Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 Peter (English → Polish)
Curriculum: 1 Peter 1–5 Status legend:
- [BASELINE] — term and rendering already fixed in the Romans
translation_memory.json; reused here exactly, no deviation permitted. - [NEW] — term not present in the Romans baseline; proposed rendering for this curriculum, pending Phase 2 confirmation and addition to translation memory.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly (Critical / High / Medium / Low, with the same review-routing consequences).
Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English term | Polish rendering | Risk | Doctrine link | 1 Peter references | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | wiara | Critical | Faith | 1:5,7,9,21; 5:9 | Extend baseline’s “Polak-katolik”/automatic-status caution to 1 Peter’s “guarded through faith” (1:5) and “resist the devil, firm in your faith” (5:9) senses. |
| grace | łaska | High | Grace | 1:10,13; 2:19-20; 3:7; 4:10; 5:5,10,12 | Note the distinct sense at 2:19-20 (χάρις = “commendable/credit,” not soteriological grace) requiring a translator’s note. |
| salvation | zbawienie | Critical | Salvation | 1:5,9,10; 2:2; 3:21; 4:18 | Extend baseline caution to 3:21’s baptism passage — see dedicated entry below. |
| resurrection | zmartwychwstanie | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 1:3; 3:21 | No deviation. |
| lord | Pan | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:3; 2:3,13; 3:6,15 | No deviation. |
| holy | święty | Medium (escalated to Critical in ch.1 “be holy” context) | Sanctification / Holiness in Conduct | 1:15-16; 2:5,9; 3:5 | See dedicated “Holiness in Conduct” entry below. |
| saints / holy ones | święci | Critical | Sainthood | (implicit corporate identity throughout; cf. Romans 1:7 parallel) | Baseline’s canonized-sainthood caution applies wherever corporate “holy ones” language is used. |
| sanctification | uświęcenie | High | Sanctification | 1:2; 3:15 | No deviation. |
| church | kościół | Medium | Church as God’s People | (corporate references throughout) | Baseline’s institutional-”Kościół” caution applies to the “spiritual house” / “holy nation” language of ch. 2. |
| calling / called | powołanie / powołany | Critical | Divine Calling | 1:15; 2:9,21; 3:9; 5:10 | See dedicated entry below — new nuance: “called to suffer” (2:21). |
| election | wybranie | High | Effectual Calling | 1:1,2; 2:9; 5:13 | No deviation. |
| gospel | Ewangelia | High | Gospel | 1:12,25; 4:6,17 | No deviation. |
| sin | grzech | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 2:22,24; 3:18; 4:1,8,18 | No deviation. |
| righteousness | sprawiedliwość | Critical | Salvation / Suffering for Righteousness | 2:24; 3:12,14,18; 4:18 | No deviation; central to the named doctrine “Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake.” |
| gentiles | poganie | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 2:12; 4:3 | No deviation. |
| glory | chwała | Medium | Deity of Christ | 1:7,8,11,21,24; 4:11,13,14; 5:1,4,10 | No deviation; extremely high frequency in 1 Peter — track consistently. |
| power of God | moc Boża | Medium | Power of God for Salvation | 1:5; 3:22 | No deviation. |
| father | Ojciec | Critical | Adoption into God’s Family | 1:2,3,17 | No deviation. |
| god | Bóg | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout | No deviation. |
| jesus / christ | Jezus / Chrystus | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | No deviation. |
| holy spirit | Duch Święty | Critical | Sanctification | 1:2,12; 4:14 | No deviation. |
| fellowship | wspólnota | Low | Christian Fellowship | (root sense underlying 4:13 κοινωνέω) | No deviation; note 4:13 uses the verb form κοινωνέω (participate/share), rendered contextually rather than with the noun. |
| spiritual gifts | dary duchowe | Medium | Spiritual Gifts | 4:10 | No deviation. |
| exhort | napominać | Low | Mutual Edification | 5:1,12 (παρακαλῶ) | No deviation. |
New Terms Proposed for This Curriculum
| English term | Greek (translit.) | Proposed Polish rendering | Risk | Doctrine link | 1 Peter references | Rationale / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| living hope | ἐλπὶς ζῶσα (elpis zōsa) | żywa nadzieja | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3 | Rejected: unqualified “nadzieja” alone (loses the “living” qualifier that distinguishes this from ordinary wishful hope). Must be taught against colloquial Polish “mieć nadzieję” (uncertain wish). |
| hope | ἐλπίς (elpis) | nadzieja | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3,13,21; 3:5,15 | New term for this curriculum (absent from Romans TM). Certainty grounded in the resurrection, not optimism. |
| born again / regenerated | ἀναγεννάω (anagennaō) | zrodzić/odrodzić na nowo | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1:3,23 | Rejected: unqualified “narodzony na nowo” without framing (strong Evangelical-identity association in Polish religious culture, unfamiliar/suspect to Catholic catechesis without explanation). |
| love (agapē) | ἀγάπη (agapē) | miłość | High | (undergirds Elders and Humility; Holiness in Conduct) | 1:8,22; 2:17; 3:8; 4:8; 5:14 | New term (absent from Romans TM). Rejected: leaving “miłość” unglossed (invites conflation with romantic/erotic connotations dominant in everyday Polish usage). |
| mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | miłosierdzie | Medium | Living Hope; Salvation | 1:3; 2:10 | Positive cultural resonance (Divine Mercy devotion) to be leveraged carefully; must stay text-grounded, not devotionally embellished. |
| sojourners / exiles | παρεπίδημος / πάροικος (parepidēmos / paroikos) | wygnańcy / przybysze | High | (identity foundation for Submission to Authority; Suffering for Righteousness) | 1:1; 2:11 | Rejected: purely literal “cudzoziemcy” alone without the spiritual-pilgrim framing; must be taught as the church’s whole-letter self-understanding, not ethnic diaspora alone. |
| suffering / to suffer | πάθημα / πάσχω (pathēma / paschō) | cierpienie / cierpieć | Critical | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake; Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering; Christlike Endurance | 1:11; 2:19-21,23; 3:14,17-18; 4:1,13,15-16,19; 5:1,9-10 | Rejected: no softened/euphemistic alternatives. CRITICAL due to direct collision with Polish folk-Catholic redemptive-suffering piety (personal suffering “offered up” for merit/indulgence); must be taught as suffering endured innocently for Christ’s sake, not a currency of personal merit. |
| endurance | ὑπομονή / ὑπομένω (hypomonē / hypomenō) | wytrwałość / znosić | High | Christlike Endurance | 2:20; 3:14 (implicit); cf. 4:1 | Rejected: “cierpliwość” alone (too passive; misses the active perseverance sense). Must connect to union with Christ’s own suffering, not willpower alone. |
| submit / submission | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | poddać się / być poddanym | Critical | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2:13,18; 3:1,5,22; 5:5 | Rejected: absolute/unqualified “podporządkowanie” without contextual pastoral notes for each of the five distinct application-contexts (civil authority, servants, wives, cosmic powers, younger believers). Requires per-occurrence theologian review. |
| holy priesthood / royal priesthood | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον / βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα (hierateuma hagion / basileion hierateuma) | święte kapłaństwo / królewskie kapłaństwo | Critical | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5,9 | Top-priority flag. Rejected: any softened paraphrase avoiding “kapłaństwo” altogether (would lose the text’s deliberate, weighty priestly claim); rejected also: unqualified use without explanatory note (would collapse into or against the Catholic two-tier priesthood framework without needed nuance). Requires mandatory explanatory note and human theologian review at every occurrence. |
| spiritual sacrifices | πνευματικαὶ θυσίαι (pneumatikai thysiai) | duchowe ofiary | High | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:5 | Rejected: unqualified “ofiary” alone (risks conflation with “ofiara Mszy świętej,” the sacrifice of the Mass). |
| elder | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | starszy | Critical | Elders and Humility | 5:1,5 | REJECTED, explicitly and permanently: “prezbiter” (the official Catholic term for an ordained priest — one of the three holy orders). Must always render “starszy,” matching established Polish ecumenical Bible-translation precedent. |
| exercising oversight | ἐπισκοπέω / ἐπίσκοπος (episkopeō / episkopos) | sprawować nadzór / stróż-opiekun (function, not office noun) | Critical | Elders and Humility; also Christ’s shepherding (2:25) | 2:25; 5:2 | REJECTED, explicitly and permanently: any rendering built on “biskup” (the Catholic episcopal office). Render as a function/verb phrase, never as an office-noun matching “biskup.” |
| those allotted to your charge | κλῆρος (klēros) | powierzone [wam] owce/dusze | Critical | Elders and Humility | 5:3 | REJECTED, explicitly and permanently: “kler” (modern Polish “clergy,” an exact false-cognate that would invert the verse’s meaning from “don’t dominate the congregation” into nonsense about “domination of the clergy”). Flag for automated back-translation checking in Phase 2 — high risk of silent introduction. |
| shepherd / flock / Chief Shepherd | ποιμήν / ποιμαίνω / ποίμνιον / ἀρχιποίμην | pasterz / paść / trzoda(stado) / Najwyższy Pasterz | High | Elders and Humility; also Christ’s shepherding (2:25) | 2:25; 5:2,4 | Standard biblical metaphor; flag only to ensure human “pasterze” (colloquially, parish priests) are never elevated to Christ’s unique ἀρχιποίμην status. |
| humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη / ταπεινός (tapeinophrosynē / tapeinos) | pokora / uniżenie | High | Elders and Humility | 3:8; 5:5-6 | Must be distinguished from a self-abasing “false humility” that could entrench domineering leadership; true humility here is the antidote to clericalism. |
| domineering / lording it over | κατακυριεύω (katakyrieuō) | panować nad / rządzić władczo | High | Elders and Humility | 5:3 | Paired warning-term to the κλῆρος entry above; render clearly as the negative behavior being forbidden. |
| tested genuineness (of faith) | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | wypróbowanie / autentyczność (wiary) | High | The Living Hope of the Resurrection; Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1:7 | Rejected: renderings implying faith is earned or improved by testing rather than revealed as genuine. |
| various trials | ποικίλοι πειρασμοί (poikiloi peirasmoi) | różnorodne próby | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1:6 | REJECTED: “pokuszenia” (temptations to sin) as the primary rendering — would imply God tests via enticement to sin; consistently use “próby” (trials/tests) in this letter’s suffering contexts. |
| fiery ordeal | πύρωσις (pyrōsis) | ogniowa próba | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4:12 | Render consistently with the 1:7 δοκίμιον testing-vocabulary family. |
| once (for all) | ἅπαξ (hapax) | raz na zawsze | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 3:18 | Flag Medium-level catechetical (not contradictory) note regarding shared ground with, and distinction from, Catholic Eucharistic theology of the Mass. |
| bore our sins / on the tree | ἀναφέρω…ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον (anapherō…epi to xylon) | sam wziął nasze grzechy…na drzewo | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2:24 | Rejected: any rendering implying mere moral example without vicarious substitution; both senses must be held (see ὑπογραμμός entry), but this specific clause is irreducibly substitutionary. |
| the righteous for the unrighteous | δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων (dikaios hyper adikōn) | sprawiedliwy za niesprawiedliwych | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 3:18 | The ὑπέρ (“for/on behalf of/in place of”) preposition must retain its substitutionary force; do not weaken to a merely representative or exemplary sense. |
| spirits in prison / he proclaimed | πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ…ἐκήρυξεν | duchy w więzieniu…głosił | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3:19-20; cf. 4:6 | Highest-priority open item in the whole curriculum. No rendering may be finalized without an explicit, documented theological determination addressing the passage’s relationship to the Apostles’ Creed’s “descended into hell” (“zstąpił do piekieł”) clause. Mandatory theologian review and explanatory note regardless of exegetical option chosen. |
| baptism…now saves you | βάπτισμα…σῴζει (baptisma…sōzei) | chrzest…zbawia | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (contextually) / Salvation | 3:21 | Must include 1 Peter’s own qualifying clause in full (“not as a removal of dirt from the body, but as an appeal to God for a good conscience”) to avoid resolving the historic baptismal-efficacy debate by omission. Mandatory theologian review. |
| ancestral tradition (futile) | πατρικὴ παράδοσις (patrikē paradosis) | daremny sposób życia przekazany przez ojców | Critical | Holiness in Conduct (contrastively) | 1:18 | REJECTED: capitalized “Tradycja” or any phrasing evoking Catholic Sacred Tradition — the referent here is empty ancestral/pagan custom, the opposite concept. Mandatory explanatory note to prevent misuse against the Catholic doctrine of Sacred Tradition, which is a different referent entirely. |
| redeemed / redemption | λυτρόω (lytroō) | odkupieni / odkupienie | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:18 | Must convey a costly ransom-payment (the precious blood of Christ, 1:19), not vague liberation. |
| lamb without blemish | ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος | baranek nieskazitelny i bez wady | Medium | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1:19 | Positive liturgical resonance (“Baranek Boży” at every Mass) to be leveraged; ensure substitutionary/sacrificial sense retained, not merely decorative gentleness. |
| conduct / way of life | ἀναστροφή (anastrophē) | postępowanie / sposób życia | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1:15,18; 2:12; 3:1,2,16 | Central practical term; render consistently across all six occurrences. |
| be holy, for I am holy | ἅγιοι γενήθητε, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος | bądźcie świętymi, bo Ja jestem świętym | Critical | Holiness in Conduct | 1:15-16 | Direct Leviticus quotation; must ground holiness in God’s character and daily conduct, avoiding both ritual-purity and ascetic-elite misreadings (extends baseline saints caution). |
| living stone / cornerstone | λίθος ζῶν / λίθος ἀκρογωνιαῖος | żywy kamień / kamień węgielny | Medium | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2:4,6-8 | Standard Christological building metaphor; low independent risk, supports the priesthood doctrine’s “spiritual house” imagery. |
| chosen race, holy nation, God’s own possession | γένος ἐκλεκτόν, ἔθνος ἅγιον, λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | wybrany naród, święty lud, lud na własność | High | The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood; Church as God’s People | 2:9 | Reuses wybranie [BASELINE] and święty [BASELINE]; extends OT Israel-election language to the church — pastoral sensitivity given Poland’s Jewish-Christian history (cf. baseline unity_of_jews_and_gentiles). |
| resident aliens (repeated) | πάροικοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι | przybysze i wygnańcy | High | Submission to Authority; Suffering for Righteousness | 1:1; 2:11 | See “sojourners/exiles” entry above; render identically at both occurrences. |
| soul(s) | ψυχή (psychē) | dusza | Medium | The Living Hope of the Resurrection (1:9); general | 1:9,22; 2:11,25; 3:20; 4:19 | Guard against over-platonizing into a body/soul dualism foreign to the letter’s Hebraic idiom (ψυχή = whole living self), given Polish Catholic popular piety’s strong “soul” emphasis (masses for the dead, purgatorial concern). |
| love covers a multitude of sins | ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | miłość zakrywa wiele grzechów | High | (Christian Fellowship; contrasts with merit theology) | 4:8 | Must not be read as human love/works atoning for or purchasing forgiveness of sin (indulgence-adjacent misreading); refers to community forbearance, not a substitute atonement mechanism. |
| Christian | Χριστιανός (Christianos) | chrześcijanin | Low | (identity marker) | 4:16 | Standard term; note historically as one of the NT’s earliest uses of the label itself. |
| Babylon (= Rome) | Βαβυλών (Babylōn) | Babilon | Low (historical-cultural note) | (epistolary closing) | 5:13 | Cipher for Rome; requires an explanatory footnote, not a doctrinal flag, though worth noting as a historical irony for a Roman Catholic-majority audience. |
Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2
- Priesthood/eldership/oversight cluster (ἱεράτευμα, πρεσβύτερος, ἐπίσκοπος, κλῆρος) is the single highest-priority new risk cluster in this curriculum. Every occurrence requires human theologian review; the κλῆρος/“kler” false-cognate trap should be specifically flagged for automated back-translation QA in Phase 2 Step 17.
- Suffering cluster (πάθημα, πάσχω, δοκίμιον, πύρωσις, ὑπομονή) requires consistent terminology across all five chapters and must be explicitly distinguished, in accompanying teaching notes, from Polish folk-Catholic redemptive-suffering/merit piety.
- 1 Peter 3:19–20 and 4:6 (“spirits in prison” / “gospel preached to the dead”) must be treated as a linked interpretive pair and resolved by a named theologian before any Phase 2 segment translation of either verse proceeds; this is the single most consequential open item in the entire glossary.
- All terms marked [BASELINE] above must be verified against the live
translation_memory.jsonversion in use at the start of Phase 2 to confirm no drift has occurred since this analysis was produced. - New terms proposed here (marked [NEW]) should be added to translation memory following the same versioning and theologian-flagging procedure specified in
12_ai_translation_requirements.md§“Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.”
Critical Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Extend the baseline caution to 1 Peter’s distinct sense of faith as the ongoing instrument of persevering trust (1:5, ‘guarded through faith’) and as something to stand ‘firm’ in against the devil (5:9).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation / Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość zdobyta przez zasługi i praktyki religijne
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Central to the named doctrine ‘Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake’ (3:14,18; 4:18); in 1 Peter’s ethical usage this includes upright conduct that itself provokes unjust suffering from an unbelieving society — must not collapse into mere legal/moral achievement disconnected from that argument.
Salvation
Approved rendering: zbawienie
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: zbawienie zapewnione automatycznie przez chrzest, sakramenty i przynależność narodowo-religijną
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. 1 Peter emphasizes salvation’s future, not-yet-revealed dimension (1:5,9-10, ‘ready to be revealed’) more strongly than Romans’ predominantly present/positional treatment; extend caution to 3:21’s baptism passage, where ‘zbawienie’ sits at the historic Catholic/Protestant baptismal-regeneration fault line.
Holy
Approved rendering: święty
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Medium), escalated to Critical for this curriculum. The Leviticus-quoting command ‘bądźcie świętymi, bo Ja jestem świętym’ (1:15-16) grounds holiness in God’s own character and everyday conduct, guarding against both a ceremonial/ritual-purity misreading and an ascetic-elite misreading limiting holiness to religious specialists.
Saints
Approved rendering: święci
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: święci kanonizowani, czczeni i proszeni o wstawiennictwo
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Applies to the corporate ‘holy ones’ identity underlying 1 Peter’s address to all believers; baseline’s canonized-sainthood caution applies wherever this corporate sense is used.
Calling
Approved rendering: powołanie
Transliteration: klēsis / kaleō
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: powołanie kapłańskie lub zakonne wyłącznie
Original: κλῆσις / καλέω
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. 1 Peter adds the striking nuance of being ‘called…to suffer’ (2:21) alongside being called ‘to his eternal glory’ (5:10) — balance the baseline’s priestly/religious-vocation caution against the genuinely helpful Polish resonance between powołanie and costly, sacrificial commitment, provided it is not narrowed to clergy/religious life alone.
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Addressed specifically as Father of the Lord Jesus Christ (1:3) and as the impartial judge of believers’ conduct (1:17).
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly.
Christ
Approved rendering: Chrystus
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / Christology
Rejected alternatives: Mesjasz w każdym wystąpieniu (zamiast imienia własnego)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Extends baseline ‘messiah’/Mesjasz entry. 1 Peter uses Χριστός both as title and as a virtual second name throughout; render ‘Chrystus’ when paired with ‘Jezus’ as a name, per established Polish Bible-translation form, reserving ‘Mesjasz’ for contexts emphasizing specific OT-fulfillment.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch Święty
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Occurs at 1:2,12; 4:14.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. 1 Peter applies this to Christ’s cosmic authority over ‘angels, authorities, and powers’ (3:22) as well as personal devotion (‘sanctify Christ as Lord,’ 3:15) — cosmic scope must not be narrowed to merely private devotion.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: zmartwychwstanie
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Grounds the core passage’s ‘living hope’ (1:3) and is explicitly named as the ground of baptism’s saving significance (3:21).
Living Hope
Approved rendering: żywa nadzieja
Transliteration: elpis zōsa
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: nadzieja (bez kwalifikatora ‘żywa’)
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Faith
Core passage anchor phrase (1:3). Never abbreviate to bare ‘nadzieja’; must be taught against colloquial Polish ‘mieć nadzieję’ (an uncertain wish), the near-opposite of this settled certainty grounded in Christ’s historical resurrection. Rendering must be verbatim-consistent at every occurrence, matching the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule for thesis verses.
Suffering
Approved rendering: cierpienie / cierpieć
Transliteration: pathēma / paschō
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake / Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering / Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: złagodzone/eufemistyczne synonimy cierpienia
Original: πάθημα / πάσχω
Category: Suffering
CRITICAL due to direct collision with Polish folk-Catholic redemptive-suffering piety (offering one’s suffering ‘for souls,’ for indulgences; intensified by John Paul II’s Salvifici Doloris). Must be taught as innocent endurance for Christ’s sake, not a currency of merit accumulated for oneself or transferable to others. Occurs throughout 1:11; 2:19-21,23; 3:14,17-18; 4:1,13,15-16,19; 5:1,9-10. Human theologian review mandatory for every occurrence.
Submission
Approved rendering: poddać się / być poddanym
Transliteration: hypotassō
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: bezwarunkowe podporządkowanie bez notatek kontekstowych
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Ethics
Requires the most careful pastoral framing in the letter, recurring across five distinct application-contexts (2:13 civil authority, 2:18 servants/masters, 3:1 wives/husbands, 3:22 cosmic powers, 5:5 younger/elders), each needing its own contextual note, never a single blanket ruling. Read too absolutely, risks silencing legitimate resistance to unjust authority (a live concern given Poland’s history of resisting illegitimate power); read too loosely, risks evacuating the genuine call to voluntary, Christlike, non-retaliatory submission. Human theologian review mandatory for every occurrence.
Holy Priesthood
Approved rendering: święte kapłaństwo / królewskie kapłaństwo
Transliteration: hierateuma hagion / basileion hierateuma
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: złagodzona parafraza unikająca słowa ‘kapłaństwo’, użycie bez wyjaśniającej notatki
Original: ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον / βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα
Category: Church
Top-priority flag: the single most consequential collision point in the curriculum. Polish ‘kapłaństwo’ is reserved culturally and sacramentally for the ordained ministerial priesthood. Must be taught with an explicit note: 1 Peter 2:5,9 describes a corporate, universal priesthood belonging to every believer by union with Christ the cornerstone — must not be flattened (‘everyone is basically a parish priest’) nor dismissed as a powerless metaphor; relate (without equating or rejecting) to the Vatican II common/ministerial priesthood distinction (Lumen Gentium §10). Human theologian review mandatory for every occurrence.
Elder
Approved rendering: starszy
Transliteration: presbyteros
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: prezbiter
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Ministry
REJECTED, explicitly and permanently: ‘prezbiter’ (the official Catholic term for an ordained priest — one of the three holy orders: biskup/prezbiter/diakon). MUST always render ‘starszy,’ matching established Polish ecumenical Bible-translation precedent. Human theologian review mandatory.
Exercising Oversight
Approved rendering: sprawować nadzór / czuwać nad
Transliteration: episkopeō / episkopos
Doctrine: Elders and Humility / Christ as Shepherd
Rejected alternatives: rzeczownik oparty na ‘biskup’
Original: ἐπισκοπέω / ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Ministry
REJECTED, explicitly and permanently: any rendering built on ‘biskup’ (the Catholic episcopal office). Render only as a functional verb phrase. Same lexical family as 2:25’s ἐπίσκοπος applied to Christ (see shepherd_overseer_of_souls); must be handled consistently at both 2:25 and 5:2. Human theologian review mandatory.
Those Allotted To Charge
Approved rendering: powierzone [wam] owce / dusze
Transliteration: klēros
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: kler
Original: κλῆρος
Category: Ministry
REJECTED, explicitly and permanently: ‘kler’ (modern Polish ‘clergy’), an exact false-cognate that would invert 5:3’s meaning entirely, turning a warning against clerical domination of the laity into nonsense about domination of ‘the clergy.’ Flag prominently for automated back-translation QA in every Phase 2 pass. Human theologian review mandatory.
Bore Our Sins
Approved rendering: sam wziął nasze grzechy w swoim ciele na drzewo
Transliteration: anapherō…epi to xylon
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: renderowanie sugerujące jedynie solidarność moralną
Original: ἀναφέρω…ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον
Category: Salvation
The letter’s clearest substitutionary-atonement statement (2:24); must preserve vicarious, penal-substitution sense without softening into ‘merely showed solidarity with sinners.’ Reuse ‘grzech’ exactly. Human theologian review mandatory.
Righteous For Unrighteous
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwy za niesprawiedliwych
Transliteration: dikaios hyper adikōn
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: osłabiona wersja reprezentacyjna/przykładowa
Original: δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων
Category: Salvation
The ὑπέρ preposition must retain its full substitutionary force (‘for/on behalf of/in place of’); Polish ‘za’ can slide toward a merely representative sense if not anchored by context. Human theologian review mandatory.
Spirits In Prison
Approved rendering: duchy w więzieniu…głosił
Transliteration: pneumata en phylakē…ekēryxen
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: substytucja słowem ‘piekło’ przed dokonaniem ustalenia teologicznego
Original: πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ…ἐκήρυξεν
Category: Christology
Highest-priority open item in the entire curriculum. No rendering may be finalized without an explicit, documented theological determination addressing the passage’s relationship to the Apostles’ Creed’s ‘zstąpił do piekieł’ clause, recited by virtually every Polish Catholic at every Mass. Must retain the text’s own carceral image (‘duchy w więzieniu’) rather than substituting Creed vocabulary. Treat as a linked interpretive pair with 4:6; never resolve independently. Mandatory human theologian review; do not process in Phase 2 without a named theologian’s ruling on file.
Baptism
Approved rendering: chrzest
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: Baptism and Salvation
Rejected alternatives: skrócona wersja pomijająca zdanie zastrzegające
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Salvation
Sits at the exact fault line of the historic Catholic/Protestant baptismal-regeneration debate already flagged for ‘zbawienie.’ The verse’s own qualifying clause (‘nie jako obmycie ciała z brudu, lecz jako zwrócenie się do Boga z prośbą o czyste sumienie’) must always be rendered in full alongside ‘chrzest…zbawia’; omission would silently resolve the debate. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence (3:21).
Ancestral Tradition
Approved rendering: daremny sposób życia przekazany przez ojców
Transliteration: patrikē paradosis
Doctrine: Redemption from Futile Ancestral Tradition
Rejected alternatives: Tradycja (skapitalizowana)
Original: πατρικὴ παράδοσις
Category: Sanctification
REJECTED, explicitly and permanently: capitalized ‘Tradycja,’ which names Sacred Tradition, a revered co-source of revelation in Polish Catholic theology. 1 Peter 1:18 describes the opposite referent — empty ancestral/pagan custom. Mandatory explanatory note preventing misreading as Scripture’s rejection of Sacred Tradition. Human theologian review mandatory.
Sanctify Christ As Lord
Approved rendering: uświęcać Chrystusa jako Pana [w sercu]
Transliteration: hagiasate ton Christon hōs kyrion
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Lordship / Sanctification
Original: ἁγιάσατε τὸν Χριστὸν ὡς Κύριον
Category: Christology
Christ’s exclusive Lordship enthroned internally (3:15), especially amid hostile questioning; reuse ‘Pan’ and ‘uświęcenie’-family vocabulary exactly. Directly grounds 3:15’s call to give a reasoned defense (apologia) of one’s hope.
Shepherd Overseer Of Souls
Approved rendering: pasterz i stróż/opiekun dusz
Transliteration: poimēn / episkopos tōn psychōn
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Lordship / Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: biskup
Original: ποιμήν / ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν
Category: Christology
ἐπίσκοπος (2:25) is the direct etymological ancestor of Polish ‘biskup.’ MUST NOT render as ‘biskup,’ which would create serious confusion (Christ as ‘Biskup’ alongside human bishops). Use a functional rendering preserving the oversight/shepherding sense; same lexical issue recurs at 5:2 — render consistently, never as an office-noun. Human theologian review mandatory.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Ewangelia
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. In 1 Peter (1:12,25; 4:6,17) the gospel is what prophets searched into and angels long to look at, and is the message ‘preached to the dead’ (4:6) — this occurrence must be handled jointly with the 3:19-20 ‘spirits in prison’ theological determination, never resolved independently.
Grace
Approved rendering: łaska
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: łaska otrzymywana głównie przez zasługi i praktyki sakramentalne
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. NOTE: 1 Peter 2:19-20 uses χάρις in a distinct, non-soteriological sense (‘commendable, this is credit’) describing God’s approval of innocent suffering endured with a good conscience — flag with a translator’s note at 2:19-20 to prevent confusion with the letter’s dominant soteriological sense (1:10,13; 3:7; 4:10; 5:5,10,12).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: uświęcenie
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: oczyszczenie pokutne, w tym poprzez czyściec
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Occurs at 1:2 and underlies 3:15’s ‘sanctify Christ as Lord’ (see dedicated new entry).
Called
Approved rendering: powołany
Transliteration: klētos / klēthentes
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / κληθέντες
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Medium), elevated to High for this curriculum given multiple distinct senses across 1:15; 2:9,21; 3:9; 5:10 — check which sense is active per occurrence.
Election
Approved rendering: wybranie
Transliteration: eklogē / eklektos
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: przeznaczenie, los
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Grounded explicitly in the Father’s ‘foreknowledge’ (πρόγνωσις, 1:2), paralleling Romans 8:29/9; avoid fatalistic framing as the baseline already warns.
Covenant
Approved rendering: przymierze
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: umowa prawna
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Underlies the sprinkling-of-blood covenant imagery (1:2) and the transfer of OT covenant-people language to the church (2:9-10).
Hope
Approved rendering: nadzieja
Transliteration: elpis
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
New term for this curriculum (absent from Romans baseline TM). Occurs at 1:3,13,21; 3:5,15. Colloquial Polish ‘mieć nadzieję’ functions as a soft, uncertain wish; 1 Peter’s ἐλπίς is a certainty grounded in a completed past event.
Born Again
Approved rendering: zrodzić na nowo / odrodzić
Transliteration: anagennaō
Doctrine: Regeneration and New Birth
Rejected alternatives: narodzony na nowo (bez ramowania kontekstowego)
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Sanctification
Occurs at 1:3,23. Unqualified ‘narodzony na nowo’ carries a strong Evangelical/Protestant born-again-identity association unfamiliar or suspect to Catholic catechesis, which locates new life at baptism (chrzest). Must be taught as 1 Peter’s own decisive category without either implying an emotional experience detached from the text or silently collapsing into baptismal regeneration without explicit framing.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: miłość
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct / Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: miłość bez wyjaśniającej uwagi
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
New term (absent from Romans baseline TM). Standard Polish ‘miłość’ carries strong romantic/erotic connotations that can obscure ἀγάπη’s covenantal, self-giving character. Load-bearing across 1:8,22; 2:17; 3:8; 4:8; 5:14; requires an explicit distinguishing note at first occurrence, with heightened priority at 4:8 (‘love covers a multitude of sins’) given the additional merit-theology collision risk there.
Sojourners
Approved rendering: przybysze i wygnańcy
Transliteration: parepidēmos / paroikos
Doctrine: Sojourner and Exile Identity
Rejected alternatives: cudzoziemcy (bez ramowania duchowego pielgrzymstwa)
Original: παρεπίδημος / πάροικος
Category: Identity
Foundational corporate self-understanding for the whole letter (1:1; 2:11), feeding directly into Submission and Suffering doctrines. Must not be read as merely ethnic Jewish diaspora background, nor as inherited national-religious belonging (parallels baseline ‘Polak-katolik’ caution).
Endurance
Approved rendering: wytrwałość / znosić
Transliteration: hypomonē / hypomenō
Doctrine: Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: cierpliwość (za pasywne)
Original: ὑπομονή / ὑπομένω
Category: Suffering
Must be taught as empowered by union with the suffering-and-risen Christ (2:20-21), not mere willpower or fatalistic resignation.
Spiritual Sacrifices
Approved rendering: duchowe ofiary
Transliteration: pneumatikai thysiai
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ofiary (bez rozróżnienia od ofiary Mszy świętej)
Original: πνευματικαὶ θυσίαι
Category: Church
Given the stakes of the holy_priesthood entry, flag specific risk of conflation with ‘ofiara Mszy świętej’ (the sacrifice of the Mass) — this is the priesthood’s offering of praise/obedience, not a sacramental re-presentation of Christ’s sacrifice.
Domineering
Approved rendering: panować władczo nad / rządzić władczo
Transliteration: katakyrieuō
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: zarządzać (zbyt neutralne)
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Ministry
Paired warning-term to ‘those_allotted_to_charge’; render clearly as the negative behavior being forbidden, not softened into a neutral description of leadership.
Shepherd Flock
Approved rendering: pasterz / paść / trzoda / Najwyższy Pasterz
Transliteration: poimēn / poimainō / poimnion / archipoimēn
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμήν / ποιμαίνω / ποίμνιον / ἀρχιποίμην
Category: Ministry
Standard pastoral imagery (Psalm 23, John 10); flag to ensure human ‘pasterze’ (colloquially, parish priests in Polish usage) are never elevated to Christ’s unique ἀρχιποίμην status — elders remain accountable under-shepherds.
Humility
Approved rendering: pokora / uniżenie
Transliteration: tapeinophrosynē / tapeinos
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ταπεινοφροσύνη / ταπεινός
Category: Ministry
Must be distinguished from a false, self-abasing humility that could entrench domineering leadership (5:3’s warning) — true humility here disciplines the powerful (elders) as much as it forms ordinary believers; the antidote to clericalism, not its enabler.
Tested Genuineness
Approved rendering: wypróbowanie / autentyczność wiary
Transliteration: dokimion
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake / The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: renderowanie sugerujące, że wiara jest ‘zdobywana’ przez próbę
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Suffering
Must not sound like faith earns approval through the ordeal (works-merit framing); emphasis is on genuineness being revealed, not achieved, by testing.
Trials
Approved rendering: różnorodne próby
Transliteration: poikiloi peirasmoi
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: pokuszenia
Original: ποικίλοι πειρασμοί
Category: Suffering
REJECTED as primary rendering: ‘pokuszenia’ (temptations to sin), which would imply God tests believers by tempting them toward sin (cf. James 1:13). Use ‘próby’ consistently wherever πειρασμός occurs in this letter’s suffering contexts.
Fiery Ordeal
Approved rendering: ogniowa próba
Transliteration: pyrōsis
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: pożar/spalenie (rejestr dosłownego pożaru)
Original: πύρωσις
Category: Suffering
Render consistently with the 1:7 δοκίμιον testing-vocabulary family; suffering as an expected, not strange, feature of Christian life (4:12).
Once For All
Approved rendering: raz na zawsze
Transliteration: hapax
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἅπαξ
Category: Salvation
Requires a catechetical (not corrective) note acknowledging shared ground with, and distinction from, Catholic Eucharistic theology, which affirms Christ’s sacrifice was offered ἅπαξ historically while teaching the Mass re-presents rather than repeats it. Teach the finished, sufficient, non-repeatable character of the atonement without implying 1 Peter directly refutes Catholic Eucharistic theology.
Redeemed
Approved rendering: odkupienie / odkupieni
Transliteration: lytroō / lytron
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: wyzwolenie ogólne, bez odniesienia do ceny wykupu
Original: λυτρόω / λύτρον
Category: Salvation
Must convey a costly transaction accomplished by ‘the precious blood of Christ’ (1:19), not vague liberation, and must not be read as a status achieved by moral self-improvement rather than received by grace.
Chosen People
Approved rendering: wybrany naród, święty lud, lud na własność
Transliteration: genos eklekton, ethnos hagion, laos eis peripoiēsin
Doctrine: Unity of the Church as God’s Covenant People
Original: γένος ἐκλεκτόν, ἔθνος ἅγιον, λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Church
Direct application of Exodus 19:5-6/Isaiah 43:20’s Israel-election language to the church (2:9); extends OT covenant-people identity to Jew and Gentile alike. Given Poland’s complex Jewish-Christian history, this transfer of covenant language requires particular pastoral sensitivity.
Love Covers Sins
Approved rendering: miłość zakrywa wiele grzechów
Transliteration: agapē kalyptei plēthos hamartiōn
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: renderowanie sugerujące, że miłość/uczynki wykupują grzechy
Original: ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Suffering
Must not be read as human love/charitable acts earning or purchasing forgiveness of one’s own sins (an indulgence-adjacent, merit-theology misreading, 4:8); the referent is believers’ loving forbearance toward one another’s faults within the community, not a substitute atonement mechanism.
Serves Diakonei
Approved rendering: usługuje / służy
Transliteration: diakoneō
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Stewardship
Rejected alternatives: diakon (rzeczownik urzędu)
Polish ‘diakon’ denotes an ordained clerical office (one of the three holy orders). Render the verb generically (‘służyć,’ ‘usługiwać’) rather than with any noun suggesting the ordained diaconate, since 4:11 addresses every believer’s gift-based service, not an ecclesial office.
Children Of Obedience
Approved rendering: dzieci posłuszeństwa
Transliteration: tekna hypakoēs
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Hebraic idiom (‘obedient children,’ 1:14); obedience as the defining trait of the new identity, contrasted with former ignorance. Maintain the same anti-ritualistic caution as the baseline’s ‘obedience_of_faith’ without conflating this as an identical technical term.
Living Word
Approved rendering: żywe i trwające słowo Boże
Transliteration: logos zōn kai menōn
Doctrine: The Inspired and Enduring Word of God
The imperishable ‘seed’ of the new birth (1:23), contrasted with perishable human seed. Connect to the baseline’s caution distinguishing Scripture’s unique divine origin from the Catholic framework holding Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium alongside Scripture, particularly given the adjacent 1:18 ancestral_tradition warning.
Cosmic Powers Subjected
Approved rendering: anielskie moce i władze poddane [Chrystusowi]
Transliteration: angelōn kai exousiōn kai dynameōn hypotagentōn
Doctrine: Christ’s Cosmic Lordship
Christ’s ascension establishes total cosmic authority (3:22), framing the submission ethic of chs. 2-3 within his supreme, prior submission-securing Lordship. Reuse ‘moc Boża’ register for δύναμις and ‘Pan’ exactly; new ‘władza/zwierzchność’ for ἐξουσία is Medium risk on its own but High in this cosmic-Lordship doctrinal context.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: kościół
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Kościół jako jedyna prawowita instytucja hierarchiczna
Original: ἐκκλησία (conceptually; 1 Peter uses ‘spiritual house’/‘holy nation’ imagery rather than the noun itself)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. 1 Peter uses organic ‘spiritual house’/‘holy nation’ imagery (2:5,9) rather than the noun ἐκκλησία itself; distinguish this from the capitalized institutional sense central to Polish Catholic ecclesiology.
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Occurs at 2:22,24; 3:18; 4:1,8,18.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: poganie
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Occurs at 2:12; 4:3.
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Extremely high frequency in 1 Peter (1:7,8,11,21,24; 4:11,13,14; 5:1,4,10) — track consistently across all occurrences.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: moc Boża
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Secures believers’ guarded inheritance (1:5) and underlies Christ’s authority over the cosmic powers (3:22).
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Occurs in the epistolary salutation (1:2), ‘grace and peace be multiplied.‘
Adoption
Approved rendering: usynowienie
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Underlies 1 Peter’s inheritance language (1:4) — connect explicitly so learners see the inheritance flowing from sonship, not merit.
Providence
Approved rendering: opatrzność Boża
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: los, przeznaczenie
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Supports the letter’s grounding of election in the Father’s foreknowledge (1:2) and entrustment to the faithful Creator (4:19).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dary duchowe
Transliteration: charisma
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Stewardship
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Ministry
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. The verb διακονέω (‘serves,’ 4:11) must be rendered generically (‘służyć,’ ‘usługiwać’) — see ‘serves_diakonei’ entry below.
Mercy
Approved rendering: miłosierdzie
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection / Salvation
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Faith
Occurs at 1:3; 2:10. Positive-resonance flag: Poland’s intense Divine Mercy devotional culture (Miłosierdzie Boże, St. Faustyna Kowalska, Divine Mercy Sunday) is a genuine asset; must stay strictly text-grounded, not import devotional additions (the Chaplet, specific imagery) absent from the passage.
Lamb Of God
Approved rendering: baranek nieskazitelny i bez wady
Transliteration: amnos amōmos kai aspilos
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος
Category: Salvation
Unusually positive cultural resonance in Poland (‘Baranek Boży’ at every Mass) — leverage the familiarity while ensuring the costly, substitutionary sacrificial sense is retained, not a merely decorative or gentle-character association (1:19).
Conduct
Approved rendering: postępowanie / sposób życia
Transliteration: anastrophē
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification
Central practical term recurring at 1:15,18; 2:12; 3:1,2,16 — render consistently across all six occurrences for curriculum-wide coherence.
Living Stone
Approved rendering: żywy kamień
Transliteration: lithos zōn
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Christology
Standard Christological building metaphor (2:4); supports the priesthood doctrine’s ‘spiritual house’ imagery.
Spiritual House
Approved rendering: duchowy dom
Transliteration: oikos pneumatikos
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: οἶκος πνευματικός
Category: Church
Distinguish this organic image (2:5) from the institutional capital-K ‘Kościół’ sense flagged for the baseline ‘church’ entry.
Cornerstone Stumbling Stone
Approved rendering: kamień węgielny / kamień, o który się potykają
Transliteration: lithos akrogōniaios / lithos proskommatos
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Same OT catena (Ps 118; Isa 8, 28) applied to Christ’s dual effect (2:6,8) — foundation for believers, stumbling block for the disobedient.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: dziedzictwo
Transliteration: klēronomia
Doctrine: Inheritance and Assurance
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
Connect explicitly to ‘usynowienie’ (adoption) so learners see the inheritance flowing from sonship, not merit (1:4). Note recurring triple negation ‘nieprzemijające, nieskażone, niewiędnące’ describing this inheritance; render ‘niewiędnący’ consistently with 5:4’s crown.
Revelation
Approved rendering: objawienie / objawiony
Transliteration: apokalyptō / apokalypsis
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀποκαλύπτω / ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Eschatology
Structuring motif of the letter (1:5,7,12,13; 4:13; 5:1). Standard theological vocabulary shared across Polish Catholic and Protestant traditions; low syncretism risk but must be tracked for consistency across all occurrences.
Guarded
Approved rendering: strzeżony
Transliteration: phroureō
Doctrine: Inheritance and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: zachowany w bezpieczeństwie (zbyt ogólne)
Original: φρουρέω
Category: Eschatology
Must retain the active, vigilant, military sense (God actively garrisoning believers, 1:5), not a vague ‘being kept safe.‘
Soul
Approved rendering: dusza
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ψυχή
Category: Identity
Occurs at 1:9,22; 2:11,25; 3:20; 4:19. Guard against over-platonizing into a body/soul dualism foreign to the letter’s Hebraic idiom (ψυχή = whole living self); teach alongside 1:3’s positive view of bodily resurrection to avoid an implicit soul/body split, given Polish Catholic popular piety’s strong dualistic ‘dusza’ emphasis (masses for the dead, czyściec).
Example Pattern
Approved rendering: przykład / wzór
Transliteration: hypogrammos
Doctrine: Christ’s Suffering as Pattern for Endurance
Original: ὑπογραμμός
Category: Suffering
A writing-instruction metaphor (‘copy-line for tracing,’ 2:21); the letter holds both substitutionary (2:24) and exemplary senses of Christ’s suffering in careful tension — do not collapse into only one.
Sprinkling Of Blood
Approved rendering: pokropienie krwią
Transliteration: rhantismon haimatos
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Applies OT covenant-ratification imagery (Exodus 24:8) to Christ’s New Covenant work (1:2); requires OT covenant background note for readers without catechetical grounding.
Pure Spiritual Milk
Approved rendering: czyste duchowe mleko [Słowa]
Transliteration: to logikon adolon gala
Doctrine: The Inspired and Enduring Word of God
λογικός is genuinely disputed exegetically (‘rational/spiritual’ vs. ‘belonging to the word’); flag for native-speaker/theologian decision on whether to make the λόγος-connection explicit in the rendering (2:2).
Judgment Household Of God
Approved rendering: sąd, który zaczyna się od domu Bożego
Transliteration: krima apo tou oikou tou theou
Doctrine: Judgment Beginning with the Household of God
Present suffering functions as a purifying prelude to final judgment, which begins with, not spares, believers (4:17); teach alongside assurance theology to avoid inducing anxiety about final salvation, given Polish purgatorial devotional sensitivities.
Crown Of Glory
Approved rendering: niewiędnący wieniec chwały
Transliteration: amarantinos stephanos tēs doxēs
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
The elders’ promised reward from the Chief Shepherd at his appearing (5:4); reuse ‘niewiędnący’ established at 1:4 and ‘chwała’ [inherited] exactly for cross-document consistency.
Resisting Devil
Approved rendering: przeciwnik…diabeł jak lew ryczący
Transliteration: antidikos…diabolos hōs leōn ōryomenos
Doctrine: Sober Vigilance and Resisting the Devil
Standard NT devil-imagery (5:8) calling for sober vigilance amid persecution; distinguish from folk-superstitious or purely fear-based spiritual-warfare framings unconnected to standing ‘firm in the faith.‘
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: prorok
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Occurs at 1:10-12, the prophets who searched and inquired about the grace to come.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: proroctwo
Transliteration: prophēteia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: wspólnota
Transliteration: koinōnia / koinōneō
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: świętych obcowanie (specific creedal formula)
Original: κοινωνία / κοινωνέω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. 1 Peter 4:13 uses the verb form κοινωνέω (‘you share/participate in Christ’s sufferings’), rendered contextually rather than with the noun; this participatory sense strengthens the Suffering-as-Participation doctrine.
Exhort
Approved rendering: napominać
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Ethics
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Occurs at 5:1,12.
Christian
Approved rendering: chrześcijanin
Transliteration: Christianos
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: Χριστιανός
Category: Identity
One of the NT’s earliest uses of this label (4:16); suffering ‘as a Christian,’ not for wrongdoing, is cause for glorifying God, not shame.
Faithful Creator
Approved rendering: wierny Stwórca
Transliteration: ktistēs
Doctrine: The Faithful Creator and Assurance Amid Suffering
Grounds entrustment of the soul amid suffering in God’s identity as reliable Creator (4:19); connect to the letter’s broader assurance theology rather than treating as an isolated proof-text.
Kiss Of Love
Approved rendering: pocałunek miłości
Transliteration: philēma agapēs
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Greco-Roman/early-church greeting custom (5:14); functional Polish liturgical analogue is the ‘znak pokoju’ (sign of peace) — a brief cultural-practice note suffices, no doctrinal risk.
Babylon Rome
Approved rendering: Babilon
Transliteration: Babylōn
Doctrine: Closing Greetings
Rejected alternatives: Rzym (podstawienie zamiast szyfru)
Cipher for Rome (5:13); render as the proper name ‘Babilon’ with an explanatory footnote, not a substitution like ‘Rzym,’ which would erase Peter’s deliberate coded language. Worth noting as historical irony for a Roman Catholic-majority audience — a cultural-historical teaching point, not a translation risk.