‘narody’ is intended
Inherited from Romans package; ELEVATED from baseline Medium to High for Mark. DOCUMENTED OVERRIDE: at Mark 10:42 (‘rulers of the ethnē’) use ‘narody,’ not ‘poganie’ — the purely political sense, inside the core passage. Retain ‘poganie’ only where a genuine religious contrast is in view (e.g., 7:26 Syrophoenician context may vary by translator judgment; flag for review).
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Transfiguration and Christ’s Glory
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; ELEVATED from baseline Medium to High for Mark. Mark 10:37 uses glory in a MISUNDERSTOOD courtly-enthronement sense the passage corrects — flag as instructive misuse, not the doctrine’s positive definition. Mark 9:2-8’s Transfiguration glory must be taught bracketed by, not detached from, the surrounding suffering predictions.
Covenant
Approved rendering: przymierze
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: umowa prawna
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Blood of the covenant… for many’ (14:24) directly parallels 10:45’s ransom language (ἀντὶ πολλῶν there; ὑπέρ here); teach 10:45 and 14:24 as one unified atonement theology.
Election
Approved rendering: wybranie
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: The Elect and Election
Rejected alternatives: przeznaczenie, los
Inherited from Romans package (noun form). Companion to the new adjectival term ‘wybrani’ (elect_eklektos, Mark 13:20,22,27); same fatalism-avoidance caution — must not read as impersonal fate or deterministic ‘przeznaczenie.‘
Law
Approved rendering: Prawo
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus the Word of God
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 2:23-28 (Sabbath) and Mark 7:1-13 (Pharisaic tradition vs. God’s actual command); the tradition critique must be scoped narrowly, never generalized against Prawo/Tradycja themselves.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: sługa
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: diakon (the ordained church office), Sługa Boży (the beatification-track honorific title)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
The lesser degree of servanthood (10:43). NEVER use the loanword ‘diakon’ (implying an institutional office) nor the capitalized honorific collocation ‘Sługa Boży’ (the formal Catholic beatification-candidate title); keep lower-case, ethical framing.
Baptism Baptisma
Approved rendering: chrzest / chrzcić
Transliteration: baptisma / baptizō
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: sacramental-grace reading of the metaphorical sense at 10:38-39
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Discipleship
Literal ritual sense (1:4-9) vs. metaphorical sense for being overwhelmed by suffering (10:38-39). The metaphorical sense inside the core passage must be explicitly flagged as distinct from the sacrament.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: władza
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: władza read as political/governmental power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Miracles and Authority
Modern Polish ‘władza’ carries strong political/communist-era connotations. Deliberate ironic dual use: positive divine authority (1:22,27; 2:10,28; 6:7; 11:28-33) vs. negative worldly domineering authority at Mark 10:42, inside the core passage — teach the contrast explicitly.
Save Heal Sozo
Approved rendering: uzdrowić (physical) / zbawić (spiritual)
Transliteration: sōzō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: a single flattened Polish verb losing the deliberate double meaning
Original: σῴζω
Category: Miracles and Authority
One Greek verb spans physical healing and spiritual salvation (5:23,28,34; 10:52). Polish requires two verbs; every occurrence needs a translator’s note preserving the deliberate wordplay.
Tradition Paradosis
Approved rendering: tradycja
Transliteration: paradosis
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus the Word of God
Rejected alternatives: generalized polemic against the Catholic doctrine of Sacred Tradition (Tradycja)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
Critiques a specific first-century Pharisaic oral tradition (7:1-13) that nullifies God’s actual command. Must be explicitly scoped to that target, never generalized against Catholic Tradycja.
Holy One Of God
Approved rendering: Święty Boży
Transliteration: ho hagios tou theou
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: reading as a generic synonym for ordinary holiness rather than a distinct title
Original: ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Messianic Secret
Ironic demonic confession of Jesus’ true identity (1:24), part of the Messianic Secret pattern.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: odpuszczać grzechy / przebaczać grzechy
Transliteration: aphiēmi hamartias
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin (Forgiveness)
Rejected alternatives: flattening into, or polemicizing against, the sacramental absolution formula
Original: ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sin
Jesus’ direct claim to release/forgive sins (2:5-10), provoking the blasphemy charge that recurs at trial (14:64). Christ’s own direct, unmediated divine prerogative, grounding rather than replacing later ministries of forgiveness.
Messianic Secret Silencing
Approved rendering: surowo przykazał, aby nikomu nie mówili
Transliteration: epitimaō / diastellomai
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: inconsistent ad hoc phrasing across occurrences
Original: ἐπιτιμάω / διαστέλλομαι + μηδενὶ εἴπῃς
Category: Messianic Secret
Fixed phrase pattern for Jesus’ recurring silencing command (1:34,44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9), reused verbatim at every occurrence for pedagogical consistency.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: życie wieczne
Transliteration: zōēn aiōnion
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Entry into the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: life automatically secured by religious observance or almsgiving
Original: ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Kingdom
Sought by the rich man (10:17) and promised to those who forsake all for Christ (10:30); the rich man’s implicit merit-based assumption must be explicitly corrected.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Syn Dawida
Transliteration: huios Dauid
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: conflation with baseline’s ‘potomek Dawida’ (seed_of_david, a genealogical phrase)
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Messianic Secret
Bartimaeus’s public, unrebuked messianic cry (10:47-48) — signals the lifting of secrecy as the Passion approaches. Keep distinguishable from ‘potomek Dawida.‘
Elect Eklektos
Approved rendering: wybrani
Transliteration: eklektos
Doctrine: The Elect and Election
Rejected alternatives: przeznaczeni (deterministic fate framing)
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Kingdom
Companion adjectival form to the inherited noun ‘wybranie’ (13:20,22,27); same fatalism-avoidance caution as the baseline election entry.
Hand Over Paradidomi
Approved rendering: wydać (theological thread) / zdradzić (Judas’s act)
Transliteration: paradidōmi
Doctrine: Betrayal and Divine Purpose
Rejected alternatives: collapsing both senses into a single verb, losing the plan/treachery distinction
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Suffering
Threads the whole Passion narrative (14:10-11,18,21,41-44); ‘wydać’ preserves the theological thread of divine purpose echoing Isaiah 53 LXX, ‘zdradzić’ is reserved for Judas’s personal treachery.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: król żydowski
Transliteration: basileus tōn Ioudaiōn
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Messianic Secret
A title used mockingly throughout the Passion (15:2,9,12,18,26), yet Mark places it as an unwitting confession of truth; teach the deliberate irony explicitly.
Do Not Fear Only Believe
Approved rendering: Nie bój się, tylko wierz
Transliteration: mē phobou, monon pisteue
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: inconsistent ad hoc renderings across lesson materials
Original: μὴ φοβοῦ, μόνον πίστευε
Category: Faith
Doctrine-defining verse (5:36); fixed, consistent rendering required across all lesson materials, parallel to the baseline’s Romans 8:28 consistency rule.
I Believe Help Unbelief
Approved rendering: Wierzę, pomóż niedowiarstwu memu
Transliteration: pisteuō, boēthei tē apistia mou
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: πιστεύω· βοήθει τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ μου
Category: Faith
Doctrine-defining verse (9:24), modeling faith coexisting with acknowledged weakness; fixed rendering required across all lesson materials.
Soul Life Psyche
Approved rendering: życie / dusza
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: życie alone read as merely biological
Original: ψυχή
Category: Suffering
The object Christ gives as a ransom (10:45) and what disciples risk losing/gaining for his sake (8:35-37). Standard ‘życie’ may read as merely biological; supply a teaching note for the fuller ‘whole self/soul’ sense.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: bluźnierstwo / bluźnić
Transliteration: blasphēmia / blasphēmeō
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin
Original: βλασφημία / βλασφημέω
Category: Sin
Named in the unforgivable-sin saying (3:28-29) and the trial charge (14:64). Lexically straightforward; risk is pastoral, not lexical — must not be used to induce despair over ordinary doubt or confessed sin.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: przemienić się
Transliteration: metamorphoō
Doctrine: The Transfiguration and Christ’s Glory
Rejected alternatives: isolated triumphal reading detached from the surrounding suffering predictions
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
Momentary unveiling of Christ’s divine glory (9:2-8), bracketed by passion predictions (8:31; 9:31); must be taught integrated, not isolated.
False Christs Prophets
Approved rendering: fałszywi mesjasze / fałszywi prorocy
Transliteration: pseudochristoi / pseudoprophētai
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: Messianic Secret
Warns against deception regarding Christ’s identity (13:22); reinforces the uniqueness of the true Mesjasz against imitators.
Messianic Secret Doctrine Title
Approved rendering: tajemnica mesjańska
Transliteration: n/a — modern scholarly category (Wilhelm Wrede, Messiasgeheimnis)
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘tajemnica’ risking collision with tajemnica Królestwa and tajemnice różańcowe
Fixed doctrine title adopting the standard Polish biblical-scholarship calque; the single most crowded word-family in the glossary (see mystery_of_kingdom) — always qualify with the genitive phrase, never leave bare ‘tajemnica’ in doctrinal text.
Kingdom Has Drawn Near
Approved rendering: przybliżyło się
Transliteration: ēngiken
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: jest już blisko (paraphrase losing the perfect-tense already/not-yet force), purely future rendering, fully consummated rendering
Fixed verb choice for Mark 1:15’s thesis statement, mandated for consistency across all lesson materials, parallel to the baseline’s Romans 1:16-17 consistency rule. Must convey an event already begun and presently in force.
Divine Necessity Dei
Approved rendering: musi
Transliteration: dei
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: fatalistic los/przeznaczenie framing
The passion-prediction modal (8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34). No better single-word Polish alternative exists; retain ‘musi’ but mandate an accompanying teaching note at every occurrence clarifying divine, Scripture-fulfilling necessity, not mere circumstantial inevitability.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: święty
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the distinct title ‘Święty Boży’ (Holy One of God, 1:24) and ‘Duch Święty’; keep the generic adjective distinguishable from those specific titles.
Adoption
Approved rendering: usynowienie
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ (contrast term)
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-reference: Mark’s ‘Syn umiłowany’ (Beloved Son, 1:11; 9:7; 12:6) and ‘Syn Boży’ must be kept distinct from this adoptive believer-sonship category, which Mark itself never applies to Christ.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 5:34 pairs ‘pokój’ directly with the healing/salvation verb sōzō (‘Go in peace’); relational peace flowing from Christ’s saving action, not mere emotional calm.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: moc Boża
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Inherited from Romans package, scoped there to Romans 1:16’s soteriological ‘power of God for salvation.’ EXTENDED for Mark: dynamis also names the tangible, felt power behind Christ’s authority (exousia) in healing and nature-miracle contexts (5:30; 6:14; 9:39) — complementary to, not synonymous with, ‘władza’ (exousia).
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction and the Trinity
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, paired with ‘Ojcze.’ Jesus’ own use (14:36) precedes and grounds its extension to believers in the Romans baseline.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: potomek Dawida
Transliteration: sperma Dauid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (genealogical phrase). Kept lexically distinguishable from Mark’s new confessional-address title ‘Syn Dawida’ (son_of_david, 10:47-48).
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: tajemnica Królestwa
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘tajemnica’ risking conflation with tajemnice różańcowe (Rosary mysteries)
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
A hidden truth of the in-breaking Kingdom disclosed to insiders (4:11). Always use the qualified genitive phrase, never bare ‘tajemnica,’ in doctrinal teaching text.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: duch nieczysty / demon
Transliteration: pneuma akatharton / daimonion
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demons
Rejected alternatives: illustration drawn from Polish folk-exorcism popular culture
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Miracles and Authority
Malevolent spiritual entity cast out by Jesus (1:23-27; 5:1-20; 7:24-30; 9:14-29). Keep teaching illustration Christologically focused, never on contemporary exorcism practice.
Follow Akoloutheo
Approved rendering: iść za / pójść za Nim
Transliteration: akoloutheō
Doctrine: Cost of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: być fanem/zwolennikiem (casual admiration)
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
Committed, costly discipleship (1:18-20); must preserve total-life commitment, not casual interest.
Disciple Mathetes
Approved rendering: uczeń
Transliteration: mathētēs
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
Polish ‘uczeń’ also denotes an ordinary school pupil; the term’s theological weight (total, costly commitment) must be taught explicitly, not assumed.
Veil Katapetasma
Approved rendering: zasłona
Transliteration: katapetasma
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Suffering
The temple curtain torn ‘from top to bottom’ at Jesus’ death (15:38), symbolizing opened access to God through the cross’s atoning effect.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: Gehenna (transliterated, footnoted) / piekło
Transliteration: geenna
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin (contextual — seriousness of sin)
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘piekło’ importing Dante-influenced Polish folk imagery
Original: γέεννα
Category: Sin
A concrete, geographically-rooted judgment image (9:43,45,47). Transliterate with an explanatory footnote on first occurrence rather than defaulting to ‘piekło’ alone.
Heart Kardia
Approved rendering: serce
Transliteration: kardia
Doctrine: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: καρδία
Category: Sin
The inner moral/volitional center of a person, the true source of defilement (7:19-23) and the seat of the Great Commandment’s love (12:28-34).
High Priest
Approved rendering: arcykapłan
Transliteration: archiereus
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Suffering
Presides over the trial where Jesus is condemned on the blasphemy charge tied to his Messianic/Son-of-God claims (14:53,60-64).
Temple Hieron
Approved rendering: świątynia
Transliteration: hieron
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἱερόν
Category: Suffering
Site of Jesus’ prophetic temple-clearing action (11:11,15-17), enacting judgment on corrupted temple worship.
Caesar
Approved rendering: Cezar
Transliteration: Kaisar
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: Καῖσαρ
Category: Servanthood
‘Render to Caesar what is Caesar’s’ (12:14-17); doctrinally Medium given Poland’s historical church-state sensitivity (partitions, communism).
Tribulation Thlipsis
Approved rendering: ucisk
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Eschatological Vigilance
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Faith
Severe distress preceding the end (13:19,24), background for Faith and Discipleship amid Fear.
Compassion Splagchnizomai
Approved rendering: ogarnęła Go litość / użalić się
Transliteration: splagchnizomai
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Rejected alternatives: superficial politeness lacking visceral depth
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Miracles and Authority
Jesus’ visceral inner response preceding healings (1:41) and the feeding of the 5,000 (6:34); grounds the incarnate compassion behind his authority.
Fear Strach Bojazn
Approved rendering: strach / bać się
Transliteration: phobos / phobeomai
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: bojaźń (reverential-awe register) used for Mark’s faith-opposing, negative fear occurrences
Mark’s fear vocabulary (4:41; 5:33; 6:50; 9:32; 16:8) is almost entirely the negative, faith-opposing sense. Reserve reverential ‘bojaźń’ only for genuinely reverential occurrences (if any), never as a default ‘more biblical-sounding’ substitute.
Talitha Koum
Approved rendering: Talita kum
Transliteration: Talitha koum
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Rejected alternatives: silent paraphrase omitting the transliteration Mark himself preserves
Transliterate and pair with Mark’s own embedded gloss, ‘Dziewczynko, mówię ci, wstań’ (5:41), following Mark’s own translation practice for his Greek-reading audience.
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: Effatha
Transliteration: Ephphatha
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness
Transliterate and pair with Mark’s own gloss, ‘Otwórz się’ (7:34).
Corban
Approved rendering: Korban
Transliteration: Korban
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus the Word of God
Transliterate and pair with Mark’s own gloss, ‘dar złożony Bogu’ (7:11) — a built-in model of the translator-note practice this curriculum imitates.
Golgotha
Approved rendering: Golgota
Transliteration: Golgotha
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Transliterate and pair with Mark’s own gloss, ‘Miejsce Czaszki’ (15:22).
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostoł
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship and Sending
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The Twelve are appointed (3:14) and sent (6:7) with Jesus’ own delegated authority (exousia); teach delegated authority alongside, not as a substitute for, Christ’s own authority.
Prophet
Approved rendering: prorok
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to John the Baptist and, ironically, denied to Jesus at Nazareth (6:4).
David
Approved rendering: Dawid
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies both ‘Syn Dawida’ (son_of_david, new term) and ‘potomek Dawida’ (seed_of_david); keep both compound forms distinguishable.
Satan
Approved rendering: szatan
Transliteration: Satanas
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Suffering
Jesus identifies Peter’s resistance to the cross as satanic (8:33) — underscores the cross’s non-negotiable necessity.
Parable
Approved rendering: przypowieść
Transliteration: parabolē
Doctrine: Parables as a Teaching Method
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
Jesus’ primary teaching mode for Kingdom truths (ch.4; 12:1-12), revealing to insiders while concealing from the crowds.
Centurion
Approved rendering: setnik
Transliteration: hekatontarchēs
Doctrine: The Centurion’s Confession
Original: ἑκατοντάρχης
Category: Christology
Speaks Mark’s climactic human confession (15:39), bookending 1:1. Lexically low risk; the confession itself reuses ‘Syn Boży’ (Critical).
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosanna
Transliteration: hōsanna
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Triumphal-entry acclamation (11:9-10); already fully integrated into Polish liturgical vocabulary (Palm Sunday); low risk.
Boanerges
Approved rendering: Boanerges
Transliteration: Boanerges
Doctrine: Apostleship and Sending
James and John’s nickname (3:17); transliterate and pair with Mark’s own gloss, ‘synowie gromu.‘
Amen
Approved rendering: Amen
Transliteration: amēn
Doctrine: General
Standard transliterated interjection, consistent with baseline Romans transliteration convention; used throughout Mark’s discourse material.
Referenced passages