Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Jude (English–Polish)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entirety of Jude (1:1-25). Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [REUSED] and must be rendered identically; new terms required by Jude’s distinct vocabulary are marked [NEW] and are proposed here for addition to translation memory ahead of Phase 2.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and its review-routing convention (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → native speaker; Low → automated).
1. Reused Baseline Terms (Exact Reuse Required)
| English | Greek | Polish (reused exactly) | Risk | Doctrine link in Jude | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | πίστις (pistis) | wiara | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | v.3, v.20; in Jude leans toward the objective “body of doctrine” sense (fides quae) alongside personal trust. |
| saints / holy ones | ἅγιοι (hagioi) | święci | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | v.3; same corporate, all-believers note required as in Romans 1:7. |
| grace | χάρις (charis) | łaska | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | v.4; grace perverted into license — preserve grace/license contrast. |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | Pan | Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers; Doxology | vv.4, 9, 14, 17, 21, 25; exclusive supreme lordship throughout. |
| salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | zbawienie | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered; Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | v.3 (shared salvation), v.23 (urgent rescue “save”). |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | apostoł | Low | (Foundational apostolic teaching) | v.17. |
| called / calling | κλητός/κλῆσις (klētos/klēsis) | powołany/powołanie | High | (Addressee identity) | v.1; universal call, not priesthood-specific. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | Duch Święty | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | vv.19, 20. |
| glory | δόξα (doxa) | chwała | High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | vv.8 (glories/dignities), 24, 25. |
| peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | pokój | Medium | (Salutation) | v.2. |
| sin / sinners | ἁμαρτία/ἁμαρτωλός (hamartia/hamartōlos) | grzech/grzesznik | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | v.15. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω (parakaleō) | napominać | Low | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | v.3 (implicit exhortation function). |
| intercession (contrast concept) | — | wstawiennictwo | Critical | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | Not a Jude term itself, but the baseline’s Marian-mediation caution directly informs the “μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι” exclusivity note at v.25. |
2. Doctrine 1 — Contending for the Faith Once Delivered (Jude 1:3, 17, 20)
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Polish rendering | Risk | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| contend for | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι / epagōnizesthai | walczyć o [wiarę] | High [NEW] | Rejected: unqualified “walczyć” without context note, due to risk of nationalist/militaristic reading tied to Poland’s “przedmurze chrześcijaństwa” self-image. Alternative considered: “usilnie zabiegać o” (softer, but under-conveys ἀγών intensity). |
| once for all delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ / hapax paradotheisē | raz na zawsze przekazana | Critical [NEW] | Rejected: any rendering implying an open, ongoing, or Magisterially-developing deposit; must convey a closed, completed act of transmission, in tension with (not synonymous with) Catholic “Tradycja.” |
| the faith | πίστις / pistis | wiara | Critical [REUSED] | Objective sense (body of doctrine) active here; pair with note distinguishing from purely personal-trust sense elsewhere. |
| most holy faith | ἁγιωτάτῃ πίστει / hagiōtatē pistei | najświętsza wiara | Critical [NEW/compound] | Flag for native-speaker review: superlative form risks echoing fixed Marian/devotional title formulas (“Najświętsza Maryja Panna”); confirm unambiguous reading as “the apostolic faith.” |
| build up | ἐποικοδομέω / epoikodomeō | budować (samych siebie) | Low [NEW] | Standard edification term; consistent with baseline mutual-edification doctrine. |
3. Doctrine 2 — Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (Jude 1:4, 8-13, 15-16, 19)
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Polish rendering | Risk | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής/ἀσέβεια / asebēs/asebeia | bezbożny / bezbożność | High [NEW] | Central charge against false teachers (vv.4, 15 ×3, 18); maintain root consistency across all forms. |
| crept in | παρεισέδυσαν / pareisedysan | wkradli się | Medium [NEW] | Must convey covert infiltration from within, not external attack. |
| sensuality / debauchery | ἀσέλγεια / aselgeia | rozpusta | Medium [NEW] | Standard term; do not soften to vague “immorality.” |
| Master (Sovereign) | δεσπότης / despotēs | Władca | Critical [NEW] | Must be kept distinct from κύριος/Pan; the double title “jedyny Władca i Pan” is the load-bearing Christological affirmation of v.4. |
| lordship / authority | κυριότης / kyriotēs | władza Pańska / panowanie | High [NEW] | Cognate with Pan; rejection of κυριότης parallels rejection of κύριος. |
| blaspheme / slander | βλασφημέω / blasphēmeō | bluźnić | Medium-High [NEW] | Object in v.8 is “glories” (angelic/celestial dignities), not God directly — do not narrow to God-directed blasphemy only. |
| irrational creatures | ἄλογα ζῷα / aloga zōa | nierozumne zwierzęta | Low [NEW] | Standard comparison image. |
| destroyed / perish | ἀπόλλυμι / apollymi | zginąć / zgubić / wygubić | High [NEW] | Recurs vv.5, 10, 11; real, ruinous judgment — not disciplinary correction. |
| worldly / unspiritual | ψυχικός / psychikos | zmysłowy | High [NEW] | CRITICAL false-friend warning: never render as “psychiczny” (modern Polish = mental/psychiatric). Follow established rendering from 1 Corinthians 2:14. |
| grumblers | γογγυστής / gongystēs | szemrzący | Medium [NEW] | Echoes OT wilderness-grumbling vocabulary (typological link to v.5). |
| malcontents | μεμψίμοιρος / mempsimoiros | malkontenci / niezadowoleni | Low [NEW] | Standard. |
| lusts / desires | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | pożądliwość | Medium [NEW] | Disordered appetite; keep distinct from neutral “chęć.” |
| mockers / scoffers | ἐμπαίκτης / empaiktēs | szyderca | Low-Medium [NEW] | Predicted end-time figures (v.18), identified with the false teachers. |
| causing divisions | ἀποδιορίζω / apodiorizō | wywołujący podziały | Medium [NEW] | Direct negation of baseline “wspólnota” (fellowship). |
4. Doctrine 3 — Old Testament Warnings as Types: Israel, Angels, Sodom (and Cain, Balaam, Korah) (Jude 1:5-7, 11)
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Polish rendering | Risk | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| angels (fallen/rebellious) | ἄγγελος / angelos | anioł / aniołowie (zbuntowani) | High [NEW] | Must be explicitly distinguished from the near-universal Polish Guardian Angel (Anioł Stróż) devotion to prevent confusion with venerated protective angels. |
| judgment | κρίσις / krisis | sąd | High [NEW] | Eschatological Day of Judgment register (cf. established “Dzień Sądu”), not merely civil-legal. |
| eternal chains | δεσμοὶ ἀίδιοι / desmoi aidioi | wieczne okowy | Medium [NEW] | Standard image; connects to τηρέω irony (God “keeps” the disobedient for judgment). |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | Sodoma i Gomora | High (cultural sensitivity) [NEW] | Standard proper names; teaching must stay historical-theological given contemporary political sensitivity around this reference in Poland. |
| eternal fire | πῦρ αἰώνιον / pyr aiōnion | ogień wieczny | Medium [NEW] | Final, not merely historical, judgment. |
| Cain / Balaam / Korah | Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε | Kain, Balaam, Korach | Low (lexical) / Medium (doctrinal completeness) [NEW] | Curriculum doctrine list names only Israel/Angels/Sodom; these three additional types must not be omitted from teaching materials for full coverage. |
| error / deception | πλάνη / planē | błąd / zwiedzenie | Medium [NEW] | Balaam’s profit-driven error, parallel to v.16’s flattery-for-gain. |
| rebellion | ἀντιλογία / antilogia | bunt | Medium [NEW] | Korah’s insubordination against God-given authority; echoes κυριότης-rejection theme. |
| woe | οὐαί / ouai | biada | Medium [NEW] | Formal prophetic judgment-oracle formula; retain solemn register. |
5. Doctrine 4 — Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering (Jude 1:2, 21-23)
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Polish rendering | Risk | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | miłosierdzie | Critical [NEW — flagship term] | Every occurrence (vv.2, 21, 22, 23) requires an explicit doctrinal note distinguishing Jude’s use (Christ’s eschatological/pastoral compassion) from the specific Polish “Boże Miłosierdzie” devotional complex (St. Faustyna’s revelations, “Jezu, ufam Tobie” image, Divine Mercy Chaplet, Divine Mercy Sunday). Rejected as insufficient: using “miłosierdzie” without this note, which would allow default conflation with the devotional complex. |
| show mercy (verb) | ἐλεέω / eleeō (ἐλεᾶτε) | litować się / okazywać miłosierdzie | High [NEW] | Verb form of the flagship term above; carries identical caution. Textual variant note: some mss read ἐλέγχετε (“reprove”/“convict”) at v.22 — flag as genuine ambiguity per baseline protocol. |
| wavering / doubting | διακρινόμενος / diakrinomenos | wątpiący / wahający się | Medium-High [NEW] | Must be clearly distinguished from the hardened false teachers of vv.4-19 — this is the letter’s compassionate pastoral category, not another judgment target. |
| snatch out of the fire | ἁρπάζοντες ἐκ πυρός / harpazontes ek pyros | wyrywając z ognia | Critical [NEW], cognate with reused zbawienie | Urgent, decisive rescue imagery; must not be flattened into a gradual or passive process. |
| with fear | ἐν φόβῳ / en phobō | z bojaźnią / z ostrożnością | Medium [NEW] | Prudent spiritual caution in mercy-showing, not literal terror. |
| defiled garment | ἐσπιλωμένος χιτών / espilōmenos chitōn | skalana szata | Medium [NEW] | Metaphorical moral-contamination image, not literalistic. |
6. Doctrine 5 — Kept by God and Presented Blameless (Jude 1:1, 6, 13, 21, 24)
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Polish rendering | Risk | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kept / keep (τηρέω word-family) | τηρέω / tēreō (τετηρημένοις, τηρήσαντας, τετήρηκεν, τετήρηται, τηρήσατε) | zachować / zachowany | Critical [NEW — flagship term] | This single root must be used consistently across every occurrence (v.1 believers kept; v.6 angels not kept, twice; v.13 darkness kept in reserve; v.21 believers commanded to keep themselves) so the letter’s central ironic word-play is visible in Polish. Rejected: varying the Polish verb by occurrence, which would obscure the letter’s structural argument. |
| guard (φυλάσσω, doxology) | φυλάσσω / phylassō (φυλάξαι) | ustrzec (echoing zachować root in teaching notes) | Critical [NEW] | Distinct Greek root from τηρέω but converges on the same doctrine at the letter’s climax (v.24); no separate Polish root required, but the connection should be noted. |
| without stumbling | ἄπταιστος / aptaistos | bez upadku | Medium [NEW] | Positive assurance language; connects to baseline “assurance of salvation” caution (Romans 8, High). |
| blameless / without blemish | ἄμωμος / amōmos | bez zarzutu / nieskażony | Critical [NEW] | Must be taught as a future, certain, divinely-accomplished status, not one requiring post-mortem purgatorial purification (czyściec) — direct parallel to the baseline’s “assurance_of_salvation” Critical caution. |
| present (to stand before) | ἵστημι (στῆσαι) / histēmi | postawić | High [NEW] | Paired with ἄμωμος and κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης as the letter’s climactic assurance statement. |
| exultation / great joy | ἀγαλλίασις / agalliasis | wielka radość / uniesienie | Low-Medium [NEW] | Doxological register; celebratory, not merely relieved. |
| beloved (perfect passive) | ἠγαπημένος / ēgapēmenos | umiłowany | Low-Medium [NEW] | Settled, completed-past-with-continuing-effect divine love; foundational identity marker (v.1). |
7. Doctrine 6 — Doxology and God’s Preserving Power (Jude 1:24-25)
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Polish rendering | Risk | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| only God, Savior | μόνος θεὸς σωτήρ / monos theos sōtēr | jedyny Bóg, Zbawca | Critical [NEW] | Cognate with reused zbawienie. Exclusivity (μόνος) is load-bearing: must not be read as compatible with rival saving/mediating figures in popular devotion (parallel to baseline’s “wstawiennictwo”/Marian-mediation caution). |
| majesty | μεγαλωσύνη / megalōsynē | majestat | Low [NEW] | Standard doxological term. |
| dominion / might | κράτος / kratos | panowanie / moc | Medium [NEW] | Distinguish from baseline moc Boża (which renders δύναμις, a different Greek term) — do not conflate the two roots in glossary or teaching. |
| authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | władza | Medium [NEW] | Standard authority term. |
| amen | ἀμήν / amēn | Amen | Low [NEW] | Retain transliterated form per baseline transliteration convention. |
| archangel Michael | Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος | archanioł Michał | Medium [NEW] | Modest but real devotional presence in Polish piety; teach Michael’s restraint before God’s authority here, not as an invoked intercessory figure. |
| devil | διάβολος / diabolos | diabeł | Medium [NEW] | Guard against folkloric trivialization (e.g., Polish devil-legend traditions); this is the serious, personal spiritual adversary. |
| Enoch’s prophecy (non-canonical citation) | Ἑνώχ προεπροφήτευσεν | Henoch prorokował | High [NEW] | Jude affirms the truth of this specific prophetic utterance without asserting canonicity of 1 Enoch as a whole; connects to baseline “Inspiration of Scripture” doctrine (Medium in Romans, elevated here given the non-canonical source). |
| holy myriads | ἁγίαις μυριάσιν | świętymi tysiącami / niezliczonym mnóstwem świętych | Medium [NEW] | Distinguish referent (angelic host) from the baseline święci (redeemed believers) to avoid conflation. |
8. Proper Names (Standard Renderings)
| English | Greek | Polish | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jude | Ἰούδας | Judy / Juda (list) — author name rendered “Juda” in the Polish book title tradition (“List św. Judy”) | Low |
| James | Ἰάκωβος | Jakub | Low |
| Moses | Μωϋσῆς | Mojżesz | Low |
| Michael | Μιχαήλ | Michał | Low |
| Enoch | Ἑνώχ | Henoch | Low |
| Adam | Ἀδάμ | Adam | Low |
| Cain | Κάϊν | Kain | Low |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ | Balaam | Low |
| Korah | Κόρε | Korach | Low |
| Sodom | Σόδομα | Sodoma | Low |
| Gomorrah | Γόμορρα | Gomora | Low |
| Egypt | Αἴγυπτος | Egipt | Low |
| Jesus Christ | Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | Jezus Chrystus — reuse baseline Jezus exactly | Critical [REUSED] |
Risk Summary for Jude-Specific New Terms
| Risk tier | Count of new terms | Review routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 (miłosierdzie/ἔλεος family; zachować/τηρέω family; raz na zawsze przekazana; Władca/δεσπότης; jedyny Bóg Zbawca; bez zarzutu/ἄμωμος + postawić; ustrzec/φυλάσσω; wyrywając z ognia; najświętsza wiara) | Human theologian |
| High | 9 (walczyć o wiarę; bezbożny/ἀσέβεια; ἀπόλλυμι; ψυχικός/zmysłowy; anioły (fallen); Sodoma i Gomora [cultural sensitivity]; κυριότης; κρίσις/sąd; Henoch prorokował) | Human theologian |
| Medium | ~20 (see doctrine sections above) | Native speaker review |
| Low | ~15 (proper names, standard imagery terms) | Automated review |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json prior to Phase 2 segment translation for the Jude curriculum, with all Jude-specific entries added at version increment per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions. All terms already present in the baseline (Section 1 above) are enforced exactly as recorded and must not be re-negotiated.
Critical Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith / Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). In Jude 1:3 and 1:20 the term shifts toward its objective sense — the body of apostolic doctrine entrusted to the church (fides quae) — alongside its personal-trust sense elsewhere (fides qua). Every occurrence must avoid collapsing into the ‘Polak-katolik’ national-cultural identity risk documented in the baseline; pair with a note clarifying which sense (trust vs. doctrinal deposit) is active in a given verse.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Occurs repeatedly in Jude (1:4, 5, 9, 14, 17, 21, 25). In 1:4 must be rendered as distinct from and cumulative with δεσπότης (‘Władca’) to preserve the emphatic double title of exclusive authority; in 1:9 note the distinct, non-titular invocation (‘Ἐπιτιμήσαι σοι κύριος’).
Salvation
Approved rendering: zbawienie
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered / Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: zbawienie zapewnione automatycznie przez chrzest, sakramenty i przynależność narodowo-religijną
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:3’s ‘common salvation’ shared by genuine believers; cognate with the urgent rescue imagery of 1:23 (σῴζετε, ‘save, snatching from the fire’). Must retain urgency and not read as a status automatically possessed through cultural or national religious identity.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch Święty
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Holy Spirit Indwelling vs. Unspiritual Persons
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:19: the false teachers are marked by ‘not having the Spirit’; Jude 1:20: believers pray ‘in the Holy Spirit.’ Must be unambiguous that a personal, divine Person is denied/possessed, not a vague disposition.
Intercession
Approved rendering: wstawiennictwo
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis
Doctrine: Exclusive Divine Saviorhood (contrast concept)
Rejected alternatives: wstawiennictwo wyłącznie świętych i Maryi jako niezbędnych pośredników
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Not a term occurring directly in Jude’s Greek text, but the baseline’s Marian-mediation caution directly informs the exclusivity note required at Jude 1:25’s ‘μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι’ (‘the only God, our Savior’) given the intense Marian devotion centered on Częstochowa (Jasna Góra).
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Appears throughout Jude (1:1, 4, 21, 25), including the climactic ‘only God, our Savior’ in 1:25.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus Chrystus
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required; baseline renders the bare name ‘Jezus,’ extended here to the full form ‘Jezus Chrystus’ as it occurs throughout Jude). Referenced as the sole Master and Lord (1:4), mediating agent of doxology (1:25), and source of eternal life-giving mercy (1:21).
Once For All Delivered
Approved rendering: raz na zawsze przekazana [wiara]
Transliteration: hapax paradotheisē
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako otwarty, rozwijający się depozyt zależny od Magisterium
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ
Category: Scripture
Jude 1:3. Direct collision point with the Catholic category of ‘Tradycja’/‘depozyt wiary,’ understood as a living deposit whose understanding may develop under Magisterial authority. Jude’s ἅπαξ (closed, completed, non-repeatable transmission) must never be softened into an open or ongoing deposit.
Most Holy Faith
Approved rendering: najświętsza wiara
Transliteration: hagiōtatē pistei
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἁγιωτάτῃ πίστει
Category: Faith
Jude 1:20. The superlative ‘najświętsza’ is also a fixed epithet in Polish Marian/Sacred-Heart titulature (‘Najświętsza Maryja Panna,’ ‘Najświętsze Serce Jezusa’). Requires native-speaker review at every occurrence to confirm the phrase reads unambiguously as ‘the most holy apostolic faith,’ not a devotional title formula.
Master Sovereign
Approved rendering: Władca
Transliteration: despotēn
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: traktowanie jako synonim ‘Pana’ bez odrębnego tytułu
Original: δεσπότην
Category: Christology
Jude 1:4. Paired with κύριος (‘Pan’) as two distinct, cumulative titles (‘jedynego Władcę i Pana naszego, Jezusa Chrystusa’). Collapsing ‘Władca’ into a synonym of ‘Pan’ would blur the emphatic double affirmation of exclusive divine authority denied by the false teachers.
Mercy
Approved rendering: miłosierdzie
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: miłosierdzie odnoszone wyłącznie do objawień św. Faustyny i nabożeństwa Bożego Miłosierdzia
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
FLAGSHIP CRITICAL TERM. Jude 1:2, 21, 22, 23. ‘Miłosierdzie Boże’ (Divine Mercy) is an exceptionally prominent Polish Catholic devotional complex — St. Faustyna Kowalska’s diary and visions (canonized by John Paul II), the ‘Jezu, ufam Tobie’ image, the Divine Mercy Chaplet, and Divine Mercy Sunday (instituted 2000). Every occurrence requires an explicit clarifying note that Jude’s mercy is Christ’s own eschatological and present pastoral compassion toward doubters, not a reference to the Faustyna revelations or associated devotions.
Snatch From Fire
Approved rendering: wyrywając z ognia, zbawiajcie
Transliteration: sōzete ek pyros harpazontes
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: stopniowy lub pasywny proces ratunku
Original: σῴζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες
Category: Salvation
Jude 1:23. Cognate with the Critical baseline term ‘zbawienie.’ Must not flatten the urgency of ἁρπάζοντες (a violent, decisive seizing) into a passive or gradual rescue process — this is emergency rescue, not gentle persuasion alone.
Kept Preserved
Approved rendering: zachować / zachowany
Transliteration: tēreō
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: różne czasowniki dla różnych wystąpień (utrata ironicznej gry słów)
Original: τηρέω (τετηρημένοις, μὴ τηρήσαντας, τετήρηκεν, τετήρηται, τηρήσατε)
Category: Preservation
FLAGSHIP CRITICAL TERM. Jude 1:1, 6 (×2), 13, 21. A single Polish root must be used consistently across every occurrence — believers kept (1:1), disobedient angels not kept in their position (1:6), darkness kept in reserve for judgment (1:13), believers commanded to keep themselves (1:21) — so the letter’s central ironic word-play remains visible. Inconsistent rendering would destroy the letter’s structural argument.
Guard
Approved rendering: ustrzec
Transliteration: phylaxai
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: φυλάξαι
Category: Preservation
Jude 1:24. Distinct Greek root from τηρέω (φυλάσσω) but converges on the same doctrine at the letter’s climax; should echo the established ‘zachować’ root in teaching notes so the doxology is perceived as resolving the letter’s central ‘keeping’ theme.
Blameless
Approved rendering: bez zarzutu / nieskażony
Transliteration: amōmous
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: status wymagający dalszego oczyszczenia pokutnego/czyśćcowego
Original: ἀμώμους
Category: Preservation
Jude 1:24. The letter’s climactic assurance statement; requires the same theologian-level caution the baseline applies to ‘assurance_of_salvation.’ Must be taught as a future, certain, divinely-accomplished presentation, not a status requiring post-mortem purgatorial purification (czyściec) or additional merit.
Only God Savior
Approved rendering: jedyny Bóg, Zbawca
Transliteration: monō theō sōtēri
Doctrine: Exclusive Divine Saviorhood
Rejected alternatives: formułowanie kompatybilne z równoległą rolą zbawczą świętych lub Maryi
Original: μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι
Category: God
Jude 1:25. Cognate with the baseline Critical term ‘zbawienie.’ The adjective μόνος (‘only’) is load-bearing: must never be read as compatible with a rival mediating/saving role popularly ascribed to saints or Mary in Polish devotional piety, paralleling the baseline’s ‘wstawiennictwo’/Marian-mediation caution tied to Częstochowa (Jasna Góra).
High Risk Terms
Saints
Approved rendering: święci
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood / Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: święci kanonizowani, czczeni i proszeni o wstawiennictwo
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:3: the faith was ‘once for all delivered to the saints.’ Same explicit note required as in Romans 1:7: this is the corporate designation of every believer, not the canonized/venerated saints of Polish Catholic devotion (e.g., Kolbe, Faustyna, and John Paul II’s record canonizations).
Grace
Approved rendering: łaska
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License
Rejected alternatives: łaska otrzymywana głównie przez zasługi i praktyki sakramentalne
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:4: false teachers ‘turn the grace of our God into sensuality.’ The grace-versus-license contrast already flagged as High risk for Romans 6 recurs with equal force here and must not be softened into a merely descriptive statement.
Called
Approved rendering: powołany
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Belovedness
Original: κλητοῖς
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:1 identifies the addressees as ‘called ones.’ Must be paired with explicit context so ‘powołany’ is read as the universal call of every believer, not the culturally dominant Polish sense of a call to priesthood or religious life.
Calling
Approved rendering: powołanie
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Belovedness
Rejected alternatives: powołanie kapłańskie lub zakonne wyłącznie
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Underlies the participle κλητοῖς in Jude 1:1. Same caution as ‘called’: avoid the dominant Polish association with priesthood/consecrated-life vocations, intensified by John Paul II’s frequent emphasis on vocations.
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:8 (δόξας, plural, likely angelic/celestial dignities — genuinely ambiguous referent, flag for native speaker review) versus 1:24-25 (unambiguous divine referent in the climactic doxology).
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech / grzesznik
Transliteration: hamartia / hamartōloi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Original: ἁμαρτωλοί
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:15: ‘ungodly sinners’ are objects of final judgment; here the term is intensified by co-occurrence with the ἀσεβ- (‘bezboż-’) root. Avoid the minimizing euphemism already flagged in the baseline.
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Belovedness
Original: θεῷ πατρί
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:1 identifies believers as ‘loved in God the Father’ (ἐν θεῷ πατρὶ ἠγαπημένοις).
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: walczyć o [wiarę]
Transliteration: epagōnizesthai
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: usilnie zabiegać o (softer, under-conveys ἀγών intensity)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι
Category: Faith
Jude 1:3. Poland’s self-image as ‘przedmurze chrześcijaństwa’ (Bulwark of Christendom) means unqualified ‘walczyć o wiarę’ risks a nationalist/militaristic misreading rather than personal, congregational fidelity to apostolic doctrine. Requires an explicit teaching note in every occurrence distinguishing doctrinal contention from national/cultural defense.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: bezbożny / bezbożność
Transliteration: asebēs / asebeia
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: bezbożny jako określenie wyłącznie ateizmu/komunizmu
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
Jude 1:4, 15 (×3), 18. Must maintain a single consistent Polish root (‘bezboż-’) across all grammatical forms so Jude’s deliberate rhetorical repetition is not lost. Post-communist Polish usage associates ‘bezbożny’ strongly with state-sponsored atheism (‘bezbożny system’); teaching must clarify the target is professing false teachers within the church, not external atheistic ideology.
Lordship Authority
Approved rendering: władza Pańska / panowanie
Transliteration: kyriotēta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: κυριότητα
Category: Christology
Jude 1:8. Must be visibly cognate with ‘Pan’ so the reader connects the false teachers’ rejection of ‘authority’ here to the exclusive Lordship of Christ affirmed in 1:4 and 1:21.
Blaspheme
Approved rendering: bluźnić
Transliteration: blasphēmousin
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: βλασφημοῦσιν
Category: Sin
Jude 1:8, 10, 15. Object in 1:8 is ‘glories’ (angelic/celestial dignities), not God directly; must not be narrowed only to blasphemy against God — the point is reckless irreverence toward any sacred authority.
Perish Destroyed
Approved rendering: zginąć / zgubić / wygubić
Transliteration: apollymi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers / Old Testament Warning: Israel’s Wilderness Unbelief
Rejected alternatives: potraktowanie jako dyscyplinujący skutek edukacyjny
Original: ἀπόλλυμι (ἀπώλεσεν, ἀπώλοντο, φθείρονται)
Category: Judgment
Jude 1:5, 10, 11. Key recurring judgment verb; must not be softened into a merely disciplinary consequence — this is real, ruinous, destructive judgment, a type of final judgment on apostasy.
Worldly Unspiritual
Approved rendering: zmysłowy
Transliteration: psychikoi
Doctrine: Holy Spirit Indwelling vs. Unspiritual Persons
Rejected alternatives: psychiczny (FORBIDDEN false friend — modern Polish = mental/psychiatric)
Original: ψυχικοί
Category: Sanctification
Jude 1:19. CRITICAL false-friend warning: modern Polish ‘psychiczny’ primarily denotes mental/psychiatric matters and must never be used here. ‘Zmysłowy’ (governed by the senses/natural life, not the Spirit) is the correct established rendering, following precedent from 1 Corinthians 2:14.
Fallen Angels
Approved rendering: aniołowie (zbuntowani)
Transliteration: angelous tous mē tērēsantas tēn heautōn archēn
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Fallen Angels
Rejected alternatives: aniołowie bez wyjaśniającej uwagi (ryzyko utożsamienia z Aniołem Stróżem)
Original: ἀγγέλους τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχήν
Category: Angelology
Jude 1:6. Polish folk-Catholic piety has an unusually strong angelology (Anioł Stróż — Guardian Angel — devotion, near-universal from early childhood). These are specifically rebellious, judged angels; a mandatory teaching note must distinguish them from the beloved Guardian Angel tradition.
Judgment
Approved rendering: sąd
Transliteration: krisis
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Fallen Angels / Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: sąd w sensie wyłącznie cywilno-prawnym
Original: κρίσις
Category: Eschatology
Jude 1:6, 15. Must retain the eschatological, final-Day register (cf. established Polish ‘Dzień Sądu’) rather than a merely civil-legal one; pair with ‘wielki Dzień’ where the Greek signals the final Day.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sodoma i Gomora
Transliteration: Sodoma kai Gomorra
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Covenant
Jude 1:7. Standard proper names, lexically low risk, but high cultural-sensitivity risk: frequently invoked in current Polish public/political debate on sexuality and LGBT issues. Teaching must remain strictly historical-theological (judgment on persistent unrepentant sin as an eschatological type) without importing contemporary political framing.
Show Mercy
Approved rendering: litować się / okazywać miłosierdzie
Transliteration: eleate
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: przekonywać o winie / karcić (textual variant ἐλέγχετε, recorded as alternative reading, not adopted)
Original: ἐλεᾶτε
Category: Salvation
Jude 1:22. Verb form of the ἔλεος family; carries the identical Divine Mercy devotional caution as ‘mercy.’ A genuine textual variant exists (ἐλέγχετε, ‘reprove/convict,’ vs. ἐλεᾶτε, ‘show mercy’); flagged per ambiguity-handling protocol for theologian review, with the alternative reading recorded in the segment cache.
Wavering Doubting
Approved rendering: wątpiący / wahający się
Transliteration: diakrinomenous
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: utożsamienie z zatwardziałymi fałszywymi nauczycielami
Original: διακρινομένους
Category: Faith
Jude 1:22. Must be clearly distinguished from the hardened false teachers of 1:4-19; conflating ‘the wavering’ with ‘the ungodly’ would misdirect the letter’s carefully calibrated pastoral triage.
Present Before Glory
Approved rendering: postawić przed swoją chwałą
Transliteration: stēsai katenōpion tēs doxēs autou
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ
Category: Preservation
Jude 1:24. Paired with ‘bez zarzutu’ as the letter’s climactic assurance statement; must retain the certainty and divine agency of the presentation.
Enoch Prophecy
Approved rendering: Henoch prorokował
Transliteration: proepropheteusen…Henōch
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority (Enoch Citation)
Rejected alternatives: twierdzenie o kanoniczności całej Księgi Henocha
Original: Προεπροφήτευσεν…Ἑνὼχ
Category: Scripture
Jude 1:14-15. Both Catholic and Protestant Polish Bible traditions exclude 1 Enoch from the canon. Teaching materials must clarify Jude affirms the truth of this specific prophetic utterance without asserting the canonicity of 1 Enoch as a whole; elevates the baseline’s Medium ‘Inspiration of Scripture’ caution given the explicitly non-canonical source.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Epistolary Greeting
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Part of the salutation triad in Jude 1:2 (‘mercy, peace, and love be multiplied’).
Crept In
Approved rendering: wkradli się
Transliteration: pareisedysan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: παρεισέδυσαν
Category: Church
Jude 1:4. Must convey covert infiltration from within the community, not an external attack, preserving the doctrine of internal corruption.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: rozpusta
Transliteration: aselgeia
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License / Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Rejected alternatives: niemoralność (too vague, loses sexual/appetitive connotation)
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
Jude 1:4, 7. Standard term; must not be softened to a vague ‘immorality.‘
Grumblers
Approved rendering: szemrzący
Transliteration: gongystai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers / Old Testament Warning: Israel’s Wilderness Unbelief
Original: γογγυσταί
Category: Sin
Jude 1:16. Should be recognizable as an echo of Old Testament wilderness-grumbling vocabulary to reinforce the typological connection to 1:5.
Lusts Desires
Approved rendering: pożądliwość
Transliteration: epithymias
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: chęci (too neutral, loses moral weight)
Original: ἐπιθυμίας
Category: Sin
Jude 1:16, 18. Must remain distinct from neutral ‘chęci’ to preserve the moral weight of disordered appetite governing conduct rather than ‘the faith once delivered.‘
Mockers Scoffers
Approved rendering: szydercy
Transliteration: empaiktai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
Jude 1:18. Predicted end-time mockers; must convey derisive mockery of sacred truth, not casual joking.
Causing Divisions
Approved rendering: wywołujący podziały
Transliteration: apodiorizontes
Doctrine: Mutual Edification and Church Unity
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
Jude 1:19. Direct negation of the baseline ‘wspólnota’ (fellowship) doctrine; flag the contrast explicitly in teaching notes.
Flattery For Gain
Approved rendering: schlebiający innym dla własnej korzyści
Transliteration: thaumazontes prosōpa ōpheleias charin
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers / Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Rejected alternatives: okazujący podziw dla osób (too literal, loses idiomatic sense)
Original: θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν
Category: Sin
Jude 1:16. Idiomatic Greek phrase requiring a natural Polish equivalent, echoing Balaam’s profit motive (1:11).
Eternal Chains
Approved rendering: wieczne okowy
Transliteration: desmois aidiois
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Fallen Angels
Original: δεσμοῖς ἀιδίοις
Category: Eschatology
Jude 1:6. Connects to the τηρέω irony: God ‘keeps’ the disobedient angels for judgment just as he keeps the faithful for glory.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: ogień wieczny
Transliteration: pyros aiōniou
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah
Original: πυρὸς αἰωνίου
Category: Eschatology
Jude 1:7. Must be read as final/eternal judgment, not merely a historical natural disaster.
Cain Balaam Korah
Approved rendering: Kain, Balaam, Korach
Transliteration: Kain, Balaam, Kore
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: Κάϊν, Βαλαάμ, Κόρε
Category: Covenant
Jude 1:11. Lexically low-risk, established Polish Bible proper names, but doctrinally Medium risk: the curriculum’s named doctrine list mentions only Israel, Angels, and Sodom; teaching materials must not silently omit these three additional escalating types.
Error Deception
Approved rendering: błąd / zwiedzenie
Transliteration: planē
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: πλάνῃ
Category: Sin
Jude 1:11. Balaam’s love of profit led him into deceptive, self-serving prophecy; must remain connected to the false teachers’ financial motives in 1:16.
Rebellion
Approved rendering: bunt
Transliteration: antilogia
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: ἀντιλογίᾳ
Category: Sin
Jude 1:11. Korah’s rebellion against Moses’ God-given authority; reinforces the authority-rejection theme threading through 1:4, 8, 11.
Woe
Approved rendering: biada
Transliteration: ouai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: casual exclamatory rendering
Original: οὐαί
Category: Eschatology
Jude 1:11. Formal prophetic judgment-oracle formula; must retain its solemn, oracular force rather than reading as a casual exclamation.
With Fear
Approved rendering: z bojaźnią / z ostrożnością
Transliteration: en phobō
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: literalny strach/przerażenie
Original: ἐν φόβῳ
Category: Sanctification
Jude 1:23. Must read as prudent spiritual caution against contamination, not literal terror or anxiety.
Defiled Garment
Approved rendering: skalana szata
Transliteration: espilōmenon chitōna
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: literalistic reading of physical clothing
Original: ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Sin
Jude 1:23. Must be read metaphorically (moral contamination), not literalistically.
Without Stumbling
Approved rendering: bez upadku
Transliteration: aptaistous
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀπταίστους
Category: Preservation
Jude 1:24. Connects to the baseline ‘assurance of salvation’ doctrine (High in Romans 8); must not be qualified by uncertainty about final salvation.
Exultation
Approved rendering: wielka radość
Transliteration: agalliasei
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: mere contentment or relief
Original: ἀγαλλιάσει
Category: Doxology
Jude 1:24. Standard doxological term; must carry celebratory intensity, not mere contentment.
Beloved
Approved rendering: umiłowany
Transliteration: ēgapēmenois
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Belovedness
Original: ἠγαπημένοις
Category: Salvation
Jude 1:1. Perfect passive participle: a settled, completed-past-with-continuing-effect divine love, foundational to believers’ identity; Polish grammar cannot fully replicate the Greek perfect aspect, so teaching notes should convey this nuance.
Dominion
Approved rendering: panowanie / moc
Transliteration: kratos
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: conflating with baseline ‘moc Boża’ (δύναμις)
Original: κράτος
Category: Doxology
Jude 1:25. Must be kept distinct from the baseline term ‘moc Boża,’ which renders a different Greek word (δύναμις); do not conflate the two roots in glossary or teaching.
Authority
Approved rendering: władza
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Doxology
Jude 1:25. Standard authority term; part of the fourfold doxological ascription.
Archangel Michael
Approved rendering: archanioł Michał
Transliteration: Michaēl ho archangelos
Doctrine: Angelic Restraint and Spiritual Warfare
Rejected alternatives: framing Michael as an invoked intercessory figure
Original: Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
Jude 1:9. St. Michael has a modest but real devotional presence in Polish piety (patronal churches, the ‘Litania do św. Michała Archanioła’); teaching must clarify Michael’s role here is restraint before God’s authority, not an invocation of Michael as an intercessor.
Devil
Approved rendering: diabeł
Transliteration: diabolō
Doctrine: Angelic Restraint and Spiritual Warfare
Rejected alternatives: folkloryczny chytry diabeł (np. tradycja Pana Twardowskiego)
Original: διαβόλῳ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Jude 1:9. Polish folklore (e.g., Pan Twardowski legends) can trivialize ‘diabeł’ into a folkloric trickster figure; this text requires the serious, adversarial, personal-spiritual sense.
Holy Myriads
Approved rendering: świętymi tysiącami / niezliczonym mnóstwem świętych
Transliteration: hagiais myriasin
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority (Enoch Citation)
Original: ἁγίαις μυριάσιν
Category: Angelology
Jude 1:14. Note the surface similarity to the baseline Critical term ‘święci’ (believers) — here the referent is likely the angelic host; flag for clarification so the reader does not assume identical referents.
Servant Slave
Approved rendering: sługa
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Epistolary Greeting and Servant Authorship
Rejected alternatives: niewolnik (more literal but not the established Bible-translation convention)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Ministry
Jude 1:1. ‘Sługa’ is the established Polish Bible rendering across traditions but somewhat under-conveys the ownership sense of δοῦλος; acceptable per established convention, but a teaching note on the fuller semantic weight (total, owned-servant relationship) is warranted.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostoł
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Jude 1:17: addressees urged to remember what the apostles foretold. Unambiguous and consistent across Polish Christian traditions.
Exhort
Approved rendering: napominać
Transliteration: parakaleō (parakalōn)
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: παρακαλῶν
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact reuse required). Underlies Jude’s appeal in 1:3, framing the whole letter as an urgent pastoral entreaty.
Build Up
Approved rendering: budować (samych siebie)
Transliteration: epoikodomountes
Doctrine: Mutual Edification and Church Unity
Original: ἐποικοδομοῦντες
Category: Church
Jude 1:20. Standard edification term; positive counterpart to the false teachers’ destructive divisiveness (1:19); consistent with the baseline’s Low-risk mutual-edification doctrine.
Irrational Creatures
Approved rendering: nierozumne zwierzęta
Transliteration: aloga zōa
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: Sin
Jude 1:10. Standard comparison image; no significant syncretism risk.
Malcontents
Approved rendering: malkontenci / niezadowoleni
Transliteration: mempsimoiroi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: μεμψίμοιροι
Category: Sin
Jude 1:16. Standard term paired with ‘grumblers’; low ambiguity risk.
Majesty
Approved rendering: majestat
Transliteration: megalōsynē
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: Doxology
Jude 1:25. Standard doxological term; minimal risk.
Amen
Approved rendering: Amen
Transliteration: amēn
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Liturgical
Jude 1:25. Retain transliterated form per established Polish Bible-translation convention, consistent with the baseline.
Love
Approved rendering: miłość
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Epistolary Greeting
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
Jude 1:2, 12. Part of the salutation triad; also describes the community bond exploited by false teachers at the love-feasts (1:12).
Jude Author
Approved rendering: Juda
Transliteration: Ioudas
Doctrine: Epistolary Greeting and Servant Authorship
Original: Ἰούδας
Category: Proper Name
Jude 1:1. The Polish book title tradition renders the epistle ‘List Judy’; the author’s name in-text follows this established genitive-linked convention.
James
Approved rendering: Jakub
Transliteration: Iakōbou
Doctrine: Epistolary Greeting and Servant Authorship
Original: Ἰακώβου
Category: Proper Name
Jude 1:1. Standard established Polish Bible form.
Moses
Approved rendering: Mojżesz
Transliteration: Mōuseōs
Doctrine: Angelic Restraint and Spiritual Warfare
Original: Μωϋσέως
Category: Proper Name
Jude 1:9. Standard established Polish Bible form.
Adam
Approved rendering: Adam
Transliteration: Adam
Doctrine: Inspiration and Prophetic Authority (Enoch Citation)
Original: Ἀδὰμ
Category: Proper Name
Jude 1:14. Standard established Polish Bible form; reference point for Enoch’s genealogical position.
Egypt
Approved rendering: Egipt
Transliteration: Aigyptou
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Israel’s Wilderness Unbelief
Original: Αἰγύπτου
Category: Proper Name
Jude 1:5. Standard established Polish Bible form.
Referenced passages