Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Thessalonians (English–Polish)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning 1 Thessalonians 1–5. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [TM — REUSE EXACTLY] and must not be re-translated or re-assessed; their baseline risk tier and notes carry forward unchanged into this curriculum. New terms proposed for addition to translation memory are marked [NEW] with a proposed risk tier for theologian confirmation in Phase 1 Step 4 (Doctrine Risk Registry) processing.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Translation Memory
| Term | Polish rendering | Risk (baseline) | 1 Thessalonians occurrences | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Ewangelia | High | 1:5; 2:2,4,8,9; 3:2 | Reuse exactly; specific proclamation of salvation, not the Gospel books |
| grace | łaska | High | 1:1; 5:28 | Reuse exactly; unmerited favor, not sacramental-merit cooperation |
| faith | wiara | Critical | 1:3,8; 3:2,5,6,7,10; 4:14; 5:8 | Reuse exactly; personal trust in Christ, not inherited Polak-katolik identity |
| salvation | zbawienie | Critical | 5:8,9 | Reuse exactly; decisively received, not automatic/national |
| holy | święty | Medium | throughout (e.g., 4:7,8; 5:26,27) | Reuse exactly |
| saints | święci | Critical | 3:13 | Reuse exactly with mandatory all-believers teaching note |
| sanctification | uświęcenie | High | 4:3,4,7; 5:23 | Reuse exactly; central doctrine of this curriculum — not purgatorial completion |
| resurrection (word family) | zmartwychwstanie | Critical | 4:14,16 (verb forms) | Reuse exactly; bodily, historical, once-for-all |
| lord | Pan | Critical | throughout | Reuse exactly; exclusive supreme lordship |
| son_of_god | Syn Boży | Critical | 1:10 (implicit); cf. “his Son” | Reuse exactly if the full title is used |
| jesus | Jezus | Critical | throughout | Reuse exactly |
| god | Bóg | Critical | throughout | Reuse exactly |
| holy_spirit | Duch Święty | Critical | 1:5,6; 4:8; 5:19 | Reuse exactly |
| father | Ojciec | Critical | 1:1,3; 3:11,13 | Reuse exactly |
| called / calling | powołany / powołanie | Critical | 2:12; 4:7; 5:24 | Reuse exactly with mandatory not-priesthood-only context note |
| election | wybranie | High | 1:4 | Reuse exactly; not fatalistic “los/przeznaczenie” |
| church | kościół | Medium | 1:1; 2:14 | Reuse exactly; local congregation sense, not capitalized institutional “Kościół” |
| kingdom_of_god | królestwo Boże | Medium | 2:12 | Reuse exactly |
| glory | chwała | Medium | 2:12,20 | Reuse exactly |
| gentiles | poganie | Medium | 4:5 | Reuse exactly; watch for over-negative “pagan” charge |
| power_of_god | moc Boża | Medium | 1:5 | Reuse exactly |
| thanksgiving | dziękczynienie | Low | 1:2; 5:18 | Reuse exactly |
| exhort (parakaleō, entreaty/urging sense) | napominać | Low | 4:1 (urging sense) | Reuse only where the sense is urging/entreaty; see Part B for the comfort-sense split |
| apostle | apostoł | Low | 2:6 | Reuse exactly |
| peace | pokój | Medium | 1:1; 5:3,13,23 | Reuse exactly |
| sin (implicit in “wrath” contexts) | grzech | Medium | (background) | Reuse exactly where explicit sin vocabulary appears |
B. New Terms Proposed for This Curriculum
| Term (English) | Polish rendering | Proposed risk | Doctrine | Occurrences | Risk rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hope | nadzieja | High | Hope in Grief | 1:3; 4:13; 5:8 | Central to the curriculum’s namesake doctrine. Risk: Polish national-religious memory (per baseline) often frames hope through collective historical suffering-and-endurance narrative (partitions, WWII, communism) rather than personal resurrection-grounded eschatological hope. Curriculum must anchor “nadzieja” explicitly in Christ’s resurrection (4:14), not generalized national-cultural endurance. |
| coming/return of Christ (parousia) | przyjście (running text) / paruzja (technical term) | Critical | The Return of Christ | 2:19; 3:13; 4:15; 5:23 | The technical term “paruzja” is already shared across Catholic and Protestant Polish theological registers (rare positive convergence), but popular eschatological imagination is weighted toward individual particular judgment and purgatory rather than the corporate, comfort-generating Parousia emphasis of 1 Thessalonians 4. Requires explicit teaching note anchoring Parousia to present pastoral comfort, not only distant cosmic judgment. |
| caught up (harpazō) | porwani (verb-based, avoid nominalizing as “Porwanie/Rapture”) | CRITICAL | Resurrection of Believers / Return of Christ | 4:17 | FLAGSHIP RISK: “porwani” is lexically identical to ordinary Polish “kidnapped/abducted.” Mandatory teaching note in every occurrence framing this as a positive, divine, joyful summons — not a forced abduction. Avoid importing the English proper-noun “Rapture” pop-eschatology system (pretribulational timeline debates) not present in the Greek text itself. |
| day of the Lord | dzień Pański | CRITICAL | The Day of the Lord | 5:2,4 | FLAGSHIP RISK: identical Polish phrase is the standard idiom for Sunday (the weekly Lord’s Day) in Catholic culture. Mandatory disambiguation note in every occurrence distinguishing the eschatological Day of Judgment from the liturgical weekly Sunday observance. |
| sleep (death euphemism, koimaō) | zaśnięcie / zasnąć (of death) | Medium | Resurrection of Believers / Hope in Grief | 4:13,14,15; 5:6,10 (contrast) | Must not be taught as literal unconscious “soul sleep” (relevant given Jehovah’s Witness presence in Poland); is a euphemism implying future bodily waking (resurrection), not a claim about the intermediate state of the soul. |
| grief / mourn (lypeō) | smutek / smucić się | High | Hope in Grief | 4:13 | Polish Catholic funeral culture (żałoba, requiem Masses, Dzień Zaduszny) is deeply ritualized; curriculum must clarify Paul permits grief but reframes its character (with hope), not eliminate cultural mourning practice. |
| affliction/tribulation (thlipsis) | ucisk | Medium | Hope in Grief | 1:6; 3:3,7 | Risk of conflation with national historical-suffering narrative rather than gospel-specific affliction; may illuminate or distort depending on framing. |
| idols (eidōlon) | idole / bożki | Medium-High | (background to Hope in Grief / Sanctification) | 1:9 | Must be explicitly distinguished from Catholic veneration of images/statues of Christ and the saints, which Catholic doctrine itself distinguishes from idolatry; avoid enabling an anti-Catholic misreading. |
| wrath (of God) (orgē) | gniew (Boży) | Medium | The Day of the Lord | 1:10; 5:9 | Distinguish judicial/eschatological divine wrath from casual “gniew” = ordinary anger. |
| archangel | archanioł | Low | The Return of Christ | 4:16 | Standard, unambiguous, shared across Polish Christian traditions. |
| trumpet of God | trąba Boża | Low | The Return of Christ | 4:16 | Standard, unambiguous. |
| meeting (apantēsis, technical) | spotkanie / na powitanie | Medium-High | The Return of Christ | 4:17 | Standard rendering risks losing the “ceremonial escort of an arriving king” nuance; recommend restoring royal-welcome imagery in teaching notes — this also mitigates the “porwani” (kidnapping) collision above by reframing the event as a joyful welcome. |
| imitators (mimētēs) | naśladowcy | Low | Sanctification | 1:6 | Positive cultural resonance with the Polish devotional tradition of “naśladowanie Chrystusa” (Thomas à Kempis); rare helpful bridge rather than a collision. |
| holiness (hagiōsynē, abstract quality, distinct from hagiasmos) | świętość | Medium | Sanctification | 3:13 | Distinct Greek noun from ἁγιασμός (uświęcenie); propose recording both terms distinctly in translation memory to prevent flattening two related-but-different Greek words into one Polish gloss. |
| sexual immorality (porneia) | nierząd / rozpusta | Medium | Sanctification | 4:3 | Broadly shared moral vocabulary across Polish traditions; ensure not narrowed only to adultery. |
| vessel (skeuos, ambiguous idiom) | naczynie (własne ciało) | Medium (ambiguity flag) | Sanctification | 4:4 | Genuine Greek ambiguity: “his own body” vs. “his own wife.” Record “własna żona” as alternatives_considered per Ambiguity Handling protocol; prefer “własne ciało” per majority modern rendering. |
| lust/passion (epithymia) | pożądliwość | Low-Medium | Sanctification | 4:5 | Standard moral-theology vocabulary. |
| defraud (pleonekteō) | krzywdzić | Low | Sanctification | 4:6 | Standard. |
| avenger (ekdikos) | mściciel | Medium | Sanctification / The Day of the Lord | 4:6 | Must be taught as God’s own judicial justice, not personal or national retribution — relevant given Poland’s historical grievance narratives fused with religious-national identity per baseline notes. |
| taught by God (theodidaktos) | przez Boga nauczeni | Low | Sanctification | 4:9 | Standard, unambiguous. |
| brotherly love (philadelphia) | miłość braterska | Low | Sanctification | 4:9 | Standard; distinct from broader ἀγάπη. |
| sons of light / sons of darkness | synowie światłości / synowie ciemności | Low-Medium | The Day of the Lord | 5:5 | Ensure inclusive understanding of “synowie” per standard Polish Bible convention. |
| watch and be sober (grēgoreō / nēphō) | czuwać / być trzeźwym | Medium | The Day of the Lord / Sanctification | 5:6 | Risk of over-literalizing into a temperance-only message or under-literalizing into losing the metaphor; teach both senses, mindful of Poland’s cultural relationship with alcohol. |
| breastplate/helmet (armor imagery) | napierśnik / hełm (przyłbica) | Low | The Day of the Lord | 5:8 | Positive resonance with Polish historical-military cultural memory; use carefully to avoid nationalizing the image. |
| admonish the disorderly (noutheteō) | upominać | Medium | (background to Hope in Grief pastoral care) | 5:14 | Distinct Greek verb from parakaleō; must not be conflated with baseline’s “napominać” (used for parakaleō-as-exhort) — record as a separate glossary entry. |
| comfort/encourage (parakaleō, comfort sense) | pocieszajcie | High (translation-choice flag) | Hope in Grief | 4:18; 5:11,14 | Baseline registers the cognate verb under “exhort” → “napominać” for the entreaty/urging sense (Romans usage). In 1 Thessalonians the dominant sense in 4:18 and related verses is comfort/consolation; do NOT default to “napominać” — use “pocieszajcie.” Record as a distinct context-sensitive sub-entry under the shared Greek root. |
| prophesyings (prophēteia, plural congregational sense) | proroctwa | Medium | (background) | 5:20 | Elevated from baseline’s Low risk due to live cessationist/continuationist tension among Polish Evangelical, Pentecostal, and charismatic Catholic communities. |
| quench the Spirit | nie gaście Ducha | Medium | Sanctification | 5:19 | Connects to contemporary Polish debate over charismatic gifts. |
| sanctify wholly (hagiazō, holoteleis) | poświęcić całkowicie / w całości | High | Sanctification | 5:23 | Must not imply this-life completion leaves nothing for a Catholic post-mortem purgatorial process — same caution as baseline Sanctification doctrine note. |
| spirit, soul, and body | duch, dusza i ciało | Medium | Sanctification / Resurrection of Believers | 5:23 | Avoid over-systematizing into a strict trichotomist anthropology doctrine; frame as rhetorical wholeness kept for the Parousia. |
| holy kiss | pocałunek świętym | Low | (background — church life) | 5:26 | Cultural-practice note only; no doctrinal risk. Distinct from Polish Mass’s “znak pokoju” (handshake), worth a brief cultural note. |
| crown of rejoicing | wieniec chwały | Low | The Return of Christ | 2:19 | Minor note distinguishing athletic-victor imagery from Polish royal/national “korona” symbolism. |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Greek terms | Primary Polish renderings | Overall risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Return of Christ | παρουσία, ἀρχάγγελος, σάλπιγξ θεοῦ, καταβήσεται, ἁρπαγησόμεθα, ἀπάντησις | przyjście/paruzja, archanioł, trąba Boża, zstąpi, porwani, spotkanie/na powitanie | Critical — flagship risks: “porwani” (kidnapping collision), Parousia’s popular association with distant judgment rather than present comfort |
| Resurrection of Believers | κοιμωμένων/κοιμηθέντας, ἀνέστη/ἀναστήσονται, νεκροὶ ἐν Χριστῷ | zaśnięcie/zasnęli, zmartwychwstanie-family, umarli w Chrystusie | Critical — reuse baseline zmartwychwstanie exactly; guard against soul-sleep misreading and against loosening “w Chrystusie” union language |
| Sanctification | ἁγιασμός, ἁγιωσύνη, πορνεία, θεοδίδακτοι, φιλαδελφία, ὁλοτελεῖς | uświęcenie, świętość, nierząd/rozpusta, przez Boga nauczeni, miłość braterska, poświęcić całkowicie | High — reuse baseline uświęcenie exactly; guard against purgatorial-completion framing |
| Hope in Grief | ἐλπίς, λυπῆσθε, θλῖψις, παρακαλεῖτε (comfort sense) | nadzieja, smutek/smucić się, ucisk, pocieszajcie | High — new central term “nadzieja” must be anchored in resurrection fact, not national-cultural endurance narrative; grief itself not forbidden, only its hopeless character |
| The Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα κυρίου, κλέπτης ἐν νυκτί, ὀργή, υἱοὶ φωτός/ἡμέρας, γρηγορῶμεν/νήφωμεν | dzień Pański, złodziej w nocy, gniew Boży, synowie światłości/dnia, czuwać/być trzeźwym | Critical — flagship risk: “dzień Pański” collision with the ordinary Polish idiom for Sunday |
D. Escalation Notes for Phase 2 (to be carried into doctrine_risk_registry.json extension)
The following two findings are flagged as CRITICAL, curriculum-specific, novel risks not present in the baseline Romans package and requiring dedicated human theologian review routing at every occurrence:
- “porwani” (harpazō, 4:17) — lexical collision with “kidnapped/abducted” in ordinary Polish.
- “dzień Pański” (hēmera kyriou, 5:2,4) — referential collision with “Sunday” in ordinary Polish Catholic usage.
Both must be added to the FORBIDDEN/ESCALATION sections of the Phase 2 AI translation requirements document (Step 9) with mandatory translator notes on every occurrence.
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans Language Package for Polish. All Section A terms are binding exactly as recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json. Section B terms are proposed new entries pending Phase 1 Step 4 doctrine risk registry confirmation.
Critical Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In 1 Thessalonians 4:14, faith in the specific historical fact of Christ’s death and resurrection is the stated ground of certainty about believers who have died; the object of faith must remain recoverable from context, not generic piety or inherited Polak-katolik identity.
Salvation
Approved rendering: zbawienie
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: zbawienie zapewnione automatycznie przez chrzest, sakramenty i przynależność narodowo-religijną
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 5:8-9, paired with armor imagery and contrasted with wrath (‘God has destined us for salvation, not wrath’); must be decisively received by faith, not assumed through sacramental participation or national-religious belonging.
Calling
Approved rendering: powołanie
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: powołanie kapłańskie lub zakonne wyłącznie
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 5:24 (‘he who calls you is faithful’), grounds assurance in God’s own character; must always be paired with explicit context distinguishing the universal call of every believer from the priesthood/religious-life sense.
Saints
Approved rendering: święci
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: święci kanonizowani, czczeni i proszeni o wstawiennictwo
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. In 3:13, ‘with all his saints’ accompanies the Parousia; mandatory note distinguishing corporate sainthood from canonized, venerated saints — of exceptional cultural weight in Poland given John Paul II’s record number of canonizations.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: zmartwychwstanie
Transliteration: anastasis / anistēmi
Doctrine: Resurrection
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἀνίστημι
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. In 4:14,16, verb forms (‘powstał z martwych’, ‘zmartwychwstaną’) must preserve bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection, matching Christ’s own resurrection, never a cyclical/spiritual-only rising or unconscious ‘soul sleep’ during the interim.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout 1 Thessalonians for Christ’s exclusive lordship, including over the Parousia and the Day of the Lord (5:2).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Syn Boży
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: syn Boży w sensie ogólnym, stosowanym do każdego wierzącego
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit in 1:10 (‘his Son… whom he raised from the dead’); must not read as adoptive or honorary sonship.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard across all Polish Bible traditions; no variant-form risk.
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Reinforced in 1:9 as ‘the living and true God,’ contrasted with idols.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch Święty
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Appears at 1:5,6; 4:8; 5:19 (‘do not quench the Spirit’).
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the letter’s opening (1:1,3) and Paul’s prayer (3:11,13).
Parousia
Approved rendering: przyjście / paruzja
Transliteration: parousia
Doctrine: Return of Christ
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ‘Paruzja’ is shared across Catholic and Protestant Polish theological registers (rare positive convergence), but popular imagination weights it toward distant judgment/purgatory rather than 1 Thessalonians 4’s present pastoral comfort. Render running text with ‘przyjście (Pana/Chrystusa)’ and introduce ‘paruzja’ explicitly as the technical name, anchored to the passage’s comfort purpose (2:19; 3:13; 4:15; 5:23).
Caught Up
Approved rendering: porwani (będziemy)
Transliteration: harpazō (harpagēsometha)
Doctrine: Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Porwanie jako neutralny termin bez wyjaśnienia, nieuzasadnione zapożyczenie angielskiego ‘Rapture’ jako nazwy własnej
Original: ἁρπάζω (ἁρπαγησόμεθα)
Category: Eschatology
NEW — FLAGSHIP RISK. Standard Polish rendering ‘porwani’ is lexically identical to ordinary Polish ‘porwanie’ = kidnapping/abduction, reinforced by decades of Polish crime-news coverage. Mandatory teaching note at every occurrence (4:17) framing this as a joyful, divine summons — modeled on citizens processing out to escort an arriving king (ἀπάντησις) — not a forced abduction. Keep verb-based; avoid unqualified use of the English proper noun ‘Rapture,’ which imports pretribulational-timeline debates foreign to the Greek text.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: dzień Pański
Transliteration: hēmera kyriou
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: ἡμέρα κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
NEW — FLAGSHIP RISK. ‘Dzień Pański’ is the standard everyday Polish Catholic idiom for Sunday (the weekly Lord’s Day of Mass attendance and rest), reinforced by liturgical calendars and Catholic media naming conventions. No safe lexical substitute exists without breaking established Bible-translation tradition. Mandatory disambiguation note at every occurrence (5:2,4) distinguishing the eschatological Day of Judgment from the weekly liturgical Sunday.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Ewangelia
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term shared by Catholic and Protestant Polish Bibles. In 1 Thessalonians (1:5; 2:2,4,8-9; 3:2) additionally denotes the specific message entrusted to Paul’s team amid real opposition (2:2), not a people-pleasing human message (2:4); ensure ‘ewangelizacja’ framing does not read as confrontational proselytism away from the Catholic Church.
Grace
Approved rendering: łaska
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the epistolary greeting (1:1) and closing benediction (5:28); unmerited favor, not sacramental-merit cooperation.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: uświęcenie
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: oczyszczenie pokutne, w tym poprzez czyściec
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Central to this curriculum (4:3,4,7; 5:23); must not collapse into the Catholic penitential/purgatorial framework (czyściec) in which holiness is completed through purification after death — especially acute at 5:23’s ‘sanctify you wholly.‘
Election
Approved rendering: wybranie
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: przeznaczenie, los
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 1:4 (‘knowing your election’), must avoid the fatalistic vernacular framing of ‘los/przeznaczenie.‘
Hope
Approved rendering: nadzieja
Transliteration: elpis
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Rejected alternatives: nadzieja jako zbiorowa, narodowo-historyczna wytrwałość (rozbiory, wojna, komunizm) bez zakotwiczenia w zmartwychwstaniu Chrystusa
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Hope
NEW. Central term for this curriculum (1:3; 4:13; 5:8). Polish national-religious memory frames ‘nadzieja’ through collective historical suffering-and-endurance narratives rather than personal, resurrection-grounded eschatological hope; must be explicitly anchored in Christ’s resurrection (4:14).
Grief Mourn
Approved rendering: smutek / smucić się
Transliteration: lypeō
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Rejected alternatives: całkowity zakaz żałoby i praktyk pogrzebowych
Original: λυπέω (λυπῆσθε)
Category: Hope
NEW. Occurs at 4:13. Polish Catholic funeral culture (żałoba, requiem Masses, Dzień Zaduszny/All Souls’ Day, graveside candles) is deeply ritualized; Paul reframes grief’s character with hope — he does not forbid grief or eliminate legitimate cultural mourning practice.
Idols
Approved rendering: idole / bożki
Transliteration: eidōlon
Doctrine: Conversion from Idolatry
Original: εἴδωλον (εἰδώλων)
Category: Conversion
NEW. Occurs at 1:9. Must be explicitly distinguished from Catholic veneration of images, statues, and icons of Christ and the saints, which Catholic doctrine itself formally distinguishes from idolatry (veneration vs. worship); requires a teaching note preventing an anti-Catholic misreading.
Meeting Apantesis
Approved rendering: spotkanie / na powitanie
Transliteration: apantēsis
Doctrine: Return of Christ
Original: ἀπάντησις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 4:17. Standard Polish renderings risk losing the Hellenistic technical sense of citizens formally processing out to escort an arriving dignitary/king into the city; restoring this royal-welcome imagery also mitigates the ‘porwani’ (kidnapping) collision by reframing the event as a joyful welcome, not an abduction.
Comfort Encourage
Approved rendering: pocieszajcie
Transliteration: parakaleō (comfort/consolation sense)
Doctrine: Hope in Grief
Rejected alternatives: napominać (baseline entreaty/urging sense — do not apply here)
Original: παρακαλέω (comfort/consolation sense)
Category: Hope
NEW — TRANSLATION-CHOICE FLAG. Occurs at 4:18; 5:11,14 — the hinge verse for the Hope in Grief doctrine. The baseline registers the cognate verb only under the entreaty/urging sense (‘napominać’); in 1 Thessalonians the dominant sense at 4:18 is comfort/consolation. Do NOT default to ‘napominać’ here; use ‘pocieszajcie.’ Recorded as a distinct, context-specific sub-entry under the shared Greek root.
Sanctify Wholly
Approved rendering: poświęcić całkowicie / w całości
Transliteration: hagiasai … holoteleis
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιάσαι … ὁλοτελεῖς
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 5:23. Must not be read as implying this-life completion leaves nothing for a Catholic post-mortem purgatorial process — the text’s emphatic completeness must be preserved as God-accomplished assurance, not softened toward gradualism, and reconciled with 4:1’s incremental-growth language (‘more and more’).
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: powołany
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk tier preserved: Medium). In 2:12 and 4:7, God’s call is tied to living worthy of his kingdom and to sanctification; must be distinguished from the culturally dominant Polish Catholic sense of ‘powołany’ as called specifically to priesthood or religious life.
Holy
Approved rendering: święty
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs throughout (e.g., 4:7-8; 5:26-27); applies to all believers’ conduct and greeting practice, not a ritual-purity-only sense.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the greeting (1:1), the sudden-judgment warning (‘peace and security,’ 5:3), and the closing blessing (‘the God of peace,’ 5:23).
Church
Approved rendering: kościół
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Kościół jako jedyna prawowita instytucja hierarchiczna
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:1 (singular local congregation) and 2:14 (plural ‘churches of God’); distinguish from the capitalized institutional ‘Kościół.‘
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: królestwo Boże
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. In 2:12, believers are called ‘into his own kingdom and glory’ — not a political or nationalist entity.
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Original: ἁμαρτία (background; cf. ἁγιασμός contrast)
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Present as the implicit background against which sanctification (4:3-8) and wrath (1:10; 5:9) are defined.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: poganie
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. In 4:5, ‘the Gentiles who do not know God’ contrasts sanctified sexual ethics with the surrounding culture; watch that ‘poganie’ does not overstate the text’s negative charge beyond the intended contrast.
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:12,20, including Paul’s description of the Thessalonians as his future ‘crown of rejoicing.‘
Power Of God
Approved rendering: moc Boża
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In 1:5, the gospel came ‘not only in word, but also in power.‘
Sleep Death Euphemism
Approved rendering: zaśnięcie / zasnąć (o śmierci)
Transliteration: koimaomai
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Rejected alternatives: sen duszy w stanie całkowitej nieświadomości (dosłowna interpretacja jako doktryna antropologiczna)
Original: κοιμάομαι (κοιμωμένων / κοιμηθέντας)
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 4:13,14,15, contrasted at 5:6,10. Must not be taught as literal unconscious ‘soul sleep’ — a live doctrinal issue given Jehovah’s Witness presence and outreach in Poland; is a euphemism for death implying future bodily waking, not a claim about the intermediate state of the soul.
Affliction
Approved rendering: ucisk
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Affliction and Suffering for the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: cierpienie narodowe (rozbiory, okupacja, komunizm) jako główny referent
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering
NEW. Occurs at 1:6; 2:14; 3:3-4,7. Risk of conflation with Poland’s own historical national-suffering narrative, which the baseline notes is fused with Catholic-national identity; must be taught as gospel-specific affliction for Christ’s sake, not generalized national suffering.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: gniew Boży
Transliteration: orgē
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Judgment
Rejected alternatives: gniew jako przelotna ludzka emocja/złość
Original: ὀργή
Category: God
NEW. Occurs at 1:10; 5:9. Must retain judicial, eschatological force and not flatten into the casual sense of ordinary human ‘gniew’ (anger) in everyday Polish speech.
Holiness Hagiosyne
Approved rendering: świętość
Transliteration: hagiōsynē
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 3:13, paired with the Parousia. Distinct Greek noun from ἁγιασμός (‘uświęcenie’); record separately to prevent flattening two related-but-different Greek words into a single Polish gloss.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: nierząd / rozpusta
Transliteration: porneia
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness
Original: πορνεία
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 4:3. Broadly shared moral vocabulary across Polish Catholic and Protestant traditions lowers doctrinal-collision risk; ensure the term is not narrowed only to adultery.
Vessel Skeuos
Approved rendering: naczynie (własne ciało)
Transliteration: skeuos
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness
Rejected alternatives: własna żona
Original: σκεῦος
Category: Sanctification
NEW — AMBIGUITY FLAG. Occurs at 4:4. Genuine Greek idiom ambiguity: ‘his own body’ vs. ‘his own wife.’ Record ‘własna żona’ as alternatives_considered per the Ambiguity Handling protocol; prefer ‘własne ciało’ per the majority modern rendering, including Biblia Tysiąclecia.
Avenger
Approved rendering: mściciel
Transliteration: ekdikos
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Judgment
Original: ἔκδικος
Category: God
NEW. Occurs at 4:6. Must be taught as God’s own judicial justice, not personal or national retribution, given Poland’s historical grievance narratives fused with religious-national identity per the baseline.
Sons Of Light
Approved rendering: synowie światłości / synowie dnia
Transliteration: huioi phōtos / huioi hēmeras
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: υἱοὶ φωτός / υἱοὶ ἡμέρας
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 5:5. Ensure ‘synowie’ (sons) is understood inclusively per standard Polish Bible convention, consistent with the baseline’s gender-language handling guidance.
Watch And Sober
Approved rendering: czuwać / być trzeźwym
Transliteration: grēgoreō / nēphō
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: γρηγορέω / νήφω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 5:6. The literal-sobriety sense risks over-literalization (a temperance-only message) or under-literalization (losing the vivid metaphor), a nuance requiring care given Poland’s well-documented cultural relationship with alcohol; teach both metaphorical vigilance and its concrete ethical seriousness.
Admonish Disorderly
Approved rendering: upominać
Transliteration: noutheteō
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: νουθετέω
Category: Church
NEW. Occurs at 5:14. A distinct Greek verb from παρακαλέω; must not be conflated with the baseline’s ‘napominać’ (used for parakaleō-as-exhort) — recorded as a separate entry to prevent flattening two different Greek verbs into one Polish gloss.
Prophesyings
Approved rendering: proroctwa
Transliteration: prophēteia (plural, congregational sense)
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Prophecy in the Church
Original: προφητεία (plural, congregational sense)
Category: Church
NEW. Occurs at 5:20. Elevated from the baseline’s Low-risk singular ‘proroctwo’ due to live cessationist/continuationist tension between Polish Evangelical, Pentecostal, and charismatic Catholic (Odnowa w Duchu Świętym) communities.
Quench The Spirit
Approved rendering: nie gaście Ducha
Transliteration: sbennymi to pneuma
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Prophecy in the Church
Original: σβέννυμι τὸ πνεῦμα
Category: God
NEW. Occurs at 5:19. Connects to the charismatic-gifts sensitivity in Poland’s growing charismatic Catholic renewal and Pentecostal movements; teach neither overclaiming nor dismissing gifting beyond the text’s own statement.
Spirit Soul Body
Approved rendering: duch, dusza i ciało
Transliteration: pneuma kai psychē kai sōma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα καὶ ψυχὴ καὶ σῶμα
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 5:23. Avoid over-systematizing into a strict trichotomist anthropology doctrine not clearly intended by the text; frame as rhetorical wholeness kept blameless for the Parousia.
Righteous Conduct
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwie
Transliteration: dikaiōs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: δικαίως
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 2:10 (‘devoutly, righteously, and blamelessly’). Reuses the baseline’s ‘sprawiedliwość’ word family in an ethical, not forensic-justification, sense; teaching note required to prevent learners from collapsing this ethical usage into the Romans 3-5 forensic ‘usprawiedliwienie’ doctrine.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostoł
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:6, within Paul’s defense of non-manipulative apostolic ministry.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: dziękczynienie
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Frames the letter’s opening (1:2) and its practical climax (5:18, ‘give thanks in everything’).
Exhort
Approved rendering: napominać
Transliteration: parakaleō (entreaty/urging sense)
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (entreaty/urging sense)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Applies only to the urging/entreaty sense (e.g., 4:1, ‘we urge you’). Do NOT apply to the comfort/consolation sense dominant at 4:18; 5:11,14 — see ‘comfort_encourage’ entry below.
Archangel
Approved rendering: archanioł
Transliteration: archangelos
Doctrine: Return of Christ
Original: ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 4:16. Standard, unambiguous, shared across Polish Christian traditions.
Trumpet Of God
Approved rendering: trąba Boża
Transliteration: salpinx theou
Doctrine: Return of Christ
Original: σάλπιγξ θεοῦ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 4:16, echoing Sinai and Joel’s Day-of-the-Lord trumpet imagery. Standard, unambiguous rendering.
Imitators
Approved rendering: naśladowcy
Transliteration: mimētai
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: μιμηταί
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 1:6. Rare positive cultural resonance with the Polish devotional tradition of ‘naśladowanie Chrystusa’ (Thomas à Kempis) — a helpful bridge, not a collision.
Lust Passion
Approved rendering: pożądliwość
Transliteration: epithymia
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness
Original: ἐπιθυμία (ἐν πάθει ἐπιθυμίας)
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 4:5, distinguishing sanctified sexuality from a Gentile-pagan pattern. Standard moral-theology vocabulary.
Defraud
Approved rendering: krzywdzić
Transliteration: pleonektein
Doctrine: Sexual Holiness
Original: πλεονεκτέω
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 4:6. Standard rendering; frames sexual sin as sin against a brother, not merely private.
Taught By God
Approved rendering: przez Boga nauczeni
Transliteration: theodidaktos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: θεοδίδακτος
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs at 4:9, regarding brotherly love. Standard, unambiguous rendering.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: miłość braterska
Transliteration: philadelphia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Church
NEW. Occurs at 4:9. Standard, unambiguous; distinct from broader ἀγάπη.
Armor Imagery
Approved rendering: napierśnik / hełm
Transliteration: thōrax / perikephalaia
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Original: θώραξ / περικεφαλαία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 5:8. Positive resonance with Poland’s historical-military cultural memory; use carefully to avoid nationalizing the image.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: pocałunek świętym
Transliteration: philēma hagion
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
NEW. Occurs at 5:26. Cultural-practice note only; distinct from the Polish Mass’s ‘znak pokoju’ (sign of peace, typically a handshake); no doctrinal risk.
Crown Of Rejoicing
Approved rendering: wieniec chwały
Transliteration: stephanos kauchēseōs
Doctrine: Return of Christ
Original: στέφανος καυχήσεως
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Occurs at 2:19. Retain ‘wieniec’ (wreath), not ‘korona’ (crown), to preserve the athletic/relational victor’s-wreath image rather than Polish royal/national ‘korona’ symbolism (Orzeł Biały, coronation imagery).
Satan
Approved rendering: szatan
Transliteration: ho Satanas
Doctrine: Spiritual Opposition
Original: ὁ σατανᾶς
Category: God
NEW. Occurs at 2:18. Standard, unambiguous rendering shared across Polish Christian traditions.
Love
Approved rendering: miłość
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Occurs throughout (1:3; 3:6,12; 4:9-10; 5:8,13). Standard, well-established rendering across Polish Bible traditions; self-giving, sacrificial love distinct from mere affection.
Referenced passages