Core Glossary
Mark — Core Glossary (Konkani)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of Mark. Section A reuses baseline Romans terms exactly as recorded, citing their new Markan occurrences. Section B proposes new terms for adoption into an updated translation memory. All risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical/High/Medium/Low) and its review-routing convention (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → native speaker; Low → automated).
Section A — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans TM), New Mark Occurrences
| Term | Konkani | Risk | Key Mark Occurrences | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | सुवार्ता | High | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 16:15 | Programmatic title of the whole book (1:1) |
| faith | विश्वास | High | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:24, 10:52, 11:22-24 | Root shared deliberately with new term विश्वासघात (“betray,” Section B) |
| lord | प्रभू | Critical | 1:3, 2:28, 7:28, 11:3, 11:9, 12:36-37 | 2:28 “Son of Man is lord of the Sabbath”; 11:9 applies OT יהוה-Κύριος language to Jesus |
| son_of_god | देवाचो पुत्र | Critical | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 15:39 | Frames the whole book (1:1 ↔ 15:39) |
| holy | पवित्र | High | 1:24, 6:20, 8:38 | ”Holy One of God” (1:24) |
| holy_spirit | पवित्र आत्मा | Critical | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | 3:29 blasphemy against the Spirit |
| kingdom_of_god | देवाचें राज्य | Medium | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25 | Central Markan announcement |
| sin | पाप | High | 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 3:28-29 | Tied to new “forgiveness of sins” term |
| gentiles / nations | परराष्ट्रीय / राष्ट्रां | Medium | 7:26 (Syrophoenician), 10:42, 11:17, 13:10 | राष्ट्रां preferred in mission contexts (13:10) per baseline convention |
| glory | गौरव | High | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 | 10:37 = core passage misunderstanding of glory |
| messiah / christ (title use) | मसीहा | Critical | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21, 14:61-62, 15:32 | See Section B entry on the मसीहा/ख्रिस्त dual convention |
| prophet | संदेष्टा | Low | 1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28 | |
| covenant | करार | High | 14:24 | ”Blood of the covenant” — see new “blood of the covenant” entry |
| david | दावीद | Medium | 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 | Basis of new “Son of David” term |
| israel | इस्राएल | Medium | 12:29, 15:32 | |
| jesus | येशू | Critical | throughout | |
| god | देव | Critical | throughout (always with exclusivity marker in load-bearing contexts, e.g., 12:29 “the Lord our God, the Lord is one”) | Mark 12:29 (quoting Deut 6:4) is itself a built-in exclusivity marker — should be used as a natural anchor point |
| father | पिता | Critical | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 | |
| abba | अब्बा | High | 14:36 | Retained transliteration, per baseline |
| resurrection | पुनरुत्थान | Critical | 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27, 16:6 | NEVER for ch. 5’s/ch. 7’s narrative “raise up” miracles — see Section B “raise up (narrative)“ |
| power_of_god | देवाचें सामर्थ्य | High | 9:1, 12:24, 13:26, 14:62 | Never शक्ती (baseline forbidden substitution) |
| church (not used) | — | — | — | ἐκκλησία does not occur in Mark; no occurrence to record |
| apostle | प्रेषित | Medium | 3:14, 6:30 | |
| called / calling | बोलावलेले / बोलावणें | High | 1:20 (calling of disciples), 2:17 |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Mark (Proposed for Translation Memory)
| # | English Term | Konkani | Transliteration | Greek Original | Risk | Doctrine(s) | First Occurrence | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Disciple / discipleship | शिष्य / शिष्यत्व | śiṣya / śiṣyatva | μαθητής / μαθητεύω | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:16-20 | — (no viable alternative; flag-and-teach approach adopted) | शिष्य is the standard Bible term but collides directly with Goa’s living guru-shishya religious structures; must be paired with explicit teaching that this is costly, exclusive followership of the unique प्रभू, not one devotional option among several gurus. |
| 2 | Son of Man | मनशाचो पुत्र | manaśāco putra | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | Critical | Suffering Servant/Son of God; Necessity of the Cross | 2:10 | मनीसपुत्र (less standard compound form) | Distinct title from देवाचो पुत्र; fuses Daniel 7 exalted authority with Isaiah 53 suffering. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| 3 | Authority | अधिकार | adhikār | ἐξουσία | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22, 1:27 | शक्ती (rejected — Shakta-goddess association, per baseline pattern) | Must be distinguished from occult/tantric siddhi-power and from delegated human religious/ritual authority. |
| 4 | Unclean spirit / demon | अशुद्ध आत्मा / भूत | aśuddha ātmā / bhūt | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Messianic Secret | 1:23-27 | पिशाच (regionally variable, similar folk-belief overlap) | भूत directly overlaps with Goan folk spirit-belief; must be framed as personal evil beings under unique divine defeat, not folk-exorcism material. |
| 5 | Cleanse / leprosy | शुद्ध करप / कुष्ठरोग | śuddha karap / kuṣṭharog | καθαρίζω / λέπρα | Medium | Authority over Sickness | 1:40-45 | — | Keep distinct from baseline’s पवित्र (moral holiness); ritual/social restoration category. |
| 6 | Sabbath | शब्बाथ | śabbāth | σάββατον | Medium-High | Authority over Sin/Law; Lordship of Christ | 2:23-28 | शनिवार (rejected — flattens to mere “Saturday,” losing covenantal weight) | Requires OT covenant background note. |
| 7 | Forgiveness of sins | पापांची क्षमा | pāpāncī kṣamā | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν | High | Necessity of the Cross | 2:5-10 | पापक्षालन (more ritual-cleansing connotation) | Distinct from baseline’s नीतिमान ठरवणें (forensic justification); names cancellation of guilt itself. |
| 8 | Blasphemy (against the Spirit) | देवनिंदा | devanindā | βλασφημία | High | Authority over Sin | 3:28-29 | निंदा (too generic) | Narrow, unforgivable-sin sense; must not be over- or under-applied. |
| 9 | Parable | दृष्टांत | dṣṭānt | παραβολή | Low-Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4:2 | उपमा (too generic, lacks the reveal/conceal function) | |
| 10 | Mystery of the kingdom | रहस्य | rahasya | μυστήριον | Medium | Kingdom of God; Messianic Secret | 4:11 | गुप्त ज्ञान (rejected — risks Gnostic/esoteric-initiation overtones) | |
| 11 | Strictly warn / silence-command | सक्त ताकीद दिवप | sakt tākīd divap | ἐπιτιμάω / διαστέλλομαι | High | The Messianic Secret | 1:25, 1:34, 3:12, 8:30, 9:9 | — | Recurring motif; must read consistently across all occurrences as a deliberate narrative strategy, not embarrassment. |
| 12 | Be silent / muzzled | मुगो रावप | mugo rāvap | φιμόω / σιωπάω | Medium | Messianic Secret; Authority over Nature | 1:25, 4:39 | — | Same verb-family used for demons (ch.1) and the storm (ch.4) — deliberate lexical unification of Jesus’ authority. |
| 13 | Save / heal / make well | तारण (soteriological) / बरें करप, सुटका (healing/rescue) | tāraṇ / barẽ karap, suṭkā | σῴζω | Critical | Authority over Sickness; Salvation; Ransom for Many (ironic use) | 5:23, 5:34, 10:26, 10:52, 15:31 | मुक्ती, मोक्ष (forbidden per baseline in all salvific senses) | Deliberate Markan ambiguity between healing and salvation; per-occurrence reviewer judgment required; 15:31’s ironic mocking use is especially load-bearing. |
| 14 | Raise up (narrative miracle) | उठावप | uṭhāvap | ἐγείρω / ἀνίστημι (narrative sense) | Medium | Authority over Sickness/Death (narrative) | 5:41-42 | पुनरुत्थान (explicitly rejected here — reserved for Christ’s unique resurrection) | Must never be confused with baseline’s Critical पुनरुत्थान. |
| 15 | Compassion | करुणा | karuṇā | σπλαγχνίζομαι | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In (mercy) | 6:34, 8:2 | दया (more devotionally freighted in bhakti register) | |
| 16 | ”I am” self-declaration | हांव आसा (ambiguous) / हांव तोच आसां (climactic, 14:62) | hāṅv āsā / hāṅv toc āsāṅ | ἐγώ εἰμι | Critical | Deity of Christ; Messianic Secret (climax) | 6:50; climactic at 14:62 | — | 6:50 is a candidate divine-epiphany echo (flag, do not over-translate without note); 14:62 is unambiguous, climactic, and ends the Messianic Secret. |
| 17 | Eternal life | सदाकाळचें जीवन | sadākāḻcẽ jīvan | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | High | Salvation (Markan) | 10:17, 10:30 | मोक्ष (forbidden — rebirth-cycle liberation) | Unending personal relational life with God, not this-worldly flourishing or release from rebirth. |
| 18 | Love | मोग | mog | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | Medium | Servanthood; Kingdom ethics | 12:30-31 | भक्ती (rejected, devotional-worship overtone); प्रीत (too narrowly romantic) | Willed, self-giving, commanded love. |
| 19 | Deny (Peter) | नाकारप | nākārap | ἀρνέομαι | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 14:30, 14:66-72 | — | Central fear-driven-failure text; restoration trajectory should not be lost. |
| 20 | Betray / hand over | धरून दिवप / विश्वासघात करप | dharūn divap / viśvāsghāt karap | παραδίδωμι | High | Discipleship amid Fear; Necessity of Cross | 14:10-11, 14:18, 14:44 | — | विश्वासघात deliberately shares its root with baseline’s विश्वास (faith), reinforcing the trust-betrayed narrative contrast. |
| 21 | Blood of the covenant | करारेचें रगत | karārecẽ ragat | αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 14:24 | — | रगत must be distinguished from Shakta-tradition ritual blood-sacrifice associations; करार reused exactly from baseline. |
| 22 | For many (substitutionary) | बऱ्याक बदल्यान (10:45) / बऱ्याक खातीर (14:24) | baṟyāk badlyān / baṟyāk khātīr | ἀντὶ πολλῶν / ὑπὲρ πολλῶν | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45, 14:24 | — | The two texts interpret each other; must render with visibly related vocabulary. Substitutionary force of ἀντί must be preserved, not weakened to mere benefit. |
| 23 | Ransom | खंडणी | khaṇḍaṇī | λύτρον | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | मुक्ती, मोक्ष (forbidden — rebirth-liberation collision) | Concrete secular “ransom/redemption-price” term; requires a note that this ransom is paid to God on humanity’s behalf, unlike a literal kidnap-ransom paid to a captor. |
| 24 | Cross / crucify | क्रूस / क्रूसार मारप | krūs / krūsār māraṇẽ | σταυρός / σταυρόω | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:34; 15:13-27 | खुरीस/Khuris (Romi Konkani Catholic loanword — out of scope per baseline script policy) | Devanagari-register established term; must retain literal, historically concrete Roman-execution force, not soften into metaphor. |
| 25 | Deny self / take up cross / follow | आपणाक नाकारप / क्रूस उखलप / फाटीफुडें येवप | āpaṇāk nākārap / krūs ukhalap / phāṭīphuḍẽ yevap | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / αἴρω τὸν σταυρόν / ἀκολουθέω | Critical | Discipleship amid Fear; Necessity of the Cross | 8:34 | — | Must not collapse into general ascetic self-discipline/sannyasa categories. |
| 26 | Transfiguration | रूपांतरण | rūpāntaraṇ | μεταμορφόω | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 9:2-8 | अवतार-रूप बदलप (rejected — avatar-transformation collision) | Must be sharply distinguished from Vishnu avatar-transformation (e.g., Mahalasa Narayani’s Mohini form, Mardol); one-time unveiling of pre-existing glory, not a new/repeatable form. |
| 27 | Beloved Son | मोगाळ पुत्र | mogāḻ putra | υἱὸς ὁ ἀγαπητός | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 1:11 (Romans-adjacent), 9:7, 12:6 | — | The Father’s direct testimonial confirmation of unique Sonship; not bestowable in the same sense elsewhere. |
| 28 | ”I believe; help my unbelief” | हांव विश्वास दवरतां; म्हज्या अविश्वासांत मदत करात | hāṅv viśvās davartāṅ; mhajyā aviśvāsānt madat karāt | Πιστεύω· βοήθει τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ μου | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 9:24 | — | Faith honestly coexisting with doubt; must not be smoothed into either triumphalism or despair. |
| 29 | Son of David | दावीदाचो पुत्र | dāvīdāco putra | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | High | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Promise | 10:47-48 | — | Reuses established दावीद spelling; requires OT covenant background note (per baseline’s “seed of David” pattern). |
| 30 | Follow (discipleship verb) | फाटीफुडें येवप | phāṭīphuḍẽ yevap | ἀκολουθέω | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:18; 8:34; 10:52 | — | Load-bearing discipleship motif across the whole book; render with one consistent phrase throughout. |
| 31 | House of prayer for all nations | सगल्या राष्ट्रांखातीर प्रार्थनेचें घर | sagalyā rāṣṭrāṅkhātīr prārthanecẽ ghar | οἶκος προσευχῆς πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν | High | Universal Scope of the Gospel | 11:17 | — | Reinforces baseline’s caste/communal-division sensitivity. |
| 32 | Temple (Jerusalem, physical building) | मंदिर | mandir | ναός / ἱερόν | Medium | (contextual — Fulfillment of Prophecy; Cross) | 11:11, 11:15-17, 14:58, 15:38 | — | NOT a baseline violation: baseline forbids मंदिर only for “church” (ekklesia); here the referent genuinely is the physical Jerusalem Temple. Document to prevent reviewer confusion. |
| 33 | King of the Jews / kingship | जुदेव लोकांचो राजा / राजा | judev lokāṅco rājā / rājā | βασιλεύς (τῶν Ἰουδαίων) | High | Kingdom of God; Necessity of the Cross | 15:2-26 | — | Political-mockery irony must stand; collision risk with Goa’s own contested colonial-kingdom history, same caution as baseline’s kingdom_of_god entry. |
| 34 | Forsaken (cry of dereliction) | म्हज्या देवा, म्हज्या देवा, कित्याक तूं म्हाका सोडलें? (+ transliterated Aramaic एलोई एलोई लमा साबाख्थानी) | mhajyā devā… / Elōī Elōī lamā sābākhthānī | ἐγκαταλείπω (Ps 22:1 citation) | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:34 | — | Preserve Aramaic transliteration alongside translation, per the “Abba” precedent; must not be softened into rhetorical distance. |
| 35 | Curtain / veil (temple) | पडदो | paḍdo | καταπέτασμα | Medium | Necessity of the Cross (opened access) | 15:38 | — | |
| 36 | Suffer | दुख सोसप | dukh sosap | πάσχω | High | Suffering Servant; Necessity of the Cross | 8:31 | — | Paired with δεῖ (“it is necessary”) — establishes divine necessity, not accident or defeat. |
| 37 | Servant / slave (total self-giving) | दास | dās | δοῦλος | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:44 | गुलाम (harsher, purely negative “slave” register) | Overlaps with bhakti “dās” self-designation; must anchor to serving other people (“slave of all”), not devotional self-abasement in isolation. |
| 38 | Servant / minister (functional service) | सेवक | sevak | διάκονος | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:43 | — | Distinguish from harsher दास (see above) as active, dignified service. |
| 39 | Repentance | मन पालटप | man pālaṭap | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | High | Necessity of the Cross (background); Gospel proclamation | 1:4, 1:15 | पश्चाताप (too narrowly “remorse”); तपस्या (rejected — merit-earning penance) | Decisive reorientation received in response to God’s initiative, not self-earned merit. |
| 40 | Baptism | बाप्तिस्मा | bāptismā | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | High | Gospel proclamation; Necessity of the Cross (10:38-39 metaphor) | 1:4-9; metaphorical at 10:38-39 | स्नान (rejected — ritual-bathing collision) | Transliterated, unrepeated rite; metaphorical extension in 10:38-39 must be flagged as figurative. |
| 41 | Cup (symbolic, of suffering) | प्यालो | pyālo | ποτήριον | Medium-High | Necessity of the Cross | 10:38; 14:36 | — | Carries OT wrath/suffering symbolism (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17); must cross-reference 10:38 and 14:36 consistently. |
| 42 | Lord it over / dominate (worldly, negative) | जबरीन धनीपण चलोवप | jabarīn dhaṇīpaṇ calovap | κατακυριεύω | Medium-High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | — | Shares root with प्रभू (baseline, Critical); must be clearly distinguished as the corrupted worldly counterfeit of Christ’s true Lordship, not a synonym for it. |
| 43 | Exercise authority over (worldly, negative) | जबरीन अधिकार चलोवप | jabarīn adhikār calovap | κατεξουσιάζω | Medium-High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | — | Shares root with अधिकार (#3); the abusive, self-serving counterfeit of Jesus’ own legitimate authority. |
| 44 | Give his life | आपलो जीव दिवप | āplo jīv divap | δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 10:45 | — | जीव must be understood holistically (the whole living self), not a detachable “soul”; literal, willing death. |
| 45 | Christ/Messiah — dual rendering convention | मसीहा (title/confession use) / ख्रिस्त (proper-name-compound use) | masīhā / khrist | Χριστός | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1:1 (name-compound); 8:29, 14:61 (title use) | — | Documented convention: मसीहा when Χριστός functions as a title/confession (baseline “messiah” entry); ख्रिस्त when functioning as part of the attached proper name, per the AI Translation Requirements transliteration table. Apply consistently; flag ambiguous cases for reviewer decision. |
Section C — Risk Summary (New Terms Only)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 15 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| High | 18 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| Medium | 11 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 2 | Automated review sufficient |
Total new terms proposed for Mark: 45 (plus the dual मसीहा/ख्रिस्त convention documented as #45), in addition to the 24+ baseline Romans terms reused exactly as recorded in Section A. Combined with translation_memory.json v1 and bible_term_registry.json, this glossary is intended as the seed for a Mark-specific translation memory update prior to Phase 2 segment translation.
Critical Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभू
Transliteration: prabhū
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, मालक
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 2:28 (‘Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath’), 7:28, 11:3, 11:9-10 (Ps 118:26 quotation applying the LXX rendering of YHWH directly to Jesus), 12:36-37. Must never be softened to an honorific comparable to a Goan temple deity’s address forms, nor confused with its worldly domineering counterfeit named by the new term lord_it_over_dominate (10:42).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचो पुत्र
Transliteration: devāco putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: देवाचो अंश, देवपुरुष
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Frames the entire book from the title (1:1) to the centurion’s climactic confession at the cross (15:39), with the Father’s own testimony at 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7. Reviewers must ensure the Konkani rendering carries full divine weight even in the scene of apparent defeat at 15:39, never a demotion to ‘a great teacher’.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29 (the one unforgivable sin — blasphemy against the Spirit, see new blasphemy_against_spirit term), 12:36, 13:11. Mark 3:29 gives this term unusually high doctrinal stakes: never ब्रह्म or परमात्मा, which would make the unforgivable sin unintelligible as an offense against an impersonal reality.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीहा
Transliteration: masīhā
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त पुरुष, अवतारी पुरुष
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package for title/confession use. New Mark occurrences: 8:29 (Peter’s confession, the hinge-point of the Gospel), 9:41, 12:35, 13:21, 14:61-62 (trial confirmation), 15:32. See new christ_title_convention entry for the documented dual-rendering rule (मसीहा for title/confession use vs. ख्रिस्त for the name-compound use at 1:1).
Jesus
Approved rendering: येशू
Transliteration: yeśū
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: जेजू
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark. Always येशू, never जेजू (the Romi Konkani Catholic spelling, out of scope for this Devanagari register).
God
Approved rendering: देव
Transliteration: dev
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: भगवान
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (CRITICAL AND UNUSUAL: same generic word as Goan Hindu deity reference; must be paired with an exclusivity marker in doctrinally load-bearing contexts). Mark 12:29’s quotation of Deuteronomy 6:4 (‘the Lord our God, the Lord is one’) is itself a built-in exclusivity marker and should be used as the natural anchor point across the whole book.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, निर्माणकार
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 8:38, 9:7 (the voice from the cloud), 11:25, 13:32 (the Father alone knows the hour), 14:36 (Gethsemane address, paired with the new abba term).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punaruthān
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्जीवन
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω (predictive/fulfillment uses)
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34 (three Passion predictions), 12:18-27 (Sadducees’ debate), 16:6 (fulfillment). CRITICAL DISTINCTION specific to Mark: the same Greek verb root (ἐγείρω) also describes Jairus’s daughter’s restoration to ordinary mortal life (5:41-42) — that narrative-miracle sense must use the separate new term raise_up_narrative (उठावप) and never share this term.
Salvation
Approved rendering: तारण
Transliteration: tāraṇ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ती, मोक्ष, सुटका
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never मुक्ती or मोक्ष. Governs the per-occurrence decision rule for Mark’s Greek σῴζω, which spans healing and salvation senses (5:34, 10:26, 10:52, ironically at 15:31) — see new save_heal_sozo term for the full disambiguation protocol required at every occurrence.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: मनशाचो पुत्र
Transliteration: manaśāco putra
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: मनीसपुत्र
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Mark’s central self-designation for Jesus, fusing the exalted, authority-bearing eschatological figure of Daniel 7:13-14 with the suffering, dying figure of Isaiah 53. Occurs at least 14 times (e.g. 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 10:45, 13:26, 14:62). Must not be flattened to mean merely ‘a human being’ (a literal reading of the Konkani compound could invite this), nor treated as a lesser title than देवाचो पुत्र. Mandatory theologian review at every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence, especially 10:45 (the core passage’s ransom saying, spoken by the Son of Man about himself) and 14:62 (the climactic trial confession).
Save Heal Sozo
Approved rendering: तारण / बरें करप / सुटका (per-occurrence)
Transliteration: tāraṇ / barẽ karap / suṭkā
Doctrine: Salvation; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness; The Ransom for Many (ironic use)
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ती, मोक्ष
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark, governed strictly by baseline’s Critical ‘salvation’ entry. Greek σῴζω spans healing/rescue and full spiritual salvation, exploited deliberately by Mark as a literary device pointing toward the cross (5:34, 10:26, 10:52, and ironically at 15:31 ‘he saved others; let him save himself’). तारण required wherever the full soteriological sense is in view (e.g. 10:26); बरें करप/सुटका permitted only for narrative healing/rescue senses. NEVER मुक्ती or मोक्ष in any sense. 15:31’s ironic use requires a mandatory translator note so the irony is not flattened.
I Am Declaration
Approved rendering: हांव आसा / हांव तोच आसां (14:62)
Transliteration: hāṅv āsā / hāṅv toc āsāṅ
Doctrine: Deity of Christ; The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. 6:50’s occurrence is a candidate echo of OT divine self-disclosure language (Exodus 3:14; Job 9:8; Ps 77:19) while walking on the sea; must be flagged for theologian review without over-translating beyond what the Greek clearly supports. 14:62 is unambiguous and climactic, ending the Messianic Secret at Jesus’ trial. Mandatory theologian review at both occurrences.
Blood Of Covenant
Approved rendering: करारेचें रगत
Transliteration: karārecẽ ragat
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; The Necessity of the Cross
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark. 14:24, ‘my blood of the covenant, poured out for many,’ echoing the Exodus 24:8 covenant-blood ceremony. करार is reused exactly from baseline; रगत (blood) is new vocabulary and must not be assimilated to the animal-blood-offering practices prominent in regional Shakta-tradition temple worship (e.g. Shantadurga, Mahalasa) — a collision risk of the same seriousness baseline documented for शक्ती. Requires a mandatory note distinguishing Christ’s unique, once-for-all self-offering from ongoing ritual blood sacrifice.
For Many
Approved rendering: बऱ्याक बदल्यान (10:45) / बऱ्याक खातीर (14:24)
Transliteration: baṟyāk badlyān / baṟyāk khātīr
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν / ὑπὲρ πολλῶν
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark, at the core passage. ἀντὶ πολλῶν (10:45) / ὑπὲρ πολλῶν (14:24), echoing Isaiah 53:11-12. The substitutionary force of ἀντί (‘instead of,’ not merely ‘for the benefit of’) must be preserved; a weaker rendering would blunt the doctrine of vicarious/substitutionary atonement. 10:45 and 14:24 interpret each other and must render with visibly related Konkani vocabulary, cross-referenced in every teaching note.
Ransom
Approved rendering: खंडणी
Transliteration: khaṇḍaṇī
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ती, मोक्ष
Original: λύτρον
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark, at the core passage (10:45), anchoring the curriculum’s namesake doctrine. A concrete, secular ransom/redemption-price term (e.g. a captive’s ransom) chosen specifically to avoid मुक्ती/मोक्ष’s rebirth-liberation associations. Requires a mandatory paired note clarifying this ransom is paid TO GOD on behalf of sinners, not to a captor as in an ordinary kidnap-ransom. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence, cross-referenced with 14:24.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: क्रूस / क्रूसार मारप
Transliteration: krūs / krūsār māraṇẽ
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: खुरीस / Khuris (Romi Konkani Catholic loanword)
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark. 8:34 (proverbial), 15:13-27 (literal execution). The established Devanagari Marathi/Konkani Bible convention, distinct from Goan Catholic Romi Konkani’s loanword ‘Khuris’ (Portuguese cruz), out of scope per baseline script policy. Must retain literal, historically concrete Roman-execution force, never softened into metaphor.
Deny Self Take Up Cross Follow
Approved rendering: आपणाक नाकारप / क्रूस उखलप / फाटीफुडें येवप
Transliteration: āpaṇāk nākārap / krūs ukhalap / phāṭīphuḍẽ yevap
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / αἴρω τὸν σταυρόν / ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
New term for Mark. 8:34, the programmatic discipleship saying. Must retain full, costly, historically concrete force (a real death sentence under Roman law), not soften into a general metaphor for self-discipline or ascetic renunciation, which would collapse into regional sannyasa/tapasya categories.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: रूपांतरण
Transliteration: rūpāntaraṇ
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God (Transfiguration and Christ’s Unveiled Divine Glory)
Rejected alternatives: अवतार-रूप बदलप
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. 9:2-8. Concretely local collision: Goa’s own temple tradition venerates Mahalasa Narayani’s Mohini form at the Mardol temple as a Vishnu avatar-transformation. Must be taught as a one-time visible unveiling of glory Christ ALREADY possessed by eternal divine nature, not a deity assuming a new or repeatable form. Requires the same theologian-review level as baseline’s ‘incarnation’ entry.
Beloved Son
Approved rendering: मोगाळ पुत्र
Transliteration: mogāḻ putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς ὁ ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. The Father’s direct testimony at the baptism (1:11), the Transfiguration (9:7), and embedded in the parable of the tenants (12:6). This is the Father’s own testimonial confirmation of unique Sonship, not a general term of divine favor bestowable on other figures in the same sense, nor adoptive/honorary sonship familiar from Hindu devotional literature.
Forsaken Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: म्हज्या देवा, म्हज्या देवा, कित्याक तूं म्हाका सोडलें? (+ एलोई एलोई लमा साबाख्थानी)
Transliteration: mhajyā devā, mhajyā devā, kityāk tūṅ mhākā soḍlẽ? / Elōī Elōī lamā sābākhthānī
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἐγκαταλείπω (citing Ps 22:1)
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark. 15:34, quoting Psalm 22:1. The Aramaic must be transliterated alongside the Konkani translation, per the pattern established for ‘Abba’ in baseline. This is the theological heart of the Necessity of the Cross, expressing real dereliction endured by the Son; must not be softened into a rhetorical question or explained away as merely quoting a Psalm without personal weight.
Give His Life
Approved rendering: आपलो जीव दिवप
Transliteration: āplo jīv divap
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark, at the core passage. 10:45, δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ. जीव must be understood holistically (the whole living self given up), not as a detachable ‘soul’ separable from a devalued body; this is a real, willing death, directly foreshadowing the crucifixion narrated in ch. 15.
Christ Title Convention
Approved rendering: मसीहा (title/confession use) / ख्रिस्त (name-compound use)
Transliteration: masīhā / khrist
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός (as attached proper name vs. as title)
Category: Christology
New documented convention for Mark, not a separate concept. When Χριστός functions as a title/confession, render मसीहा (baseline entry; Mark 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21, 14:61, 15:32). When it functions as part of the compound proper name ‘Jesus Christ’ (only 1:1 in Mark), render ख्रिस्त, per the AI Translation Requirements transliteration table. Apply consistently; flag genuinely ambiguous cases for theologian decision.
Blessed Is He Who Comes
Approved rendering: प्रभूच्या नावान येता तो धन्य
Transliteration: prabhūcyā nāvān yetā to dhanya
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι Κυρίου
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. 11:9, direct quotation of Psalm 118:26. Κύριος here is the LXX rendering of YHWH; applying this to Jesus is a strong, deliberate identification of Jesus with the LORD of Israel, reinforcing baseline’s Critical ‘lord’/प्रभू entry. Must not be diluted to a generic blessing formula.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: सुवार्ता
Transliteration: suvārtā
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: बरी खबर, शुभवर्तमान
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (established Konkani/Marathi-family Bible term, distinct from Hindi’s सुसमाचार; Romi Konkani Catholic tradition uses ‘Vangel’ instead, out of scope here). New Mark occurrences: 1:1 (the programmatic title of the whole book, ‘the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God’), 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 16:15.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvās
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्ती
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (personal trust in Christ, not भक्ती-style devotional reverence). Mark repeatedly pairs faith with fear (4:40 ‘why are you afraid? have you still no faith?’; 9:24 ‘I believe; help my unbelief’) and with healing/salvation ambiguity (5:34, 10:52, 11:22-24) — विश्वास must denote trust that can coexist with honest doubt, not confident devotional certainty directed at a chosen temple deity.
Holy
Approved rendering: पवित्र
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्ध, निर्मळ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 1:24 (‘the Holy One of God’, spoken ironically by an unclean spirit recognizing its own defeat), 6:20, 8:38. Must retain moral/relational sense, not shift toward ritual purity (contrast the new cleanse_leprosy term).
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāp
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 1:4-5 (John’s baptism of repentance for sin), 2:5-10 (Jesus’ unique authority to forgive sin, see new forgiveness_of_sins term), 3:28-29 (the unforgivable sin). Mark’s usage is unusually concentrated on Jesus’ authority OVER sin, not merely a description of it.
Glory
Approved rendering: गौरव
Transliteration: gaurav
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: तेज, देवीतेज
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 8:38, 10:37 (James and John’s misunderstanding — they picture court-honor seating, not the cross that precedes true glory; let the irony register rather than resolving it), 13:26.
Covenant
Approved rendering: करार
Transliteration: karār
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: समजूत
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrence: 14:24, ‘my blood of the covenant, poured out for many’ — see new blood_of_covenant term for the sacrificial-blood-specific risk this occurrence introduces beyond the bare baseline entry.
Abba
Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrence: 14:36, Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer. Retain the Aramaic transliteration rather than reducing it to formal पिता alone.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचें सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: devāce sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: शक्ती
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 9:1, 12:24, 13:26, 14:62 (‘seated at the right hand of Power’). Never शक्ती (Shakta-goddess association); given Mark’s unusually high miracle-narrative density, this fence must be actively maintained, not assumed.
Called
Approved rendering: बोलावलेले
Transliteration: bolāvlele
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: आमंत्रित
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrence: 1:20 (the calling of the first four disciples, total-cost followership).
Calling
Approved rendering: बोलावणें
Transliteration: bolāvaṇẽ
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: आमंत्रण
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrence: 2:17, ‘I came not to call the righteous, but sinners’ — an unusually sharp edge, directly challenging caste- and purity-based social hierarchy in Goan society.
Providence
Approved rendering: देवाची तरतूद
Transliteration: devācī tartūd
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: नशीब, प्रारब्ध
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Mark 10:40 (‘has been prepared’ — see new prepared_by_god term), where God’s sovereign appointment of honor must be read as personal providence, never impersonal fate (नशीब/प्रारब्ध), a risk this exact core-passage verse invites.
Disciple
Approved rendering: शिष्य
Transliteration: śiṣya
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μαθητής / μαθητεύω
Category: Discipleship
New term for Mark. शिष्य is the standard Marathi/Konkani Bible term but is also the ordinary word for a guru’s disciple in Goan Hindu practice, where guru-shishya relationships carry deep devotional authority. No viable alternative rendering exists; adopt a flag-and-teach strategy instead: every first substantial use per lesson unit should carry or reference a standing note that this is costly, exclusive followership of the unique प्रभू (cf. 8:34’s cross-bearing), never one devotional master-relationship among several available गुरूs.
Authority
Approved rendering: अधिकार
Transliteration: adhikār
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: शक्ती, सिद्धी
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Miracles-Authority
New term for Mark. Unique, inherent divine authority to teach (1:22, 1:27), forgive sin (2:10), command spirits (1:27), and govern nature (4:41); also given derivatively to the Twelve (6:7). Must be distinguished from mere teaching skill, from occult/tantric siddhi-power claims (सिद्धी) found in regional folk-religious practice, and from delegated human ritual authority (e.g. a temple priest’s role). Never शक्ती, per baseline’s forbidden-substitution pattern.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: अशुद्ध आत्मा / भूत
Transliteration: aśuddha ātmā / bhūt
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: पिशाच
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Miracles-Authority
New term for Mark. A personal evil spiritual being under Satan’s dominion, decisively defeated by Christ’s unique authority (1:23-27, 3:12, 5:1-20, throughout). भूत is the everyday Konkani/Goan word for a possessing ghost/spirit in active local folk belief, where practicing folk healers (mantriks) address such spirits; must be framed as a personal evil being uniquely defeated by Christ’s divine authority, never as one more instance of an existing folk-exorcism repertoire. Standing note required at first occurrence (1:23-27).
Sabbath
Approved rendering: शब्बाथ
Transliteration: śabbāth
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: शनिवार
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark. 2:23-28, ‘the Sabbath was made for man… the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath.’ शब्बाथ (transliterated) is preferred over शनिवार (‘Saturday’), which would flatten a covenantal institution into a mere calendar day. ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ invokes baseline’s Critical प्रभू entry and requires the same exclusive-Lordship force, plus an OT covenant-background explanation since no equivalent concept exists in regional Hindu tradition.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: पापांची क्षमा
Transliteration: pāpāncī kṣamā
Doctrine: Forgiveness of Sins as a Divine Prerogative
Rejected alternatives: पापक्षालन
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. 2:1-12, ‘who can forgive sins but God alone?’ Distinct from baseline’s नीतिमान ठरवणें (justification, a forensic legal declaration); names the cancelling of guilt itself. Must not be read as karmic debt-clearance (an impersonal ledger settling through merit or rebirth) but as a personal God’s gracious release, exercised uniquely by Jesus and tied directly to his identity as Son of Man.
Blasphemy Against Spirit
Approved rendering: देवनिंदा
Transliteration: devanindā
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin (Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit)
Rejected alternatives: निंदा
Original: βλασφημία (εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον)
Category: Sin
New term for Mark. 3:28-29, the one sin Mark calls unforgivable: willful, settled rejection attributing the Spirit’s work to Satan; also (ironically) the charge against Jesus himself at trial (14:63-64). Must be read narrowly, not as any harsh word about God, to avoid trivializing the warning or over-applying it to ordinary doubt (contrast the honest doubt of 9:24, which is not this sin).
Silence Command
Approved rendering: सक्त ताकीद दिवप
Transliteration: sakt tākīd divap
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐπιτιμάω / διαστέλλομαι
Category: Messianic-Secret
New term for Mark. Jesus’ recurring, deliberate command to silence about his identity (1:25, 1:34, 3:12, 8:30, 9:9). Must read consistently across every occurrence as a single deliberate narrative-theological strategy controlling how and when Jesus’ identity is revealed — never embarrassment, uncertainty, or weakness. Fixed as a closed, non-substitutable phrase across the whole book.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: सदाकाळचें जीवन
Transliteration: sadākāḻcẽ jīvan
Doctrine: Salvation (Markan)
Rejected alternatives: मोक्ष
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. 10:17, 10:30, the rich man’s question. Must not be assimilated to मोक्ष (liberation from the rebirth cycle) nor to vague this-worldly flourishing; the passage stresses this life is received, not achieved by wealth, status, or merit (‘who then can be saved?’).
Deny Peter
Approved rendering: नाकारप
Transliteration: nākārap
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Discipleship
New term for Mark. 14:30, 14:66-72, Peter’s predicted and actual denial of Jesus out of fear. Must be presented honestly, not excused, while the narrative’s implied restoration trajectory should not be lost in translation of the denial scene alone.
Betray Hand Over
Approved rendering: धरून दिवप / विश्वासघात करप
Transliteration: dharūn divap / viśvāsghāt karap
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark. Judas’s betrayal (14:10-11, 14:18, 14:44). विश्वासघात (‘breaking of trust’) deliberately shares its root with baseline’s विश्वास (faith/trust), reinforcing the narrative contrast between betrayed trust (Judas) and faith kept. Use धरून दिवप for the physical act of handing over; विश्वासघात करप when the treachery itself is emphasized.
I Believe Help Unbelief
Approved rendering: हांव विश्वास दवरतां; म्हज्या अविश्वासांत मदत करात
Transliteration: hāṅv viśvās davartāṅ; mhajyā aviśvāsānt madat karāt
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: Πιστεύω· βοήθει τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ μου
Category: Faith
New term for Mark. 9:24, the desperate father of the demonized boy. Faith honestly coexisting with doubt; must not be smoothed into either triumphalist certainty or despairing doubt, but preserved as an honest cry met by Christ’s power.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: दावीदाचो पुत्र
Transliteration: dāvīdāco putra
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / Davidic Covenant
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark, built on the established दावीद spelling. 10:47-48, blind Bartimaeus’s cry. Requires the same OT covenant-background note baseline flagged for ‘seed of David’/Davidic covenant, since no equivalent royal-messianic-lineage concept exists in regional Hindu tradition.
Follow
Approved rendering: फाटीफुडें येवप
Transliteration: phāṭīphuḍẽ yevap
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
New term for Mark. The standard verb of discipleship throughout, from the first calling (1:18) through Bartimaeus’s response (10:52). Load-bearing motif; must render with one consistent Konkani phrase throughout the whole book.
House Of Prayer All Nations
Approved rendering: सगल्या राष्ट्रांखातीर प्रार्थनेचें घर
Transliteration: sagalyā rāṣṭrāṅkhātīr prārthanecẽ ghar
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς πᾶσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν
Category: Church
New term for Mark. 11:17, quoting Isaiah 56:7 during the temple action. Reinforces baseline’s Universal Scope of the Gospel/Unity of Jews and Gentiles doctrines; must retain full universality, with the same caste/communal sensitivity baseline documents for Goa’s Hindu/Catholic and caste-linked social divisions.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: जुदेव लोकांचो राजा
Transliteration: judev lokāṅco rājā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark. Pilate’s official charge and the soldiers’ mocking title (15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26). Direct collision risk with Kingdom-of-God doctrine’s political-kingdom sensitivity, given Goa’s own history of contested colonial and pre-colonial rule. The mockery trades on a political misunderstanding of kingship the narrative exposes as ironically, spiritually true; let the irony stand rather than resolve it, while guarding against readers concluding Jesus’ kingship is merely political.
Suffer
Approved rendering: दुख सोसप
Transliteration: dukh sosap
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Necessity of the Cross
Original: πάσχω (paired with δεῖ, ‘it is necessary’)
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark. 8:31, ‘the Son of Man must suffer many things’ — paired with δεῖ (‘it is necessary’). This pairing establishes the Necessity of the Cross as doctrine, not accident or defeat; must retain the sense of divinely appointed necessity, tying to the Suffering Servant of Isaiah 53 background.
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: दास
Transliteration: dās
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: गुलाम
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
New term for Mark, at the core passage. 10:44, ‘slave of all’ — the strongest possible term for self-giving. दास overlaps with Hindu bhakti self-designation (a devotee’s self-designation as God’s दास/dās, e.g. Ramdas); here it must be anchored concretely to serving OTHER PEOPLE (‘slave of all’), not read as devotional self-abasement before a deity in isolation from neighbor-service. Requires a clarifying note distinguishing this from generic bhakti self-designation.
Repentance
Approved rendering: मन पालटप
Transliteration: man pālaṭap
Doctrine: Repentance and the Call of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: पश्चाताप, तपस्या
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. 1:4, 1:15, John’s and Jesus’ call. Must not collapse into Hindu penance/tapasya (self-effort earning merit) nor into mere emotional regret (पश्चाताप alone); conveys a decisive reorientation received in response to God’s initiative.
Baptism
Approved rendering: बाप्तिस्मा
Transliteration: bāptismā
Doctrine: Baptism
Rejected alternatives: स्नान
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark (transliteration). 1:4-9 (literal rite); 10:38-39 (metaphorical extension for Jesus’ coming suffering and death — must be explicitly flagged as figurative). Must not be rendered with a term suggesting ordinary ritual bathing/purification (avoid स्नान), which would collide with Hindu ritual river-bathing practice.
Cup Symbolic
Approved rendering: प्यालो
Transliteration: pyālo
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark, at the core passage. 10:38 and 14:36 — an OT-loaded metaphor for a divinely appointed portion, especially of suffering/wrath (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17). Must carry this symbolism, not read as a merely literal drinking vessel; 10:38 and 14:36 must render identically to preserve the direct narrative link between James and John’s request and Jesus’ own Gethsemane prayer.
Lord It Over Dominate
Approved rendering: जबरीन धनीपण चलोवप
Transliteration: jabarīn dhaṇīpaṇ calovap
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Servanthood
New term for Mark, at the core passage. 10:42, worldly rulers’ domineering exercise of power, explicitly forbidden among Jesus’ own followers. Shares its root with baseline’s Critical प्रभू (‘Lord’); must be clearly distinguished as the corrupted, self-serving worldly counterfeit of Christ’s true Lordship, which is never domineering. A translator note preventing confusion with प्रभू is required at every occurrence.
Exercise Authority Over
Approved rendering: जबरीन अधिकार चलोवप
Transliteration: jabarīn adhikār calovap
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
New term for Mark, at the core passage. 10:42, paired with the term above. Shares its root with the new अधिकार term (Jesus’ own legitimate authority); must be distinguished as the self-serving worldly counterfeit, never a synonym for Jesus’ own authority.
Fear Culpable
Approved rendering: भय / भीत
Transliteration: bhay / bhīt
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
New term for Mark, filling a structural gap identified in the linguistic gap analysis. Names the disciples’ recurring, culpable, faith-undermining terror (4:40-41, 5:33, 5:36, 9:32, 10:32, 14:66-72, 16:8). Must be lexically distinguished from awe_astonishment (reverent wonder at divine action) so that Mark’s deliberate pattern — fear that displaces faith versus awe that responds rightly to revelation — is not flattened into a single undifferentiated term. Directly names the curriculum doctrine ‘Faith and Discipleship amid Fear.‘
Hardness Of Heart
Approved rendering: काळजाची कठीणता
Transliteration: kāḻjācī kaṭhīṇtā
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
New term for Mark. Recurring diagnostic term for spiritual blindness/resistance (3:5, 6:52, 8:17, 10:5), tightly linked to the ‘seeing but not perceiving’ motif (4:12, 8:18, citing Isaiah 6:9-10 — see new seeing_without_perceiving term). Must read as spiritual/relational obstinacy, not physical/medical hardness.
Seeing Without Perceiving
Approved rendering: पळेता पूण दिसना, आयकता पूण समजना
Transliteration: paḻetā pūṇ disnā, āykatā pūṇ samajnā
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
New term for Mark. Direct citation of Isaiah 6:9-10 (4:12, 8:18), grounding the Messianic Secret’s ‘reveal to the receptive / conceal from the resistant’ logic (see also mystery_of_kingdom).
Medium Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: देवाचें राज्य
Transliteration: devāce rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: देवाचें राष्ट्र
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 1:15 (the programmatic ‘the kingdom of God is at hand’), 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25. The doctrine-level risk is elevated to High in Mark’s own doctrine_risk_registry.json due to the ‘already/not yet’ tension and the ironic collision with ‘King of the Jews’ (ch.15) — see new king_of_the_jews term; term-level risk remains Medium per baseline.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: परराष्ट्रीय
Transliteration: pararāṣṭrīya
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: विदेशी
Original: ἔθνη / ἐθνικός (implied, Syrophoenician context)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 7:26 (Syrophoenician woman context), 10:42 (descriptive of worldly Gentile rulers, no salvific weight), 11:17, 13:10. राष्ट्रां preferred in mission contexts (11:17, 13:10) per baseline convention.
David
Approved rendering: दावीद
Transliteration: dāvīd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (established spelling, distinct from Hindi’s दाऊद). New Mark occurrences: 2:25 (shewbread precedent), 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 — basis of the new son_of_david term.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: isrāel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 12:29 (the Shema quotation, a built-in exclusivity marker for देव), 15:32 (mocking ‘King of Israel’).
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेषित
Transliteration: preṣit
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: दूत, गुरू
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 3:14 (appointment of the Twelve), 6:30 (report back).
Cleanse Leprosy
Approved rendering: शुद्ध करप / कुष्ठरोग
Transliteration: śuddha karap / kuṣṭharog
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λέπρα / καθαρίζω
Category: Miracles-Authority
New term for Mark. 1:40-45, the leper’s plea ‘if you will, you can cleanse me.’ शुद्ध करप must be kept distinct from baseline’s पवित्र (moral/relational holiness) and पवित्रीकरण (sanctification); this names restoration to ritual and communal wholeness, a related but different category.
Parable
Approved rendering: दृष्टांत
Transliteration: dṣṭānt
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: उपमा
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark. An extended figurative teaching-story that both reveals and conceals the Kingdom’s nature, depending on the hearer’s disposition (4:2-34; explicit double function named at 4:11-12). Distinguish from a mere folk-tale or moral fable.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: रहस्य
Transliteration: rahasya
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In / The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: गुप्त ज्ञान
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark. 4:11, ‘to you has been given the mystery of the kingdom of God.’ Must not be rendered as generic esoteric ‘secret knowledge’ (गुप्त ज्ञान rejected — risks Gnostic/tantric initiation overtones); the Kingdom’s nature is deliberately veiled from outsiders and disclosed through Jesus’ own person, not through ritual initiation into hidden teaching.
Muzzled Be Silent
Approved rendering: मुगो रावप
Transliteration: mugo rāvap
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret / Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: φιμόω / σιωπάω
Category: Messianic-Secret
New term for Mark. Same verb-family used to silence demons (1:25) and to silence the storm (4:39, ‘Peace! Be still!’), deliberately linking Jesus’ authority over the demonic and over nature. Preserve this lexical link where feasible, reinforcing ‘authority over sickness, sin, and nature’ as one unified authority.
Raise Up Narrative
Approved rendering: उठावप
Transliteration: uṭhāvap
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness (narrative miracle, contrast term with Resurrection of Christ)
Rejected alternatives: पुनरुत्थान (explicitly rejected here)
Original: ἐγείρω / ἀνίστημι (narrative-miracle sense)
Category: Miracles-Authority
New term for Mark. Restoration of a person to ordinary mortal life who will die again, as with Jairus’s daughter (5:41-42, ‘Talitha cumi… arise’). CRITICAL DISTINCTION: must never be rendered with baseline’s Critical पुनरुत्थान, reserved exclusively for Christ’s own bodily, once-for-all, eschatologically significant resurrection.
Compassion
Approved rendering: करुणा
Transliteration: karuṇā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (mercy)
Rejected alternatives: दया
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: God
New term for Mark. Deep, gut-level compassion motivating concrete action, shown by Jesus before feeding the crowds (6:34, 8:2). Preferred over दया, which carries a more devotionally-freighted ‘grace-favor bestowed by a deity’ connotation in bhakti register.
Love
Approved rendering: मोग
Transliteration: mog
Doctrine: Love of God and Neighbor (the Great Commandment)
Rejected alternatives: भक्ती, प्रीत
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Discipleship
New term for Mark. 12:30-31, the Great Commandment. Must be distinguished from bhakti-devotional love (भक्ती, already flagged in baseline as inappropriate for ‘faith’) and from romantic/emotion-only प्रीत; this is willed, covenantal, self-giving love commanded of the whole person.
Temple Jerusalem
Approved rendering: मंदिर
Transliteration: mandir
Doctrine: (contextual — Fulfillment of Prophecy; The Necessity of the Cross)
Original: ναός / ἱερόν
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark. 11:11, 11:15-17, 14:58, 15:38 — the physical Jerusalem Temple building/complex. NOT a baseline violation: baseline forbids मंदिर only as a rendering for ‘church’ (ekklesia/मंडळी), to avoid confusion with a Hindu temple building. Here the referent genuinely IS the physical Jerusalem Temple, so मंदिर is the doctrinally correct term; documented so reviewers do not mistakenly flag it.
Curtain Veil
Approved rendering: पडदो
Transliteration: paḍdo
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross (opened access)
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Suffering-Cross
New term for Mark. 15:38, torn in two at Jesus’ death. Signals opened access to God through Christ’s death, complementing the ransom/covenant-blood doctrine cluster (10:45, 14:24); should be understood in relation to the same physical मंदिर (temple_jerusalem term) referenced in ch. 11.
Servant Minister Diakonos
Approved rendering: सेवक
Transliteration: sevak
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
New term for Mark, at the core passage. 10:43, functional, dignified service. Must be distinguished from the harsher दास in the following clause; सेवक conveys active service, not menial degradation nor total self-giving.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: होसान्ना
Transliteration: hōsānnā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (triumphal entry)
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark (transliteration). 11:9-10. Retain as a transliteration, per baseline’s convention for other transliterated liturgical exclamations (आमेन, हल्लेलूया); should be briefly glossed as an acclamation of praise/appeal for deliverance at first occurrence, not assumed self-explanatory.
Seats Of Honor
Approved rendering: उजवे पासाक / दावे पासाक
Transliteration: ujve pāsāk / dāve pāsāk
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἐκ δεξιῶν / ἐξ ἀριστερῶν (ἐξ εὐωνύμων)
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark, at the core passage. 10:37, 10:40 (James and John’s request) and 15:27 (ironically fulfilled by two crucified criminals). No direct cross-cultural collision, but must be flagged so translators preserve the deliberate narrative irony linking 10:37/10:40 to 15:27 by using matching vocabulary in both places.
Prepared By God
Approved rendering: तयार केल्लें (आसा)
Transliteration: tayār kellẽ (āsā)
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness / Providence
Rejected alternatives: नशीब
Original: ἡτοίμασται (< ἑτοιμάζω, divine passive)
Category: God
New term for Mark, at the core passage. 10:40, ἡτοίμασται, a divine passive: something arranged by God the Father, not negotiable by human request. Should be read alongside baseline’s providence entry (देवाची तरतूद): God’s sovereign appointment, not impersonal fate or नशीब.
Awe Astonishment
Approved rendering: अचंबो / आदर्य
Transliteration: acambo / ādarya
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Deity of Christ
New term for Mark. Wonder at witnessing divine power/revelation (1:27, 2:12, 4:41, 5:42, 6:51, 9:6, 9:15, 10:24, 10:32, 16:8), distinct from fear_culpable’s faith-undermining terror. Conflating the two would blur a deliberate Markan pattern distinguishing appropriate awe at revelation from fearful unbelief.
Greatest Least
Approved rendering: व्हड (greatest) / शेवटलो (last) / पयलो (first)
Transliteration: vhaḍ / śevaṭlo / pailo
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
New term for Mark. 9:34-35, 10:31, 10:43-44. Consistent comparative vocabulary is needed so the kingdom-reversal paradox (‘whoever would be first must be last’) reads as deliberate, not incidental.
Childlikeness
Approved rendering: भुरग्यासारकें (राज्य आपणावप)
Transliteration: bhurgyāsārkẽ (rājya āpaṇāvap)
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
New term for Mark. 10:14-15. A distinctive Kingdom-reception image; risk of reading as mere sentimentality about children rather than the posture of dependent trust required to enter the kingdom at all.
Sacrifice Contrast Term
Approved rendering: यज्ञ / बली
Transliteration: yajña / balī
Doctrine: (teacher-note contrast term only — never applied to Christ’s self-offering)
New term for Mark, for teacher-facing contrast notes only. Names ritual animal sacrifice in regional Hindu (Shakta-tradition) practice, used solely to draw an explicit CONTRAST with Christ’s unique, once-for-all self-offering (blood_of_covenant, 14:24). Must never be applied as a rendering choice for the biblical text itself.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: संदेष्टा
Transliteration: sandeṣṭā
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ज्योतिषी
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. New Mark occurrences: 1:2 (OT citation), 6:4, 6:15, 8:28. No new risk beyond baseline’s caution to distinguish from an astrologer/fortune-teller (ज्योतिषी).
Watchfulness
Approved rendering: जागृत रावप
Transliteration: jāgṛt rāvap
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatology)
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
New term for Mark. 13:33-37, the Olivet Discourse. A call to readiness grounded in confident hope in a personal God’s return, not anxious fatalism or fortune-telling anticipation of an unknown future.
Immediately Style Marker
Approved rendering: ताबडतोब
Transliteration: tābaḍtob
Doctrine: (stylistic — reinforces the sense of the Kingdom of God urgently breaking in; not itself a formal doctrine)
New term for Mark, documented as a house-style choice rather than a doctrinal risk. Renders εὐθύς, Mark’s distinctive urgency marker (over 40 occurrences). Kept consistent throughout rather than randomly varied.
Referenced passages