Cross-Reference Analysis
Cross-Reference and Theme Analysis: Acts 1–28
Purpose and How to Read This Document
This document maps every Old Testament quotation, direct allusion, messianic reference, and typological pattern in the book of Acts, chapter by chapter, and cross-references each to (a) the Romans baseline Language Package already governing this pipeline, and (b) the broader canon where doctrinally load-bearing. It exists to prevent two failure modes in Phase 2 translation:
- Citation drift — the same OT text quoted in both Acts and Romans (or elsewhere) rendered differently in Polish across curricula, breaking learner recognition.
- Silent flattening — treating narrative allusions and typological echoes as mere background color, when they in fact carry doctrinal weight (e.g., the Babel-reversal at Pentecost, the Prophet-like-Moses argument, the Suffering Servant identification).
Citation format convention used throughout this document: Book chapter:verse in English form (e.g., Joel 2:28-32, Genesis 15:6, Acts 2:16-21), normalizable for cross-system lookup. See the Citation Normalization Table below for the required Polish Bible book-name mapping to be applied at the point of Phase 2 rendering (per the baseline’s citation convention: “Rzymian 3:23,” not “Romans 3:23”).
Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly.
Citation Normalization Table (English ↔ Polish Bible Book Names)
Extends the baseline’s existing list (12_ai_translation_requirements.md) with every OT/NT book cited in this document. Use Biblia Tysiąclecia conventions; verse numbers remain Arabic numerals.
| English (this document) | Polish (Phase 2 citation form) |
|---|---|
| Acts | Dzieje Apostolskie (abbrev. Dz) |
| Genesis | Rodzaju |
| Exodus | Wyjścia |
| Leviticus | Kapłańska |
| Numbers | Liczb |
| Deuteronomy | Powtórzonego Prawa |
| Joshua | Jozuego |
| 1 Samuel | 1 Samuela |
| 2 Samuel | 2 Samuela |
| 1 Kings | 1 Królewska |
| Nehemiah | Nehemiasza |
| Job | Joba |
| Psalms | Psalmów |
| Isaiah | Izajasza |
| Jeremiah | Jeremiasza |
| Ezekiel | Ezechiela |
| Daniel | Daniela |
| Amos | Amosa |
| Habakkuk | Habakuka |
| Joel | Joela |
| Malachi | Malachiasza |
| 2 Chronicles | 2 Kronik |
| Romans | List do Rzymian |
| Galatians | List do Galatów |
| Hebrews | List do Hebrajczyków |
| 1 Corinthians | 1 List do Koryntian |
| Matthew | Ewangelia według św. Mateusza |
| Mark | Ewangelia według św. Marka |
| Luke | Ewangelia według św. Łukasza |
| John | Ewangelia według św. Jana |
PART 1 — Chapter-by-Chapter OT Quotation and Allusion Matrix
Columns: Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme (curriculum doctrine) | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity
Type key: Q = direct quotation, A = clear allusion/echo, T = typological pattern (structural, not lexical).
Chapter 1
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 1:6 | (background) restoration hope, cf. Amos 9:11 tradition | A | Great Commission Fulfilled | Disciples | Medium-High — the question reflects a rejected nationalist-political framing later corrected by Jesus (1:8); do not render as an endorsed premise. |
| Acts 1:8 | Isaiah 49:6 (foreshadowing; quoted directly later at Acts 13:47) | A | Great Commission Fulfilled | — | Medium — flag the forward link to 13:47 so both are rendered with a consistent “light/witness to the nations” register. |
| Acts 1:9-11 | 2 Kings 2:11 (Elijah’s ascension) | T | Holy Spirit and Pentecost | Elijah/Elisha (typological) | Low — useful teaching parallel: ascension followed by empowerment of a successor/community (Elisha’s double portion / the church’s Pentecost). |
| Acts 1:20 | Psalm 69:25 + Psalm 109:8 (two distinct Psalms combined) | Q | Apostolic Authority and Miracles | David (psalmist), Judas | Medium — must be taught as two separate Davidic Psalms Peter combines, not a single citation; avoid implying one continuous verse. |
Chapter 2 (Core Passage)
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 2:1 | Leviticus 23:15-21; Exodus 34:22; Deuteronomy 16:9-11 (Feast of Weeks law) | A | Holy Spirit and Pentecost | Moses (lawgiver) | Medium — supply OT harvest/Sinai background; do not let “Pięćdziesiątnica” stand as a bare label. |
| Acts 2:6-7 | Genesis 11:1-9 (Babel) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | — | Medium — the Babel-reversal (confusion of tongues → understanding across tongues) must be named explicitly; not automatically inferred by a Polish reader. |
| Acts 2:16-21 | Joel 2:28-32 (LXX Joel 3:1-5) | Q | Holy Spirit and Pentecost | Joel | Critical — see Rendering-Consistency Rule 1 below (Acts 2:21 / Romans 10:13 shared clause). |
| Acts 2:25-28 | Psalm 16:8-11 | Q | Apostolic Authority and Miracles (resurrection argument) | David | High — reused again at Acts 13:35; render identically both places within Acts. |
| Acts 2:30 | 2 Samuel 7:12-13; Psalm 132:11 | A | Conversion of Paul (n/a) — properly: Messianic Promise/Davidic Covenant | David, Nathan | Medium — requires OT covenant background (2 Samuel 7) not assumed in general Polish culture, per Romans baseline’s own “davidic_covenant” note. |
| Acts 2:34-35 | Psalm 110:1 | Q | Apostolic Authority and Miracles / Lordship of Christ | David | Critical — two distinct referents of “Lord” (YHWH, Messiah) within one verse; teaching note required, not a translation-term risk per se. |
| Acts 2:39 | Isaiah 57:19 (“peace to him who is far and near”); Joel 2:32 | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | — | Medium — reinforces universal scope; connects forward to Gentile mission (chs. 10-15). |
Chapter 3
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 3:13 | Exodus 3:6, 3:15 (“God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob”) | Q | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses | Low — standard covenant-formula citation. |
| Acts 3:13,26 | Isaiah 52:13; Isaiah 53:11 (“my servant”) | A | Apostolic Authority and Miracles (Servant Christology) | Isaiah’s Servant (typological: Christ) | High — see Servant title entry in 08_core_glossary.md; must be capitalized/marked as title, not generic “child/boy.” |
| Acts 3:18 | General: “all the prophets,” esp. Isaiah 53; Psalm 22 (Messiah’s suffering) | A | Messianic Promise | — | Medium — summary fulfillment-claim; no single verse, but doctrinally Critical (Messianic Promise). |
| Acts 3:21 | Isaiah 65:17; Malachi 4:5-6 (restoration hope) | A | Great Commission Fulfilled / Kingdom Mission | — | Medium — must be distinguished from the rejected nationalist “restoration” framing of Acts 1:6. |
| Acts 3:22-23 | Deuteronomy 18:15,18-19 (Prophet like Moses) | Q | Messianic Promise | Moses | High — reused verbatim at Acts 7:37; render identically both places. |
| Acts 3:25 | Genesis 22:18; Genesis 12:3; Genesis 26:4 (Abrahamic blessing to the nations) | Q | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Abraham | High — direct thematic parallel to Romans 4:13,16-17’s Abraham argument; see Rendering-Consistency Rule 5. |
Chapter 4
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 4:11 | Psalm 118:22 (“the stone which the builders rejected”) | Q | Apostolic Authority and Miracles | David (psalmist) | High — part of a NT-wide “stone” Christological motif (cf. Romans 9:33’s different but related Isaiah 28:16/8:14 citation); flag as related-but-distinct for future curricula, do not merge renderings. |
| Acts 4:24 | Exodus 20:11; Psalm 146:6; Nehemiah 9:6 (Creator God invoked in corporate prayer) | A | Church as Community | — | Low. |
| Acts 4:25-26 | Psalm 2:1-2 (“kings of the earth… against the Lord and against his Anointed”) | Q | Persecution and Bold Witness / Messianic Promise | David | Medium-High — “his Anointed” (Χριστός) reinforces baseline’s Critical Messiah entry; ties forward to Psalm 2:7 at Acts 13:33. |
Chapter 5
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 5:1-11 | Joshua 7:1,10-26 (Achan) | T | Church as Community | Achan (typological), Ananias, Sapphira | Medium — structural parallel: deception before God threatens a newly-constituted covenant community and brings sudden judgment; useful teaching bridge, not a lexical citation. |
Chapter 6
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 6:1-6 | Exodus 18:21-22; Numbers 11:16-17 (appointment of qualified helpers/elders) | T | Church as Community | Moses (typological) | Low — structural pattern (delegated, Spirit-and-wisdom-qualified service) rather than direct quotation. |
Chapter 7 (Stephen’s Speech — dense OT recital)
Stephen’s speech is the single densest concentration of OT material in Acts. Individual quotations are flagged; the surrounding historical narration (patriarchal and Exodus history) is grouped.
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 7:3 | Genesis 12:1 | Q | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Abraham | Low. |
| Acts 7:6-7 | Genesis 15:13-14 | Q | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Abraham | Medium — the 400-years-slavery prophecy; direct link to baseline’s covenant/providence doctrines. |
| Acts 7:9-16 | Genesis 37–46 (Joseph narrative, summarized) | A/T | Persecution and Bold Witness (typology) | Joseph (typological: Christ) | Medium — Joseph rejected by his brothers, then exalted and becomes their deliverer: an explicit typological parallel to Christ’s rejection by his own people and subsequent exaltation; surface this in teaching, do not leave implicit. |
| Acts 7:23-29,35 | Exodus 2:11-15; Exodus 2:14 (quoted: “who made you a ruler and a judge?”) | Q | Apostolic Authority and Miracles | Moses | Medium. |
| Acts 7:30-34 | Exodus 3:1-10 (burning bush, quoted extensively) | Q | Holy Spirit and Pentecost (theophany typology) | Moses | Medium. |
| Acts 7:37 | Deuteronomy 18:15 (Prophet like Moses — same text as 3:22) | Q | Messianic Promise | Moses | High — must render identically to Acts 3:22-23. |
| Acts 7:39-41 | Exodus 32:1,4,6,23 (golden calf, quoted/paraphrased) | Q | Justification apart from the Law | Moses, Israel | Medium. |
| Acts 7:42-43 | Amos 5:25-27 (LXX form; “tent of Moloch,” “star of Rephan,” exile to Babylon) | Q | Justification apart from the Law | Amos | High — the LXX wording differs materially from the Hebrew MT (proper names differ); render from the LXX/NT sense used by Luke, not an independent retranslation from the Hebrew. Native-speaker/theologian review recommended. |
| Acts 7:49-50 | Isaiah 66:1-2 (“heaven is my throne… what is the house you will build for me?”) | Q | Church as Community | Isaiah | Medium — must not be read as disparaging worship spaces generally (cf. baseline caution on χειροποίητος at 7:48 in 07_semantic_analysis.md); this is a specific argument about God’s transcendence over any single structure. |
| Acts 7:51 | Exodus 32:9; 33:3; Deuteronomy 9:6,13 (“stiff-necked”) | A | Universal Human Accountability (Romans baseline parallel) | Israel (historical) | Low-Medium. |
Chapter 8
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 8:32-33 | Isaiah 53:7-8 (quoted in full) | Q | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles / Messianic Promise | Isaiah’s Servant (= Christ), the Ethiopian eunuch | Critical — the Servant’s suffering identified explicitly with Jesus; render with the same weight as baseline’s Critical resurrection/deity doctrines. |
| Acts 8:26-39 (whole scene) | Isaiah 56:3-5 (not quoted, but the eunuch’s presence in the narrative resonates with this prophecy’s reversal of Deuteronomy 23:1’s eunuch-exclusion) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Ethiopian eunuch | Medium — rich but easily-missed allusion; surface explicitly as an example of the gospel’s radical inclusion of those OT law had marginalized. |
Chapter 9
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 9:1-19 | Exodus 3 (Moses’ call); Isaiah 6 (Isaiah’s call); Jeremiah 1 (Jeremiah’s call) | T | Conversion of Paul | Moses, Isaiah, Jeremiah (typological) | Medium — Paul’s Damascus-road encounter follows the classic OT prophetic-call pattern (theophany, commissioning, resistance overcome); useful teaching frame, not a lexical citation. |
| Acts 9:15 | (thematic link) Jeremiah 1:5 (God’s foreknowing call of a prophet) | A | Conversion of Paul / Divine Calling | Jeremiah (typological) | Medium — reinforces “chosen instrument” (σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς); see Rendering-Consistency Rule 6 below re: Romans 9’s σκεῦος family. |
Chapter 10
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 10:14,28 | Leviticus 11; Deuteronomy 14:3-21 (clean/unclean food law) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Peter, Cornelius | High — requires explicit OT background for the vision’s force to register; see 08_core_glossary.md clean/unclean entry. |
| Acts 10:34-35 | Deuteronomy 10:17; 2 Chronicles 19:7 (“God shows no partiality”) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles / Universal Scope of the Gospel | Peter, Cornelius | High — see Rendering-Consistency Rule 4 below (parallel to Romans 2:11’s identical concept). |
Chapter 11
No new OT quotation; recapitulates and confirms Chapter 10’s vision before the Jerusalem church. Reviewed — no new citations; carries forward Chapter 10’s translation-sensitivity flags.
Chapter 12
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 12:1-11 | Exodus 12 (Passover deliverance); narrative setting is explicitly “the days of Unleavened Bread” (12:3) | T | Apostolic Authority and Miracles | Peter | Medium — Peter’s angelic deliverance during the Passover season is a deliberate Lukan echo of the Exodus deliverance pattern; worth naming for teaching, not a lexical citation. |
| Acts 12:20-23 | Daniel 4 (Nebuchadnezzar’s pride and judgment); Isaiah 14 (king of Babylon) | T | Persecution and Bold Witness | Herod Agrippa I (typological parallel to Nebuchadnezzar/king of Babylon) | Low-Medium — a recognizable OT pattern of divine judgment on self-deifying rulers. |
Chapter 13
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 13:22 | 1 Samuel 13:14; Psalm 89:20 (“a man after my heart”) | Q | Messianic Promise (Davidic background) | David | Low-Medium. |
| Acts 13:33 | Psalm 2:7 (“You are my Son, today I have begotten you”) | Q | Sonship of Christ / Messianic Promise | David (psalmist) | Critical — must be taught alongside baseline’s Sonship-of-Christ caution: this names Christ’s resurrection-vindication as Son, not an ontological “becoming” (same caution as Acts 2:36 in 07_semantic_analysis.md). |
| Acts 13:34 | Isaiah 55:3 (“the holy and sure blessings of David”) | Q | Messianic Promise | Isaiah, David | Medium. |
| Acts 13:35 | Psalm 16:10 (same text as 2:27) | Q | Resurrection of Christ | David | High — render identically to Acts 2:25-28’s rendering. |
| Acts 13:41 | Habakkuk 1:5 (“Look, you scoffers, be astounded and perish…”) | Q | Persecution and Bold Witness (warning) | Habakkuk | Medium — same OT book (Habakkuk) as Romans 1:17’s Habakkuk 2:4, but a different verse with a different function (warning of judgment, not the “righteous shall live by faith” thesis); do not conflate the two Habakkuk citations across curricula. |
| Acts 13:47 | Isaiah 49:6 (“a light for the Gentiles… salvation to the ends of the earth”) | Q | Great Commission Fulfilled / Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Isaiah | High — see Rendering-Consistency Rule 2 below (thematic parallel to Romans 15:9-12’s Gentile-inclusion catena). |
Chapter 14
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 14:15-17 | Genesis 1 (creation); Psalm 145:15-16; Psalm 147:8 (God gives rain and fruitful seasons) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | — | Medium — natural-revelation apologetic to a purely pagan audience; parallel to ch. 17’s fuller Areopagus speech; render consistently. |
Chapter 15
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 15:16-18 | Amos 9:11-12 (LXX form, quoted by James) | Q | Justification apart from the Law | Amos, James | High — LXX wording (“so that the remnant of mankind may seek the Lord”) differs from the Hebrew MT (“that they may possess the remnant of Edom”); James’s argument depends on the LXX sense. Do not “correct” the citation toward the Hebrew MT; render per the LXX/NT sense Luke records. Native-speaker/theologian review recommended. |
| Acts 15:21 | (custom reference) reading of Moses in synagogues every Sabbath | A | Justification apart from the Law | Moses | Low. |
Chapter 16
No direct OT quotation. Reviewed — no new citations. Contains Doctrine 3 (Repentance and Baptism) material already flagged in 08_core_glossary.md (Lydia, the jailer, household salvation).
Chapter 17
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 17:24-25 | Isaiah 42:5; Psalm 24:1; 1 Kings 8:27 (“does not dwell in temples made with hands”) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Solomon (typological, 1 Kings 8) | Medium — parallel caution to Acts 7:48-50 and 19:26; do not extend by analogy to Catholic devotional imagery (see 08_core_glossary.md’s “gods made by hands” caution). |
| Acts 17:26 | Deuteronomy 32:8; Genesis 10 (table of nations) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | — | Low-Medium. |
| Acts 17:27 | Psalm 145:18; Jeremiah 29:13 (God near to those who seek him) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | — | Low. |
| Acts 17:28 | Non-biblical: Epimenides of Crete; Aratus, Phaenomena (“we are indeed his offspring”) | Q (pagan source, not Scripture) | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Greek poets (named, extra-biblical) | High, distinct sensitivity. This is Paul citing pagan Greek literature, not the Old Testament. Must never be typeset or taught as a Scripture citation; teaching notes must flag it clearly as an apologetic bridge-quotation, distinguishing it sharply from the Joel, Psalm, and Isaiah citations surrounding it elsewhere in Acts. |
| Acts 17:29 | Isaiah 40:18-20; Isaiah 44:9-20 (idols vs. the living God) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Isaiah | Medium. |
| Acts 17:31 | Psalm 9:8; Psalm 96:13; Psalm 98:9 (God will judge the world in righteousness) | A | Justification apart from the Law | David | Medium — thematic parallel to Romans 2:16; 3:6. |
Chapter 18
No direct OT quotation. Reviewed — no new citations. Sets up Chapter 19’s John-baptism/Spirit-baptism material via Apollos (18:25).
Chapter 19
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 19:26 | Isaiah 44:9-20; Jeremiah 10:1-16; Psalm 115:4-8 (“gods made with hands are not gods”) | A | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | — | Medium — same pastoral caution as ch. 17’s parallel allusion; render consistently and flag the Catholic-devotional-imagery sensitivity noted in 08_core_glossary.md. |
Chapter 20
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 20:35 | An unwritten saying attributed to Jesus (“It is more blessed to give than to receive”) — an agraphon, not found verbatim in any canonical Gospel | Q (words of Jesus, extra-Gospel) | Church as Community | Jesus (quoted by Paul) | Medium-High, distinct sensitivity. Must be clearly attributed as “words of the Lord Jesus” as Paul cites them, without implying the saying is locatable in one of the four Gospels; do not silently footnote a Gospel reference that does not exist. |
Chapter 21
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 21:23-26 | Numbers 6:1-21 (Nazirite vow regulations) | A | Justification apart from the Law | Paul | Low-Medium — background-knowledge item; Paul’s participation illustrates continuing cultural respect for the Law’s customs without it being salvific (consistent with ch. 15’s resolution). |
Chapter 22
No new direct OT quotation (retells Chapter 9). One title reinforced:
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 22:14 | (title echo) Isaiah 53:11 (“the Righteous One,” ὁ δίκαιος) | A | Messianic Promise | Isaiah’s Servant (= Christ) | High — reused Christological title; see 08_core_glossary.md “the Righteous One” entry. |
Chapter 23
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 23:6-9 | Daniel 12:2; Isaiah 26:19 (OT resurrection-hope background to the Pharisee/Sadducee dispute) | A | Resurrection of Christ (Romans baseline parallel) | Pharisees, Sadducees | Medium — valuable teaching point: resurrection hope has genuine, contested Jewish roots, not a uniquely Christian invention; reinforces baseline’s Critical resurrection doctrine from a fresh angle. |
Chapter 24
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 24:14-15 | Daniel 12:2 (again; “a resurrection… of the just and the unjust”) | A | Resurrection of Christ | Daniel (typological background) | Medium — same caution as ch. 23. |
Chapter 25
No direct OT quotation. Reviewed — no new citations. Legal-narrative chapter (appeal to Caesar); see 07_semantic_analysis.md for the providence-doctrine note on this chapter’s plot function.
Chapter 26
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 26:18 | Isaiah 42:7; Isaiah 61:1 (“open eyes that are blind… release from darkness”) | A | Conversion of Paul / Gospel to Jews and Gentiles | Isaiah’s Servant (= Christ, commissioning Paul) | Medium-High — Servant-commissioning language transferred to Paul’s own apostolic commission; connect explicitly to ch. 3 and ch. 8’s Servant-title material. |
| Acts 26:22-23 | Summary citation: “what the prophets and Moses said would happen” — Isaiah 53; Psalm 16 (Messiah would suffer and rise, and be first to rise) | A | Messianic Promise / Resurrection of Christ | Moses, “the prophets” (collectively) | High — Paul’s climactic summary-fulfillment claim before Agrippa; render as a genuine claim of historical, textual fulfillment, not vague spiritual resonance. |
Chapter 27
No OT quotation. One literary/typological parallel worth flagging for teaching (not translation-term risk):
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 27:1-44 | Jonah 1 (storm at sea; God’s sovereign protection of his purposed messenger) | T | Providence (Romans baseline parallel) | Jonah (typological) | Low — a recognizable narrative pattern (storm, near-loss, divine preservation of the one carrying God’s word to the nations); useful teaching bridge, not a lexical citation. |
Chapter 28
| Acts passage | Source citation | Type | Theme | Related character(s) | Translation sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acts 28:26-27 | Isaiah 6:9-10 (quoted in full: “you will indeed hear but never understand…”) | Q | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles / Universal Human Accountability | Isaiah | High — see Rendering-Consistency Rule 3 below (thematic parallel, not verbatim parallel, to Romans 11:8’s different combined citation of Deuteronomy 29:4 and Isaiah 29:10). Do not merge the two into a single rendering; they are distinct OT texts serving a related argument. |
PART 2 — Messianic References Summary
The following OT texts are quoted or directly alluded to in Acts specifically to argue Jesus’s identity as the promised Messiah. All carry the Romans baseline’s Critical messianic_promise and deity_of_christ/sonship_of_christ risk tier by direct extension.
| OT source | Acts occurrence(s) | Messianic claim | Polish rendering note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psalm 2:7 | Acts 13:33 | Sonship declared/installed at the resurrection | Must avoid adoptionist misreading (see Acts 2:36 caution); pair teaching note per baseline sonship_of_christ doctrine. |
| Psalm 16:8-11 | Acts 2:25-28; 13:35 | Bodily resurrection without decay, prophesied by David of “his Holy One” | Render identically at both occurrences within Acts. |
| Psalm 110:1 | Acts 2:34-35 | Messiah’s enthronement at God’s right hand | Two distinct referents of “Lord” within one verse — teaching note, not lexical change. |
| Psalm 118:22 | Acts 4:11 | The rejected stone becomes the cornerstone | Part of a wider NT “stone” motif; do not merge with Romans 9:33’s different Isaiah-based stone citation. |
| Deuteronomy 18:15,18-19 | Acts 3:22-23; 7:37 | The Prophet like Moses | Render identically at both occurrences. |
| Isaiah 53:7-8 | Acts 8:32-33 | The Suffering Servant identified with Jesus | Critical weight; connects to Servant title (παῖς θεοῦ) at Acts 3:13,26; 4:27,30. |
| Isaiah 55:3 | Acts 13:34 | The sure mercies/blessings of David fulfilled | Medium. |
| Isaiah 49:6 | Acts 13:47 (foreshadowed 1:8) | Messiah’s servant-mission extends salvation to the Gentiles | See Rendering-Consistency Rule 2. |
| Amos 9:11-12 | Acts 15:16-18 | Restoration of “the tent of David” now understood as including Gentiles | LXX-dependent; see Chapter 15 note above. |
| 2 Samuel 7:12-13 | Acts 2:30 | The Davidic covenant’s promised eternal throne, fulfilled in the resurrection | Requires OT covenant background per baseline’s davidic_covenant doctrine. |
PART 3 — Typological Patterns Across Acts
| Typological pattern | OT anchor | Acts occurrence(s) | Doctrinal significance | Translation/teaching note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passover/Exodus deliverance | Exodus 12 | Acts 12:1-11 (Peter’s deliverance, set explicitly in Passover season) | Providence; God delivers his witnesses to continue the mission | Note the deliberate seasonal setting; do not treat as incidental detail. |
| Babel reversal | Genesis 11:1-9 | Acts 2:1-13 | Gospel to Jews and Gentiles; the Spirit reverses linguistic judgment into linguistic blessing | Must be named explicitly in teaching; not inferable from the Polish text alone. |
| Prophet-like-Moses / New Exodus | Deuteronomy 18:15 | Acts 3:22-23; 7:37 | Messianic Promise | Render identically at both occurrences (see above). |
| Suffering, rejected, then exalted deliverer | Genesis 37–46 (Joseph) | Acts 7:9-16 | Persecution and Bold Witness; prefigures Christ’s rejection and exaltation, and Israel’s future recognition | Surface explicitly in teaching; Stephen’s own speech draws this parallel deliberately. |
| Suffering Servant | Isaiah 52–53 | Acts 3:13,26; 8:32-35 | Messianic Promise; Justification apart from the Law (the Servant “makes many righteous,” Isaiah 53:11) | Reinforces baseline’s imputed_righteousness Critical entry via its OT root. |
| Rejected-but-vindicated martyr echoing Christ’s own death | Luke 23:34,46 (NT, not OT, but a direct literary parallel) | Acts 7:59-60 (Stephen’s death) | Persecution and Bold Witness | Stephen’s prayer of forgiveness and self-commendation mirrors Christ’s own words at the cross; flag as an intentional Lukan literary parallel bridging Luke-Acts as one continuous narrative. |
| Ascension followed by empowered succession | 2 Kings 2:1-15 (Elijah/Elisha) | Acts 1:9-11 → 2:1-4 | Holy Spirit and Pentecost | Ascension-then-empowerment structural pattern; useful teaching bridge. |
| Covenant-community purity threatened by hidden deception, met with sudden judgment | Joshua 7 (Achan) | Acts 5:1-11 (Ananias and Sapphira) | Church as Community | Structural, not lexical; teach as the founding-purity motif of a newly gathered covenant people. |
| Storm/sea deliverance of God’s purposed messenger | Jonah 1 | Acts 27:1-44 | Providence | Literary parallel; low lexical risk, useful teaching illustration. |
| Prideful self-deifying ruler struck down | Daniel 4; Isaiah 14 | Acts 12:20-23 (death of Herod Agrippa I) | Persecution and Bold Witness | Recognizable OT judgment-pattern; low risk. |
PART 4 — Parallels to Romans and Rendering-Consistency Rules
Because this curriculum shares its translation memory with the Romans baseline, several OT citations and theological arguments recur verbatim or in close doctrinal parallel across both curricula. The following rules govern Phase 2 rendering to guarantee learner-facing consistency.
Rule 1 — Acts 2:21 / Romans 10:13 (Joel 2:32, shared verbatim clause) — Critical
Both Acts 2:21 and Romans 10:13 quote the identical LXX clause: “καὶ ἔσται πᾶς ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου σωθήσεται” (“everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved”). Per the baseline’s own Theological Consistency Rules table (“Same rendering of Romans 10:9–10 … must be verbatim consistent”), Acts 2:21 must be rendered with the identical Polish wording already fixed for Romans 10:13. Do not re-translate independently. This clause also anchors the baseline’s Critical epikaleomai to onoma Kyriou entry in 07_semantic_analysis.md.
Rule 2 — Acts 13:47 (Isaiah 49:6) / Romans 15:9-12 (Gentile-inclusion catena) — High
Not a verbatim shared citation, but the same doctrinal argument (Gentile inclusion in God’s salvation, grounded in OT prophecy). When both curricula’s lesson material discuss this theme, use consistent surrounding vocabulary: “światłość dla pogan / narodów” (light for the Gentiles/nations) and “zbawienie aż do krańców ziemi.” Flag for native-speaker review to ensure register matches across curricula.
Rule 3 — Acts 28:26-27 (Isaiah 6:9-10) / Romans 11:8 (Deuteronomy 29:4 + Isaiah 29:10) — High, do-not-merge caution
Both passages address partial Jewish hardening/non-belief toward the gospel, but they quote different OT texts. Do not render them with identical or interchangeable Polish wording; each must reflect its own distinct citation while the teaching note may draw the thematic connection explicitly. This directly parallels the baseline’s unity_of_jews_and_gentiles Medium risk note about Poland’s particular pastoral sensitivity on Jewish-Christian material — apply the same pastoral care here.
Rule 4 — Acts 10:34 (“God shows no partiality”) / Romans 2:11 (οὐ γάρ ἐστιν προσωποληψία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ) — High
Identical underlying Greek concept (πρόσωπον λαμβάνω / προσωπολημψία — “to receive/show partiality toward a face/person”). Both curricula should use the same fixed Polish phrase: “Bóg nie ma względu na osobę.” This is a new cross-curriculum consistency entry — recommend formal addition to translation memory in Phase 1 Step 4 so future curricula (e.g., Galatians, James) inherit it automatically.
Rule 5 — Acts 3:25 (Genesis 22:18; 12:3) / Romans 4:13,16-17 (Abraham as heir of the world) — High
Both curricula root their argument in God’s Abrahamic promise of blessing “to all nations/families of the earth.” While the specific verses differ (Genesis 22:18/12:3 in Acts; the broader Genesis 15/17 material underlying Romans 4), the Polish rendering of “potomstwo/nasienie” (offspring/seed) and “błogosławić” (to bless) should remain stable across both curricula’s Abraham material.
Rule 6 — Acts 9:15 (σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς) / Romans 9:21-23 (σκεῦος — vessels of wrath/mercy) — High
Both passages use the same Greek word σκεῦος (“vessel”). Acts 9:15 calls Paul a “chosen vessel/instrument” (σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς); Romans 9:21-23 uses the potter/vessel metaphor for “vessels of wrath” and “vessels of mercy.” Render σκεῦος consistently as “naczynie” across both curricula so the lexical connection between Paul’s personal calling and Romans 9’s broader election doctrine remains visible to Polish learners moving between the two curricula. This directly reinforces the baseline’s Critical/High election (wybranie) caution against fatalistic “los” framing.
Rule 7 — Acts 13:38-39 (δικαιόω) / Romans 3–5 (justification) — Critical
Already fixed in 08_core_glossary.md: Acts 13:38-39 must reuse the baseline’s exact usprawiedliwienie / usprawiedliwiony rendering. This document adds the OT-background note: neither Acts 13:38-39 nor Romans 3-5 directly quotes Genesis 15:6 or Habakkuk 2:4, but both arguments presuppose them. When Phase 2 lesson material references either OT verse in connection with Acts 13 or Acts 15, use the Polish renderings for “wiara,” “sprawiedliwość,” and “usprawiedliwienie” already fixed by the baseline — do not introduce alternate vocabulary for the OT background material.
Rule 8 — Acts 15:16-18 (Amos 9:11-12) / Romans 11:26-27 (Isaiah 59:20-21, “this is my covenant”) — Medium, do-not-merge caution
Both texts address the future restoration/inclusion of Israel and the nations under a Davidic/covenant framework, but again quote different OT texts. As with Rule 3, maintain distinct renderings for each citation while allowing the teaching material to draw the thematic (not lexical) connection.
Rule 9 — Habakkuk citations: Acts 13:41 vs. Romans 1:17 — do-not-conflate caution
Romans 1:17 quotes Habakkuk 2:4 (“the righteous shall live by faith” — the curriculum’s thesis verse). Acts 13:41 quotes Habakkuk 1:5 (a warning to scoffers). These are different verses within the same OT book serving entirely different rhetorical functions. Ensure Phase 2 material never implies these are the same citation; use the Polish book name “Habakuka” consistently but with the correct chapter:verse in each case.
Rule 10 — Acts 17:28 (pagan Greek poets) — Non-transferable, curriculum-specific caution
This is the one OT-adjacent citation in the cross-reference matrix that is not Scripture at all (Epimenides/Aratus). No Romans parallel exists, since Romans contains no comparable citation of pagan literature. Flag clearly in Phase 2 material so this unique instance is never mistaken for, or formatted like, a Scripture citation elsewhere in the curriculum.
PART 5 — Chapters Reviewed With No New Cross-Reference Findings
Per the full-book-coverage mandate, the following chapters were reviewed in full and contain no new OT quotations or allusions beyond what is cross-referenced above; they are explicitly noted rather than silently omitted:
- Chapter 11 — recapitulates Chapter 10’s findings before the Jerusalem church; no new citation.
- Chapter 16 — no OT citation; doctrinal content (repentance/baptism, household salvation) already fully covered in
07_semantic_analysis.mdand08_core_glossary.md. - Chapter 18 — no OT citation; narrative/transitional chapter setting up Chapter 19.
- Chapter 25 — no OT citation; legal-narrative chapter (Paul’s appeal to Caesar), theologically significant only for its providence/plot function, already noted in
07_semantic_analysis.md.
This document must be loaded alongside analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, analysis/08_core_glossary.md, and the Romans baseline artifacts before Phase 1 Step 4 (term registry and doctrine risk registry extension) and all Phase 2 translation operations. See analysis/10_biblical_theme_map.md for the full thematic architecture built on these cross-references.