Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke (English → Polish)
This glossary compiles every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all 24 chapters of Luke, including the core passage (4:16-21). Terms marked (baseline TM) are inherited unchanged from the Romans Language Package (translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json) and MUST be reused exactly; only Luke-specific notes are added. New terms introduced by this curriculum are marked (NEW) and must be added to translation memory before Phase 2 processing begins, per the pre-flight checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Legend
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low (per baseline risk definitions)
- First Occurrence: chapter of first load-bearing appearance in Luke
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Polish Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | First Occurrence | Status | Translation Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spirit of the Lord | Πνεῦμα Κυρίου / Pneuma Kyriou | Duch Pański | High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 4:18 (core) | NEW | Identify explicitly with Duch Święty; do not flatten to generic inspiration. |
| anointed | ἔχρισέν / echrisen | namaścił | Critical | Messianic Promise | 4:18 (core) | NEW | Must visibly connect to Mesjasz/Chrystus root. |
| proclaim good news (verb) | εὐαγγελίσασθαι / euangelisasthai | głosić dobrą nowinę | High | Gospel | 4:18 (core) | NEW | Verb form; reserve noun Ewangelia (baseline TM) for the gospel-as-message sense. |
| poor | πτωχοῖς / ptōchois | ubodzy | Critical | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 (core) | NEW | Must retain literal, material referent; resist immediate spiritualization. |
| sent | ἀπέσταλκέν / apestalken | posłał | Medium | Mission to the Nations | 4:18 (core) | NEW | Root shares apostoł (baseline TM); note but do not conflate forms. |
| proclaim (herald) | κηρύξαι / kēryxai | głosić / obwołać | Medium | Gospel | 4:18 (core) | NEW | Distinguish from εὐαγγελίζομαι’s “announce good news” nuance. |
| captives | αἰχμαλώτοις / aichmalōtois | jeńcy / więźniowie | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 4:18 (core) | NEW | Retain both literal-exile and spiritual-bondage senses. |
| release / forgiveness | ἄφεσις / aphesis | uwolnienie (captivity sense) / odpuszczenie (sins sense) | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 4:18 (core) | NEW | Single Greek word split across two Polish terms; flag deliberate wordplay every occurrence. |
| blind | τυφλοῖς / typhlois | niewidomi | Low | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 (core) | NEW | — |
| recovery of sight | ἀνάβλεψιν / anablepsin | przywrócenie wzroku | Low | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 (core) | NEW | — |
| oppressed | τεθραυσμένους / tethrausmenous | uciśnieni | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 (core) | NEW | — |
| acceptable year of the Lord (Jubilee) | ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν / eniauton Kyriou dekton | rok łaski Pana | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4:19 (core) | NEW | Distinguish from Catholic “Rok Jubileuszowy” (indulgence-linked Holy Year); this is Leviticus 25 Jubilee fulfilled in Christ. |
| Today | Σήμερον / Sēmeron | dziś / dzisiaj | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4:21 (core); recurs 2:11, 5:26, 12:28, 13:32-33, 19:5/9, 22:34/61, 23:43 | NEW | Recurring Lukan motif; render and flag consistently across all occurrences. |
| fulfilled | πεπλήρωται / peplērōtai | wypełniło się | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 4:21 (core) | NEW | Perfect tense — completed, standing fulfillment; do not soften to future/aspirational. |
| Scripture | γραφή / graphē | Pismo | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture | 4:21 (core) | NEW | Distinguish from Tradition/Magisterium per baseline note on this doctrine. |
| favored one / full of grace | κεχαριτωμένη / kecharitōmenē | pełna łaski (liturgical) / obdarowana łaską (precise) | Critical | Christian Identity / Grace | 1:28 | NEW | Retain familiar liturgical wording but pair with note: Mary is object of grace, paralleling every believer’s reception of grace, not exceeding it in kind. |
| Rejoice / Hail | χαῖρε / chaire | Witaj / Bądź pozdrowiona | Critical | Christian Identity / Grace | 1:28 | NEW | Ordinary greeting, not an instituted theological title in the Greek text itself. |
| Most High | Ὕψιστος / Hypsistos | Najwyższy | Low | Deity of Christ | 1:32 | NEW | — |
| Savior (noun) | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Zbawca / Zbawiciel | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 1:47 | NEW | Same risk profile as baseline “salvation” — not automatic via national/religious belonging. |
| mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | miłosierdzie | Critical | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History; Jesus’ Compassion | 1:50 | NEW | Distinguish biblical eleos from the specific 20th-century “Boże Miłosierdzie” (Divine Mercy/Faustyna) devotional apparatus; teach prior biblical concept first. |
| handmaid / servant | δούλη / doulē | służebnica | Medium | Discipleship | 1:38 | NEW | Retain total-submission force; do not soften to “helper.” |
| redemption | λύτρωσις / lytrōsis | odkupienie | High | Salvation | 1:68 | NEW | Do not narrow to merit/indulgence-inflected popular usage. |
| visited (God’s saving initiative) | ἐπισκέψατο / epeskepsato | nawiedził / wejrzał | Medium | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1:68, 1:78 | NEW | Distinguish theological “visitation” from the Marian feast “Nawiedzenie” (Visitation narrative, 1:39-45). |
| good will / favor | εὐδοκία / eudokia | ludziom, w których ma upodobanie (textual) / ludziom dobrej woli (liturgical) | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 2:14 | NEW | Flag divergence between critical-text genitive reading and traditional Mass liturgical wording. |
| light for revelation to the nations | φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν / phōs eis apokalypsin ethnōn | światło na oświecenie pogan | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 2:32 | NEW | Uses baseline TM “poganie” (gentiles); ensure inclusive positive sense not undercut by term’s negative connotation. |
| repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | nawrócenie (primary) | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3 | NEW | Do not default to “pokuta” (sacramental Penance); reserve pokuta for outward penitential acts only. |
| baptism | βάπτισμα / baptisma | chrzest | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3 | NEW | Distinguish John’s baptism of repentance from full Christian sacramental baptism. |
| disciple | μαθητής / mathētēs | uczeń | High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:1 (implicit); explicit 5:11 | NEW | Teach full life-apprenticeship sense beyond ordinary “school pupil” connotation. |
| follow | ἀκολουθέω / akoloutheō | iść za / naśladować | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:11 | NEW | — |
| sinner | ἁμαρτωλός / hamartōlos | grzesznik | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5:8, 5:30 | NEW | Retain first-century social-exclusion connotation. |
| tax collector | τελώνης / telōnēs | celnik | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5:27 | NEW | Brief social-status note recommended. |
| blessed | μακάριος / makarios | błogosławiony | Critical | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 6:20 | NEW | Distinguish from the Catholic canonical beatification title “błogosławiony.” |
| love (enemies) | ἀγάπη/ἀγαπάω / agapē/agapaō | miłość / miłujcie | Medium | Jesus’ Compassion | 6:27, 6:35 | NEW | Willed, active, self-giving love, not mere tolerance. |
| compassion (visceral) | σπλαγχνίζομαι / splagchnizomai | ulitować się / poruszony głębokim współczuciem | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 7:13; recurs 10:33, 15:20 | NEW | Render consistently across all three key occurrences to preserve the deliberate Lukan pattern. |
| debtor | ὀφειλέτης / opheiletēs | dłużnik | Low | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 7:41 | NEW | — |
| save / heal | σῴζω / sōzō | zbawić (soteriological) / uzdrowić (physical) | Critical | Salvation; Jesus’ Compassion | 8:48 | NEW | Single Greek verb spans both senses; flag the fusion in every occurrence. |
| cross | σταυρός / stauros | krzyż | Critical | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 9:23 | NEW | Preserve distinctively Lukan “daily” (καθ᾿ ἡμέραν); do not domesticate the term. |
| deny oneself | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / aparneomai heauton | zaprzeć się samego siebie | High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 9:23 | NEW | Total relinquishing of self-rule, not mere ascetic self-denial. |
| neighbor | πλησίον / plēsion | bliźni | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 10:27, 10:29 | NEW | Guard against the term’s catechetical familiarity flattening the parable’s radical redefinition. |
| Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης / Samaritēs | Samarytanin | Medium | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 10:33 | NEW | Preserve original ethnic-religious tension despite Polish idiom “dobry Samarytanin.” |
| pray / prayer | προσεύχομαι, προσευχή / proseuchomai, proseuchē | modlić się / modlitwa | High | Prayer and Dependence on God | 11:1 | NEW | Present Jesus’ personal prayer pattern as the model; do not assume any single existing devotional form as automatically equivalent. |
| finger of God | δάκτυλος θεοῦ / daktylos theou | palec Boży | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 11:20 | NEW | Retain concrete idiom with brief note. |
| anxious / worry | μεριμνάω / merimnaō | martwić się / zamartwiać się | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 12:22 | NEW | — |
| watch / be alert | γρηγορέω / grēgoreō | czuwać | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 12:37 | NEW | — |
| narrow door | θύρα στενή / thyra stenē | wąskie drzwi / ciasna brama | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 13:24 | NEW | Warns against presumed entry by proximity/association; note relevance to cultural-Catholic identity assumptions. |
| banquet | δεῖπνον / deipnon | wieczerza / uczta | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 14:16 | NEW | Distinguish parabolic banquet sense from “Wieczerza Pańska” (Lord’s Supper), reserved for ch. 22. |
| poor, crippled, lame, blind | πτωχοί, ἀνάπηροι, χωλοί, τυφλοί | ubodzy, ułomni, chromi, niewidomi | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 14:13, 14:21 | NEW | Present as a deliberate list of socially excluded categories. |
| hate (hyperbolic) | μισέω / miseō | nienawidzić (+ mandatory note) | High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 14:26 | NEW | Semitic comparative hyperbole; requires explanatory note to avoid literal misreading. |
| lost | ἀπολωλός / apolōlos | zgubiony / stracony | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 15:4, 15:6, 15:24 | NEW | — |
| prodigal / wasteful living | ἀσωτία / asōtia | rozwiązłe / rozrzutne życie | Low | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 15:13 | NEW | — |
| joy | χαρά / chara | radość | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 15:7, 15:10, 15:32 | NEW | Covenantal, celebratory joy shared between heaven and earth, not mere relief. |
| mammon | μαμωνᾶς / mamōnas | mamona | Low | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 16:9, 16:13 | NEW | Established transliteration. |
| Hades | Ἅδης / Hadēs | Hades / Otchłań | Critical | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 16:23 | NEW | Must not be read as, or taught as, a proof text for purgatory (czyściec). |
| bosom of Abraham | κόλπος Ἀβραάμ / kolpos Abraam | łono Abrahama | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 16:22 | NEW | Jewish intertestamental image of honored rest with the patriarchs; distinct from full resurrection hope. |
| forgive | ἀφίημι / aphiēmi | odpuszczać / przebaczać | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 17:3-4 | NEW | Keep consistent with ἄφεσις (core passage) wherever discussed together. |
| within/among you (Kingdom) | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν / entos hymōn | pośród was / wśród was | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 17:21 | NEW | Favor corporate/relational reading (Kingdom present in Jesus’ person) over individualized inward reading. |
| justified | δικαιόω / dikaioō | usprawiedliwiony | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; Salvation | 18:14 | Baseline TM (reuse) | Narrative enactment of Romans’ forensic justification doctrine; same Critical risk applies. |
| humble / exalt | ταπεινόω / ὑψόω | uniżyć / wywyższyć | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 18:14 | NEW | — |
| child | παιδίον / paidion | dziecko | Low | Prayer and Dependence on God; Kingdom of God | 18:16-17 | NEW | Model of dependent, unearned receptivity. |
| today salvation | σήμερον σωτηρία / sēmeron sōtēria | dziś zbawienie | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 19:9 | NEW | Teach in explicit connection with Luke 4:21’s “Today.” |
| house of prayer | οἶκος προσευχῆς / oikos proseuchēs | dom modlitwy | Low | Prayer and Dependence on God | 19:46 | NEW | — |
| tribulation | θλῖψις / thlipsis | ucisk | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 21:23 | NEW | — |
| redemption (final/eschatological) | ἀπολύτρωσις / apolytrōsis | odkupienie | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 21:28 | NEW | Same merit/indulgence-avoidance caution as λύτρωσις (ch. 1). |
| new covenant | διαθήκη καινή / diathēkē kainē | Nowe Przymierze | High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 22:20 | Baseline TM term + modifier | Uses baseline “przymierze” exactly; add “nowe.” |
| body / blood (institution) | σῶμα / αἷμα | ciało / krew | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; Christian Identity | 22:19-20 | NEW | Render plainly; flag denominational diversity in Eucharistic theology without adjudicating it. |
| crucify | σταυρόω / stauroō | ukrzyżować | Critical | Cost and Joy of Discipleship; Lordship of Christ | 23:33 | NEW | Reuse σταυρός (ch. 9) reasoning. |
| paradise | παράδεισος / paradeisos | raj | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 23:43 | NEW | Immediate blessed intermediate state granted by Christ’s word alone; avoid importing purgatory framework. |
| King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων / basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | Król żydowski | Low | Lordship of Christ | 23:38 | NEW | Ironically affirmed title; ties to baseline Lordship doctrine. |
| Ascension | ἀναλαμβάνω / ἀνελήφθη / analambanō / anelēphthē | Wniebowstąpienie (event) / wzięty / wstąpił | High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 24:51 | NEW | Distinguish sharply from “Wniebowzięcie” (Assumption of Mary) — different theological category and different biblical basis. |
| clothed with power (promise of the Spirit) | ἐνδύσησθε δύναμιν / endysēsthe dynamin | przyoblec się mocą | High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 24:49 | NEW | Uses baseline “moc Boża” pattern; teach in continuity with Luke 1 and 4:18. |
Baseline Terms Reused Without Modification
The following terms from the baseline Romans Language Package recur throughout Luke and are reused exactly as recorded in translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json, with no change to Polish rendering or risk tier. Luke-specific contextual notes, where relevant, are recorded in 07_semantic_analysis.md.
| English Term | Polish Rendering | Risk | Key Luke Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Ewangelia | High | 1:19 (implicit), 4:18, 7:22, 9:6, 20:1 |
| grace | łaska | High | 1:28, 1:30, 2:40, 4:22 |
| faith | wiara | Critical | 5:20, 7:9, 7:50, 8:25, 8:48, 17:5-6, 17:19, 18:8, 18:42, 22:32 |
| salvation | zbawienie | Critical | 1:69, 1:77, 2:30, 3:6, 19:9-10 |
| apostle | apostoł | Low | 6:13, 9:10, 11:49, 17:5, 22:14, 24:10 |
| called / calling | powołany / powołanie | High | 1:32, 1:35, 1:76, 6:15 |
| holy | święty | Medium | 1:15, 1:35, 1:49, 1:70, 1:72, 2:23 |
| sanctification | uświęcenie | High | (thematic; no isolated noun occurrence in Luke — see holiness-adjacent terms above) |
| adoption | usynowienie | Medium | (thematic — sonship language, e.g., 15:31 “son”; no direct υἱοθεσία occurrence in Luke) |
| resurrection | zmartwychwstanie | Critical | 14:14, 20:27-38, 24:1-53 |
| lord | Pan | Critical | 1:43, 2:11, 6:46, 10:1, 19:31, 20:42, 24:34 |
| son of God | Syn Boży | Critical | 1:32, 1:35, 4:3, 4:9, 4:41, 8:28, 22:70 |
| incarnation | wcielenie | High | 1:31-35, 2:6-7 |
| peace | pokój | Medium | 1:79, 2:14, 2:29, 7:50, 8:48, 10:5-6, 19:38, 19:42, 24:36 |
| spiritual gifts | dary duchowe | Medium | (thematic; more prominent in Acts) |
| thanksgiving | dziękczynienie | Low | 2:38, 17:16, 18:11, 22:17, 22:19 |
| fellowship | wspólnota | Low | 5:10 (implicit), 22:14-30 |
| church | kościół | Medium | (thematic; formal ἐκκλησία absent from Luke’s Gospel, prominent in Acts) |
| kingdom of God | królestwo Boże | Medium | 4:43, 6:20, 8:1, 8:10, 9:2, 9:60, 10:9, 11:20, 12:31-32, 13:18-29, 14:15, 16:16, 17:20-21, 18:16-29, 19:11, 21:31, 22:16-18, 22:29-30, 23:42, 23:51 |
| law | Prawo | High | 2:22-27, 2:39, 5:14, 10:26, 16:16-17, 24:44 |
| sin | grzech | Medium | 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 7:47-49, 11:4, 15:7-10, 17:3-4, 24:47 |
| gentiles | poganie | Medium | 2:32, 18:32, 21:24, 24:47 |
| glory | chwała | Medium | 2:9, 2:14, 2:32, 9:26-32, 17:18, 19:38, 24:26 |
| obedience of faith | posłuszeństwo wiary | High | (thematic; explicit phrase absent from Luke, present in commissioning texts, e.g., 5:5, 6:47) |
| power of God | moc Boża | Medium | 1:35, 4:14, 4:36, 5:17, 6:19, 9:1, 10:19, 24:49 |
| messiah | Mesjasz | Critical | 2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:41, 9:20, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39, 24:26, 24:46 |
| prophet | prorok | Low | 1:76, 4:24, 7:16, 7:26, 7:39, 9:8, 9:19, 11:47-50, 13:33-34, 16:16, 16:29-31, 20:6, 24:19 |
| prophecy | proroctwo | Low | 1:67, 2:36-38 |
| covenant | przymierze | High | 1:72, 22:20 |
| election | wybranie | High | (thematic; more explicit in Acts) |
| intercession | wstawiennictwo | Critical | (thematic; cf. Jesus’ prayer for Peter, 22:32) |
| providence | opatrzność Boża | Medium | 12:6-7, 12:22-31 |
| mission | misja | Medium | 9:1-6, 10:1-12 |
| david | Dawid | Low | 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 6:3, 18:38-39, 20:41-44 |
| israel | Izrael | Low | 1:16, 1:54, 1:68, 1:80, 2:25, 2:32, 2:34, 4:25, 4:27, 22:30, 24:21 |
| jesus | Jezus | Critical | throughout |
| god | Bóg | Critical | throughout |
| holy spirit | Duch Święty | Critical | 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 4:18, 10:21, 11:13, 12:10-12, 24:49 |
| father | Ojciec | Critical | 2:49, 6:36, 10:21-22, 11:2, 11:13, 15:11-32, 22:29, 22:42, 23:34, 23:46, 24:49 |
| abba | Abba | Medium | (not directly attested in Luke’s Gospel text; retained per baseline for cross-referenced Pauline usage in later curricula) |
| exhort | napominać | Low | 3:18 |
| seed of David | potomek Dawida | Medium | 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 3:31 |
| imputed righteousness | poczytana sprawiedliwość | Critical | (thematic; narrative anticipation in 18:14’s justification of the tax collector) |
Cross-Cutting Risk Notes for Phase 2
- σήμερον (“Today”) and σπλαγχνίζομαι (“visceral compassion”) are structural motifs, not isolated terms — Phase 2 segment translators must recognize recurrence across chapters and render consistently, not independently per segment.
- ἄφεσις and σῴζω each split into two distinct Polish words depending on context (release/forgiveness; heal/save) — every occurrence requires a translator note recording which sense is active and flagging the underlying single-Greek-term ambiguity for native-speaker or theologian review.
- Three terms in this glossary (Ἅδης, παράδεισος, ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν/Jubilee) require explicit disambiguation from adjacent, well-established Polish Catholic doctrinal categories (czyściec, Rok Jubileuszowy) that this curriculum does not teach and must not be conflated with.
- κεχαριτωμένη, χαῖρε, ἔλεος, and the Luke 1 Magnificat/Benedictus vocabulary collectively carry the highest cumulative cultural-collision risk in the entire book, given Luke 1’s status as the direct textual basis for the most memorized and devotionally central Marian prayers in Polish Catholic life. All Phase 2 processing of Luke 1 segments should be routed to human theologian review regardless of individual term risk tier, per the escalation logic in
12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - Wniebowstąpienie (Ascension, Luke 24) vs. Wniebowzięcie (Assumption of Mary, extrabiblical dogma) is a near-homophonous pair in Polish requiring explicit disambiguation at every occurrence.
Critical Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust in Christ, not inherited national-religious identity. Luke context: recurs pervasively in Luke’s healing/salvation pericopes (5:20, 7:9, 7:50, 8:25, 8:48, 17:5-6, 17:19, 18:8, 18:42, 22:32); the centurion’s faith (7:9) exceeding ‘Israel’s’ and the Samaritan leper’s faith (17:19) both explicitly decouple faith from ethnic-national belonging.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość zdobyta przez zasługi i praktyki religijne
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Right standing before God granted through faith, not merit. Luke context: implicit background to the Pharisee’s self-assessment in 18:9-14, where his own perceived ‘sprawiedliwość’ is the parable’s foil.
Justification
Approved rendering: usprawiedliwienie
Transliteration: dikaioō / dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (Narrative Enactment)
Rejected alternatives: stopniowe uświęcenie zamiast deklaracji prawnej
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Preserve the forensic ‘declared righteous’ sense. Luke context: 18:14’s ‘usprawiedliwiony’ is Luke’s clearest narrative enactment of this doctrine — the tax collector, not the observant Pharisee, is declared right before God on the basis of humble appeal for mercy, not religious performance.
Salvation
Approved rendering: zbawienie
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: zbawienie zapewnione automatycznie przez chrzest, sakramenty i przynależność narodowo-religijną
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reconciliation with God received by faith, not a status assumed through sacramental participation or national-Catholic belonging. Luke context: 19:9’s ‘σήμερον σωτηρία’ (‘dziś zbawienie’) ties this term directly to the σήμερον motif; see ‘today’ and ‘today_salvation’.
Calling
Approved rendering: powołanie
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: powołanie kapłańskie lub zakonne wyłącznie
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must not default to priesthood/religious-life sense. Luke context: recurs throughout the discipleship material (5:1-11, 9:59-62); every occurrence risks being heard as a specially elevated vocation rather than the universal call every disciple receives.
Saints
Approved rendering: święci
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: święci kanonizowani, czczeni i proszeni o wstawiennictwo
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Corporate designation for all believers, not an ascetic/canonized elite. Luke context: not a major standalone Gospel term but retained for cross-curriculum consistency; the same canonization-collision risk applies wherever discussed.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: zmartwychwstanie
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection; never reincarnation/rebirth vocabulary. Luke context: 20:27-38 (Sadducees’ debate, extended to believers’ general resurrection); 24:1-53 narrates Christ’s own resurrection with distinctive emphasis on physicality (24:39, ‘flesh and bones’).
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Exclusive, supreme lordship. Luke context: recurs at 1:43, 2:11, 6:46, 10:1, 19:31, 20:42, 24:34; 6:46’s ‘Panie, Panie’ must not be reduced to a polite address.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Syn Boży
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: syn Boży w sensie ogólnym, stosowanym do każdego wierzącego
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Unique, eternal, divine Sonship, distinct from believers’ adoptive ‘dzieci Boże.’ Luke context: declared by Gabriel (1:32, 1:35), tested by the devil (4:3, 4:9), confessed by demons (4:41, 8:28), affirmed before the Sanhedrin (22:70).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesjasz
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: recurs at 2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:41, 9:20, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39, 24:26, 24:46; directly connected to the verb ‘namaścił’ at 4:18 — see ‘anointed.‘
Intercession
Approved rendering: wstawiennictwo
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: wstawiennictwo wyłącznie świętych i Maryi jako niezbędnych pośredników
Original: ἔντευξις (cf. Luke 22:32, Jesus’ prayer for Peter)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: Jesus interceding directly for Peter (22:32) is Luke’s clearest text modeling direct divine intercession, reinforcing the baseline caution against ‘wstawiennictwo’ defaulting to Marian/saintly mediation, given the intensity of Częstochowa/Jasna Góra devotion and John Paul II’s ‘Totus Tuus’ consecration in Polish culture.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Iēsous / Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard across all Polish Bible traditions throughout Luke.
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and unambiguous throughout Luke.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch Święty
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: recurs at 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 10:21, 11:13, 12:10-12, 24:49. Luke 4:18’s ‘Duch Pański’ must be explicitly identified with this same divine Person.
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: recurs at 2:49, 6:36, 10:21-22, 11:2, 11:13, 15:11-32, 22:29, 22:42, 23:34, 23:46, 24:49. The Lord’s Prayer (11:2) follows the universally known liturgical wording ‘Ojcze nasz.‘
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: poczytana sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (Narrative Enactment)
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość wlana (kategoria trydencka)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην (cf. Romans 4:3, thematically anticipated in Luke 18:14)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: 18:9-14’s parable of the Pharisee and tax collector is the clearest narrative anticipation of this doctrine in the Gospel.
Anointed
Approved rendering: namaścił
Transliteration: echrisen
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: transliterowana forma niełącząca się widocznie z ‘Mesjasz’
Original: ἔχρισέν
Category: Christology
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18). Must visibly connect to ‘Mesjasz’/‘Chrystus’ root for Polish readers; losing this connection severs the core passage from the Messianic Promise doctrine it exists to teach.
Poor
Approved rendering: ubodzy
Transliteration: ptōchois / ptōchos
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: ubóstwo duchowe jako jedyne znaczenie, jałmużna jako prywatna cnota zamiast definiującego adresata Ewangelii
Original: πτωχοῖς / πτωχός
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18; also 6:20, 14:13/21, 16:19-31). Must retain literal, material referent; resist immediate spiritualization common in Polish Catholic homiletic tradition (voluntary religious ‘ubóstwo,’ private ‘jałmużna’-style charity). Contrast Luke 6:20’s unqualified ‘blessed are the poor’ with Matthew 5:3’s ‘poor in spirit,’ absent from Luke.
Release Forgiveness
Approved rendering: uwolnienie / odpuszczenie
Transliteration: aphesis
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: jedno słowo obejmujące oba znaczenia (niemożliwe w języku polskim)
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18; recurs 1:77, 3:3, 24:47). Polish requires two words where Greek uses one: ‘uwolnienie’/‘wyzwolenie’ (release from captivity) and ‘odpuszczenie [grzechów]’ (forgiveness of sins). Mandatory translator note at every occurrence flagging the deliberate wordplay linking physical liberation and spiritual pardon, invisible in Polish without it.
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: rok łaski Pana
Transliteration: eniauton Kyriou dekton
Doctrine: Jubilee / The Acceptable Year of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: Rok Jubileuszowy (katolicki, odpustowy), Roku Pańskiego (idiom kalendarzowy, Anno Domini)
Original: ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:19). The Leviticus 25 Jubilee — debts forgiven, slaves freed, land returned — now announced as arriving in Jesus’ person. Must be explicitly distinguished from Poland’s recurring, papally proclaimed ‘Rok Jubileuszowy’ (tied to pilgrimage and plenary indulgences) and from the unrelated calendar idiom ‘Roku Pańskiego.’ This is a decisive, one-time, universal act accomplished in Christ, received by faith, not a recurring ecclesial observance tied to merit.
Favored One Full Of Grace
Approved rendering: łaski pełna (liturgical) / obdarowana łaską (precise)
Transliteration: kecharitōmenē
Doctrine: Grace and Marian Devotion (Luke 1:28)
Rejected alternatives: łaski pełna jako tytuł niezależny, wykraczający poza znaczenie greckiego imiesłowu
Original: κεχαριτωμένη
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (1:28). Perfect passive participle: Mary as passive recipient of grace for a specific redemptive-historical role, not an inherent attribute or independent title. Retain the recognizable liturgical phrase ‘łaski pełna’ but pair every occurrence with a note that Mary is the object, not source, of grace, paralleling (not exceeding in kind) every believer’s reception of grace.
Rejoice Hail
Approved rendering: Witaj / Bądź pozdrowiona
Transliteration: chaire
Doctrine: Grace and Marian Devotion (Luke 1:28)
Rejected alternatives: Zdrowaś jako tytuł ustanowiony przez sam tekst grecki
Original: χαῖρε
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (1:28). An ordinary Greek greeting formula, not a distinct theological title in the source text. Must not be taught as though the Greek institutes the liturgical title ‘Zdrowaś’; that devotional elevation happened later, in Latin/Polish liturgical tradition.
Savior
Approved rendering: Zbawca / Zbawiciel
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: status zbawczy przyznany automatycznie przez przynależność narodowo-religijną
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (1:47, applied to God; 2:11, applied to Jesus). Consistent with baseline noun family ‘zbawienie’; must not default to a status assumed through national-religious belonging — Luke roots this title in a specific historical act of rescue, received personally.
Mercy
Approved rendering: miłosierdzie
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Biblical Mercy and the ‘Boże Miłosierdzie’ Devotional Collision
Rejected alternatives: miłosierdzie zdefiniowane wyłącznie przez nabożeństwo do Bożego Miłosierdzia (Faustyna Kowalska)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Compassion and Mercy
New term introduced by Luke, dominating the Benedictus (1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78). Covenantal mercy/faithfulness (echoing Hebrew hesed). Poland’s exceptionally intense ‘Boże Miłosierdzie’ devotional culture (St. Faustyna, Divine Mercy image/chaplet/feast, reinforced by John Paul II) must not become the primary or defining referent; teach the prior, biblical covenant-mercy concept first.
Repentance
Approved rendering: nawrócenie
Transliteration: metanoia / metanoeō
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: pokuta jako podstawowe znaczenie (przekierowuje do sakramentu spowiedzi)
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term introduced by Luke (3:3, and recurring at 5:32, 13:3/5, 15:7/10, 24:47). A decisive reorientation of the whole person, not mere emotional remorse. ‘Pokuta’ is strongly bound to the sacrament of Penance/Confession in Polish Catholic practice; use ‘nawrócenie’ as the primary rendering, reserving ‘pokuta’ only where the context is specifically outward acts of contrition (3:8’s ‘fruits of repentance’).
Blessed
Approved rendering: błogosławiony
Transliteration: makarios
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: błogosławiony jako tytuł kanonicznej beatyfikacji
Original: μακάριος
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
New term introduced by Luke (6:20-22, the unqualified Beatitudes, without Matthew’s ‘poor in spirit’ qualifier). In Polish Catholic usage this is also the specific canonical title given to a formally beatified person; every occurrence in the Beatitudes must be explicitly distinguished from this ecclesiastical title. God’s favor is pronounced on whole classes of ordinary people, not on beatification candidates.
Save Heal
Approved rendering: zbawić (soteriological) / uzdrowić (physical)
Transliteration: sōzō
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: wybór jednego znaczenia bez odnotowania połączenia obu sensów w greckim oryginale
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (8:48; recurs 17:19, 18:42, 19:9-10). A single Greek verb covering both physical healing/rescue and spiritual/eschatological salvation. Polish forces a choice the original leaves fused; flag the underlying single-verb ambiguity at every occurrence.
Cross
Approved rendering: krzyż
Transliteration: stauros
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: krzyż jako symbol dekoracyjny, krzyż jako zbiorowe cierpienie narodowe (‘Polska jako Chrystus narodów’)
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
New term introduced by Luke (9:23, distinctively ‘daily’ — καθ᾿ ἡμέραν; recurs 14:27, 23:33). Must retain full, costly, socially shameful force, not domesticated into decoration. Explicitly distinguish personal, individual, daily self-surrender from Poland’s Romantic-messianic national-suffering tradition.
Hades
Approved rendering: Hades / Otchłań
Transliteration: Hadēs
Doctrine: Intermediate State and Afterlife
Rejected alternatives: czyściec jako odpowiednik lub potwierdzenie doktryny czyśćca
Original: Ἅδης
Category: Eschatology
New term introduced by Luke (16:23, Rich Man and Lazarus). Must not be taught as, or read as, a proof text for ‘czyściec’ (purgatory) — a distinct, developed Catholic intermediate-state doctrine for the already-saved dead. The parable’s fixed, uncrossable chasm (16:26) stands in tension with any purificatory-transition reading.
Body Blood
Approved rendering: ciało / krew
Transliteration: sōma / haima
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: przyjęcie z góry jednej konkretnej teologii eucharystycznej (transsubstancjacja, pamiątka, obecność duchowa)
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Church
New term introduced by Luke (22:19-20, words of institution). Render plainly and literally. This text is the direct scriptural basis for later, differing denominational Eucharistic theologies; a mandatory teaching note must flag the divergence without adjudicating or presupposing any single position among this curriculum’s mixed audience.
Crucify
Approved rendering: ukrzyżować
Transliteration: stauroō
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Christology
New term introduced by Luke (23:33). Verb form of σταυρός; same doctrinal weight as ‘cross’ applies — the historical, shameful, decisive nature of the act must not be softened.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Ewangelia
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must be taught as the specific proclamation of salvation through Christ, not conflated with the four Gospel books alone or a generic uplifting message. Luke context: the noun form (Ewangelia) is reserved for the gospel-as-message sense; the verb form εὐαγγελίζομαι at 4:18 is rendered separately as ‘głosić dobrą nowinę’ (see proclaim_good_news).
Grace
Approved rendering: łaska
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: łaska otrzymywana głównie przez zasługi i praktyki sakramentalne
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Unmerited favor received by faith, not merit accumulated through sacramental participation. Luke context: underlies κεχαριτωμένη (1:28); Mary is the object, not source, of this grace — see favored_one_full_of_grace.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: uświęcenie
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: oczyszczenie pokutne, w tym poprzez czyściec
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Must not collapse into the penitential/purgatorial framework. Luke context: thematic; no isolated noun occurrence in Luke’s Gospel.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: wcielenie
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological name for the event; cf. Luke 1:31-35, 2:6-7)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Risk in Luke is primarily catechetical: popular piety narrows this to the nativity crèche (żłóbek/szopka) rather than the permanent assumption of human nature carefully narrated across Luke 1-2 (1:26-38, 2:1-7).
Law
Approved rendering: Prawo
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. The Mosaic law/Torah. Luke context: situates Jesus’ family and ministry within faithful Torah observance (2:22-27, 2:39, 5:14, 16:16-17, 24:44).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: posłuszeństwo wiary
Transliteration: hypakoē pisteōs
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: posłuszeństwo nakazom kościelnym i praktykom religijnym
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: the explicit phrase does not occur, but the concept underlies commissioning texts such as 5:5 (Peter’s obedient response) and 6:47.
Covenant
Approved rendering: przymierze
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: umowa prawna
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: recurs at 1:72 (Abrahamic covenant remembered) and climactically at 22:20, where Jesus identifies his own death with the New Covenant — see new_covenant.
Election
Approved rendering: wybranie
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: przeznaczenie, los
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: thematic in the choosing of the Twelve (6:13); more explicit terminology develops in Acts.
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Duch Pański
Transliteration: Pneuma Kyriou
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: duch jako ogólne natchnienie religijne, duch w potocznym sensie nastroju/atmosfery
Original: Πνεῦμα Κυρίου
Category: God
New term introduced by Luke. Render ‘Duch Pański,’ reflecting the established Polish Old Testament idiom for Isaiah 61:1, and explicitly identify with ‘Duch Święty’ elsewhere in Luke (3:22, 4:1). Must not be flattened to generic inspiration or an impersonal mood.
Proclaim Good News
Approved rendering: głosić dobrą nowinę
Transliteration: euangelisasthai
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ogólna zachęta lub przemówienie motywacyjne
Original: εὐαγγελίσασθαι
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18). Verb form; reserve noun ‘Ewangelia’ for the gospel-as-message sense. Must retain authoritative-proclamation force; the poor are the first named recipients.
Today
Approved rendering: dziś / dzisiaj
Transliteration: Sēmeron
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: treatowanie jako przypadkowego, jednostkowego przysłówka
Original: Σήμερον
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:21). A recurring Lukan theological signature word marking the immediate, decisive arrival of God’s saving action. Render and flag consistently at every occurrence (2:11; 4:21; 5:26; 12:28; 13:32-33; 19:5, 9; 22:34, 61; 23:43) as a deliberate motif, not an isolated adverb.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: wypełniło się
Transliteration: peplērōtai
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: wypełni się (przyszły/aspiracyjny sens), wypełnia się częściowo
Original: πεπλήρωται
Category: Covenant
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:21). Perfect passive: ‘has been fulfilled and stands fulfilled,’ completed action with continuing present effect. Must not be softened to future or aspirational; the claim is total, immediate, and personal in Jesus’ own voice.
Redemption
Approved rendering: odkupienie
Transliteration: lytrōsis / apolytrōsis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: odkupienie rozumiane głównie przez zasługę, odpust i karę doczesną
Original: λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (1:68, Benedictus; intensified eschatological form at 21:28). Retain the primary sense of God’s decisive rescue received by faith, not human-initiated compensatory action; Polish Catholic popular usage sometimes narrows this toward merit/indulgence frameworks.
Good Will Favor
Approved rendering: ludziom dobrej woli (liturgical) / ludziom, w których ma upodobanie (textual)
Transliteration: eudokia
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: przyjęcie tylko jednej lektury bez zaznaczenia rozbieżności
Original: εὐδοκία
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (2:14). Disputed genitive construction; the traditional Mass liturgical wording (‘pokój ludziom dobrej woli’) diverges from the modern critical Greek text’s genitive reading. Flag this divergence explicitly rather than silently following either tradition, given the liturgical wording’s deep embedding in Polish Catholic memory.
Light For Revelation To Nations
Approved rendering: światło na oświecenie pogan
Transliteration: phōs eis apokalypsin ethnōn
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (2:32, Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis). Established liturgical phrasing (Compline/Night Prayer). Ensure the negative connotation of ‘poganie’ does not undercut this verse’s warmly inclusive sense; one of the clearest single verses grounding this doctrine as early as Jesus’ infancy.
Baptism
Approved rendering: chrzest
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: identyfikacja z pełną sakramentalną teologią chrztu chrześcijańskiego bez rozróżnienia
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term introduced by Luke (3:3). John’s baptism is a public, once-for-all ritual enactment of adult repentance, distinct from the fuller Trinitarian, Spirit-filling sacramental theology of later Christian baptism (including infant baptism, central to Polish Catholic and most Protestant practice).
Disciple
Approved rendering: uczeń
Transliteration: mathētēs
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: uczeń rozumiany wyłącznie jako uczeń szkolny
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
New term introduced by Luke (5:1-11, explicit at 5:11). The ordinary Polish word suggests a school pupil; the text’s full sense (total life-commitment, following at cost) must be taught explicitly.
Compassion Visceral
Approved rendering: ulitować się / poruszony głębokim współczuciem
Transliteration: splagchnizomai
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: zlitował się (zbyt płaskie, brzmi obowiązkowo)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion and Mercy
New term introduced by Luke (7:13, widow of Nain; recurs 10:33, the Samaritan; 15:20, the prodigal’s father). The strongest available Greek term for visceral pity; render consistently across all three occurrences to preserve the deliberate Lukan pattern.
Deny Oneself
Approved rendering: zaprzeć się samego siebie
Transliteration: aparneomai heauton
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: ascetyczne odmawianie sobie przyjemności jako wystarczające znaczenie
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
New term introduced by Luke (9:23). Total relinquishing of self-rule to Christ’s lordship, not mere ascetic self-denial of pleasures.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: bliźni
Transliteration: plēsion
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: bliźni jako komfortowy, znany termin katechetyczny bez radykalnej redefinicji
Original: πλησίον
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (10:27, 10:29-37, Good Samaritan). This term is already fixed and familiar in Polish catechesis (‘miłuj bliźniego swego’); the risk is that its familiarity flattens the parable’s radical redefinition (an ethnic/religious outsider as positive model) into a comfortable platitude.
Pray Prayer
Approved rendering: modlić się / modlitwa
Transliteration: proseuchomai / proseuchē
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: zakładanie równoważności z jedną konkretną istniejącą formą pobożności
Original: προσεύχομαι / προσευχή
Category: Prayer
New term introduced by Luke (11:1-13; also 3:21, 5:16, 6:12, 9:18, 9:28-29, 18:1-14, 22:39-46). Present Jesus’ own personal, dependent, frequent prayer pattern as the model, not assuming any single existing Polish devotional form (rosary, liturgical hours, novenas) as automatically equivalent.
Narrow Door
Approved rendering: wąskie drzwi / ciasna brama
Transliteration: thyra stenē
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: θύρα στενή
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (13:24-29). An entrance requiring deliberate, decisive effort, contrasted with presumed automatic entry by proximity/association (‘we ate and drank with you’). Deserves explicit pastoral emphasis given the ‘Polak-katolik’ assumption of automatic belonging.
Hate Hyperbolic
Approved rendering: nienawidzić
Transliteration: miseō
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: ominięcie hiperboli i osłabienie wymogu całkowitej lojalności
Original: μισέω
Category: Discipleship
New term introduced by Luke (14:26). Semitic hyperbolic idiom for decisively lower relative priority, not literal emotional hatred. Requires a mandatory explanatory note at every occurrence to avoid a literal misreading as hostility toward family.
Kingdom Within Among You
Approved rendering: pośród was / wśród was
Transliteration: entos hymōn
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: w was (lokalizacja indywidualna, wewnętrzna)
Original: ἐντὸς ὑμῶν
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (17:21). A genuinely disputed phrase; favor the corporate/relational reading (Kingdom present in Jesus’ own person among the hearers) over an individualized inward reading. This translation choice materially affects the doctrine taught and must be explicitly flagged with reasoning.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: Nowe Przymierze
Transliteration: diathēkē kainē
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: umowa handlowa zamiast relacyjnego przymierza
Original: διαθήκη καινή
Category: Covenant
New term introduced by Luke (22:20). Uses baseline ‘przymierze’ exactly, with modifier ‘nowe.’ Jesus explicitly identifies his own impending death as instituting the New Covenant promised in Jeremiah 31:31-34.
Paradise
Approved rendering: raj
Transliteration: paradeisos
Doctrine: Intermediate State and Afterlife
Rejected alternatives: czyściec jako etap poprzedzający raj
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
New term introduced by Luke (23:43). Paired with the σήμερον motif (‘today you will be with me in paradise’). Describes immediate, conscious blessed presence granted at the point of death by Christ’s word alone, without an intervening purificatory process; do not import the purgatory (‘czyściec’) framework.
Ascension
Approved rendering: Wniebowstąpienie
Transliteration: analambanō / anelēphthē
Doctrine: Ascension of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Wniebowzięcie (Wniebowzięcie Maryi — inna kategoria teologiczna)
Original: ἀναλαμβάνω / ἀνελήφθη
Category: Christology
New term introduced by Luke (24:51). Use the established liturgical term ‘Wniebowstąpienie’ for the event consistently. Polish has a near-homophonous but doctrinally distinct term, ‘Wniebowzięcie’ (Assumption of Mary, an extrabiblical Catholic dogma); flag the distinction explicitly at every occurrence — Christ ascends by his own divine prerogative, Mary is assumed/taken up.
Clothed With Power
Approved rendering: przyoblec się mocą
Transliteration: endysēsthe dynamin
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: ἐνδύσησθε δύναμιν
Category: God
New term introduced by Luke (24:49). Jesus’ final instruction to await the Holy Spirit’s coming, directly setting up Pentecost. Teach in explicit continuity with the Spirit’s activity traced from ch. 1 through 4:18 to this final commissioning promise.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: powołany
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across distinct senses. Luke context: applied to Jesus’ own identity/mission (1:32, 1:35, 1:76) more than to ordinary believers, unlike Paul’s broader usage.
Holy
Approved rendering: święty
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Set apart for God and morally pure. Luke context: applied to the Holy Spirit throughout the infancy narrative (1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67).
Adoption
Approved rendering: usynowienie
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Full son-status with complete inheritance rights. Luke context: thematic in the prodigal’s restoration as son (15:31); the technical noun does not occur.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Relational peace with God through justification, not merely inner calm. Luke context: recurs at key salvation moments (1:79, 2:14, 7:50, 8:48, 10:5-6, 19:38, 19:42, 24:36).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dary duchowe
Transliteration: charismata
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Spirit-given enablements, not merit-earned powers. Luke context: thematic; more prominent in Acts.
Church
Approved rendering: kościół
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Kościół jako jedyna prawowita instytucja hierarchiczna
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: formal ἐκκλησία is absent from Luke’s Gospel (prominent in Acts); the concept is present narratively in the gathered community of disciples.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: królestwo Boże
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, risk elevated in practice for Luke given frequency and doctrinal density. Luke context: Luke’s single most repeated theological phrase (4:43, 6:20, 8:1, 8:10, 9:2, 9:60, 10:9, 11:20, 12:31-32, 13:18-29, 14:15, 16:16, 17:20-21, 18:16-29, 19:11, 21:31, 22:16-18, 22:29-30, 23:42, 23:51). Recommend routing all present/future-tension segments to native speaker review regardless of tier.
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: recurs at 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 7:47-49, 11:4, 15:7-10, 17:3-4, 24:47.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: poganie
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Poganie’ carries a stronger negative charge than neutral Greek ethnē. Luke context: especially important at 2:32 (‘światło na oświecenie pogan’) and 24:47, where context is warmly inclusive; the negative charge must not undercut the inclusive sense.
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: recurs at the annunciation to shepherds (2:9, 2:14), Simeon’s prophecy (2:32), the Transfiguration (9:26-32), and the healed leper’s praise (17:18).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: moc Boża
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: recurs at the Annunciation (1:35), ministry inauguration (4:14), healing (4:36, 5:17, 6:19), sending of the Twelve (9:1, 10:19), and climactically at the Pentecost promise (24:49); see also clothed_with_power.
Providence
Approved rendering: opatrzność Boża
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: los, przeznaczenie
Original: πρόνοια (cf. Luke 12:6-7, 12:22-31)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: the sparrows/ravens teaching (12:6-7, 12:22-31) is the key text; avoid fatalistic framing.
Mission
Approved rendering: misja
Transliteration: apostolē / pempō
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: sending of the Twelve (9:1-6) and Seventy-two (10:1-12), climactically the closing charge (24:47-49).
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly attested in Luke’s Gospel text; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with Pauline usage learners will encounter later.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: potomek Dawida
Transliteration: sperma Dauid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 3:31.
Sent
Approved rendering: posłał
Transliteration: apestalken
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀπέσταλκέν
Category: Church
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18). Perfect tense: a completed sending with ongoing effect. Shares root with ‘apostoł’; note but do not conflate the forms. Establishes the pattern later governing 9:1-2 and 10:1.
Proclaim Herald
Approved rendering: głosić / obwołać
Transliteration: kēryxai
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: κηρύξαι
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18-19). Distinct from εὐαγγελίζομαι’s ‘announce good news’ nuance — emphasizes authoritative, formal, herald-like proclamation. Maintain consistency with other occurrences (8:39; 9:2; 24:47).
Captives
Approved rendering: jeńcy / więźniowie
Transliteration: aichmalōtois
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: wyłącznie współczesne rozumienie osadzenia w więzieniu
Original: αἰχμαλώτοις
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18). Retain both the literal-historical (Babylonian exile) and extended spiritual-bondage senses; avoid narrowing to modern incarceration alone.
Oppressed
Approved rendering: uciśnieni
Transliteration: tethrausmenous
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: złamani (ryzyko pomylenia z idiomem ‘złamane serce’)
Original: τεθραυσμένους
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18, Isaiah 58:6 background). Names the socially crushed and exploited as objects of Jesus’ liberating mission.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Pismo
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Covenant
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:21; recurs 24:27, 24:32, 24:45). Distinguish from the broader Catholic framework in which Sacred Tradition and Magisterial teaching stand alongside Scripture; the specific written text of Isaiah is in view at 4:21.
Handmaid Servant
Approved rendering: służebnica
Transliteration: doulē
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: pomocnica / asystentka (zbyt słabe)
Original: δούλη
Category: Discipleship
New term introduced by Luke (1:38, established liturgical rendering ‘służebnica Pańska’). Total-submission force must not be softened; models discipleship posture.
Visited
Approved rendering: nawiedził / wejrzał
Transliteration: epeskepsato
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: ἐπισκέψατο
Category: God
New term introduced by Luke (1:68, 1:78). A personal, purposeful divine visitation with saving intent. Distinguish from the narrative Marian feast ‘Nawiedzenie’ (Mary’s visit to Elizabeth, 1:39-45), which shares the root; do not conflate.
Follow
Approved rendering: iść za / naśladować
Transliteration: akoloutheō
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
New term introduced by Luke (5:11, 27-28). To accompany and follow as a disciple, leaving one’s former life behind; paired with ‘uczeń’ as discipleship’s defining verb.
Sinner
Approved rendering: grzesznik
Transliteration: hamartōlos
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Compassion and Mercy
New term introduced by Luke (5:8, 5:30). A first-century social-religious label for those excluded from respectable table fellowship; retain this social-exclusion connotation, not flattened to a purely private, individual moral category.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: celnik
Transliteration: telōnēs
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Compassion and Mercy
New term introduced by Luke (5:27, Levi; 19:2, Zacchaeus; 18:10, parable figure). A despised collaborator-class figure in Roman-occupied Judea; a brief cultural note on social status aids comprehension.
Love Enemies
Approved rendering: miłość / miłujcie
Transliteration: agapate tous echthrous
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: tolerancja lub brak wrogości jako wystarczające znaczenie
Original: ἀγαπάτε τοὺς ἐχθρούς (ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω)
Category: Compassion and Mercy
New term introduced by Luke (6:27, 6:35). Self-giving, willed love, distinct from φιλία or ἔρος; active, costly benefaction toward opponents, not mere tolerance.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: Samarytanin
Transliteration: Samaritēs
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: dobry Samarytanin jako w pełni zsekularyzowany idiom bez napięcia etniczno-religijnego
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (10:33; recurs 17:11-19). The Polish idiom ‘dobry Samarytanin’ (used even secularly) risks flattening the original ethnic-religious tension into a generic lesson on kindness.
Finger Of God
Approved rendering: palec Boży
Transliteration: daktylos theou
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: abstrakcyjna parafraza zamiast konkretnego idiomu
Original: δάκτυλος θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (11:20). An idiom for direct, unmistakable divine action (echoing Exodus 8:19); retain literally with a brief explanatory note.
Anxious Worry
Approved rendering: martwić się / zamartwiać się
Transliteration: merimnaō
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: μεριμνάω
Category: Prayer
New term introduced by Luke (12:22-31). A mind fragmented and burdened by care, as opposed to trust; ties dependence on God directly to daily material provision.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: czuwać
Transliteration: grēgoreō
Doctrine: Watchfulness and Eschatological Readiness
Rejected alternatives: czuwanie rozumiane jako pasywne czekanie
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (12:37; also ch. 21). Vigilant readiness for an anticipated but unscheduled event; must convey active, alert readiness, not passive waiting.
Banquet
Approved rendering: wieczerza / uczta
Transliteration: deipnon
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: wieczerza używana bez rozróżnienia od Wieczerzy Pańskiej
Original: δεῖπνον
Category: Compassion and Mercy
New term introduced by Luke (14:15-24, Great Banquet parable). ‘Wieczerza’ carries strong Eucharistic resonance (‘Wieczerza Pańska’); prefer ‘uczta’ for this parabolic/social sense, distinguished from the ch. 22 Institution narrative.
Poor Crippled Lame Blind
Approved rendering: ubodzy, ułomni, chromi, niewidomi
Transliteration: ptōchoi, anapēroi, chōloi, typhloi
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχοί, ἀνάπηροι, χωλοί, τυφλοί
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
New term introduced by Luke (14:13, 14:21). A deliberate fourfold list of socially excluded categories, all explicitly invited to the true banquet.
Lost
Approved rendering: zgubiony / stracony
Transliteration: apolōlos
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀπολωλός
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term introduced by Luke (15:4, 15:6, 15:24). Not merely misplaced but in genuine peril or ruin; central to ch. 15’s three parables of God actively seeking the lost.
Joy
Approved rendering: radość
Transliteration: chara
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: radość jako zwykła ulga emocjonalna
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
New term introduced by Luke (15:7, 15:10, 15:32). Theologically freighted, celebratory joy shared between heaven and earth over repentance, not mere emotional relief.
Bosom Of Abraham
Approved rendering: łono Abrahama
Transliteration: kolpos Abraam
Doctrine: Intermediate State and Afterlife
Rejected alternatives: utożsamienie z pełną chrześcijańską koncepcją nieba po zmartwychwstaniu
Original: κόλπος Ἀβραάμ
Category: Eschatology
New term introduced by Luke (16:22). A Jewish intertestamental idiom for honored rest with the patriarchs; requires OT/intertestamental background; distinct from the fuller Christian resurrection-hope concept of heaven.
Forgive
Approved rendering: odpuszczać / przebaczać
Transliteration: aphiēmi
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀφίημι
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term introduced by Luke (17:3-4). Verb form of ἄφεσις; keep consistent with the core passage’s terminology wherever discussed together.
Humble Exalt
Approved rendering: uniżyć / wywyższyć
Transliteration: tapeinoō / hypsoō
Doctrine: Humility and the Reversal Motif
Original: ταπεινόω / ὑψόω
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (18:14; recurs 1:52, 14:11). A recurring reversal pattern — the humbled exalted, the exalted humbled — render consistently across occurrences to keep the pattern visible.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: ucisk
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (21:23). Intense pressure or suffering, often with eschatological connotation of end-time distress.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: szabat
Transliteration: sabbaton
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Rejected alternatives: niedziela jako bezpośredni odpowiednik szabatu
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:16; recurs 6:1-11, 13:10-17, 14:1-6). A footnote should clarify Sabbath refers to seventh-day Jewish practice Jesus himself observed and defended, not a call to alter Christian Sunday worship.
Authority
Approved rendering: władza
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: moc Boża jako synonim bez rozróżnienia od władzy delegowanej
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
New term introduced by Luke (4:32, 4:36, 5:24, 9:1, 10:19). Legitimate, delegated right to act, distinct from ‘moc Boża’ (raw divine power).
Temptation
Approved rendering: kusić / pokusa; próba / doświadczenie
Transliteration: peirazō / peirasmos
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: πειράζω / πειρασμός
Category: Discipleship
New term introduced by Luke (4:2, 4:13, the devil’s testing; also 11:4, Lord’s Prayer’s ‘trial’; 22:40, 22:46, Gethsemane). Establishes Jesus’ full, tested humanity and anticipates the Prayer and Dependence on God doctrine.
Word Of God Seed
Approved rendering: słowo Boże
Transliteration: ho logos tou theou
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Parable of the Sower, 8:11)
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (8:11, Parable of the Sower). The seed explicitly identified as the word of God; ties Kingdom teaching to the authority and effectiveness of the proclaimed word.
Purification
Approved rendering: oczyszczenie
Transliteration: katharismos
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Rejected alternatives: ludowe zwyczaje błogosławieństwa po porodzie jako równoważnik
Original: καθαρισμός
Category: Covenant
New term introduced by Luke (2:22-24). The specific Levitical purification rite of Leviticus 12, observed by Jesus’ family; should not be conflated with later sacramental or folk-Catholic post-partum blessing customs.
Legion Demon Possession
Approved rendering: być opętanym; Legion
Transliteration: daimonizomai / legiōn
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: tłumaczenie ‘Legion’ jako ‘wojsko’ lub ‘mnóstwo’ (usuwa echo okupacji rzymskiej)
Original: δαιμονίζομαι / λεγιών
Category: Kingdom
New term introduced by Luke (8:26-39). ‘Legion,’ the demons’ self-identification, echoes Roman military terminology; retain as a proper noun to preserve the echo of overwhelming occupying imperial power, reinforcing Jesus’ authority over every hostile power.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostoł
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship and Sending
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Established, unambiguous term. Luke context: 6:13 records Jesus’ naming of the Twelve as apostles.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dziękczynienie
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Gratitude
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term. Luke context: 2:38, 17:16 (the healed Samaritan leper’s return), 18:11, 22:17, 22:19.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: wspólnota
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: świętych obcowanie (specific creedal formula)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: implicit in the calling of the first disciples (5:10) and the Last Supper table (22:14-30).
Prophet
Approved rendering: prorok
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: applied to Isaiah, John the Baptist, Jesus himself, and Anna (as προφῆτις, 2:36).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: proroctwo
Transliteration: prophēteia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: Zechariah’s and Simeon’s prophetic utterances (1:67, 2:36-38).
David
Approved rendering: Dawid
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 6:3, 18:38-39, 20:41-44.
Israel
Approved rendering: Izrael
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: 1:16, 1:54, 1:68, 1:80, 2:25, 2:32, 2:34, 4:25, 4:27, 22:30, 24:21.
Exhort
Approved rendering: napominać
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Luke context: 3:18, describing John the Baptist’s preaching.
Blind
Approved rendering: niewidomi
Transliteration: typhlois
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: ślepi (bardziej archaiczne/ostrzejsze)
Original: τυφλοῖς
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18). Luke narrates literal healings of blindness (18:35-43) enacting this proclamation historically.
Recovery Of Sight
Approved rendering: przywrócenie wzroku
Transliteration: anablepsin
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἀνάβλεψιν
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:18). Concrete, bodily healing; resists any reading of the gospel as addressing only the ‘spiritual.‘
Most High
Approved rendering: Najwyższy
Transliteration: Hypsistos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Ὕψιστος
Category: God
New term introduced by Luke (1:32). A divine title emphasizing God’s supremacy; reinforces Christ’s Sonship as ‘Son of the Most High.‘
Debtor
Approved rendering: dłużnik
Transliteration: opheiletēs
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ὀφειλέτης
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term introduced by Luke (7:41-43, Simon-the-Pharisee episode). Ties naturally to ἄφεσις/forgiveness imagery.
Prodigal Wasteful Living
Approved rendering: rozwiązłe / rozrzutne życie
Transliteration: asōtia
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀσωτία
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term introduced by Luke (15:13). Reckless, self-ruinous squandering of resources.
Mammon
Approved rendering: mamona
Transliteration: mamōnas
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: bogactwo / pieniądz (paraphrase losing the personified rival-master force)
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
New term introduced by Luke (16:9, 16:13). Established Polish Bible transliteration for wealth personified as a rival master demanding total allegiance.
Child
Approved rendering: dziecko
Transliteration: paidion
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: παιδίον
Category: Prayer
New term introduced by Luke (18:16-17). A model of dependent, unearned receptivity to the Kingdom.
House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: dom modlitwy
Transliteration: oikos proseuchēs
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς
Category: Prayer
New term introduced by Luke (19:46, citing Isaiah 56:7). Ties prayer to a corporate, not merely individual, calling.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Król żydowski
Transliteration: basileus tōn Ioudaiōn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
New term introduced by Luke (23:38). The mocking/ironic cross inscription, which Luke’s narrative ironically affirms as true; ties to the Lordship of Christ doctrine.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: synagoga
Transliteration: synagōgē
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
New term introduced by Luke (core passage, 4:16). The institutional setting for Jesus’ first public manifesto (4:16-30).
Devil
Approved rendering: diabeł
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: διάβολος
Category: God
New term introduced by Luke (4:2-13 and throughout). A standard, unambiguous personal adversary.
Angel
Approved rendering: anioł
Transliteration: angelos
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
New term introduced by Luke (ch. 1-2 infancy narrative). A heavenly messenger; God’s direct, personal initiative in salvation history.
Sign
Approved rendering: znak
Transliteration: sēmeion
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: σημεῖον
Category: Covenant
New term introduced by Luke (2:12). A divinely appointed identifying marker, marking the swaddled, manger-laid infant.
Centurion
Approved rendering: setnik
Transliteration: hekatontarchēs
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ἑκατοντάρχης
Category: Salvation
New term introduced by Luke (7:1-10). A Roman military officer, a Gentile agent of the occupying power; his exemplary faith is a pivotal early demonstration that faith, not ethnicity, is the qualifying category.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: trąd
Transliteration: lepra
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: λέπρα
Category: Compassion and Mercy
New term introduced by Luke (17:11-19). A condition entailing severe ritual and social exclusion; the healing of the ten lepers, one a Samaritan, reinforces both compassion and universal-nations doctrines.
Referenced passages