Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16
English → Odia | Full-Book Term Inventory
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the entire book of Mark (chs. 1–16), with the core passage (Mark 10:35–45) as the theological anchor. Terms marked Reused carry forward the exact rendering already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and MUST NOT be altered. Terms marked New are proposed here for the first time for the Mark curriculum and require theologian/native-speaker sign-off before being written into an updated translation memory in a later phase, per the same risk-tier review routing established in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Reused Terms (from baseline Romans Language Package — render identically)
| Term | Greek | Odia | Risk | Primary Mark Passages | Doctrine Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | ସୁସମାଚାର | High | 1:1, 1:14–15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 | Kingdom of God Breaking In |
| God | θεός | ପରମେଶ୍ୱର | Critical | throughout | Suffering Servant and Son of God |
| Lord | κύριος | ପ୍ରଭୁ | Critical | 1:3, 2:28, 5:19, 11:3, 11:9, 12:29–37, 13:35 | Jesus’ Authority; Kingdom |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ପୁତ୍ର | Critical | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 15:39 | Suffering Servant and Son of God |
| Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον | ପବିତ୍ର ଆତ୍ମା | Critical | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | Authority over Sin/Sickness |
| Father | πατήρ | ପିତା | Critical | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 | Discipleship amid Fear |
| Abba | ἀββά | ଆବ୍ବା | High | 14:36 (must equal Romans 8:15 rendering) | Discipleship amid Fear |
| Messiah/Christ (title) | Χριστός | ମସୀହା | Critical | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21–22, 14:61, 15:32 | Messianic Secret |
| Resurrection (noun/verb family) | ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω | ପୁନରୁତ୍ଥାନ | Critical | 9:9–10, 12:18–27, 16:6 | Necessity of the Cross |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ରାଜ୍ୟ | Medium | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26–32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14–25, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43 | Kingdom of God Breaking In |
| Law | νόμος (implied; Torah-context) | ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା | High | 12:28–31 (context), 10:2–9 | (background) |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | ପାପ | High | 1:4–5, 2:5–10, 3:28–29 | Authority over Sin |
| Gentiles/nations (theological sense) | ἔθνη | ଅନ୍ୟଜାତି | Medium | 11:17, 13:10 | Kingdom Breaking In |
| Glory | δόξα | ମହିମା | High | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 | Servanthood vs Worldly Greatness |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | ନିୟମ | High | 14:24 | Necessity of the Cross |
| Election/Elect | ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός | ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ମନୋନୟନ | High | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 | Kingdom / Providence |
| Power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ (in the salvific-power sense) | ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ | High | 12:24, 14:62 | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature |
| Prophet | προφήτης | ଭବିଷ୍ୟଦ୍ବକ୍ତା | Low | 1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32 | Fulfillment background |
| Prophecy | προφητεία | ଭବିଷ୍ୟଦ୍ବାଣୀ | Low | 1:2–3 (Isaiah citation) | Fulfillment background |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | ପ୍ରେରିତ | Medium | 3:14, 6:30 | Kingdom Mission |
| David | Δαυίδ | ଦାଉଦ | Low/Medium | 2:25, 10:47–48, 11:10, 12:35–37 | Davidic background |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ | Medium | 12:29, 15:32 | Kingdom background |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | ଯୀଶୁ | Critical | throughout | — |
| Faith | πίστις | ବିଶ୍ୱାସ | High | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 9:23–24, 10:52, 11:22–24 | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear |
| Holy | ἅγιος | ପବିତ୍ର | High | 1:8, 1:24, 6:20, 8:38 | Authority over Sin/Sickness |
New Terms — Mark-Specific (proposed renderings; require sign-off)
| Term (Greek/translit) | Literal meaning | English variants | Odia rendering (transliteration) | Risk | Doctrine | Rejected alternatives & reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (ho huios tou anthrōpou) | “the son of man" | "the Son of Man” | ମନୁଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର (manuṣyaputra) | Critical | Suffering Servant and Son of God | Rejected: generic “human being” gloss — erases the specific, self-chosen, authoritative Danielic title; rejected any avatāra-adjacent phrasing implying periodic divine descent |
| λύτρον (lytron) | “ransom, redemption price" | "ransom,” “redemption price” | ପରିତ୍ରାଣ ମୂଲ୍ୟ (paritrāṇa mūlya) | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | Rejected: bare ମୁକ୍ତି-root words — collide with mokṣa (self-attained liberation from rebirth cycle); built instead on the already-safe ପରିତ୍ରାଣ root + ମୂଲ୍ୟ (price) to preserve the substitutionary-payment sense |
| σταυρός / σταυρόω (stauros / stauroō) | “cross” / “to crucify" | "cross,” “crucify” | କ୍ରୁଶ / କ୍ରୁଶରେ ଚଢ଼ାଇବା (kruśa / kruśare caḍhāibā) | Critical | Necessity of the Cross | Rejected: generic execution vocabulary; rejected any term suggesting voluntary ascetic self-renunciation (tapasyā), which denotes self-chosen discipline for one’s own attainment, not a death imposed by others and willingly borne for others |
| δοῦλος (doulos) | “slave, bondservant" | "slave,” “bondservant” | ଦାସ (dāsa) | High | Servanthood vs Worldly Greatness | Flag: ଦାସ is the devotional self-designation of the Panchasakha poet-saints (e.g., Jagannath Das); must retain literal, low-status shock value, not read as an already-honorable bhakti title |
| διάκονος (diakonos) | “servant, attendant, table-waiter" | "servant,” “minister” | ସେବକ (sebaka) | High | Servanthood vs Worldly Greatness | Flag: shares root with ସେବା, the hereditary caste-linked temple ritual-service (sevayat) system at Puri; must be distinguished as voluntary, universal discipleship posture, not hereditary ritual office |
| ἐξουσία (exousia) | “authority, right/power to act" | "authority,” “power,” “right” | ଅଧିକାର (adhikāra) | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Rejected: any rendering built on ପ୍ରଭୁ/ପ୍ରଭୁତ୍ୱ root when describing negative/worldly “authority-over” (κατεξουσιάζω, Mark 10:42) — would blur Christ’s reserved exclusive Lordship title |
| κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω (katakyrieuō / katexousiazō) | “to lord over/dominate” / “to exercise (harsh) authority over" | "lord over,” “domineer,” “tyrannize” | ଅଧିକାର ଚଳାଇ ଦବାଇ ରଖିବା (adhikāra caḷāi dabāi rakhibā) | High | Servanthood vs Worldly Greatness | Rejected: ପ୍ରଭୁତ୍ୱ କରିବା — would use the same root reserved for Christ’s positive, exclusive Lordship for a negative worldly pattern Jesus condemns |
| δαιμόνιον (daimonion) | “demon" | "demon,” “evil spirit” | ଭୂତ (bhūta) | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Flag: Odisha’s living folk belief in bhūta/spirit-possession and shamanic (ojhā/guniā) exorcism practice risks a ritual-negotiation reading; Mark’s demons are expelled once, permanently, by Christ’s bare word alone |
| πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (pneuma akatharton) | “unclean spirit" | "unclean/evil spirit” | ଅଶୁଚି ଆତ୍ମା (aśuci ātmā) | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Rejected: ପରମାତ୍ମା-adjacent phrasing for “spirit” generally; kept ଆତ୍ମା with negating prefix to preserve grammatical parallel with ପବିତ୍ର ଆତ୍ମା while marking moral opposition |
| πάσχω (paschō) | “to suffer" | "suffer,” “undergo suffering” | ଦୁଃଖ ଭୋଗିବା (duḥkha bhogibā) | High | Necessity of the Cross | Must not be softened to mere “hardship” or “difficulty”; names the specific, prophesied suffering of the Son of Man |
| ψυχή (psychē, in the “give up one’s life” sense) | “life, soul, natural life possessed" | "life,” “soul” | ପ୍ରାଣ (prāṇa) | High | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | Rejected: ଆତ୍ମା — risks importing the Vedantic ātman (eternal individual soul merging with ପରମାତ୍ମା), contrary to the concrete, historical giving-up of Christ’s actual human life |
| ποτήριον (potērion) | “cup" | "cup” (metaphor for appointed suffering) | ପାତ୍ର (pātra) | High | Necessity of the Cross | Requires translator note supplying OT background (cup of judgment/suffering, e.g. Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17) for low-OT-literacy audience |
| βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω (baptisma / baptizō, metaphorical sense in 10:38–39) | “immersion" | "baptism” (metaphor for suffering) | ବାପ୍ତିସ୍ମ / ବାପ୍ତିଜିତ ହେବା (bāptisma / bāptijita hebā) | High | Necessity of the Cross | Must be distinguished by note from the literal water rite of John’s baptism (ch. 1) elsewhere in Mark |
| ἡτοίμασται (hētoimastai) | “has been prepared/appointed” (divine passive) | “has been prepared,” “has been appointed” | ନିରୂପିତ ହୋଇଛି (nirūpita hoichi) | High | Providence (cf. baseline Romans 8:28 entry) | Rejected: any rendering suggesting impersonal ଭାଗ୍ୟ (fate) or karma-law; the Father’s personal agency must remain recoverable |
| κοινός / καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος (koinos / katharos / akathartos, ritual-purity sense, ch. 7) | “common/defiled” / “clean” / “unclean" | "clean,” “unclean,” “defiled” | ଶୁଦ୍ଧ / ଅଶୁଦ୍ଧ (śuddha / aśuddha) | High | (background to Universal Scope of the Gospel) | Note: correct lexical choice, but requires interpretive note that Jesus is relativizing ritual-purity systems structurally similar to Odisha’s own temple-purity codes |
| μετάνοια / μετανοέω (metanoia / metanoeō) | “change of mind/heart, turning" | "repentance,” “repent” | ମନ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ (mana paribartana) | High | Kingdom Breaking In | Rejected: ପ୍ରାୟଶ୍ଚିତ୍ତ — denotes Hindu ritual penance/expiation earning removed guilt through works, contrary to grace-prompted inward turning |
| παραδίδωμι (paradidōmi) | “to hand over, betray, deliver up" | "betray,” “hand over” | ଧରାଇ ଦେବା (dharāi debā) | High | Necessity of the Cross | Context-sensitive: same word covers both Judas’s treachery and the Father’s purposive “handing over” of the Son (cf. 9:31, 10:33, 14:41) — must not collapse into only one sense |
| ναός / ἱερόν (naos / hieron) | “temple, sanctuary" | "temple” | ମନ୍ଦିର (mandira) | High | Kingdom Breaking In / background to Universal Scope | Requires per-occurrence historical anchoring (Jerusalem, first-century) to prevent conflation with any present-day Odisha temple |
| σῶμα / αἷμα (sōma / haima, Last Supper sense) | “body” / “blood" | "body,” “blood” | ଶରୀର / ରକ୍ତ (śarīra / rakta) | High | Necessity of the Cross; Ransom for Many | Requires note distinguishing from repeated ritual food-offering/redistribution theology (e.g., mahāprasād) — commemorates a singular, historical, atoning death |
| σῴζω (sōzō, healing sense) | “to save, heal, restore, make whole" | "heal,” “save,” “make well” | ସୁସ୍ଥ କରିବା (susastha karibā) — context-sensitive vs. ପରିତ୍ରାଣ | High | Authority over Sickness; Faith and Discipleship | Per-occurrence judgment required: physical-healing sense vs. established soteriological ପରିତ୍ରାଣ sense |
| φόβος / φοβέομαι (phobos / phobeomai) | “fear" | "fear,” “be afraid” | ଭୟ (bhaya) | Medium/High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Must distinguish reverent awe at divine power from fear-as-opposite-of-faith (4:40–41 juxtaposes both senses in adjoining verses) |
| ψευδόχριστος / ψευδοπροφήτης (pseudochristos / pseudoprophētēs) | “false messiah” / “false prophet" | "false Christ,” “false prophet” | ଭଣ୍ଡ ମସୀହା / ଭଣ୍ଡ ଭବିଷ୍ୟଦ୍ବକ୍ତା (bhaṇḍa masīhā / bhaṇḍa bhabiṣyadbaktā) | High | Messianic Secret | Reinforces the exclusivity of ମସୀହା; must not be softened to “another teacher” |
| βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων (basileus tōn Ioudaiōn) | “King of the Jews" | "King of the Jews” | ଯିହୂଦୀମାନଙ୍କ ରାଜା (Yihūdīmānaṅka Rājā) | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Necessity of the Cross | Mocking title that is ironically true; must retain full irony, not be flattened to a purely derisive rendering |
| διδάσκαλος / ῥαββί (didaskalos / rabbi) | “teacher” / “my teacher, master” (Aramaic loan) | “Teacher,” “Rabbi,” “Master” | ଗୁରୁ / ରବ୍ବୀ (guru / rabbī) | Medium/High | Messianic Secret; Discipleship | ଗୁରୁ is standard/unavoidable but must be distinguished by note from a self-attained guru’s private-transmission authority; ରବ୍ବୀ preserved by transliteration where Greek itself transliterates |
| μαθητής (mathētēs) | “learner, disciple" | "disciple” | ଶିଷ୍ୟ (śiṣya) | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Same guru-śiṣya paradigm caution as διδάσκαλος; discipleship is following the crucified-and-risen sovereign Lord, not attainment-based advancement |
| ἀκολουθέω (akoloutheō) | “to follow, accompany" | "follow” | ଅନୁସରଣ କରିବା (anusaraṇa karibā) | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Must convey costly, total discipleship, not mere admiration or occasional attendance |
| πρῶτος / ἔσχατος / μέγας (prōtos / eschatos / megas) | “first” / “last” / “great" | "first,” “last,” “great” | ପ୍ରଥମ / ଶେଷ / ମହାନ (prathama / śeṣa / mahāna) | Medium | Servanthood vs Worldly Greatness | Consistency required between 9:35 and 10:43–44 |
| δεξιῶν / ἀριστερῶν (dexiōn / aristerōn) | “right (hand)” / “left (hand)" | "right,” “left” | ଡାହାଣ / ବାମ (dāhaṇa / bāma) | Medium | Servanthood vs Worldly Greatness | Honor-seating imagery; retain the status-seeking point Jesus corrects |
| δύναμις / δυνάμεις (dynamis / dynameis, miracle sense) | “mighty work, miracle" | "miracle,” “mighty work” | ମହାନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ (mahāna kārya) | Medium | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Rejected: ଶକ୍ତି-based noun — collides with Odisha’s Shakta goddess tradition, per baseline’s “power_of_god” precedent |
| σημεῖον (sēmeion) | “sign" | "sign” | ଚିହ୍ନ (cihna) | Medium | Messianic Secret | Distinguish Jesus’ refusal of sign-on-demand (8:11–12) from false signs performed by deceivers (13:22) |
| θλῖψις (thlipsis) | “tribulation, affliction, distress" | "tribulation,” “distress” | ମହା ସଙ୍କଟ (mahā saṅkaṭa) | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatological) | Standard apocalyptic-discourse vocabulary |
| γρηγορέω (grēgoreō) | “to watch, stay alert, keep awake" | "watch,” “be alert” | ଜାଗ୍ରତ ରୁହ (jāgrata ruha) | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Links Gethsemane failure (14:37) with eschatological command (13:33–37) |
| παράδοσις (paradosis) | “tradition, handed-down teaching" | "tradition” | ପରମ୍ପରା (paramparā) | Medium | (background to ritual-purity teaching) | Must not be read as a blanket rejection of all cultural tradition — only tradition elevated above God’s word |
| ἐντολή (entolē) | “commandment" | "commandment” | ଆଜ୍ଞା (ājñā) | Medium | (background) | Standard term |
| ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω (agapē / agapaō) | “love" | "love” | ପ୍ରେମ (prema) | Medium | (background — greatest commandment) | Flag: distinguish from Vaishnav prema-bhakti’s romantic-devotional connotation; this is self-giving covenantal love |
| προσευχή / προσεύχομαι (proseuchē / proseuchomai) | “prayer" | "prayer” | ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା (prārthanā) | Medium | (background) | Standard term, consistent with baseline’s “prayer_and_intercession” doctrine category |
| Πάσχα (Pascha) | “Passover" | "Passover” | ନିସ୍ତାର ପର୍ବ (nistāra parba) | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | Requires OT (Exodus) background note, per low-OT-literacy audience |
| καταπέτασμα (katapetasma) | “curtain, veil" | "curtain,” “veil” | ମନ୍ଦିରର ପରଦା (mandirara paradā) | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | Signifies opened access to God; contrast with maintained physical barriers to concealed sacred space |
| εὐλογημένος / εὐλογέω (eulogēmenos / eulogeō) | “blessed” / “to bless" | "blessed,” “bless” | ଧନ୍ୟ / ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ (dhanya / āśīrbāda) | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Flag: ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ risks a merit/boon-in-exchange-for-devotion reading (cf. baseline’s rejection of ବର for “spiritual gifts”); this is God’s declared favor, not an earned boon |
| μυστήριον (mystērion, kingdom sense) | “mystery, secret" | "mystery,” “secret” | ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ରାଜ୍ୟର ଗୁପ୍ତ ବିଷୟ (gupta biṣaya) | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Messianic Secret | Parallel to the Messianic Secret pattern applied to kingdom-teaching itself |
| ἐπιτιμάω (epitimaō, silencing sense) | “to rebuke sternly, command silence" | "rebuke,” “warn sternly” | କଠୋର ଆଦେଶ ଦେବା (kaṭhora ādeśa debā) | High | Messianic Secret | Distinguish strategic, temporary silencing from perpetual ritual concealment (cf. Nabakalebara parallel/contrast) |
| ὠσαννά (hōsanna) | “save now!” (acclamation) | “Hosanna” | ହୋଶାନ୍ନା (hoshānnā) | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Transliterated, as with ἀββά, ἀμήν |
| παιδίον (paidion) | “child, little child" | "child” | ଶିଶୁ (śiśu) | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Model of kingdom-receiving humility |
| σπόρος / σπείρω (sporos / speirō) | “seed” / “to sow" | "seed,” “sow” | ମଞ୍ଜି / ବୁଣିବା (mañji / buṇibā) | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Parable imagery |
| παραβολή (parabolē) | “parable" | "parable” | ଦୃଷ୍ଟାନ୍ତ (dṣṭānta) | Low | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Standard term |
| καρδία (kardia) | “heart" | "heart” | ହୃଦୟ (hṇdaya) | Medium | (background to ritual-purity teaching) | Site of true moral defilement per Mark 7 |
| θεραπεύω (therapeuō) | “to heal, cure" | "heal,” “cure” | ସୁସ୍ଥ କରିବା (susastha karibā) | Medium/High | Authority over Sickness | Distinguish Christ’s authoritative-word healing from folk/votive healing practices |
| κηρύσσω (kēryssō) | “to proclaim, herald" | "preach,” “proclaim” | ପ୍ରଚାର କରିବା (pracāra karibā) | Medium | Kingdom of God Breaking In | Standard proclamation term |
| μεταμορφόω (metamorphoō) | “to transform/transfigure" | "transfigure,” “transform” | ରୂପାନ୍ତରିତ ହେବା (rūpāntarita hebā) | Medium | Suffering Servant and Son of God | Momentary unveiling of glory, distinct from any repeated/periodic form-change |
| ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ (ho hagios tou theou) | “the Holy One of God" | "the Holy One of God” | ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ପବିତ୍ର ପୁରୁଷ (Parameśwaraṅka Pabitra Puruṣa) | High | Messianic Secret; Suffering Servant and Son of God | Ironic true confession from an unclean spirit; an early christological title occurrence |
| ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | “eternal life" | "eternal life” | ଅନନ୍ତ ଜୀବନ (ananta jībana) | High | Necessity of the Cross (background) | Not self-achieved merit; received through following Christ |
| μοιχεία / ἀπολύω (moicheia / apolyō) | “adultery” / “to divorce" | "adultery,” “divorce” | ବ୍ୟଭିଚାର / ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦ (byabhicāra / bibāha bicceda) | Medium | (background) | Standard terms |
Doctrine-Category Labels (not single Greek lexemes; scholarly/theological names requiring consistent Odia naming)
| Doctrine label | Odia name | Risk | Grounding passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Messianic Secret | ମସୀହା ଗୁପ୍ତତା (masīhā guptatā) | High | 1:25, 1:34, 1:44, 3:12, 5:43, 7:36, 8:30, 9:9 | Coined for this curriculum on the ମସୀହା root (baseline Critical term); Odisha-specific risk of assimilation to Nabakalebara/Ratna Bhaṇḍāra ritual-concealment imagery — must be distinguished as strategic and temporary, fully unveiled at the cross/resurrection |
| The Suffering Servant | ଦୁଃଖଭୋଗୀ ସେବକ (duḥkhabhogī sebaka) | High | 8:31, 9:31, 10:33–34, 10:45 | Names Mark’s Isaiah-53-shaped portrait of the Son of Man; not a lexical term but the theological label for the ransom/suffering motif culminating in 10:45 |
| The Necessity of the Cross | କ୍ରୁଶର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା (kruśara ābaśyakatā) | Critical | 8:31 (δεῖ), 9:31, 10:33–34, 10:45, 14:22–24, 15:20–39 | Names the doctrine that Christ’s suffering/death/resurrection was God’s determined plan, not accident or mere tragedy |
| Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | ସେବକତ୍ୱ ବନାମ ସାଂସାରିକ ମହାନତା (sebakatva banāma sāṅsārika mahānatā) | High | 9:33–37, 10:35–45 | Frames the κατακυριεύω/διάκονος/δοῦλος contrast |
Cross-Curriculum Consistency Notes
- All Reused terms above must match
translation_memory.json(Romans) exactly; any apparent mismatch must be flagged for review, not silently resolved by the translator. - New terms proposed above are candidates only; per the baseline’s “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions,” each must be reviewed, assigned a final risk level, and written into an updated translation memory before Phase 2 segment translation of Mark begins, with Critical/High entries requiring theologian sign-off before use.
- ମନ୍ୟୁଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର (Son of Man) and ପରିତ୍ରାଣ ମୂଲ୍ୟ (ransom) are the two most theologically load-bearing new coinages in this glossary and anchor the core passage (Mark 10:35–45); both require mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, consistent with the baseline’s escalation rules for Critical-risk Christological and salvific vocabulary.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱର
Transliteration: Parameśwara
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ଠାକୁର, ଭଗବାନ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. CRITICAL: never ଠାକୁର (Jagannath’s everyday devotional name) or ଭଗବାନ (generic deity term). Used throughout Mark.
Lord
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରଭୁ
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ଠାକୁର
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Applied in Mark both to God the Father in OT quotations (1:3, 11:9, 12:29-37) and to Jesus himself, climaxing in the Psalm 110 riddle (12:35-37). Never ଠାକୁର.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ପୁତ୍ର
Transliteration: Parameśwaraṅka Putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ଅବତାରୀ ପୁରୁଷ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Forms an inclusio in Mark: the book’s opening claim (1:1) is confirmed by the divine voice (1:11, 9:7) and confessed by a Gentile centurion at the cross (15:39). Must be kept sharply distinct from ମନୁଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର (Son of Man, new Mark term below); the two titles are both true of Jesus simultaneously and must never be merged.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ପବିତ୍ର ଆତ୍ମା
Transliteration: Pabitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ପରମାତ୍ମା
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Descends visibly on Jesus at baptism (1:10) and empowers/confirms his ministry throughout Mark; central to the unforgivable-sin passage (3:28-30). Never ପରମାତ୍ମା.
Father
Approved rendering: ପିତା
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ସୃଷ୍ଟିକର୍ତ୍ତା
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. God as personal Father, addressed intimately by Jesus in Gethsemane (14:36) and referenced in his teaching on prayer and eschatology (11:25, 13:32). Avoid the distant, abstract ସୃଷ୍ଟିକର୍ତ୍ତା.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ମସୀହା
Transliteration: Masīhā
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: ଅବତାରୀ ପୁରୁଷ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Peter’s confession at Caesarea Philippi (8:29) is Mark’s structural turning point; also present in ironic mockery at trial and cross (14:61, 15:32) and in warnings against ଭଣ୍ଡ ମସୀହା (false messiahs, 13:21-22). Never framed as one of several avatāra-descents of Vishnu/Krishna.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ପୁନରୁତ୍ଥାନ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ପୁନର୍ଜନ୍ମ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Announced at the empty tomb (16:6); disputed with the Sadducees (12:18-27); repeatedly predicted alongside Jesus’ suffering (8:31, 9:31, 10:34). CRITICAL: NEVER ପୁନର୍ଜନ୍ମ. Must never be assimilated to Nabakalebara’s periodic ritual renewal of Jagannath’s wooden image.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ଯୀଶୁ
Transliteration: Yīśu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ଈସା
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Never ଈସା. The proper name of the Son of God, appearing throughout Mark.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ପରିତ୍ରାଣ
Transliteration: paritrāṇa
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ମୋକ୍ଷ, ମୁକ୍ତି
Original: σωτηρία (concept); σῴζω in its soteriological sense
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Soteriological sense only; distinct from σῴζω’s frequent physical-healing sense in Mark (see heal_or_save entry below). CRITICAL: never ମୋକ୍ଷ/ମୁକ୍ତି.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ଦେହଧାରଣ
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇa
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ଅବତାର
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Background doctrine underlying Mark’s Humanity-of-Christ theme (1:41, 3:5, 4:38, 14:33-36); CRITICAL: NEVER ଅବତାର, and never assimilated to Nabakalebara’s periodic re-embodiment of Jagannath’s sacred essence.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ମନୁଷ୍ୟପୁତ୍ର
Transliteration: manuṣyaputra
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: ମନୁଷ୍ୟ (generic ‘a human being’), ଅବତାରୀ ପୁରୁଷ (avatāra-adjacent phrasing)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW term for Mark. Jesus’ preferred self-designation (14 occurrences: 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21 x2, 14:41, 14:62), drawing on Daniel 7:13’s exalted authoritative heavenly figure while embracing suffering and self-giving service. Must be kept sharply distinct from ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ପୁତ୍ର; both titles are true of Jesus simultaneously and must never be merged into a single generic phrase. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Ransom
Approved rendering: ପରିତ୍ରାଣ ମୂଲ୍ୟ
Transliteration: paritrāṇa mūlya
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ମୁକ୍ତି ମୂଲ୍ୟ (mukti-root, collides with mokṣa), ମୋକ୍ଷ ମୂଲ୍ୟ
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW term for Mark. λύτρον, Mark 10:45 (‘a ransom for many’), conceptually parallel to 14:24’s ‘for many.’ Built deliberately on the already-safe baseline ପରିତ୍ରାଣ root plus ମୂଲ୍ୟ (‘price’) rather than any ମୁକ୍ତି-root word, which collides with mokṣa (self-attained liberation from the rebirth cycle through ritual effort or pilgrimage). Names a price PAID BY CHRIST, substituting his life FOR others — the single most doctrinally load-bearing term in the core passage. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Cross
Approved rendering: କ୍ରୁଶ / କ୍ରୁଶରେ ଚଢ଼ାଇବା
Transliteration: kruśa / kruśare caḍhāibā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: generic execution vocabulary, tapasyā-style self-renunciation vocabulary
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Salvation
NEW term for Mark, using the already-established Odia Christian technical loan-term. Discipleship call (8:34) and historical fulfillment (15:15-27). Never a generic execution word; never a term implying voluntary ascetic self-renunciation (tapasyā) for one’s own attainment rather than a death imposed by others and willingly borne by Christ for others.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ପବିତ୍ର ଆତ୍ମା ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ନିନ୍ଦା
Transliteration: Pabitra Ātmā birud’dhare nindā
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον
Category: Sin
NEW term for Mark. βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον (3:28-30), the unforgivable sin of attributing the Spirit’s clearly-evidenced work to an unclean source. Must retain full doctrinal weight as a unique, unforgivable category of sin, not softened into ordinary irreverence; must reuse ପବିତ୍ର ଆତ୍ମା exactly.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ସୁସମାଚାର
Transliteration: susamācāra
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ଖବର
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (identical rendering, risk, and rejected alternative). Mark 1:1 opens the entire book by naming itself ‘the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ,’ also recurring at 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15. Must convey a single, authoritative historical announcement, not one wisdom-teaching among others such as the Odia Bhagavata tradition’s devotional teaching.
Abba
Approved rendering: ଆବ୍ବା
Transliteration: Ābbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. MUST equal the Romans 8:15 rendering verbatim at Mark 14:36, per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule for high-use, doctrinally loaded phrases.
Law
Approved rendering: ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା
Transliteration: byabasthā
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ଧର୍ମ
Original: νόμος (contextual; Torah background)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Torah background invoked in the divorce controversy (10:2-9) and the greatest-commandment dialogue (12:28-31). Never ଧର୍ମ.
Sin
Approved rendering: ପାପ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ଅଧର୍ମ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Object of John’s baptism of repentance (1:4-5) and of Jesus’ direct forgiving authority (2:5-10).
Glory
Approved rendering: ମହିମା
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ତେଜ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Christ’s coming glory (8:38, 13:26) that James and John wrongly assume will function as an earthly royal court (10:37). Avoid light-only imagery merging with generic divine-radiance devotional associations.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ନିୟମ
Transliteration: niyama
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ଚୁକ୍ତି
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Jesus names his own poured-out blood ‘the blood of the covenant’ at the Last Supper (14:24), directly paralleling the ransom language of 10:45. Must not be reduced to a repeatable ritual food-offering cycle resembling mahāprasād distribution.
Election
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ମନୋନୟନ
Transliteration: Parameśwaraṅka Manonayana
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ଭାଗ୍ୟ, ନିୟତି
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. God’s ‘elect’ (13:20, 13:22, 13:27) are preserved and gathered at the end. Not fate, nor the sign-based ritual selection procedure used during Nabakalebara.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ
Transliteration: Parameśwaraṅka Sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ଶକ୍ତି
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ (in its divine-capability sense, as opposed to plural δυνάμεις ‘mighty works’)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Invoked when Jesus corrects the Sadducees (‘you know neither the scriptures nor the power of God,’ 12:24) and in his trial testimony (14:62). Never ଶକ୍ତି.
Faith
Approved rendering: ବିଶ୍ୱାସ
Transliteration: biśwāsa
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ଭକ୍ତି
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Exemplified by the woman with the flow of blood (5:34), Jairus (5:36), the boy’s father (9:23-24), and blind Bartimaeus (10:52). Distinguish from Odia Vaishnav ଭକ୍ତି surrender.
Holy
Approved rendering: ପବିତ୍ର
Transliteration: pabitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ଶୁଦ୍ଧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Applied to the Spirit throughout and to Jesus himself in the unclean spirit’s confession (1:24, ‘the Holy One of God’).
Grace
Approved rendering: କୃପା
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: କର୍ମଫଳ, ପୁଣ୍ୟ
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Not a term textually frequent in Mark, but doctrinally load-bearing background for the Ransom (10:45): Christ’s self-giving is unearned and freely given, standing against the ritual-offering economy (seba, bhoga, pilgrimage merit) associated with Jagannath devotion, exactly as fixed in Romans.
Providence
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ପରିଚାଳନା
Transliteration: Parameśwaraṅka Paricāḷanā
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ଭାଗ୍ୟ, କର୍ମର ନିୟମ
Original: πρόνοια (concept; cf. ἡτοίμασται, ‘has been prepared,’ 10:40)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged and extended: Mark 10:40’s divine passive (‘has been prepared’) and 13:20, 14:21, 14:41 fall under this doctrine. Must not be read through ଭାଗ୍ୟ (fate) or impersonal karma; the Father’s personal agency must remain recoverable.
Slave
Approved rendering: ଦାସ
Transliteration: dāsa
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
NEW term for Mark. δοῦλος, 10:44: ‘whoever wants to be first must be slave of all.’ Several Panchasakha poet-saints (including Jagannath Das) took ‘Dāsa’ as a devotional self-designation of surrendered bhakti, so ଦାସ risks sounding like an already-honorable pious title to an Odia hearer rather than the shocking, lowest social status Jesus intends. Mandatory translator note preserving the status-reversal shock at every occurrence.
Servant
Approved rendering: ସେବକ
Transliteration: sebaka
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
NEW term for Mark. διάκονος, 9:35 and 10:43, modeled on Jesus’ own mission (10:45). Shares its root with ସେବା (sevā), the hereditary, caste-linked ritual-service duties of Puri temple sevayat families. Jesus’ command is a voluntary, universally available posture of humble service open to every disciple regardless of birth status. Translator note required at every recurrence (1:13, 1:31, 9:35, 10:43, 15:41).
Authority
Approved rendering: ଅଧିକାର
Transliteration: adhikāra
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: ପ୍ରଭୁତ୍ୱ-based rendering for negative worldly authority
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Miracles
NEW term for Mark. ἐξουσία: Jesus teaches and casts out demons ‘with authority’ (1:22, 1:27), forgives sins with authority (2:10), delegates authority to the Twelve (6:7). Must not be built on ପ୍ରଭୁ/ପ୍ରଭୁତ୍ୱ when describing worldly rulers’ negative ‘authority-over’ (see lord_it_over), to keep Christ’s reserved exclusive Lordship title untouched.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: ଅଧିକାର ଚଳାଇ ଦବାଇ ରଖିବା
Transliteration: adhikāra caḷāi dabāi rakhibā
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: ପ୍ରଭୁତ୍ୱ କରିବା
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
NEW term for Mark. κατακυριεύω/κατεξουσιάζω, Mark 10:42: worldly rulers ‘lord it over’ and ‘exercise authority over’ their people — the pattern Jesus forbids among disciples. Both Greek verbs share roots with κύριος (‘lord’) and ἐξουσία (‘authority’) reserved for Christ’s own positive Lordship; the Odia rendering must NOT be built from ପ୍ରଭୁ/ପ୍ରଭୁତ୍ୱ, or the ironic contrast Jesus draws would blur into his own reserved title.
Demon
Approved rendering: ଭୂତ
Transliteration: bhūta
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Miracles
NEW term for Mark. δαιμόνιον, cast out by Jesus’ command throughout (1:34, 1:39, 3:15, 5:1-13, 6:13, 7:26-30, 9:38). Odisha’s living tradition of bhūta/spirit-possession belief and shamanic ojhā/guniā exorcism practice (which negotiates or bargains with spirits) risks a ritual-negotiation reading. Mark’s demons are expelled once, permanently, by Jesus’ bare word of command alone, never bargained with.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: ଅଶୁଚି ଆତ୍ମା
Transliteration: aśuci ātmā
Doctrine: Authority over Unclean Spirits
Rejected alternatives: ପରମାତ୍ମା-adjacent phrasing for ‘spirit’ generally
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Miracles
NEW term for Mark. πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον, synonym for δαιμόνιον used across Mark (1:23-27, 3:11, 5:2-13, 7:25, 9:25), including ironic confessions of Jesus’ identity (1:24, 3:11) that are part of the Messianic Secret pattern. Kept as ଆତ୍ମା with a negating prefix to preserve grammatical parallel with ପବିତ୍ର ଆତ୍ମା while marking clear moral opposition; must never suggest kinship with the personal, divine Holy Spirit.
Suffer
Approved rendering: ଦୁଃଖ ଭୋଗିବା
Transliteration: duḥkha bhogibā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: ‘hardship’ or ‘difficulty’ softening
Original: πάσχω
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW term for Mark. πάσχω, the first Passion prediction: the Son of Man ‘must (δεῖ) suffer many things’ (8:31, echoed 9:12). Must not be softened; names the specific, prophesied, necessary suffering of the Son of Man.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରାଣ
Transliteration: prāṇa
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ଆତ୍ମା
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
NEW term for Mark. ψυχή, used both of the cost of discipleship (8:36-37) and of Christ’s own life given as a ransom (10:45). Never ଆତ୍ພା, which is reserved for the personal Holy Spirit and risks importing the Vedantic ātman (an eternal individual self ultimately merging with ପରମାତ୍ମା). ପ୍ରାଣ keeps this a real, historical life given up in death.
Cup
Approved rendering: ପାତ୍ର
Transliteration: pātra
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW term for Mark. ποτήριον, Mark 10:38-39: Jesus asks James and John if they can drink ‘the cup that I drink,’ meaning his coming passion. Requires a mandatory translator note supplying the OT cup-of-judgment/suffering background (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17) for an audience with low OT narrative literacy.
Baptism Metaphorical
Approved rendering: ବାପ୍ତିସ୍ମ / ବାପ୍ତିଜିତ ହେବା
Transliteration: bāptisma / bāptijita hebā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζομαι (10:38-39 metaphorical sense)
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW term for Mark. βάπτισμα/βαπτίζομαι in its metaphorical sense (10:38-39), total immersion into suffering, used of Jesus’ own coming death. Same Odia words as literal water baptism (ch. 1); requires a mandatory translator note distinguishing the metaphorical sense from John’s literal water rite so the two senses are not flattened together.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: ଶୁଦ୍ଧ / ଅଶୁଦ୍ଧ
Transliteration: śuddha / aśuddha
Doctrine: Ritual Purity versus the Heart
Original: καθαρός / κοινός / ἀκάθαρτος
Category: Ritual Purity
NEW term for Mark. καθαρός/κοινός/ἀκάθαρτος, 7:1-23: Jesus relativizes ritual purity vocabulary in favor of the heart’s moral condition. Correct dictionary words, but requires an interpretive note: these are precisely the words describing the elaborate ritual-purity code structuring Puri Jagannath temple worship (bathing protocols, mahāprasād rules, historic sanctum-entry restrictions), so this passage does real, direct theological work for the Odia hearer, not merely reporting an ancient controversy.
Repentance
Approved rendering: ମନ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ
Transliteration: mana paribartana
Doctrine: Repentance and Kingdom Entry
Rejected alternatives: ପ୍ରାୟଶ୍ଚିତ୍ତ
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. μετάνοια/μετανοέω, central to John’s preaching (1:4) and Jesus’ kingdom announcement (1:15). Never ପ୍ରାୟଶ୍ଚିତ୍ତ, which denotes Hindu ritual penance/expiation earning removed guilt through works, contrary to a grace-prompted inward turning that precedes rather than earns forgiveness.
Hand Over Betray
Approved rendering: ଧରାଇ ଦେବା
Transliteration: dharāi debā
Doctrine: The Passion Predictions and Divine Necessity
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW term for Mark. παραδίδωμι, used both of Judas’s betrayal (14:10, 14:18, 14:21, 14:42, 14:44) and, in the passive, of the divine plan by which the Son of Man ‘is handed over’ (9:31, 10:33, 14:41). Context-sensitive: the same word must retain both the human-treachery sense and the divine-purpose sense simultaneously, never collapsed into only one.
Temple
Approved rendering: ମନ୍ଦିର
Transliteration: mandira
Doctrine: The Temple and New Access to God
Original: ναός / ἱερόν
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. ναός/ἱερόν, the Jerusalem Temple, site of Jesus’ prophetic action (11:15-17, quoting Isaiah 56:7 and Jeremiah 7:11); also 12:41, 13:1-3, 14:58, 15:29, 15:38. The ordinary, unavoidable Odia word, also naming the Puri Jagannath ମନ୍ଦିର specifically. Every occurrence requires mandatory historical-geographic anchoring (first-century Jerusalem, a specific building later destroyed per 13:2) so it is never heard as referencing or blessing a present-day Odisha temple.
Body Blood
Approved rendering: ଶରୀର / ରକ୍ତ
Transliteration: śarīra / rakta
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW term for Mark. σῶμα/αἷμα, Last Supper (14:22-24): Christ’s body and blood given/poured out ‘for many,’ directly paralleling 10:45. Requires a mandatory note distinguishing this singular, historical, atoning self-giving from a repeatable ritual food-offering-and-redistribution theology such as mahāprasād at the Puri Ananda Bazaar.
Heal Or Save
Approved rendering: ସୁସ୍ଥ କରିବା (contextual; see ‘salvation’ entry for the soteriological sense)
Transliteration: susastha karibā
Doctrine: Faith versus Ritual Healing Practice
Original: σῴζω (healing sense)
Category: Miracles
NEW term for Mark. σῴζω in its healing sense (5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 6:56, 10:52), deliberately double-registered with the wider theme of salvation. Per-occurrence judgment required: ସୁସ୍ଥ କରିବା for physical healing, ପରିତ୍ରାଣ only for the soteriological sense. Never let this ambiguity produce a folk-healing reading in which healing is achieved by ritual technique (e.g., touching a garment, 5:27-28) rather than by Christ responding to genuine faith directed at him.
Fear
Approved rendering: ଭୟ
Transliteration: bhaya
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
NEW term for Mark. φόβος/φοβέομαι, used both of reverent awe at Jesus’ authority over nature (4:41) and of the opposite of faith rebuked by Jesus in the same episode (4:40). Must distinguish these two senses per occurrence rather than a single flat rendering.
False Messiah False Prophet
Approved rendering: ଭଣ୍ଡ ମସୀହା / ଭଣ୍ଡ ଭବିଷ୍ୟଦ୍ବକ୍ତା
Transliteration: bhaṇḍa masīhā / bhaṇḍa bhabiṣyadbaktā
Doctrine: False Messiahs and Eschatological Vigilance
Rejected alternatives: ‘another teacher’ softening
Original: ψευδόχριστος / ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Christology
NEW term for Mark. ψευδόχριστος/ψευδοπροφήτης, 13:22: counterfeit claimants who will arise to deceive the elect. Reinforces the exclusivity of ମସୀହା; must not be read as implying multiple legitimate divine descents alongside the one true Messiah.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: ଯିହୂଦୀମାନଙ୍କ ରାଜା
Transliteration: Yihūdīmānaṅka Rājā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW term for Mark. βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων, both a mocking title and, ironically, the truest title in the Passion narrative (15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26). Must retain its full irony (mockery that is unknowingly true), not be flattened into purely derisive language.
Teacher Rabbi
Approved rendering: ଗୁରୁ / ରବ୍ବୀ
Transliteration: guru / rabbī
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: διδάσκαλε / ῥαββί
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Mark. διδάσκαλε/ῥαββί, the ordinary address for a religious instructor, used of Jesus throughout, including by James and John in their misguided request (10:35). ଗୁରୁ is standard/unavoidable but carries the guru-śiṣya paradigm of self-attained mastery and private transmission earned through devotion to the guru; the text itself must be allowed to correct this expectation (10:42-45) rather than the translation softening Jesus’ rebuke to preserve guru-honor conventions. ରବ୍ବୀ preserved by transliteration where the Greek itself transliterates.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ରାଜ୍ୟର ଗୁପ୍ତ ବିଷୟ
Transliteration: Parameśwaraṅka Rājyara Gupta Biṣaya
Doctrine: The Mystery of the Kingdom
Original: τὸ μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. τὸ μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ, 4:11: the kingdom’s present hidden/veiled quality toward outsiders but disclosure to insiders. Parallels the Messianic Secret pattern applied to kingdom-teaching itself; must not suggest a permanently closed, initiation-only teaching.
Rebuke Silence
Approved rendering: କଠୋର ଆଦେଶ ଦେବା
Transliteration: kaṭhora ādeśa debā
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Messianic Secret
NEW term for Mark. ἐπιτιμάω, Jesus repeatedly silences demons and disciples about his identity (1:25, 1:34, 3:12, 8:30). Must be distinguished by note from perpetual ritual concealment (Nabakalebara’s sealed transfer, the guarded Ratna Bhaṇḍāra treasury); Jesus’ silencing is strategic and temporary, fully unveiled at the cross and empty tomb (15:39, 16:6).
Holy One Of God
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ପବିତ୍ର ପୁରୁଷ
Transliteration: Parameśwaraṅka Pabitra Puruṣa
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Messianic Secret
NEW term for Mark, built on the already-fixed ପବିତ୍ର and ପରମେଶ୍ୱର roots. ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ, an ironic true confession of Jesus’ identity spoken by an unclean spirit (1:24); must be recognized as a genuinely true but ironically-sourced confession, not diminished as merely a demon’s opinion.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ଅନନ୍ତ ଜୀବନ
Transliteration: ananta jībana
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW term for Mark. ζωὴ αἰώνιος, the rich man’s question (10:17), redirected by Jesus from self-achieved merit toward following him, foreshadowing 10:45’s ransom logic. Not self-achieved merit or accumulated pilgrimage/ritual credit.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: ଦାଉଦଙ୍କ ପୁତ୍ର
Transliteration: Dāudaṅka Putra
Doctrine: Davidic Messiahship
Original: υἱὲ Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW term for Mark, related to but distinct from the baseline’s ‘seed_of_david’ (Romans 1:3). υἱὲ Δαυίδ, Bartimaeus’s messianic cry (10:47-48) and the Psalm 110 riddle (12:35-37), holding Jesus’ full humanity (Davidic descent) and full deity (David’s own Lord) in paradox. Requires OT covenant background explanation for an audience with low OT narrative literacy; no structural equivalent exists in Odia Vaishnav devotional tradition.
Medium Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ରାଜ୍ୟ
Transliteration: Parameśwaraṅka Rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Thesis statement of Mark 1:15; developed through parables (ch. 4) and entry-requirements (10:14-25); recurs at 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43. Not a political, territorial kingdom, and not the triumphal-procession imagery of Rath Yatra.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ଅନ୍ୟଜାତି
Transliteration: anyajāti
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ବିଦେଶୀ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. The temple is to be ‘a house of prayer for all nations’ (11:17); the gospel must be preached to all nations before the end (13:10).
Apostle
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରେରିତ
Transliteration: prerita
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ଗୁରୁ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. The Twelve are named apostles and sent out two-by-two with delegated authority (3:14, 6:7, 6:30). Distinguish from a hereditary temple-priest/pandaa role or a self-attained guru role.
David
Approved rendering: ଦାଉଦ
Transliteration: Dāuda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Grounds the bread-in-the-temple precedent (2:25), Bartimaeus’s cry (10:47-48), the triumphal entry acclamation (11:10), and the Psalm 110 riddle (12:35-37).
Israel
Approved rendering: ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ
Transliteration: Isrāela
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Named in the great commandment (12:29) and in the mocking title ‘King of Israel’ at the cross (15:32).
Intercession
Approved rendering: ମଧ୍ୟସ୍ଥତା
Transliteration: madhyasthatā
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: προσεύχομαι ὑπέρ (concept)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Jesus withdraws to intercede/pray (1:35) and instructs disciples on unhindered prayer (11:24-25). Distinguish from ritual offering (bhoga) presented through temple priests as intermediaries.
Mission
Approved rendering: ମିଶନ / ସୁସମାଚାର ପ୍ରଚାର
Transliteration: miśana / susamācāra pracāra
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: κηρύσσω τὸ εὐαγγέλιον εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη (concept)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Grounds the sending of the gospel to all nations (13:10, 16:15); ସୁସମାଚାର ପ୍ରଚାର preferred over ମିଶନ in most contexts.
Disciple
Approved rendering: ଶିଷ୍ୟ
Transliteration: śiṣya
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Mark. μαθητής, the Twelve and the wider circle who follow Jesus. Same guru-śiṣya paradigm caution as teacher_rabbi; Christian discipleship is following the crucified-and-risen sovereign Lord, not attainment-based advancement toward a guru’s inner circle.
Follow
Approved rendering: ଅନୁସରଣ କରିବା
Transliteration: anusaraṇa karibā
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Mark. ἀκολουθέω, Simon, Andrew, James, John immediately leave nets and family (1:16-20). Must convey costly, total discipleship, not mere admiration or occasional attendance.
First Last Great
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରଥମ / ଶେଷ / ମହାନ
Transliteration: prathama / śeṣa / mahāna
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: πρῶτος / ἔσχατος / μέγας
Category: Servanthood
NEW term for Mark. πρῶτος/ἔσχατος/μέγας, the status-terms Jesus overturns in his teaching on greatness (9:35, 10:43-44). Consistency required between the two passages so learners recognize the repeated theme.
Right Left Hand
Approved rendering: ଡାହାଣ / ବାମ
Transliteration: dāhaṇa / bāma
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δεξιῶν / ἀριστερῶν (εὐωνύμων)
Category: Servanthood
NEW term for Mark. δεξιῶν/ἀριστερῶν (εὐωνύμων), positions of highest honor beside a king, requested by James and John (10:37, 10:40). Retain the status-seeking point Jesus corrects; loosely resonant with, but not equated to, ranked ceremonial seating protocols in regional royal/festival contexts.
Miracle Mighty Work
Approved rendering: ମହାନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ
Transliteration: mahāna kārya
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: ଶକ୍ତି-based noun
Original: δύναμις / δυνάμεις (mighty-work sense)
Category: Miracles
NEW term for Mark. δύναμις/δυνάμεις in its mighty-work sense (6:2, 6:5, 9:39, 13:25), distinct from ପରମେଶ୍ୱରଙ୍କ ସାମର୍ଥ୍ୟ (underlying divine capability). Never a ଶକ୍ତି-based noun, consistent with the baseline’s avoidance of that term for God’s power generally.
Sign
Approved rendering: ଚିହ୍ନ
Transliteration: cihna
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: σημεῖον
Category: Messianic Secret
NEW term for Mark. σημεῖον, Jesus refuses sign-on-demand (8:11-12) while false christs/prophets will perform deceptive signs (13:22); distinguish the two.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: ମହା ସଙ୍କଟ
Transliteration: mahā saṅkaṭa
Doctrine: False Messiahs and Eschatological Vigilance
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
NEW term for Mark. θλῖψις, great distress preceding the Son of Man’s coming (13:19, 13:24); standard apocalyptic-discourse vocabulary.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: ଜାଗ୍ରତ ରୁହ
Transliteration: jāgrata ruha
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Mark. γρηγορέω, the repeated command for vigilant, faithful waiting for the Son of Man’s return (13:33-37) and the disciples’ failed watchfulness in Gethsemane (14:37).
Tradition
Approved rendering: ପରମ୍ପରା
Transliteration: paramparā
Doctrine: Ritual Purity versus the Heart
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Ritual Purity
NEW term for Mark. παράδοσις, handed-down human teaching contrasted with the commandment of God (7:8). Must not be read as a blanket rejection of all cultural tradition, only tradition elevated above God’s word.
Commandment
Approved rendering: ଆଜ୍ଞା
Transliteration: ājñā
Doctrine: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: ἐντολή
Category: Covenant
NEW term for Mark. ἐντολή, subject of ‘which commandment is first of all?’ (12:28); standard term.
Love
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରେମ
Transliteration: prema
Doctrine: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Mark. ἀγάπη/ἀγαπάω, the greatest commandment (12:30-31). ପ୍ରେମ in Odisha’s dominant Vaishnav bhakti tradition carries strong romantic-devotional overtones (Radha-Krishna prema-bhakti); must be kept distinct as self-giving covenantal love.
Prayer
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା
Transliteration: prārthanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Watchfulness
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith
NEW term for Mark. προσευχή/προσεύχομαι, Jesus withdraws to pray (1:35), teaches on unhindered prayer (11:24-25), and prays in Gethsemane (14:32-39). Standard term, consistent with the baseline’s ‘prayer_and_intercession’ doctrine category.
Passover
Approved rendering: ନିସ୍ତାର ପର୍ବ
Transliteration: nistāra parba
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: bare transliteration ପାସ୍କା
Original: Πάσχα
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW term for Mark. Πάσχα, the setting for the Last Supper (14:1, 14:12-16). Descriptive OT-anchored compound preferred over bare transliteration, given low OT narrative literacy in the target audience; requires a mandatory background note (Exodus deliverance).
Curtain Veil
Approved rendering: ମନ୍ଦିରର ପରଦା
Transliteration: mandirara paradā
Doctrine: The Temple and New Access to God
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Necessity of the Cross
NEW term for Mark. καταπέτασμα, the temple curtain torn top to bottom at Jesus’ death (15:38), signifying opened access to God, in contrast with maintained physical barriers to concealed sacred space in temple traditions generally.
Blessed Bless
Approved rendering: ଧନ୍ୟ / ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ
Transliteration: dhanya / āśīrbāda
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: εὐλογημένος / εὐλογέω
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. εὐλογημένος/εὐλογέω, ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord’ (11:9-10, quoting Ps 118); also the Last Supper blessing (14:22). ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ risks a merit/boon-in-exchange-for-devotion reading, similar to the baseline’s rejection of ବର for spiritual gifts; prefer ଧନ୍ୟ as primary, ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ only where the verb form is unavoidable.
Heart
Approved rendering: ହୃଦୟ
Transliteration: hṛdaya
Doctrine: Ritual Purity versus the Heart
Original: καρδία
Category: Ritual Purity
NEW term for Mark. καρδία, the true site of moral defilement, internal rather than external/ritual (7:19, 7:21); standard term.
Heal
Approved rendering: ସୁସ୍ଥ କରିବା
Transliteration: susastha karibā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: θεραπεύω
Category: Miracles
NEW term for Mark. θεραπεύω, to heal/cure by Jesus’ authoritative word or touch (1:31, 1:34, 3:10, 6:5). Distinguish Christ’s authoritative-word healing from folk/votive healing practices sought through intermediary ritual specialists.
Preach
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରଚାର କରିବା
Transliteration: pracāra karibā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. κηρύσσω, public proclamation by John, Jesus, and the disciples (1:4, 1:14, 1:38-39, 3:14, 13:10, 16:15).
Transfigure
Approved rendering: ରୂପାନ୍ତରିତ ହେବା
Transliteration: rūpāntarita hebā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW term for Mark. μεταμορφόω, Jesus’ glory momentarily unveiled to Peter, James, John (9:2-3); a momentary unveiling of glory, distinct from any repeated or periodic form-change ritual.
Adultery Divorce
Approved rendering: ବ୍ୟଭିଚାର / ବିବାହ ବିଚ୍ଛେଦ
Transliteration: byabhicāra / bibāha bicceda
Doctrine: Marriage and the Creation Order
Original: μοιχεία / ἀπολύω
Category: Covenant
NEW term for Mark. μοιχεία/ἀπολύω, Jesus grounds marriage’s permanence in the creation order rather than accommodation to hardness of heart (10:2-12); standard terms.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: ବିଶ୍ରାମ ଦିନ
Transliteration: biśrāma dina
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
NEW term for Mark. σάββατον, ‘the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath’ (2:28), an authority claim tied directly to the Son of Man title; standard term with a notable doctrinal link to 2:28.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: ଭବିଷ୍ୟଦ୍ବକ୍ତା
Transliteration: bhabiṣyadbaktā
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ଜ୍ୟୋତିଷୀ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Applied to John the Baptist (1:2, 11:32) and in Jesus’ proverb about honor in one’s hometown (6:4).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ଭବିଷ୍ୟଦ୍ବାଣୀ
Transliteration: bhabiṣyadbāṇī
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ଗଣନା
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Mark 1:2-3 opens with an Isaiah citation identifying John’s forerunner role.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: ହୋଶାନ୍ନା
Transliteration: hoshānnā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. ὡσαννά, an acclamation at the triumphal entry (11:9-10); transliterated, as with ἀββά and ἀμήν.
Child
Approved rendering: ଶିଶୁ
Transliteration: śiśu
Doctrine: Children and Kingdom Receptivity
Original: παιδίον
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. παιδίον, Jesus’ model of kingdom-receiving humility (9:36-37, 10:14-15); standard term.
Seed Sow
Approved rendering: ମଞ୍ଜି / ବୁଣିବା
Transliteration: mañji / buṇibā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: σπόρος / σπείρω
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. σπόρος/σπείρω, kingdom growth imagery: small, hidden beginnings yielding certain, God-given growth (4:3-32); standard parable vocabulary.
Parable
Approved rendering: ଦୃଷ୍ଟାନ୍ତ
Transliteration: dṭṛṣṭānta
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Mark. παραβολή, Jesus’ primary public teaching form for the kingdom (4:2, 4:10-13, 4:33-34); standard term.
Scribe
Approved rendering: ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରୀ
Transliteration: śāstrī
Doctrine: Authority to Forgive Sins
Original: γραμματεύς
Category: Covenant
NEW term for Mark. γραμματεύς, a scholar of the Law who challenges Jesus’ authority (2:6-7, 2:16, 3:22, 7:1-5, 11:18, 12:28); standard term.
Fast
Approved rendering: ଉପବାସ କରିବା
Transliteration: upabāsa karibā
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: νηστεύω
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Mark. νηστεύω, the question of fasting practice (2:18-20), reframed by Jesus around his own bridegroom-presence; standard term.
Referenced passages