Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Galatians — Destination Language: Polish
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of Galatians chapter 1-6. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked (Reused) and MUST use the identical Polish rendering recorded there; no deviation is permitted. Terms new to this Galatians curriculum are marked (New) and are proposed here for addition to translation memory, pending the version-increment procedure described in the baseline’s 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low convention exactly, with the same review-routing implications (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → native speaker; Low → automated).
Glossary Table
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Polish Rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Risk Rationale / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | gospel | εὐαγγέλιον / euangelion | Ewangelia | Reused | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1, 2 | Baseline note applies unchanged. |
| 2 | a different/false gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / heteron euangelion | inna ewangelia | New | Critical | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1 | Must be taught as a rival, illegitimate message, not a variant expression of the true gospel; requires explicit denial-of-status framing. |
| 3 | accursed | ἀνάθεμα / anathema | przeklęty | New | Critical | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1 | Do not soften the severity of Paul’s double pronouncement (1:8-9). |
| 4 | grace | χάρις / charis | łaska | Reused | High | Law and Grace | 1, 2, 5, 6 | Baseline forbidden-substitution rule (grace ≠ merit-cooperation) applies unchanged; sharpened by Ga 2:21 and 5:4. |
| 5 | faith | πίστις / pistis | wiara | Reused | Critical | Justification by Faith | 1-6 (throughout) | Baseline Critical note (personal trust, not inherited identity) applies with full force; Galatians’ entire argument depends on it. |
| 6 | faith of/in Christ (genitive ambiguity) | πίστις Χριστοῦ / pistis Christou | wiara w Chrystusa | New (ambiguity resolution of Reused term) | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2, 3 | Objective-genitive reading (“faith in Christ”) selected as primary per Romans TM precedent and Polish Bible tradition; “wierność Chrystusa” (faithfulness of Christ) recorded as alternative considered and rejected for mainline text. |
| 7 | righteousness | δικαιοσύνη / dikaiosynē | sprawiedliwość | Reused | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2, 3, 5 | Baseline Critical note (forensic standing, not merit) applies unchanged. |
| 8 | justification / justified | δικαίωσις, δικαιόω / dikaiōsis, dikaioō | usprawiedliwienie / usprawiedliwiony | Reused | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2, 3, 5 | Baseline Critical note (forensic declaration, not gradual sacramental transformation) applies unchanged; central to the core passage. |
| 9 | works of the law | ἔργα νόμου / erga nomou | uczynki Prawa | New | Critical | Law and Grace | 2, 3 | HIGHEST-PRIORITY new term. Torah-observance specifically (circumcision, calendar, diet), not generic good works; risk of merit-cooperation softening. |
| 10 | works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός / erga tēs sarkos | uczynki ciała | New | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5 | Must NOT be conflated with “uczynki Prawa” (#9) — a different phrase addressing a different problem (vice vs. legalism). |
| 11 | law | νόμος / nomos | Prawo (capitalized) | Reused | High | The Law’s Purpose | 2-6 | Baseline note applies; capitalization must be preserved to distinguish from lowercase “prawo Chrystusa” (#31). |
| 12 | flesh (neutral, physical sense) | σάρξ / sarx | ciało | New | High | Crucified with Christ / Incarnation-adjacent | 1, 2, 4 | Ordinary bodily existence; must be distinguished from #13. |
| 13 | flesh (sin-nature sense) | σάρξ / sarx | ciało | New | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 3, 4, 5, 6 | Same Polish word as #12 by necessity; REQUIRES translator’s note at first occurrence (5:13) distinguishing the two senses to prevent a docetic/gnostic-adjacent misreading of the body as inherently evil. |
| 14 | crucified with Christ | συνεσταύρωμαι / synestaurōmai | ukrzyżowany z Chrystusem | New | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2 (core passage) | Highest-priority doctrinal term alongside #9; preserve perfect-tense abiding-result force; not merely devotional identification but real spiritual-legal union with Christ’s death. |
| 15 | crucified the flesh | ἐσταύρωσαν / estaurōsan | ukrzyżowali [ciało] | New | High | Crucified with Christ / Flesh versus Spirit | 5 | Practical extension of #14 into the flesh/Spirit conflict. |
| 16 | died to the law | νόμῳ ἀπέθανον / nomō apethanon | umarłem Prawu | New | High | Law and Grace / Crucified with Christ | 2 (core passage) | Must not be read as antinomian license; death to law-as-righteousness-system, not to all moral obligation. |
| 17 | grace nullified/set aside | ἀθετῶ [τὴν χάριν] / athetō [tēn charin] | nie odrzucam [łaski Bożej] | New | High | Law and Grace | 2 (core passage) | Legal-annulment force slightly stronger than “odrzucam” alone conveys; consider clarifying note. |
| 18 | died in vain / for nothing | δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν / dōrean apethanen | umarł na próżno | New | Critical | Law and Grace | 2 (core passage) | AMBIGUITY: δωρεάν elsewhere means “freely/as a gift” (cf. Romans 3:24 sense); here it means “needlessly/in vain.” Must not default to the “freely given” sense. |
| 19 | apostle / apostleship | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | apostoł | Reused | Low (base term) / High (application) | Paul’s Apostleship | 1 | Base term Low per Romans registry; the “not from men nor through man” claim in Ga 1:1 is High-stakes rhetorically re: apostolic authority vs. human/ecclesiastical appointment. |
| 20 | revelation | ἀποκάλυψις / apokalypsis | objawienie | New | High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1 | Grounds Paul’s gospel content in direct divine disclosure, not human transmission. |
| 21 | tradition(s) [of the fathers] | παράδοσις / paradosis | tradycja [ojców] | New | Critical | Paul’s Apostleship | 1 | MAJOR COLLISION with Catholic Sacred Tradition (“Święta Tradycja”); requires mandatory disambiguating note at every occurrence — this verse’s negative referent is ancestral Jewish custom, not a statement about Sacred Tradition as a doctrinal category. |
| 22 | circumcision | περιτομή / peritomē | obrzezanie | New | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2, 3, 5, 6 | The letter’s presenting controversy; morally neutral in itself (5:6; 6:15) but its REQUIREMENT for justification is the false gospel opposed throughout. |
| 23 | freedom | ἐλευθερία / eleutheria | wolność | New | Critical | Freedom in Christ | 2, 5 | Thematic keyword; must be guarded against both legalistic (law-bondage) and antinomian (license) misreadings simultaneously. |
| 24 | fallen from grace | ἐξεπέσατε [τῆς χάριτος] / exepesate [tēs charitos] | odpadliście od łaski | New | Critical | Law and Grace / Freedom in Christ | 5 | MAJOR COLLISION with Catholic “utrata łaski uświęcającej” (loss of sanctifying grace via mortal sin); Paul’s referent is abandoning grace-as-justification-principle for law-works, not the distinct question of post-conversion sin’s effect on salvation status. |
| 25 | promise | ἐπαγγελία / epangelia | obietnica | New | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3 | Must be kept categorically distinct from “Prawo”/law-obligation language throughout ch. 3. |
| 26 | covenant | διαθήκη / diathēkē | przymierze | Reused | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3 | Baseline note (relational bond, not mere contract) applies unchanged. |
| 27 | seed / offspring [of Abraham] | σπέρμα / sperma | potomek / potomstwo [Abrahama] | New | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3 | Singular “potomek” at 3:16 (Christ specifically); collective “potomstwo” at 3:29 (all believers); cf. Romans TM “seed_of_david” pattern. |
| 28 | curse [of the law; Christ became a curse] | κατάρα / katara | przekleństwo / klątwa | New | Critical | The Law’s Purpose / Crucified with Christ | 3 | Direct penal-substitutionary atonement claim (3:13); must retain the startling “became a curse” concreteness. |
| 29 | mediator | μεσίτης / mesitēs | pośrednik | New | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3 | Cross-reference Romans TM’s Critical “wstawiennictwo” note re: Marian devotion at Częstochowa; teach in a way reinforcing, not undercutting, Christ’s unique mediatorship. |
| 30 | guardian / pedagogue | παιδαγωγός / paidagōgos | wychowawca | New | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3 | Modern Polish sense (“homeroom teacher”) underconveys the Greco-Roman custodial slave-guardian background; requires explicit background note. Central to the named doctrine “The Law’s Purpose.” |
| 31 | law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ / nomos tou Christou | prawo Chrystusa (lowercase) | New | High | Faith Working through Love / Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 5 (implicit, 5:14), 6 (explicit, 6:2) | CAPITALIZATION FLAG: lowercase required to distinguish from #11 “Prawo” (Mosaic Law); describes Spirit-empowered love-ethic, not a replacement legal code. |
| 32 | elemental principles of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου / stoicheia tou kosmou | żywioły świata | New | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 4 | Ambiguous referent (ritual systems vs. spiritual powers); present primarily as describing immature law/ritual-bound religion generally. |
| 33 | redeem | ἐξαγοράζω / exagorazō | odkupić | New | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4 | Commercial buy-back-from-slavery imagery; complements but is not interchangeable with “zbawienie.” |
| 34 | adoption / sonship | υἱοθεσία / huiothesia | usynowienie | Reused | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4 | Baseline note applies unchanged; fullest NT exposition of this doctrine occurs in Galatians 4. |
| 35 | Abba, Father | Ἀββά ὁ πατήρ / Abba ho patēr | Abba, Ojcze | Reused | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4 | Reused pairing convention from Romans TM exactly. |
| 36 | slave (vs. son) | δοῦλος / doulos | niewolnik | New | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4 | Status contrast with “syn” (son); standard unambiguous term. |
| 37 | heir | κληρονόμος / klēronomos | dziedzic | New | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 3, 4 | Full legal inheritance status, following from adoption. |
| 38 | allegory | ἀλληγορούμενα / allēgoroumena | alegoria / w przenośni | New | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4 | Paul’s own explicit hermeneutical signal for the Hagar/Sarah typology. |
| 39 | Son of God | υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ / huios tou theou | Syn Boży | Reused | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 2 (core passage), 4 | Baseline note applies unchanged; must remain distinct from believers’ adoptive “dzieci Boże” sonship. |
| 40 | fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος / karpos tou pneumatos | owoc Ducha (singular) | New | Critical | Fruit of the Spirit | 5 | Preserve Greek singular; distinguish sharply from “dary duchowe” (spiritual gifts, Romans TM Medium doctrine) — character vs. ability. |
| 41 | love | ἀγάπη / agapē | miłość | New | High | Faith Working through Love | 2 (core passage), 5 | Faith’s necessary active expression, not a separate meritorious work; lexical continuity with “umiłował” (2:20) should be preserved. |
| 42 | bear [burdens] | βαστάζετε / bastazete | noście | New | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6 | Practical outworking of “prawo Chrystusa” (#31). |
| 43 | burdens | βάρη / barē | brzemiona | New | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6 | Established broader Polish Bible vocabulary (cf. Matthew 11:30). |
| 44 | new creation | καινὴ κτίσις / kainē ktisis | nowe stworzenie | New | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6 | Letter’s climactic doctrinal resolution of the circumcision controversy; must not be diluted to generic “spiritual renewal.” |
| 45 | marks [of Jesus] | στίγματα / stigmata | znamiona / blizny | New | High | Paul’s Apostleship (authenticity) | 6 | MUST NOT render as “stygmaty” — collision with Polish Catholic mystical-stigmata devotional tradition (St. Francis, Padre Pio); Paul’s referent is ordinary persecution scars. |
| 46 | boast | καυχάομαι / kauchaomai | chwalić się | New | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation / Crucified with Christ | 6 | Same verb serves both the negative (boasting in flesh/circumcision, 6:13) and positive (boasting in the cross, 6:14) senses; disambiguate by context. |
| 47 | sow / reap | σπείρῃ / θερίσει | siać / zbierać (żąć) | New | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 6 | Agricultural cause-and-effect metaphor continuing the ch. 5 flesh/Spirit contrast. |
| 48 | household of faith | οἴκος τῆς πίστεως / oikos tēs pisteōs | domownicy wiary | New | Low | Christian Fellowship (Romans TM doctrine, reused) | 6 | Established Polish Bible idiom. |
| 49 | false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι / pseudadelphoi | fałszywi bracia | New | Medium | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 2 | Professing believers whose conduct/teaching betrays the gospel. |
| 50 | hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις / hypokrisis | obłuda / hipokryzja | New | Medium | Law and Grace (narrative lead-in to core passage) | 2 | Peter’s inconsistency at Antioch, provoking the core passage. |
| 51 | fellowship | κοινωνία / koinōnia | wspólnota | Reused | Low | Christian Fellowship | 2 | Baseline note applies unchanged. |
| 52 | gentiles | ἔθνη / ethnē | poganie | Reused | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 1, 2, 3 | Baseline note applies unchanged; negative charge appropriate at Ga 2:15 where Paul voices the Jewish-Christian assumption being corrected. |
| 53 | neither Jew nor Greek | οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην | nie ma Żyda ani Greka | New | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 3 | Retain unqualified universal language per Romans TM handling of parallel universality claims. |
| 54 | baptized into Christ | εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε / eis Christon ebaptisthēte | zostaliście ochrzczeni w Chrystusie | New | High | Adoption and Sonship / Justification by Faith | 3 | Must be taught as genuine faith-appropriated union with Christ, not a rite effective apart from personal faith. |
| 55 | Christ (title/name) | Χριστός / Christos | Chrystus | New (running-text convention) | Critical | Justification by Faith / Sonship of Christ | 1-6 (throughout) | Standard Polish Bible rendering used as name/title alongside “Jezus”; distinct from “Mesjasz,” which the Romans TM reserves for explicit OT-fulfillment doctrinal contexts. |
| 56 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς / Iēsous | Jezus | Reused | Critical | Sonship of Christ / Lordship of Christ | 1-6 (throughout) | Baseline note applies unchanged. |
| 57 | God | θεός / theos | Bóg | Reused | Critical | Deity of Christ | 1-6 (throughout) | Baseline note applies unchanged. |
| 58 | Father | πατήρ / patēr | Ojciec | Reused | Critical | Adoption into God’s Family | 1, 4 | Baseline note applies unchanged. |
| 59 | Holy Spirit / Spirit | πνεῦμα (ἅγιον) / pneuma (hagion) | Duch (Święty) | Reused | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit / Sanctification | 3, 4, 5, 6 | Baseline note applies unchanged; note that Ga 3-6 often uses simply “Πνεῦμα” (the Spirit) without “ἅγιον” explicitly — render consistently as referring to the same divine Person. |
| 60 | Paul | Παῦλος / Paulos | Paweł | New (proper name, established Bible form) | Low | Paul’s Apostleship | 1-6 | Standard established Polish Bible form per baseline document 12’s transliteration standards. |
| 61 | Abraham | Ἀβραάμ / Abraam | Abraham | New (proper name) | Low | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3, 4 | Standard established Polish Bible form. |
| 62 | Cephas / Peter | Κηφᾶς / Πέτρος | Kefas / Piotr | New (proper names) | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (narrative) | 1, 2 | Both forms occur in the Greek text; reproduce whichever form is present at each occurrence rather than harmonizing. |
| 63 | sin | ἁμαρτία / hamartia | grzech | Reused | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 1, 2, 3 | Baseline note applies unchanged. |
| 64 | grace-works contrast (structural pattern) | χάρις vs. ἔργα / charis vs. erga | łaska vs. uczynki | Structural (Reused + New combination) | Critical | Law and Grace | 2, 3, 5 | Cross-document flag: ensure the grace/works antithesis is rendered with identical structural clarity in every occurrence across Galatians and Romans material used in this curriculum. |
Risk Tier Summary
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 16 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 17 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 15 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 8 | Automated review |
| Total | 56 distinct terms/entries (64 table rows, including sub-entries and the structural cross-reference row) |
New Terms Requiring Translation Memory Version Increment
The following 33 new terms (rows 2-3, 9-10, 12-13 combined single word, 14, 16-18, 20-25, 27-33, 36-38, 40-50, 54-55, 60-62 proper names) are NOT present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and must be added following the version-increment procedure specified in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §“Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions” before Phase 2 translation of Galatians begins. Each new Critical or High risk entry must be flagged for theologian review at the point of addition, per that procedure.
Reused Baseline Terms (Exact Reuse Required, No Deviation Permitted)
Ewangelia, łaska, wiara, sprawiedliwość, usprawiedliwienie/usprawiedliwiony, Prawo, apostoł, Syn Boży, usynowienie, Abba/Ojcze, wspólnota, poganie, Jezus, Bóg, Ojciec, Duch Święty, grzech, przymierze — see analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md for verse-level application notes on each within Galatians’ specific argument.
This glossary must be loaded alongside analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, the baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins for Galatians. All 33 new terms proposed here require formal addition to translation memory with version increment before use.
Critical Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Ewangelia
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Standard term shared by Catholic (Biblia Tysiąclecia) and Protestant (Biblia Gdańska, Biblia Warszawska) Polish Bibles. Must be taught as the specific proclamation of salvation through Christ, not conflated with the four Gospel books alone or a generic uplifting message. RISK ELEVATED from baseline High to Critical for this curriculum: Galatians 1:6-9 sets ‘Ewangelia’ in direct antithesis to ‘inna ewangelia’ under a double anathema, making dilution of this term doctrinally acute at the letter’s opening.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: inna ewangelia
Transliteration: heteron euangelion
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: inna ewangelia rozumiana jako uprawniony wariant tej samej Ewangelii, ogólne potępienie całej tradycji chrześcijańskiej odmiennej od czytelnika
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 1:6-9. Paul denies this rival message even the status of a legitimate second gospel — it is a corruption, not a variant. Mandatory teaching note required at every occurrence clarifying that ‘inna’ here signals a denied category, not comparative pluralism. Must not be read as a blanket condemnation of any whole contemporary tradition; the specific target is adding law-observance to faith as a justification requirement.
Accursed
Approved rendering: przeklęty
Transliteration: anathema
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: niech będzie w mniejszym stopniu potępiony (złagodzona parafraza), anatema (transliterowany kognat sugerujący wyłącznie formalną ekskomunikę kościelną)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 1:8-9’s double pronouncement, even against an angel or Paul himself. Must not be softened for pastoral comfort; severity attaches to the gospel’s content, not the messenger. Do not transliterate as ‘anatema,’ which narrows to a later ecclesiastical-disciplinary sense; ‘przeklęty’ better conveys the covenantal-curse force at this curriculum’s target register.
Grace
Approved rendering: łaska
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: łaska otrzymywana głównie przez zasługi i praktyki sakramentalne
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] As in other Catholic-majority contexts, historic catechesis frames łaska as infused and increased through sacramental participation and merit. Romans’ emphasis on unmerited favor received by faith alone must be preserved without softening toward a merit-cooperation reading. RISK ELEVATED from baseline High to Critical for this curriculum: Galatians 2:21 and 5:4 state the grace/law-works antithesis more starkly and more often than any single Romans verse.
Faith
Approved rendering: wiara
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: wiara jako tożsamość narodowa i kulturowa (‘Polak-katolik’), wiara odziedziczona automatycznie przez chrzest i Pierwszą Komunię
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] In Poland, Catholic identity has historically been fused with national identity, reinforced by the Church’s historic role and by John Paul II. ‘Wiara’ must be taught as personal trust in Christ, not inherited national-religious identity or a status conferred automatically by baptism/First Communion. Galatians occurrence: the letter’s entire argument (2:16, 3:2-26, 5:5-6) depends on ‘wiara’ meaning decisive personal trust, since Galatians opposes substituting an inherited identity-marker (circumcision/law-birth-status) for it — the risk is, if anything, sharper here than in Romans.
Faith In Christ Genitive
Approved rendering: wiara w Chrystusa
Transliteration: pistis Christou / pistis Iēsou
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: wierność Chrystusa (odczytanie genetivus subiectivus jako pierwszorzędne)
Original: πίστις Χριστοῦ / πίστις Ἰησοῦ
Category: Faith
NEW TERM specific to this ambiguous genitive construction (Ga 2:16, 20; 3:22). Objective-genitive rendering ‘wiara w Chrystusa’ selected as primary catechetical rendering, consistent with Biblia Tysiąclecia/Warszawska/Gdańska precedent and Romans TM’s treatment of ‘wiara’. ‘Wierność Chrystusa’ recorded as alternative considered and rejected for the mainline text, since adopting it as primary would shift the passage’s argument away from the required human response of faith made explicit by 2:16’s ‘ἐπιστεύσαμεν’ (we believed).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: sprawiedliwość
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: sprawiedliwość zdobyta przez zasługi i praktyki religijne
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Right standing before God granted through faith, not merit accumulated through religious practice or ritual observance. Galatians occurrence: Ga 2:21’s counterfactual clause (‘εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη…’) must be rendered as a rejected hypothesis in Polish grammar, not a live possibility.
Justification
Approved rendering: usprawiedliwienie / usprawiedliwiony
Transliteration: dikaiōsis / dikaioō
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: stopniowe uświęcenie zamiast deklaracji prawnej, oczyszczony / uświęcony jako substytut usprawiedliwienia
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] The Council of Trent’s teaching of infused, merit-cooperated righteousness stands in tension with the forensic ‘declared righteous’ reading. Galatians occurrence: verb forms (‘usprawiedliwiony,’ ‘abyśmy zostali usprawiedliwieni’) govern Ga 2:16-17, 21; 3:8, 11, 24; 5:4 and must preserve the forensic-verdict sense throughout — a risk sharpened here because Galatians’ polemic is precisely against adding a process (law-observance) to the verdict.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: uczynki Prawa
Transliteration: erga nomou
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: uczynki (ogólne dobre uczynki), przestrzeganie przykazań kościelnych jako warunek usprawiedliwienia
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Law
NEW TERM — the single highest-priority term of this curriculum. Torah-observance specifically (circumcision, calendar, diet), not generic good works. Polish ‘uczynki’ easily broadens toward generic good deeds, risking a merit-cooperation softening. Governs Ga 2:16 (x3), 3:2, 5, 10. Must always appear as the fixed collocation, never bare ‘uczynki’.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: uczynki ciała
Transliteration: erga tēs sarkos
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: uczynki Prawa (błędne pomieszanie dwóch odrębnych zwrotów odnoszących się do różnych problemów)
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW TERM. Ga 5:19-21’s vice-catalogue, flowing from the unredeemed sin-nature, contrasted with the fruit of the Spirit. Must NOT be conflated with ‘uczynki Prawa’ despite sharing the noun ‘uczynki’ — legalism and moral vice are two entirely different problems in Paul’s argument. A translator’s note distinguishing the two phrases is mandatory wherever both occur.
Law
Approved rendering: Prawo
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] The Mosaic law/Torah; standard and unambiguous. Galatians occurrence: capitalized ‘Prawo’ throughout (2:16-21; 3:2-24; 4:4-5, 21; 5:3-4, 14, 18, 23; 6:2, 13). RISK ELEVATED from baseline High to Critical for this curriculum: capitalization must be preserved consistently to distinguish it from lowercase ‘prawo Chrystusa’ (Ga 6:2); collapsing this distinction would imply Paul replaces Torah with a new legal code.
Flesh Sin Nature
Approved rendering: ciało
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ciało jako z natury złe (odczytanie gnostycko-doketystyczne)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW TERM (morally-loaded sense). The old, sin-inclined nature/orientation opposed to the Spirit (Ga 3:3; 4:23, 29; 5:13-24; 6:8, 12-13). Renders identically to the neutral sense because Polish has no separate lexeme, exactly as in Greek. MANDATORY translator’s note required at the first occurrence of this sense (5:13) distinguishing it from the neutral bodily-existence sense (1:16; 2:20), to guard against a docetic/gnostic-adjacent misreading of the body itself as evil.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: Zostałem ukrzyżowany z Chrystusem
Transliteration: Christō synestaurōmai
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: byłem raz ukrzyżowany (odczytanie jako zamknięte wydarzenie przeszłe), utożsamienie wyłącznie dewocyjne z męką Chrystusa
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Union with Christ
NEW TERM — highest-priority doctrinal term of the curriculum alongside ‘uczynki Prawa’. Ga 2:19-20. Preserve the Greek perfect tense’s abiding-result force in Polish grammar; do not render as a merely past, closed event. Must be distinguished from a merely devotional or emotional identification with Christ’s suffering (a distinction of particular importance given Poland’s prominent Passion-devotion culture — Stations of the Cross, Lenten piety). This is a real spiritual-legal union with Christ’s death, ending the old law-bound identity. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Died In Vain
Approved rendering: umarł na próżno
Transliteration: dōrean apethanen
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: umarł darmo / za darmo (błędne przeniesienie sensu ‘jako dar’ z kontekstów typu Rz 3:24)
Original: δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM, AMBIGUITY FLAG. Ga 2:21. δωρεάν elsewhere (e.g., Romans 3:24-type contexts) conveys ‘freely given, as a gift’; here it means ‘needlessly, for no purpose.’ The Polish rendering must NOT reuse the ‘freely/gratis’ sense, which would produce a theologically confused or even inverted reading. This dual sense is explicitly recorded here to prevent a Phase 2 worker from defaulting to the wrong sense by surface pattern-matching on the root word. Treat as a fixed, non-compositional idiom.
Tradition Of The Fathers
Approved rendering: tradycja [ojców]
Transliteration: paradosis [tōn patrikōn mou]
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: tradycja rozumiana jako odniesienie do Świętej Tradycji katolickiej
Original: παράδοσις [τῶν πατρικῶν μου]
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Ga 1:14. MAJOR COLLISION RISK: ‘tradycja’ is heavily freighted in Polish Catholic doctrine, evoking Sacred Tradition (‘Święta Tradycja’) as an authoritative source alongside Scripture. This verse’s referent is the ancestral Jewish customs Paul’s Damascus-road revelation overturned — an entirely different, negative referent. MANDATORY disambiguating teaching note required at every occurrence: this verse neither addresses nor is intended to address the doctrinal category of Sacred Tradition.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: obrzezanie
Transliteration: peritomē
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM — the letter’s presenting controversy (Ga 2:3-12; 5:2-11; 6:12-15). Morally neutral in itself (5:6; 6:15), but its REQUIREMENT for justification is the false gospel Paul opposes throughout. Consistent rendering required across every occurrence so learners track one continuous argument from ch. 2 through ch. 6.
Freedom
Approved rendering: wolność
Transliteration: eleutheria
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: wolność jako pełna autonomia/licencja moralna, wolność odczytywana jako powrót pod jarzmo Prawa
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM, the letter’s thematic keyword (Ga 2:4; 5:1, 13). Risk runs in two opposite directions simultaneously: collapsing back into law-observant bondage OR expanding into license/autonomy. Both misreadings must be explicitly excluded in every occurrence of teaching material; treat 5:1 and 5:13 as one interpretive unit.
Fallen From Grace
Approved rendering: odpadliście od łaski
Transliteration: tēs charitos exepesate
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: odpadliście od łaski rozumiane jako utrata łaski uświęcającej przez grzech śmiertelny
Original: τῆς χάριτος ἐξεπέσατε
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 5:4. MAJOR COLLISION RISK with the Catholic category of losing sanctifying grace through mortal sin. A mandatory teaching note must clarify Paul’s referent is specifically abandoning grace-as-justification-principle in favor of law-works, a distinct question from whether post-conversion sin forfeits salvation (cf. Romans baseline’s ‘assurance_of_salvation’ doctrine).
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: przekleństwo / klątwa
Transliteration: katara [tou nomou] / genomenos katara
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: ogólne, niesprecyzowane ‘poniesienie kary’ bez konkretnego ‘stał się przekleństwem’
Original: κατάρα [τοῦ νόμου] / γενόμενος κατάρα
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 3:10, 13. Christ ‘became a curse’ in the believer’s place — a direct penal-substitutionary atonement claim. Must not be softened to generalized punishment-language; retain the startling, concrete ‘became a curse’ language. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Syn Boży
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: syn Boży w sensie ogólnym, stosowanym do każdego wierzącego
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Full phrase required; unique, eternal, divine Sonship, distinct from the adoptive ‘dzieci Boże’ language applied to believers. Galatians occurrence: Ga 2:20 and 4:4 both use the full phrase; the close textual proximity to believers’ adoptive sonship (3:26; 4:5-7) makes the distinction more, not less, urgent than in Romans.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: owoc Ducha
Transliteration: karpos tou pneumatos
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: owoce Ducha (błędna liczba mnoga), pomieszanie z dary duchowe
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. Ga 5:22-23. The Greek grammatical SINGULAR ‘owoc’ must be preserved, not the more natural-sounding Polish plural ‘owoce,’ to retain the organic-unity sense Paul intends, deliberately contrasted with the plural ‘uczynki’ of 5:19. Must be explicitly distinguished from ‘dary duchowe’ (spiritual gifts) — character produced in every believer versus abilities distributed variously.
New Creation
Approved rendering: nowe stworzenie
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: ogólne ‘odnowienie duchowe’ bez odniesienia do rozstrzygnięcia spornej kwestii obrzezania
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 6:15. The letter’s climactic doctrinal resolution of the circumcision controversy argued throughout chapters 2-5. Must not be diluted to a general ‘spiritual renewal’ sense, nor equated simply with having received baptism; the old covenant-status marker has been superseded not by a new law-marker but by a fundamentally new mode of existence.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pan
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Romans 10:9’s confession requires exclusive, supreme lordship. Galatians occurrence: the greeting (1:3) and closing (6:14, 18) both use ‘our Lord Jesus Christ,’ framing the entire letter within Christ’s exclusive lordship.
God
Approved rendering: Bóg
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Standard and unambiguous.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch (Święty)
Transliteration: pneuma (hagion) / Pneuma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα (ἅγιον) / Πνεῦμα
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Standard and unambiguous personal third Person of the Trinity. Galatians occurrence: Ga 3-6 frequently uses simply ‘τὸ Πνεῦμα’ (the Spirit) without ‘ἅγιον’ explicitly stated; render consistently as referring to the same divine Person.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jezus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Standard across all Polish Bible traditions; no variant-form risk.
Christ Title
Approved rendering: Chrystus
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Mesjasz (zarezerwowane dla kontekstów wypełnienia obietnicy Starego Testamentu)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW running-text convention specific to this curriculum. Standard Polish Bible rendering used as name/title alongside ‘Jezus,’ distinct from ‘Mesjasz,’ which the Romans baseline reserves for explicit OT-fulfillment doctrinal contexts. Consistent use required throughout all six chapters, since ‘w Chrystusie’ is Paul’s characteristic union formula running from 2:17 through 5:6.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: zmartwychwstanie
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Bodily, historical, once-for-all rising from death; no rival-religion confusion in Polish culture. Galatians occurrence: Ga 1:1, ‘God the Father, who raised him from the dead’ — grounds Paul’s apostolic commissioning in the resurrection from the letter’s opening verse; ensure Easter’s devotional familiarity translates into doctrinal precision here rather than sentimental generality.
High Risk Terms
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: prawo Chrystusa
Transliteration: nomos tou Christou
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: Prawo Chrystusa (wersja z wielkiej litery, błędnie sugerująca nowy kodeks prawny)
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM, CAPITALIZATION FLAG. Ga 6:2, cf. 5:14. Must be rendered with LOWERCASE ‘prawo’ to distinguish it visually and doctrinally from capitalized ‘Prawo’ (Mosaic Law). Names the Spirit-empowered love-ethic of the new covenant community, not a replacement legal code. Flag for native speaker and theologian review together.
Flesh Neutral
Approved rendering: ciało
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW TERM (neutral sense). Ordinary physical, bodily existence (Ga 1:16; 2:20; 4:13-14). Must be rendered with the same Polish word ‘ciało’ as the morally-loaded sense (see flesh_sin_nature) since Polish has no separate lexeme, but this occurrence must not be read through the Galatians 5 sin-nature lens.
Crucified The Flesh
Approved rendering: ukrzyżowali ciało
Transliteration: tēn sarka estaurōsan
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW TERM. Ga 5:24. Practical extension of the core passage’s ‘crucified with Christ’ identity-statement into the flesh/Spirit conflict; cross-reference to 2:20 so learners recognize the same crucifixion-union theology extended from Paul’s personal testimony to all who belong to Christ.
Died To The Law
Approved rendering: umarłem Prawu
Transliteration: nomō apethanon
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: całkowite zniesienie wszelkiej normy moralnej (odczytanie antynomiańskie)
Original: νόμῳ ἀπέθανον
Category: Union with Christ
NEW TERM. Ga 2:19. Must not be read as a general antinomian claim that no moral standard remains — this is death to the Law specifically as a self-achieved-righteousness system, further developed by Ga 5:13-14 and 6:2’s ‘prawo Chrystusa’. The risk is heightened where ‘death to law’ language could be misheard as license.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: nie odrzucam [łaski Bożej]
Transliteration: ouk athetō [tēn charin]
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: odrzucam łaskę Bożą w sensie prostej niechęci (zbyt słaby ekwiwalent)
Original: Οὐκ ἀθετῶ [τὴν χάριν]
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 2:21. Established Biblia Tysiąclecia rendering ‘nie odrzucam’ is slightly weaker than ἀθετέω’s legal-annulment force (‘treat as null and void,’ not merely ‘decline’ or ‘dislike’). A clarifying teaching note is recommended so the strength of Paul’s claim is not underconveyed.
Revelation
Approved rendering: objawienie
Transliteration: apokalypsis
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Ga 1:12. Grounds Paul’s apostolic authority and gospel content in direct divine disclosure rather than in transmission through a human teaching institution — handle carefully alongside the ‘tradycja [ojców]’ collision risk in the same chapter.
Promise
Approved rendering: obietnica
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Ga 3:6-9, 14-29. God’s unilateral covenantal pledge to Abraham, received by faith rather than earned. Must be kept categorically distinct from ‘Prawo’/law-obligation language throughout ch. 3, since Paul’s argument depends on promise and law being different categories with different historical priority (3:17) and different means of reception.
Covenant
Approved rendering: przymierze
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: umowa prawna
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Relational covenant bond, not a mere legal contract. Galatians occurrence: Ga 3:15, 17 — the Abrahamic covenant’s legal irrevocability grounds the argument that the later-given Law cannot annul the earlier promise; Polish readers without Old Testament background will need this explicitly supplied.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: potomek / potomstwo Abrahama
Transliteration: sperma [Abraam]
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα [Ἀβραάμ]
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM, cross-referenced to Romans baseline’s ‘seed_of_david’ pattern. Requires a native-speaker-reviewed distinction between the singular ‘potomek’ (one descendant, at 3:16, insisting on Christ specifically) and the collective ‘potomstwo’ (at 3:29, extended to all who are Christ’s) — collapsing this distinction blurs Paul’s Christ-then-us sequencing.
Mediator
Approved rendering: pośrednik
Transliteration: mesitēs
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: pośrednik odczytywany jako odniesienie do wstawiennictwa maryjnego lub świętych
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Ga 3:19-20, referring to Moses at Sinai. Cross-reference Romans baseline’s Critical caution on ‘wstawiennictwo’ and Marian devotion at Częstochowa; teach so as to reinforce, not undercut, the singularity of Christ’s access-giving work.
Guardian Paidagogos
Approved rendering: wychowawca
Transliteration: paidagōgos
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: wychowawca rozumiany jedynie jako współczesny nauczyciel/wychowawca klasowy, bez tła niewolniczo-opiekuńczego
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
NEW TERM. Ga 3:24-25. Modern Polish ‘wychowawca’ primarily denotes a homeroom/form teacher, far gentler than the Greco-Roman custodial slave-guardian role Paul intends. Retain established Biblia Tysiąclecia rendering for cross-tradition consistency, but MANDATE a background note explaining the temporary, custodial, disciplinarian sense. Central to the named doctrine ‘The Law’s Purpose’.
Redeem
Approved rendering: odkupić
Transliteration: exagorazō
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 4:5. Commercial buy-back-from-slavery metaphor tied directly to adoption. Distinguish from the broader ‘zbawienie’ (reconciliation) — the two belong together theologically but are not interchangeable synonyms.
Adoption
Approved rendering: usynowienie
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Full son-status with complete inheritance rights; lexically unambiguous. RISK ELEVATED from baseline Medium to High for this curriculum: Galatians 4 contains the fullest New Testament exposition of this doctrine, directly tying it to redemption (4:5) and the Abba-cry (4:6), sharpened by the direct slave/son status-contrast of 4:1-7.
Love
Approved rendering: miłość
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Ga 5:6, 13-14. Faith’s necessary active expression, not a separate meritorious work. Should preserve lexical continuity with the strong verb ‘umiłował’ used of Christ’s love for the believer at 2:20, maintaining the deliberate Pauline echo.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: znamiona / blizny
Transliteration: stigmata [tou Iēsou]
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: stygmaty (kolizja z katolicką tradycją mistyczną, np. św. Franciszek z Asyżu, Ojciec Pio)
Original: στίγματα [τοῦ Ἰησοῦ]
Category: Apostleship
NEW TERM. Ga 6:17. SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL COLLISION: the transliterated cognate ‘stygmaty’ refers in Polish Catholic devotional tradition to supernatural, spontaneous wound-replication in venerated mystics. Paul’s referent is ordinary physical scars from persecution suffered in gospel ministry. ‘Stygmaty’ is FORBIDDEN as a rendering under any circumstance; use only ‘znamiona / blizny’ with a disambiguating note.
Baptized Into Christ
Approved rendering: zostaliście ochrzczeni w Chrystusie
Transliteration: eis Christon ebaptisthēte
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: chrzest jako ryt skuteczny niezależnie od wiary osobistej
Original: εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 3:27. Consistent with Romans baseline’s existing caution against ‘zbawienie’ being read as automatically conferred by a sacramental rite apart from personal faith, this verse’s baptismal language must be taught as describing genuine Spirit-wrought union appropriated through faith (cf. 3:26), not a rite effective by performance alone.
Neither Jew Nor Greek
Approved rendering: nie ma Żyda ani Greka
Transliteration: ouk eni Ioudaios oude Hellēn
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην
Category: Church
NEW TERM, cross-referenced to Romans baseline’s ‘unity_of_jews_and_gentiles’ doctrine. Ga 3:28. Retain unqualified universal language; this is the letter’s direct resolution of its central controversy.
Called
Approved rendering: powołany
Transliteration: klētos / kalesas
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: καλέσας
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Context-sensitive: Romans 1:1 (called to apostleship), 1:7 (called to be saints), 8:28-30 (effectual calling). Galatians occurrence: Ga 1:15’s pre-natal calling of Paul to apostleship must not be generalized into the culturally dominant priesthood/religious-life sense.
Calling
Approved rendering: powołanie
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: powołanie kapłańskie lub zakonne wyłącznie
Original: κλῆσις (implicit; cf. καλέσαντος, Ga 1:6)
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] ‘Powołanie’ in Polish Catholic culture is overwhelmingly associated with a call to priesthood or consecrated religious life. Galatians occurrence: Ga 1:6’s God calling the Galatians into grace, threatened by their turning to a different gospel; the same forbidden-substitution rule applies.
Glory
Approved rendering: chwała
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] God’s radiant honor and presence; standard usage. Galatians occurrence: Ga 1:5’s closing doxology of the opening greeting.
Sin
Approved rendering: grzech
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: drobne przewinienie (minimizing euphemism)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Moral transgression before a personal God; avoid minimizing euphemisms. Galatians occurrence: Ga 1:4 (‘who gave himself for our sins’) and 3:22 (‘Scripture imprisoned everything under sin’).
Father
Approved rendering: Ojciec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] God as personal Father; standard and unambiguous. Galatians occurrence: opening greeting (1:1, 3-4) and the Abba-cry of 4:6.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostoł
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Established, unambiguous term. Galatians occurrence: base term Medium risk, but its APPLICATION in Ga 1:1 (‘not from men nor through man’) is High-stakes rhetorically — a claim of particular sensitivity in a culture where apostolic succession through ordained hierarchy is a familiar, load-bearing category. Teach Ga 1:1 and 1:11-12 as one unbroken argument for direct divine commissioning, distinct from human ecclesiastical appointment.
Elemental Principles
Approved rendering: żywioły świata
Transliteration: stoicheia tou kosmou
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law
NEW TERM. Ga 4:3, 9. Referent debated (ritual systems vs. spiritual powers); present primarily as describing the immature, enslaving character of law-and-ritual-based religion generally, Jewish or pagan, prior to the maturity Christ brings. Standard Biblia Tysiąclecia rendering retained.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Aramaic term of intimacy preserved in Romans 8:15, paired with ‘Ojcze’ following standard Polish Bible precedent. Galatians occurrence: Ga 4:6, nearly verbatim parallel to Romans 8:15.
Slave
Approved rendering: niewolnik
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 4:1-7. Standard, unambiguous Polish term; low risk beyond ensuring the status-contrast with ‘syn’ (son) is not blurred.
Heir
Approved rendering: dziedzic
Transliteration: klēronomos
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Ga 3:29; 4:1, 7. Bridges the Abrahamic-promise doctrine (ch. 3) with the adoption/sonship doctrine (ch. 4).
Allegory
Approved rendering: alegoria / w przenośni
Transliteration: allēgoroumena
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Ga 4:21-31. Paul’s own explicit hermeneutical signal that the Hagar/Sarah narrative is read typologically; render to clearly mark this as Paul’s stated interpretive method, not an implicit or contested reading strategy.
Bear Burdens
Approved rendering: noście
Transliteration: bastazete
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βαστάζετε
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Ga 6:2. Practical application of the love-fulfillment described at 5:14, direct outworking of the ‘law of Christ’.
Burdens
Approved rendering: brzemiona
Transliteration: barē
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βάρη
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Ga 6:2. Established, broader Polish Bible vocabulary (cf. Matthew 11:30; 23:4); retained for consistency with wider Polish Bible tradition.
Sow Reap
Approved rendering: siać / zbierać (żąć)
Transliteration: speirē / therisei
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σπείρῃ / θερίσει
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW TERM. Ga 6:7-8. Agricultural cause-and-effect metaphor continuing the ch. 5 flesh/Spirit contrast into an eschatological, consequential frame.
Boast
Approved rendering: chwalić się
Transliteration: kauchaomai
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Ga 6:13-14. Same Polish verb must serve both the negative sense (boasting in flesh/circumcision) and the positive sense (boasting in the cross), as in Greek; contrast preserved by context, not by switching verbs.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: fałszywi bracia
Transliteration: pseudadelphoi
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Ga 2:4. Professing believers whose teaching or conduct betrays the gospel; standard compound term. Low collision risk beyond ensuring it is not read as a blanket condemnation of a specific contemporary church body.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: obłuda / hipokryzja
Transliteration: hypokrisis
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Ga 2:13. Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship under pressure, provoking the core passage’s doctrinal statement; standard Polish vocabulary, narrative lead-in term.
Church
Approved rendering: kościół
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: Kościół jako jedyna prawowita instytucja hierarchiczna
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Distinguish local gathered congregation from the capitalized institutional sense (‘Kościół’). Galatians occurrence: ‘the churches of Galatia’ (1:2) and ‘the church of God’ Paul once persecuted (1:13).
Peace
Approved rendering: pokój
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Relational peace with God through justification, not merely inner calm. Galatians occurrence: appears in the opening greeting (1:3) exactly as in Romans’ epistolary form.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: królestwo Boże
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] God’s sovereign reign, not a political state or the institutional church. Galatians occurrence: Ga 5:21, those who practice the works of the flesh ‘will not inherit the kingdom of God’ — the eschatological stake of the flesh/Spirit contrast.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: poganie
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Unlike English ‘Gentiles,’ the standard Polish rendering ‘poganie’ literally means ‘pagans,’ carrying a stronger negative charge than the Greek ethnē. Galatians occurrence: at Ga 2:15 the negative charge is present in the source rhetoric itself (Paul voices, then corrects, the Jewish-Christian assumption) and should not be softened there; elsewhere (2:2, 8-9; 3:8) the neutral ‘nations’ sense governs and must not be overstated.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dary duchowe
Transliteration: charismata
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit (contrast)
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Spirit-given enablements for the church; low syncretism risk. Galatians occurrence: cited only by contrast alongside ‘owoc Ducha’ (Ga 5:22-23) — fruit is Spirit-produced character given to every believer; gifts are Spirit-given abilities distributed variously. Not itself a heavily-used Galatians term, but essential for fencing ‘owoc Ducha’ against a common catechetical conflation.
Low Risk Terms
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: domownicy wiary
Transliteration: oikos tēs pisteōs
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: οἴκος τῆς πίστεως
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Ga 6:10. Established Polish Bible idiom for the believing community conceived as an extended family; minimal risk.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: wspólnota
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: świętych obcowanie (specific creedal formula)
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE] Use ‘wspólnota’ for Romans’ general fellowship sense; avoid conflating with the specific creedal phrase ‘świętych obcowanie.’ Galatians occurrence: Ga 2:9’s ‘right hand of fellowship,’ a gesture of formal recognition and shared mission partnership.
Paul
Approved rendering: Paweł
Transliteration: Paulos
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Apostleship
NEW (proper name, established Bible form). Standard established Polish Bible proper-name form, per baseline document 12’s transliteration standards.
Abraham
Approved rendering: Abraham
Transliteration: Abraam
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW (proper name). Standard established Polish Bible form; the patriarch central to Galatians 3-4’s argument.
Kefas Peter
Approved rendering: Kefas / Piotr
Transliteration: Kēphas / Petros
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: Κηφᾶς / Πέτρος
Category: Church
NEW (proper names). Both Greek forms occur (Κηφᾶς predominates 1:18-2:14; Πέτρος appears at 2:7-8); reproduce whichever form is present at each occurrence rather than harmonizing to a single Polish form.
Referenced passages