Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians (English → Polish)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering all thirteen chapters of 2 Corinthians. Terms already fixed in the Romans baseline must be reused exactly; they are marked [TM] in the “Status” column, with their baseline risk tier preserved unchanged. New terms proposed for this curriculum are marked [NEW] and are candidates for addition to translation_memory.json (next version) and bible_term_registry.json upon Phase 1 sign-off.
Section A — Reused Baseline Terms (from Romans Translation Memory)
| Term (EN) | Polish rendering | Risk | Doctrine (2 Cor context) | Key 2 Cor references | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | apostoł | Low | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 1:1; 8:23; 11:5,13; 12:11-12 | Note the generic lower sense at 8:23 (“messengers of the churches”) — same word, non-technical referent; flag context each time. |
| grace | łaska | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving; Reconciliation | 1:2,12,15; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1,4,6,7,9,19; 9:8,14; 12:9; 13:13 | Extended sense in chs. 8–9 (grace as generous enablement) must not be read as a means of earning salvific grace. Exception: idiom χάρις τῷ θεῷ (“thanks be to God,” 2:14; 8:16; 9:15) renders as dzięki Bogu, NOT łaska Bogu. |
| faith | wiara | Critical | Genuine Apostleship (self-examination); general | 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 | 13:5’s self-examination especially reinforces the baseline caution against “wiara” as unexamined inherited identity. |
| righteousness | sprawiedliwość | Critical | Reconciliation; New Creation | 3:9; 5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9-10; 11:15 | 5:21’s double exchange (Christ made sin / believers made righteousness) is the passage’s forensic center. |
| justification (concept) | usprawiedliwienie | Critical | Reconciliation | (implicit, cf. 5:21; 3:9 “ministry of righteousness”) | Not a separate lexeme in 2 Cor but the doctrine underlies 5:21; keep consistent with Romans 3-5 rendering. |
| salvation | zbawienie | Critical | Reconciliation | 1:6; 6:2; 7:10 | 7:10: godly sorrow leads to repentance “leading to salvation” — reinforce as received, not automatic. |
| sin | grzech | Medium (baseline) / Critical in 5:21 context | Reconciliation | 5:21 (x2); 11:7; 12:21 | 5:21’s “made him to be sin” requires the Critical-tier forensic/representative note (see Section B, “became sin”). |
| covenant | przymierze | High | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:6,14 | Base for nowe przymierze [NEW]. |
| glory | chwała | Medium | New Covenant vs. Old; Deity of Christ | 1:20; 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,15,17; 8:19,23; 11:30 | Ch. 3’s comparative “greater glory” argument intensifies baseline risk; native-speaker review recommended for these occurrences. |
| holy | święty | Medium | Sanctification | throughout; esp. 6:6; 7:1 | Standard per baseline. |
| saints | święci | Critical | Sainthood | 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12-13 | Baseline note (corporate vs. canonized) applies at every occurrence, especially the collection-related references in chs. 8-9. |
| sanctification (concept) | uświęcenie | High | Sanctification | 7:1 (holiness perfected); 3:18 (transformed) | Cross-reference to przemieniać się [NEW]. |
| resurrection | zmartwychwstanie | Critical | Reconciliation; core passage 5:15 | 4:14; 5:15 (verb ἐγείρω) | Verb form (ἐγείρω) at 5:15 invokes the same Critical doctrine as the baseline noun form. |
| lord | Pan | Critical | Apostolic Authority; Lordship | throughout; 3:16-18; 4:5; 10:17-18; 12:1,8 | Standard per baseline; 3:17 (“the Lord is the Spirit”) requires careful Trinitarian handling — flag for theologian review. |
| gospel | Ewangelia | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 2:12; 4:3-4; 8:18; 9:13; 11:4,7 | 11:4’s “different gospel” (ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον) must read as an illegitimate substitute, not a variant expression. |
| church | kościół | Medium | Generosity; Apostolic Authority | 1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13 | Distinguish local congregations (Corinth, Macedonia) from capitalized institutional sense. |
| fellowship | wspólnota | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:4; 13:13 (trinitarian benediction) | Reused per baseline; also underlies distinct term udział [NEW] at 6:14 (metochē) — do not conflate the two Greek words. |
| thanksgiving | dziękczynienie | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 1:11; 2:14 (idiom, see exception above); 4:15; 9:11-12 | |
| father | Ojciec | Critical | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3 (“Father of mercies”) | See [NEW] note on “miłosierdzie” below re: Divine Mercy devotion. |
| holy_spirit | Duch Święty | Critical | New Covenant; Reconciliation | 1:22; 3:3-18; 5:5; 13:13 | 3:17’s identification of “the Lord” with “the Spirit” is a Critical-tier Trinitarian statement requiring theologian review. |
| jesus | Jezus | Critical | Christ-centered doctrines throughout | throughout | Standard. |
| god | Bóg | Critical | All doctrines | throughout | Capitalization discipline is itself doctrinally load-bearing — see “god of this age” [NEW] below, which must remain lowercase. |
| gentiles / nations | poganie | Medium | (background, mission framing) | not prominent as a distinct term in 2 Cor; retained for consistency if referenced in teaching material | Same baseline caution applies if used. |
Section B — New Terms for 2 Corinthians (proposed extension to translation memory)
| Term (EN) | Original Greek | Translit. | Polish rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key references | Risk rationale / notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciliation (noun) | καταλλαγή | katallagē | pojednanie | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18-19 | Must not collapse into the Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance (Sakrament pokuty i pojednania — auricular confession, priestly absolution). Romans’ and 2 Corinthians’ reconciliation is God’s own completed act, received by faith, not achieved through a sacramental rite. |
| reconcile (verb) | καταλλάσσω | katallassō | pojednać (się), jednać | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18-20 | God is always the reconciling agent (active voice) toward humanity (passive/receiving party); the imperative in 5:20 (“be reconciled”) must retain a receptive, not self-achieving, force. |
| ministry of reconciliation | διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς | diakonia tēs katallagēs | służba pojednania | Critical | Reconciliation; Apostolic Authority | 5:18 | Compound of the two Critical/High terms below; the specific apostolic task of proclaiming (not achieving) reconciliation. |
| ministry / service | διακονία | diakonia | służba | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry; Apostolic Authority; Generosity | 3:7-9; 4:1; 5:18; 6:3-4; 8:4,19-20; 9:1,12-13; 11:8,23 | Central recurring term across the letter with multiple qualifiers (“of reconciliation,” “of the new covenant,” “of death,” “of the Spirit,” “to the saints”). Collision risk: Polish “diakon” is the technical name of an ordained clerical office (the diaconate) in Catholic and Orthodox church structure. Rendering διακονία/διάκονος with “służba/sługa” avoids this collision, but the underlying Greek word’s connection to the clerical “diakon” title should be flagged for theologian awareness so teaching material does not imply Paul is describing the modern diaconate. |
| minister / servant | διάκονος | diakonos | sługa, służący | High | Apostolic Authority | 3:6; 6:4; 11:15,23 | See collision note above. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | nowe stworzenie | Critical | New Creation in Christ | 5:17 | Must convey ontological, Spirit-wrought transformation, not moral self-improvement, a “fresh start,” or a New Year’s-resolution-style renewal. Human theologian review required on every occurrence. |
| new covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη | kainē diathēkē | nowe przymierze | Critical | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:6 | The phrase overlaps with the Polish Catholic Mass’s consecration wording (“nowe i wieczne przymierze”), a potential catechetical asset if the fuller ch. 3 argument (glory, Spirit, freedom) is taught explicitly rather than assumed. |
| letter / Spirit | γράμμα / πνεῦμα | gramma / pneuma | litera / Duch | High | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:6 | Must not be read as devaluing Scripture’s own inspired status (cf. baseline doctrine “Inspiration of Scripture”); this is a covenant-administration contrast, not text-vs-spirit generally. |
| veil | κάλυμμα | kalymma | zasłona | Medium | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:13-16 | |
| transformed | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | przemieniać się | High | Sanctification (cross-doctrine) | 3:18 | Present, ongoing, Spirit-wrought transformation; distinct term from but doctrinally continuous with Romans 12:2. |
| comfort / consolation | παράκλησις; παρακαλέω (sense 2) | paraklēsis; parakaleō | pociecha; pocieszać | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3-7; 7:4-7,13 | Polysemy flag: παρακαλέω has three distinct senses across the corpus — exhort ([TM] napominać), comfort (pocieszać, this entry), and appeal/entreat (5:20, prosić/wzywać). Must be disambiguated per occurrence; do not default to any single Polish gloss. |
| affliction | θλῖψις | thlipsis | ucisk | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:4,6,8; 4:17; 7:4 | |
| seal | σφραγίς | sphragis | pieczęć | Medium | Assurance (cross-doctrine) | 1:22 | |
| guarantee / down payment | ἀρραβών | arrabōn | rękojmia | High | Assurance of Salvation (cross-doctrine) | 1:22; 5:5 | Connects directly to the baseline’s “Assurance of Salvation” doctrine (Romans 8, Critical); “rękojmia” must retain legal-guarantee force, not soften to a generic “gift.” |
| sincerity | εἰλικρίνεια | eilikrineia | szczerość | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12; 2:17 | |
| simplicity / singleness of devotion | ἁπλότης | haplotēs | prostota | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Generosity | 1:12 (some mss); 8:2; 9:11,13; 11:3 | Context-sensitive: sincerity-of-motive sense (ch. 1, 11) vs. generosity-of-giving sense (ch. 8-9). |
| fleshly wisdom | σοφία σαρκική | sophia sarkikē | mądrość cielesna/ludzka | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12 | |
| forgive (grace-rooted) | χαρίζομαι | charizomai | wybaczyć, darować | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving (lexical link) | 2:7,10 | Etymologically built on the χάρις root; “a gracious forgiving.” |
| fragrance / aroma of Christ | εὐωδία / ὀσμή Χριστοῦ | euōdia / osmē Christou | woń Chrystusa | Medium | Apostolic Authority | 2:14-16 | |
| peddling God’s word | καπηλεύω τὸν λόγον | kapēleuō ton logon | kupczyć słowem Bożym | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:17 | |
| god of this age | ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου | ho theos tou aiōnos toutou | ”bóg” tego świata (lowercase) | Critical | Genuine vs. False Apostleship (spiritual conflict backdrop) | 4:4 | Capitalization (bóg vs. [TM] Bóg) is itself doctrinally load-bearing; a capitalization error would imply theological dualism. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence. |
| image of God | εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ | eikōn tou theou | obraz Boga | High | Deity of Christ (cross-doctrine) | 4:4 | Distinguish from the lower, general sense of humanity bearing God’s image; here it is Christ’s unique deity. |
| treasure in jars of clay | θησαυρός / ὀστράκινα σκεύη | thesauros / ostrakina skeuē | skarb / naczynia gliniane | Medium | Power in Weakness | 4:7 | |
| outer man / inner man | ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος | exō anthrōpos / esō anthrōpos | człowiek zewnętrzny / wewnętrzny | Low | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:16 | |
| eternal weight of glory | αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης | aiōnion baros doxēs | brzemię chwały | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:17 | |
| judgment seat of Christ | βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ | bēma tou Christou | trybunał Chrystusa | High | (eschatological accountability, cross-cutting) | 5:10 | Must be distinguished from the Catholic doctrine of purgatorial purification (czyściec); this is evaluation of works for reward, occurring after justification is already settled. |
| flesh | σάρξ | sarx | ciało | Medium | New Creation; Power in Weakness | 5:16; 10:2-4; 11:18 | Multi-sense flag: anthropological/perceptual (5:16), military-metaphorical (10:3-4), and moral/worldly-credential (11:18) senses must each be disambiguated in context. |
| imputation (not counting trespasses) | λογίζομαι | logizomai | poczytywać | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | Same lexical root as baseline’s “poczytana sprawiedliwość” (imputed righteousness); must use the same “poczytać” word-family to preserve the reader’s ability to connect sin-not-imputed (5:19) with righteousness-imputed (5:21). |
| trespass | παράπτωμα | paraptōma | przewinienie | Medium | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | Distinct lexeme from [TM] grzech; preserve the nuance (“false step/lapse”) while conveying equal accountability. |
| ambassador / embassy | πρεσβεύω | presbeuō | poseł / poselstwo | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:20 | Apostolic authority is derivative/representative, never self-generated. |
| became sin | ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν | hamartian epoiēsen | uczynił grzechem | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:21 | Forensic/representative imputation of guilt onto the sinless Christ — NOT a claim that Christ’s nature or character became sinful. Mandatory explanatory note on every occurrence; mandatory human theologian review. |
| become the righteousness of God | γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ | genōmetha dikaiosynē theou | stać się sprawiedliwością Bożą | Critical | Reconciliation; Justification (cross-doctrine) | 5:21 | The positive counterpart of “became sin”; both together form the passage’s central forensic exchange. |
| unequally yoked | ἑτεροζυγέω | heterozygeō | (nie) wprzęgać się w jedno jarzmo | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (holiness/separation) | 6:14 | |
| Belial | Βελίαρ | Beliar | Belial | Low-Medium | (spiritual conflict backdrop) | 6:15 | Obscure proper noun; recommend explanatory footnote identifying with Satan. |
| temple of God | ναὸς θεοῦ | naos theou | świątynia Boga | Medium | New Creation in Christ (corporate) | 6:16 | |
| godly sorrow / worldly sorrow | λύπη κατὰ θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου | lypē kata theon / tou kosmou | smutek według Boga / światowy | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 7:8-11 | |
| repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | nawrócenie (preferred) / upamiętanie | Critical | Reconciliation with God (adjacent) | 7:9-10 | AVOID “pokuta” — collides with the Catholic Sacrament of Penance (Sakrament pokuty i pojednania: confession, priestly absolution, assigned penitential acts). Romans/2 Corinthians μετάνοια is an inward change of heart and direction, not a sacramental transaction. Add as a forbidden-substitution entry parallel to the baseline’s existing list. |
| grace (extended: generosity) | χάρις | charis | łaska (semantic-range note only; no new lexeme) | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:1,7,9,19; 9:8,14 | See Section A entry; flag native-speaker review in financial-giving contexts. |
| ”thanks be to God” idiom | χάρις τῷ θεῷ | charis tō theō | dzięki Bogu | High exception | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 2:14; 8:16; 9:15 | Established exception to blanket “łaska” enforcement; record explicitly in translation memory to prevent mechanical over-application. |
| equality | ἰσότης | isotēs | równość | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:13-14 | |
| apostles (generic sense) | ἀπόστολοι ἐκκλησιῶν | apostoloi ekklēsiōn | wysłannicy zborów / posłowie kościołów | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship (contrast case) | 8:23 | Non-technical use of the same word rendered apostoł [TM] elsewhere; must not be capitalized or elevated to imply the foundational apostolic office. |
| cheerful giver | ἱλαρὸς δότης | hilaros dotēs | radosny dawca | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:7 | |
| sowing and reaping | σπείρω / θερίζω | speirō / therizō | siać / zbierać żniwo | Low (Medium in teaching context) | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:6,10 | Guard against prosperity-gospel misreading (guaranteed material return); the “harvest” in context is righteousness and further generosity. |
| collection / gift-fund | λογία | logia | zbiórka | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8-9 (implied throughout) | |
| boasting | καύχησις / καύχημα / καυχάομαι | kauchēsis / kauchēma / kauchaomai | chlubić się (positive) / chełpić się (negative) | High | Power in Weakness; Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 5:12; 10:8,13,17; 11:10,16-18,30; 12:1,5-9 | Context-sensitive valence (godly glorying in the Lord vs. sinful self-exaltation); central to two named doctrines. |
| measure / rule | κανών | kanōn | miara / zakres | Low | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 10:13-16 | |
| different Jesus / spirit / gospel | ἄλλος Ἰησοῦς / ἕτερον πνεῦμα / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | allos Iēsous / heteron pneuma / heteron euangelion | inny Jezus / inny duch / inna ewangelia | Critical | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:4 | Must read as illegitimate substitutes, not acceptable variant expressions; implicates [TM] Jezus, [TM] Duch Święty, [TM] Ewangelia by contrast. |
| pure virgin (bridal imagery) | παρθένος ἁγνή | parthenos hagnē | czysta dziewica | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship (corporate fidelity) | 11:2-3 | Corporate church-as-bride imagery; risk of conflation with Poland’s intense Marian purity devotion (Immaculate Conception). Must be taught explicitly as ecclesial, not Marian or individual, imagery. |
| super-apostles | οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι | hoi hyperlian apostoloi | arcyapostołowie | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:5; 12:11 | Ironic superlative; must not be rendered flatly (which would validate the rivals’ self-description). |
| false apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι | pseudapostoloi | fałszywi apostołowie | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:13 | |
| angel of light | ἄγγελος φωτός | angelos phōtos | anioł światłości | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:14 | |
| ministers of Satan / of righteousness | διάκονοι τοῦ σατανᾶ / δικαιοσύνης | diakonoi tou satana / dikaiosynēs | słudzy szatana / słudzy sprawiedliwości | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:15 | |
| weakness | ἀσθένεια | astheneia | słabość | High | Power in Weakness | 11:30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4,9 | Must preserve the Pauline paradox (strength manifest through, not despite, weakness); central to a named doctrine. |
| thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί | skolops tē sarki | cierń w ciele | Medium | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | Alternate rendering “oścień dla ciała” (Biblia Tysiąclecia); standardize one form for consistency. |
| grace is sufficient | ἡ χάρις μου ἀρκεῖ | hē charis mou arkei | łaska (semantic-range note only) | High | Power in Weakness | 12:9 | Reinforces grace/self-sufficiency contrast from Romans; use [TM] łaska. |
| signs of a true apostle | σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου | sēmeia tou apostolou | znaki apostoła | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 12:12 | |
| revelations | ἀποκαλύψεις | apokalypseis | objawienia | Medium | Power in Weakness (context) | 12:1,7 | |
| tested / proven character | δοκιμή / δόκιμος / δοκιμάζω | dokimē / dokimos / dokimazō | próba / wypróbowany / badać (siebie) | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 2:9; 8:2,8,22; 9:13; 13:3,5-7 | Recurring load-bearing term-family spanning the whole letter; render consistently to preserve the thread from ch. 2 to ch. 13. |
| holy kiss | ἅγιον φίλημα | hagion philēma | święte pocałowanie | Low | Christian Fellowship (cross-doctrine) | 13:12 | Uses established [TM] święty. |
| Father of mercies | πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν | patēr tōn oiktirmōn | Ojciec miłosierdzia | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3 | Established Bible-tradition rendering; potential catechetical asset via Divine Mercy devotional familiarity, with matching risk of narrowing to that specific devotional framework rather than the letter’s broader comfort theology. |
| fellowship/partnership (distinct word) | μετοχή | metochē | udział | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship (separation) | 6:14 | Distinct Greek lexeme from κοινωνία ([TM] wspólnota); do not conflate the two words under a single Polish rendering. |
| trinitarian benediction (composite) | χάρις / ἀγάπη / κοινωνία (τριαδική formuła) | charis / agapē / koinōnia | łaska / miłość / wspólnota (as a set) | Critical (as composite) | (Trinity, implicit) | 13:13/14 | All component terms already fixed [TM]; the composite formula’s equal-weight naming of all three Persons is itself the doctrinal payload requiring theologian review. |
Section C — Consolidated Risk Summary
| Risk tier | Count (Section B new terms) | Review routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 11 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 19 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 12 | Automated review |
New forbidden-substitution candidates for the AI Translation Requirements (Step 12 extension):
- Repentance: NEVER render μετάνοια as “pokuta” — always “nawrócenie” or “upamiętanie.”
- Reconciliation: NEVER let “pojednanie z Bogiem” default to, or be taught as equivalent to, the Sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance.
- “God of this age” (4:4): NEVER capitalize “bóg” in this phrase — capitalization distinguishes the true God from this false, usurping title for Satan.
- “Thanks be to God” idiom (χάρις τῷ θεῷ): NEVER render as “łaska Bogu” — always “dzięki Bogu.”
- “Became sin” (5:21): NEVER teach or imply Christ’s nature/character became sinful — this is forensic imputation of guilt only.
- Diakonia/diakonos: NEVER let “służba/sługa” be taught as referring to the modern ordained diaconate (“diakon”).
- Pure virgin/bridal imagery (11:2-3): NEVER let corporate church-bride imagery be taught as referring to Mary or to individual believers’ literal virginity.
Critical Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith; Genuine versus False Apostleship (self-examination)
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 13:5’s imperative ‘examine yourselves, to see whether you are in the faith’ especially reinforces the baseline caution: self-examination demands personally verifiable trust in Christ, not inherited national-religious status.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation; Reconciliation with God; Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość zdobyta przez zasługi i praktyki religijne
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 5:21’s climactic ‘we might become the righteousness of God’ is the passage’s forensic center and must not be softened into gradual sacramental transformation.
Justification
Approved rendering: usprawiedliwienie
Transliteration: dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Salvation; Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: stopniowe uświęcenie zamiast deklaracji prawnej
Original: δικαίωσις (concept, cf. 5:21; 3:9)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Not a distinct lexeme in 2 Corinthians but the doctrine underlying 5:21 and 3:9’s ‘ministry of righteousness’; keep consistent with the Romans 3-5 rendering.
Salvation
Approved rendering: zbawienie
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation; Repentance and Godly Sorrow
Rejected alternatives: zbawienie zapewnione automatycznie przez chrzest, sakramenty i przynależność narodowo-religijną
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 7:10’s ‘godly sorrow … leads to salvation’ must be taught as a received outcome of genuine inward repentance, not an automatic status.
Saints
Approved rendering: święci
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood (Called to be Holy)
Rejected alternatives: święci kanonizowani, czczeni i proszeni o wstawiennictwo
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Standing note (corporate believers, not canonized/venerated figures) required at every occurrence, especially the collection-related references (8:4; 9:1,12) and closing greetings (13:12-13).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: zmartwychwstanie
Transliteration: anastasis / egeirō
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. The verb form ἐγείρω at 2 Corinthians 5:15 and 4:14 invokes the identical Critical-tier doctrine as the baseline noun form and requires the same mandatory human theologian review.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 3:17’s ‘the Lord is the Spirit’ requires careful Trinitarian handling — mandatory human theologian review to avoid collapsing the distinct Persons.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Syn Boży
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ; Deity and Sinlessness of Christ
Rejected alternatives: syn Boży w sensie ogólnym, stosowanym do każdego wierzącego
Inherited from Romans package. Cross-references the new term ‘image_of_god’ (2 Cor 4:4), which affirms the same unique, co-equal divine Sonship in different vocabulary.
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. See father_of_mercies for the specific compound at 2 Corinthians 1:3.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch Święty
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification; Trinitarian Confession
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 3:17-18’s identification of ‘the Lord’ with ‘the Spirit’ and the 13:13 trinitarian benediction are Critical-tier Trinitarian statements requiring mandatory theologian review.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 11:4’s ‘a different Jesus’ (ἄλλος Ἰησοῦς) must be rendered so the false teaching reads as an illegitimate substitute figure, never an acceptable alternative portrait of the same Jesus.
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Capitalization discipline is itself doctrinally load-bearing in 2 Corinthians 4:4 — see god_of_this_age entry, which must remain lowercase.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: poczytana sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość wlana (kategoria trydencka)
Inherited from Romans package. Directly linked to the new term ‘imputation’ (poczytywać, 5:19/5:21) — the same ‘poczytać’ word-family must be used consistently across both passages so the reader can trace sin-not-imputed to righteousness-imputed.
Christ
Approved rendering: Chrystus
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ; Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Mesjasz (zarezerwowane dla wyraźnego argumentu o wypełnieniu obietnicy mesjańskiej ze Starego Testamentu)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New extension term. Per established Polish Bible-translation convention (baseline transliteration standard ‘Christ = Chrystus’), use ‘Chrystus’ for this pervasive title/name throughout 2 Corinthians rather than ‘Mesjasz.‘
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: pojednanie
Transliteration: katallagē
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: pojednanie rozumiane wyłącznie jako Sakrament Pokuty i Pojednania
Original: καταλλαγή
Category: Reconciliation
Must not collapse into the Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance (Sakrament pokuty i pojednania — confession, priestly absolution, penitential acts). 2 Corinthians 5:18-19 presents reconciliation as God’s own completed act, received by faith.
Reconcile
Approved rendering: pojednać (się)
Transliteration: katallassō
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: pojednanie osiągane przez własny wysiłek, pokutę lub rytuał
Original: καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
God is always the active reconciling agent; humanity is the reconciled party. The imperative at 5:20 (‘be reconciled to God’) must retain the Polish reflexive’s natural receptive force, never implying self-achieved reconciliation.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: służba pojednania
Transliteration: diakonia tēs katallagēs
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
Compound of ‘służba’ and ‘pojednanie’; defines apostolic legitimacy as derivative proclamation of an already-completed divine act, not a sacrament administered by clergy.
Word Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: słowo pojednania
Transliteration: logos tēs katallagēs
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
Parallel construction to ministry_of_reconciliation (5:18); names the specific gospel content proclaimed, not a general call to interpersonal peacemaking.
Imputation
Approved rendering: poczytywać
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: λογίζομαι
Category: Reconciliation
Must use the same ‘poczytać’ word-family fixed in the Romans baseline as ‘poczytana sprawiedliwość,’ so Polish readers can trace the lexical link between sin not counted against believers (5:19) and righteousness credited to them (5:21).
Became Sin
Approved rendering: uczynił grzechem
Transliteration: hamartian epoiēsen
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: uczynił grzesznym / nadał Chrystusowi grzeszną naturę
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Atonement
Mandatory explanatory note on every occurrence: this is forensic, representative imputation of guilt onto the sinless Christ — NOT a claim that Christ’s nature or character became sinful. Especially sensitive given Polish devotion to Christ’s sinless purity (Najświętsze Serce Jezusa).
Become Righteousness Of God
Approved rendering: stać się sprawiedliwością Bożą
Transliteration: genōmetha dikaiosynē theou
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Original: γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ
Category: Atonement
Positive counterpart of became_sin; the double exchange must be preserved as a forensic transaction, not gradual moral improvement through merit or sacrament.
Sinlessness Of Christ
Approved rendering: ten, który nie znał grzechu
Transliteration: ton mē gnonta hamartian
Doctrine: Deity and Sinlessness of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ten, który popełnił niewiele grzechów (gradacja bezgrzeszności)
Original: τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν
Category: Atonement
The necessary basis for a valid substitutionary exchange; must not be diluted to any gradation of sinlessness.
Substitutionary Death
Approved rendering: jeden umarł za wszystkich / wszyscy umarli
Transliteration: heis hyper pantōn apethanen / hoi pantes apethanon
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: śmierć z powodu wszystkich (osłabia siłę zastępczą przyimka ‘za’)
Original: εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν / οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον
Category: Atonement
‘Za’ must retain vicarious/substitutionary force. ‘Wszyscy umarli’ must not be read as automatic universal salvation; it refers to those united to Christ by faith, paralleling Romans 6’s ‘died with Christ.‘
Repentance
Approved rendering: nawrócenie
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Sorrow
Rejected alternatives: pokuta (kolizja z Sakramentem Pokuty i Pojednania — spowiedź, rozgrzeszenie, akty pokutne)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Reconciliation
NEVER render as ‘pokuta.’ ‘Upamiętanie’ is an acceptable alternative. 2 Corinthians 7:9-10’s godly sorrow producing μετάνοια ‘leading to salvation’ is an inward reorientation, not a sacramental transaction.
God Was In Christ
Approved rendering: Bóg w Chrystusie
Transliteration: theos ēn en Christō
Doctrine: Deity and Sinlessness of Christ; Trinitarian Confession
Original: θεὸς ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Christology
Must render ‘Bóg’ and ‘Chrystus’ with equal syntactic weight, protecting against any subordinationist misreading of Christ as a lesser intermediary.
In Christ
Approved rendering: w Chrystusie
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Christology
Reuses the Romans baseline doctrine directly: identity grounded in union with Christ, not the inherited ‘Polak-katolik’ national-religious identity. Grounds 5:17’s ‘new creation.‘
Different Jesus Spirit Gospel
Approved rendering: inny Jezus / inny duch / inna ewangelia
Transliteration: allos Iēsous / heteron pneuma / heteron euangelion
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: inna droga do tego samego Boga (pluralistyczne oswojenie)
Original: ἄλλος Ἰησοῦς / ἕτερον πνεῦμα / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Apostleship
Implicates Jezus, Duch Święty, and Ewangelia by contrast; must read as illegitimate rivals, not acceptable alternative expressions of the same faith — a live risk given culturally familiar religious-pluralism framing.
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: “bóg” tego świata (lowercase)
Transliteration: ho theos tou aiōnos toutou
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: Bóg tego świata (capitalized — implies a rival true deity, theological dualism)
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: God
Title for Satan at 4:4. Mandatory lowercase style-guide enforcement on every occurrence; a capitalization error is itself a doctrinal error. Mandatory human theologian review.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: nowe przymierze
Transliteration: kainē diathēkē
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Overlaps with the Polish Catholic Mass’s consecration wording (‘nowe i wieczne przymierze’); a catechetical asset only if the full chapter 3 argument (glory, Spirit, freedom, veil) is taught explicitly rather than assumed exhausted by the Eucharistic referent.
New Creation
Approved rendering: nowe stworzenie
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: nowy ja / nowy początek (sekularne samodoskonalenie), nowe stworzenie jako automatyczny skutek chrztu bez osobistej wiary
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation
The letter’s central doctrinal anchor term (5:17). Must convey a decisive, already-accomplished ontological, Spirit-wrought change, not moral self-improvement or a ‘fresh start.’ Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence.
Trinitarian Benediction
Approved rendering: łaska / miłość / wspólnota (jako zestaw trynitarny)
Transliteration: hē charis… kai hē agapē… kai hē koinōnia…
Doctrine: Trinitarian Confession
Original: ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: Church
Closing benediction (13:13) naming Christ, God, and the Holy Spirit together; equal-weight naming of all three Persons is itself the doctrinal payload — no subordinating syntax permitted. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Ewangelia
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel; Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must convey the specific proclamation of salvation through Christ crucified and risen. 2 Corinthians 11:4’s ‘ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον’ (‘a different gospel’) must render as ‘Ewangelia’ so the rival teaching reads as an illegitimate substitute, not a variant expression of the same gospel.
Grace
Approved rendering: łaska
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace; Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: łaska otrzymywana głównie przez zasługi i praktyki sakramentalne
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Corinthians 8-9 extends to God’s gracious enablement producing generosity; flag for native speaker review so generosity is never read as a means of earning grace. EXCEPTION at 2:14, 8:16, 9:15: the idiom χάρις τῷ θεῷ renders ‘dzięki Bogu,’ NOT ‘łaska Bogu’ — see thanks_be_to_god_idiom entry.
Covenant
Approved rendering: przymierze
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant; The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: umowa prawna
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Base term underlying the new compound ‘nowe przymierze’ (2 Cor 3:6) — see new_covenant entry.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: uświęcenie
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification; Transformation by the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: oczyszczenie pokutne, w tym poprzez czyściec
Original: ἁγιασμός (concept, cf. 7:1)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 7:1’s ‘bringing holiness to completion’ must not collapse into the Catholic penitential/purgatorial framework (czyściec).
Law
Approved rendering: Prawo
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Inherited from Romans package. Background referent for chapter 3’s old-covenant contrast, though the letter itself foregrounds ‘γράμμα’ (letter) rather than ‘νόμος’ directly — see letter_and_spirit entry.
Image Of God
Approved rendering: obraz Boga
Transliteration: eikōn tou theou
Doctrine: Deity and Sinlessness of Christ
Rejected alternatives: obraz Boga w sensie ogólnym odnoszącym się do każdego człowieka (Rdz 1:27)
Original: εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Affirms Christ’s unique, co-equal deity at 4:4; must not be softened to the general sense of humanity bearing God’s image.
Letter And Spirit
Approved rendering: litera / Duch
Transliteration: gramma / pneuma
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Covenant
Covenant-administration contrast (3:6); must not be read as devaluing Scripture’s own inspired status (Romans baseline doctrine ‘Inspiration of Scripture’).
Transformed
Approved rendering: przemieniać się
Transliteration: metamorphoō
Doctrine: Transformation by the Spirit
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Sanctification
Present-tense, ongoing, Spirit-wrought transformation at 3:18; must not be read as a single past ritual event (e.g., baptism or First Communion).
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: trybunał Chrystusa
Transliteration: bēma tou Christou
Doctrine: Eschatological Accountability before Christ
Rejected alternatives: proces czyśćcowy dopełniający usprawiedliwienie
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology
Must be clearly distinguished from purgatorial purification (czyściec); this is Christ’s evaluation of already-justified believers’ works for reward (5:10), not a means of settling standing before God.
Thanks Be To God Idiom
Approved rendering: dzięki Bogu
Transliteration: charis tō theō
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving; Thanksgiving
Rejected alternatives: łaska Bogu (mechaniczne, niedopuszczalne, myląca teologicznie)
Original: χάρις τῷ θεῷ
Category: Church
Established exception to blanket ‘łaska’ enforcement, applies only at 2:14, 8:16, 9:15. Record explicitly to prevent mechanical over-application of the grace glossary rule.
Ministry
Approved rendering: służba
Transliteration: diakonia
Doctrine: Ministry and Service of the Gospel; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: diakonia (kolizja ze współczesnym urzędem diakona)
Original: διακονία
Category: Apostleship
Central recurring term across the letter with multiple qualifiers (‘of reconciliation,’ ‘of the new covenant,’ ‘of death,’ ‘of the Spirit,’ ‘to the saints’). Polish ‘diakon’ is the ordained clerical office; ‘służba’ avoids the collision but teaching material must clarify Paul is not describing the modern diaconate.
Minister
Approved rendering: sługa, służący
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Ministry and Service of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: diakon
Original: διάκονος
Category: Apostleship
Same clerical-diaconate collision risk as ‘ministry’; used of Paul, of the new covenant, and (negatively) of the false apostles.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: poseł / poselstwo
Transliteration: presbeuō
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Apostleship
5:20. Apostolic authority is derivative and representative, never self-generated; preserve the sense of speaking in another’s name and by another’s authority.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: szczerość
Transliteration: eilikrineia
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Apostleship
1:12; 2:17. Must not soften into mere reputation-management or diplomatic tact; purity of motive before God.
Simplicity
Approved rendering: prostota
Transliteration: haplotēs
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἁπλότης
Category: Apostleship
Context-sensitive: sincerity-of-motive sense (ch. 1, 11) vs. generosity-of-giving sense (ch. 8-9); disambiguate per occurrence, do not assume one sense carries across all references.
Boasting
Approved rendering: chlubić się (pozytywne, w Panu) / chełpić się (negatywne, w sobie)
Transliteration: kauchēsis / kauchēma / kauchaomai
Doctrine: Power in Weakness; Boasting and Humility; Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: jednolity termin bez rozróżnienia walencji
Original: καύχησις / καύχημα / καυχάομαι
Category: Apostleship
Context-sensitive valence, central to two named doctrines. Render ‘chlubić się’ for legitimate glorying in the Lord (10:17) and ‘chełpić się’ for the rivals’ self-exaltation; a mismatched choice inverts Paul’s entire rhetorical argument.
Pure Virgin
Approved rendering: czysta dziewica
Transliteration: parthenos hagnē
Doctrine: Ecclesial Purity and Fidelity
Rejected alternatives: odniesienie do Maryi lub indywidualnego, literalnego dziewictwa wierzącej
Original: παρθένος ἁγνή
Category: Apostleship
11:2-3. Corporate, ecclesial bridal imagery (the church betrothed to Christ); high collision risk with Poland’s Marian purity devotion (Immaculate Conception, national Marian shrines). Mandatory explicit teaching note required.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: arcyapostołowie
Transliteration: hoi hyperlian apostoloi
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: apostołowie nadzwyczajni (płaskie, nieironiczne, waliduje samoopis rywali)
Original: οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
11:5; 12:11. Paul’s ironic, sarcastic superlative for the rival teachers; a flat rendering risks readers accepting the rivals’ self-description at face value.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: fałszywi apostołowie
Transliteration: pseudapostoloi
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
11:13. Direct denunciation; uses established baseline term ‘apostoł.‘
Tested Proven Character
Approved rendering: próba / wypróbowany / badać (siebie)
Transliteration: dokimē / dokimos / dokimazō
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: δοκιμή / δόκιμος / δοκιμάζω
Category: Apostleship
Recurring word-family across the whole letter (2:9; 8:2,8,22; 9:13; 13:3,5-7); render consistently so readers can trace the thread from chapter 2 to the climactic self-examination of 13:5.
Comfort
Approved rendering: pociecha / pocieszać
Transliteration: paraklēsis / parakaleō
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: napominać (błędny domyślny odpowiednik przeniesiony z zestawu terminów Listu do Rzymian)
Original: παράκλησις / παρακαλέω (comfort sense)
Category: Suffering
One of three senses of the παρακαλέω word-family in this letter (comfort/exhort/appeal). Must NOT default to the baseline’s ‘napominać’ gloss in chapters 1 and 7’s comfort contexts; disambiguate every occurrence.
Weakness
Approved rendering: słabość
Transliteration: astheneia
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Suffering
11:30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4,9. Must preserve the Pauline paradox: strength manifest precisely through, not despite or after overcoming, weakness.
Guarantee Down Payment
Approved rendering: rękojmia
Transliteration: arrabōn
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation via the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: dar (za słabe, gubi siłę prawną gwarancji)
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Assurance
1:22; 5:5. Must retain legal-guarantee force, not soften to a generic ‘gift’; connects directly to the Romans baseline ‘Assurance of Salvation’ doctrine.
Medium Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability; Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (baseline tier: Medium). ESCALATES to Critical in the specific forensic context of 2 Corinthians 5:21 (‘made him to be sin’) — see became_sin entry for the mandatory explanatory note. Distinct lexeme from the new term ‘przewinienie’ (trespass, παράπτωμα, 5:19).
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ; The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: δόξα
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (baseline tier: Medium). Chapter 3’s comparative ‘greater glory’ argument between covenants (3:7-11, 18) intensifies risk; flag for native-speaker review at every chapter 3 occurrence to preserve the comparative force.
Holy
Approved rendering: święty
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard Pauline salutation element (2 Cor 1:2), paired with ‘łaska.‘
Church
Approved rendering: kościół
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Kościół jako jedyna prawowita instytucja hierarchiczna
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish local congregations (Corinth, Macedonia, Achaia) from the capitalized institutional sense central to Polish national-religious life.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: poganie
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Not a prominent distinct lexeme in 2 Corinthians itself; retained for cross-curriculum consistency if referenced in teaching material.
Adoption
Approved rendering: usynowienie
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 2 Corinthians 6:18’s ‘sons and daughters’ covenant-family quotation (2 Sam 7/Isa 43).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: moc Boża
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ / δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline tier: Medium). ESCALATES to High in 2 Corinthians 12:9 (‘moc Chrystusa’) and 13:4, reinforcing the Power in Weakness doctrine’s central paradox.
Trespass
Approved rendering: przewinienie
Transliteration: paraptōma
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: παράπτωμα
Category: Reconciliation
Distinct lexeme from ‘grzech’ (sin); preserve the nuance (‘false step/lapse’) at 5:19 while conveying equal accountability before God.
Love Of Christ
Approved rendering: miłość Chrystusa
Transliteration: hē agapē tou Christou
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Faith
Genitive ambiguity (Christ’s love for us / our love for Christ) must be resolved toward the former at 5:14; flag for native speaker review.
Father Of Mercies
Approved rendering: Ojciec miłosierdzia
Transliteration: patēr tōn oiktirmōn
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: πατὴρ τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν
Category: God
Established Bible-tradition rendering at 1:3; risks narrowing to Poland’s Divine Mercy devotion (Boże Miłosierdzie, St. Faustina) unless the letter’s broader comfort-in-affliction theology is taught explicitly.
Veil
Approved rendering: zasłona
Transliteration: kalymma
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
Moses’ literal veil and the figurative veiling of minds (3:13-16) must be disambiguated per verse.
Eternal Weight Of Glory
Approved rendering: brzemię chwały
Transliteration: aiōnion baros doxēs
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης
Category: Eschatology
Preserve the comparative logic at 4:17: light present affliction producing weighty, surpassing future glory.
Fellowship Partnership Distinct
Approved rendering: udział
Transliteration: metochē
Doctrine: Ecclesial Purity and Fidelity
Original: μετοχή
Category: Church
Distinct Greek lexeme from κοινωνία (‘wspólnota’) at 6:14; do not conflate the two words under a single Polish rendering.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: świątynia Boga
Transliteration: naos theou
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ
Category: Church
Corporate-ecclesial imagery at 6:16, not a physical building.
Apostles Generic Sense
Approved rendering: wysłannicy zborów / posłowie kościołów
Transliteration: apostoloi ekklēsiōn
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: apostołowie (błędnie elewuje do rangi urzędu apostolskiego)
Original: ἀπόστολοι ἐκκλησιῶν
Category: Apostleship
Non-technical use of the same Greek word at 8:23; must not be capitalized or paralleled to ‘apostoł’ as though claiming foundational apostolic authority.
Fleshly Wisdom
Approved rendering: mądrość cielesna/ludzka
Transliteration: sophia sarkikē
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: σοφία σαρκική
Category: Apostleship
1:12. Foil to sincerity; worldly, self-serving cunning.
Peddling Gods Word
Approved rendering: kupczyć słowem Bożym
Transliteration: kapēleuō ton logon tou theou
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύω τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Apostleship
2:17. Must convey exploitative, commercial motive contrasted with sincerity, not neutral commerce.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: anioł światłości
Transliteration: angelos phōtos
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and False Teaching
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Apostleship
11:14. The deceptive, counterfeit nature of the disguise must remain unmistakable in context.
Ministers Of Satan Righteousness
Approved rendering: słudzy szatana / słudzy sprawiedliwości
Transliteration: diakonoi tou satana / diakonoi dikaiosynēs
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and False Teaching
Original: διάκονοι τοῦ σατανᾶ / διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης
Category: Apostleship
11:15. Contrast pair; render both with ‘słudzy,’ never ‘diakoni,’ per the clerical-diaconate collision note under ‘minister.‘
Signs Of A True Apostle
Approved rendering: znaki apostoła
Transliteration: sēmeia tou apostolou
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship
12:12. Authenticating marks (signs, wonders, endurance), part of the evidentiary argument for Paul’s apostleship.
Self Commendation
Approved rendering: polecać samych siebie
Transliteration: synistanō heautous
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνιστάνω ἑαυτούς
Category: Apostleship
3:1; 5:12. Direct polemic against the rival ‘super-apostles’; must convey self-promotion, not neutral self-description.
Affliction
Approved rendering: ucisk
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering
1:4,6,8; 4:17; 7:4. Standard rendering.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: cierń w ciele
Transliteration: skolops tē sarki
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Suffering
12:7. Biblia Tysiąclecia alternate ‘oścień dla ciała’ noted but not used; standardize on ‘cierń w ciele’ for cross-document consistency.
Treasure In Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: skarb / naczynia gliniane
Transliteration: thesauros en ostrakinois skeuesin
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν
Category: Suffering
4:7. The gospel’s power housed in fragile human ministers, so the power is recognized as God’s.
Flesh
Approved rendering: ciało
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ; Power in Weakness
Original: σάρξ
Category: Suffering
Multi-sense term: anthropological/perceptual (5:16), military-metaphorical (10:3-4), moral/worldly-credential (11:18). Each sense must be disambiguated in context; do not conflate with the Romans 8 ‘sinful nature’ sense.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: bojaźń Pańska
Transliteration: phobos tou Kyriou
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Suffering
5:11. Reverent awe motivating apostolic integrity; risk of flattening into generic piety rather than the specific accountability-to-Christ sense.
Revelations
Approved rendering: objawienia
Transliteration: apokalypseis
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀποκαλύψεις
Category: Suffering
12:1,7. Contextualize as extraordinary and exceptional, not normative apostolic experience.
Seal
Approved rendering: pieczęć
Transliteration: sphragis
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation via the Spirit
Original: σφραγίς
Category: Assurance
1:22. Standard rendering; mark of God’s ownership.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: (nie) wprzęgać się w jedno jarzmo
Transliteration: heterozygeō
Doctrine: Ecclesial Purity and Fidelity
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Generosity
6:14. Preserve the shared-yoke metaphor, not merely ‘association.‘
Belial
Approved rendering: Belial
Transliteration: Beliar
Doctrine: Spiritual Deception and False Teaching
Original: Βελίαρ
Category: Spiritual Conflict
6:15. Rare proper name for Satan; transliterate with a mandatory explanatory footnote identifying it with Satan to avoid a mistaken sense of a separate entity.
Godly Worldly Sorrow
Approved rendering: smutek według Boga / smutek światowy
Transliteration: lypē kata theon / lypē tou kosmou
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Sorrow
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Reconciliation
7:8-11. Must not be flattened into a single undifferentiated notion of sadness; feeds directly into the repentance entry.
Equality
Approved rendering: równość
Transliteration: isotēs
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Generosity
8:13-14. Convey mutual relief of need, not enforced sameness of outcome.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: siać / zbierać żniwo
Transliteration: speirō / therizō
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: formuła prosperity gospel (gwarantowany zwrot finansowy)
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Generosity
9:6,10. The ‘harvest’ in context is righteousness and further generosity, not guaranteed material wealth; explicit teaching correction required.
Forgive Grace Rooted
Approved rendering: wybaczyć / darować
Transliteration: charizomai
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Generosity
2:7,10. Etymologically built on the χάρις (grace) root; convey a gracious forgiving, not mere tolerance.
Fragrance Of Christ
Approved rendering: woń Chrystusa
Transliteration: euōdia / osmē Christou
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: εὐωδία / ὀσμὴ Χριστοῦ
Category: Apostleship
2:14-16. Sacrificial-aroma imagery; apostolic ministry spreading the knowledge of Christ.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostoł
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship; Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. Note the distinct, non-technical generic sense at 2 Corinthians 8:23 (‘messengers of the churches’) — see apostles_generic_sense entry; never use ‘apostoł’ for that occurrence.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dziękczynienie
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. See thanks_be_to_god_idiom for the mandatory exception at 2:14, 8:16, 9:15.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: wspólnota
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: świętych obcowanie (specific creedal formula)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Must remain distinct from the separate Greek lexeme μετοχή (6:14) rendered ‘udział’ — do not conflate the two Polish words under one term.
Exhort
Approved rendering: napominać
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. CAUTION: this is only ONE of three distinct senses of παρακαλέω active in 2 Corinthians — the others are comfort (‘pocieszać,’ chs. 1, 7) and appeal/entreat (‘prosić/wzywać,’ 5:20). Do not default to this gloss without confirming the exhort sense is active.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: święte pocałowanie
Transliteration: hagion philēma
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: ἅγιον φίλημα
Category: Church
Uses established baseline term ‘święty’; customary greeting at 13:12, not a sacramental rite.
Measure Rule
Approved rendering: miara / zakres
Transliteration: kanōn
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: κανών
Category: Apostleship
10:13-16. God-assigned sphere of ministry responsibility.
Outer Inner Man
Approved rendering: człowiek zewnętrzny / człowiek wewnętrzny
Transliteration: exō anthrōpos / esō anthrōpos
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Suffering
4:16. Standard rendering.
Conscience
Approved rendering: sumienie
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Suffering
5:11; 1:12; 4:2. Standard, unambiguous term.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: radosny dawca
Transliteration: hilaros dotēs
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Generosity
9:7. Standard rendering.
Collection
Approved rendering: zbiórka
Transliteration: logia
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: λογία
Category: Generosity
Chs. 8-9. The Jerusalem relief collection.
Referenced passages