Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Philemon (English → Odia)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of Philemon (its single chapter, all 25 verses). It is organized into:
- Section A — Baseline Terms Reused from the Romans Language Package (rendering fixed; no deviation permitted)
- Section B — New Terms Introduced by Philemon (proposed renderings for
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json/doctrine_risk_registry.jsonextension) - Section C — Proper Names
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused (Exact Reuse Required)
| Term (English) | Greek | Odia (baseline) | Risk (baseline) | Philemon occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| grace | χάρις | କୃପା | High | 1:3, 1:25 (also v.22’s χαρίζομαι, related word-family — see Section B) |
| peace | εἰρήνη | ଶାନ୍ତି | Medium | 1:3 |
| faith | πίστις | ବିଶ୍ୱାସ | High | 1:5, 1:6 |
| saints | ἅγιοι | ପବିତ୍ର ଲୋକ | High | 1:5, 1:7 |
| fellowship | κοινωνία | ସହଭାଗିତା | Low | 1:6 |
| church | ἐκκλησία | ମଣ୍ଡଳୀ | Medium | 1:2 (as “house church,” ଗୃହ ମଣ୍ଡଳୀ) |
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | ସୁସମାଚାର | High | 1:13 |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστῶ | ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ ସ୍ତୁତି | Low | 1:4 |
| lord | κύριος | ପ୍ରଭୁ | Critical | 1:3, 1:5, 1:16, 1:20, 1:25 |
| jesus / christ | Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός | ଯୀଶୁ / ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ | Critical | throughout |
| god | θεός | ପରମେଶ୍ୱର | Critical | 1:3, 1:4 |
| father | πατήρ | ପିତା | Critical | 1:3 |
| exhort (encouragement sense) | παρακαλῶ | ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା | Low (baseline general tier) | 1:7 (noun form, encouragement sense) |
Note on παρακαλῶ: the baseline’s exhort entry already anticipates context-sensitivity (“use ନିବେଦନ for entreaty; ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା for encouragement”). Philemon’s dominant use (vv.9, 10) is the entreaty sense; see Section B for the elevated risk tier assigned to that specific usage in this curriculum.
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Philemon
| # | Term (English) | Greek / Transliteration | Odia Rendering | Odia Transliteration | Doctrine | Risk | Reference(s) | Rejected Alternatives | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | slave / bondservant | δοῦλος / doulos | ଦାସ | dāsa | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | High | 1:16 | — (no safe synonym exists; risk is inherent to the word, not solved by substitution) | ଦାସ is simultaneously (a) the plain Odia word for actual bonded/slave status and (b) the standard Vaishnav devotional self-title (cf. “Jagannath Das,” a Panchasakha poet-saint already flagged in the baseline). Requires translator note distinguishing Paul’s literal social-status reference from devotional dāsa usage, and must not be softened before the following ଅଧିକ (more than) / ଭାଇ (brother) turn. |
| 2 | brother (spiritual) | ἀδελφός / adelphos | ଭାଇ | bhāi | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | High | 1:1, 1:7, 1:16, 1:20 | ଜାତି ଭାଇ (caste-brother — explicitly rejected) | Must clearly cross, not reinforce, caste/social-status brotherhood categories; the doctrinal point of the letter depends on the reader recognizing this as a status-transcending, not status-confirming, term. |
| 3 | love | ἀγάπη / agapē | ପ୍ରେମ | prema | Christian Brotherhood; Forgiveness and Reconciliation | High | 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 1:16 | ଭକ୍ତି (bhakti — rejected; devotional surrender, wrong register) | ପ୍ରେମ carries strong romantic-devotional association from Radha-Krishna prema-bhakti tradition, intensified in Odisha’s Jagannath-Krishna devotional culture. Must be contextually anchored as self-giving covenant love for a fellow believer, not devotee-to-deity longing. |
| 4 | appeal / entreat | παρακαλῶ / parakalō (entreaty sense) | ନିବେଦନ କରିବା | nibedana karibā | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | High | 1:9, 1:10 | ଆଦେଶ ଦେବା (command — explicitly rejected for this sense) | Elevated above baseline’s general Low tier for exhort because this curriculum names Appeal/Intercession as a core doctrine; losing the appeal-not-command force undermines the doctrine. |
| 5 | command (contrasted with appeal) | ἐπιτάσσειν / epitassein | ଆଦେଶ ଦେବା | ādeśa debā | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | High | 1:8 | — | Must retain clear top-down directive force so that Paul’s declining of it (v.9) reads as a genuine, meaningful renunciation. |
| 6 | prisoner (of Christ) | δέσμιος / desmios | ବନ୍ଦୀ | bandī | Intercession and Appeal; Forgiveness and Reconciliation | High | 1:1, 1:9, 1:10, 1:13 | — | Central self-identification shaping the letter’s humble rhetorical stance throughout; phrase as “ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ ଯୀଶୁଙ୍କ ବନ୍ଦୀ” to retain the deliberate bound-for-Christ paradox. |
| 7 | necessity / compulsion | ἀνάγκη / anankē | ବାଧ୍ୟତା | bādhyatā | Grace-Motivated Obedience | High | 1:14 | — | Direct linguistic anchor (negative pole) of the doctrine; pairs with #8. |
| 8 | voluntary / free will | ἑκούσιον / hekousion | ସ୍ୱେଚ୍ଛାରେ | swecchāre | Grace-Motivated Obedience | High | 1:14 | — | Direct linguistic anchor (positive pole) of the doctrine; must be rendered with equal clarity as its opposite (#7). |
| 9 | obedience (general) | ὑπακοή / hypakoē | ଆଜ୍ଞାବହତା | ājñābahatā | Grace-Motivated Obedience | High | 1:21 | ସେବା-ଧର୍ମ ଅନୁସାରେ ଆଜ୍ଞାପାଳନ (seba-dharma-style compliance — rejected) | Parallel to baseline’s obedience_of_faith compound; must read as obedience flowing from love/grace already given, not ritual-duty or hierarchical/caste-based compliance. |
| 10 | charge to account / impute | ἐλλογάω / ellogaō | ମୋ ହିସାବରେ ଲେଖ | mo hisābare lekha | Forgiveness and Reconciliation; (parallels Salvation/Justification) | High | 1:18 | — | Accounting metaphor directly parallel to the baseline’s imputed_righteousness (ଆରୋପିତ ଧାର୍ମିକତା, Critical). Recommend cross-referencing in teaching notes as a lived illustration of substitutionary imputation. |
| 11 | owe / debt | ὀφείλω, ὀφειλή / opheilō | ଋଣୀ ହେବା / ଋଣ | ṛṇī hebā / ṛṇa | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | High | 1:18, 1:19 | — | Odia ऋण/ṛṇa carries wider Hindu associations with karmic and inherited “five debts” (pañca-ṛṇa); Paul’s usage is a specific, personal, one-time debt settled by one person, not a self-balancing cosmic ledger. Requires translator note. |
| 12 | full knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις / epignōsis | ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜ୍ଞାନ | pūrṇa jñāna | (supports Faith; Grace-Motivated Obedience) | High | 1:6 | — | ଜ୍ଞାନ carries major weight as a Hindu liberating-knowledge path (jñāna-mārga) toward moksha; Christian ἐπίγνωσις is relational, Christ-directed knowing, not liberating gnosis. |
| 13 | heart / inmost affections | σπλάγχνα / splanchna | ହୃଦୟ (recommend intensified: ମୋର ପ୍ରାଣପ୍ରିୟ / ହୃଦୟର ଅଂଶ) | hṛdaya / mora prāṇapriya | Forgiveness and Reconciliation; Intercession and Appeal | Medium | 1:7, 1:12, 1:20 | — | Greek idiom is deliberately visceral (lit. “bowels”); a bare ହୃଦୟ risks under-translating emotional intensity. |
| 14 | flesh (neutral/relational sense) | σάρξ / sarx | ଶରୀର | śarīra | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | Medium | 1:16 | — | Neutral relational sense (ordinary social bond) here, distinct from the moral “flesh vs. Spirit” sense elsewhere in Paul; must not carry ritual-purity connotations. |
| 15 | master (earthly, distinct from Lord) | (implied by κύριος/δεσπότης register in context) | ମାଲିକ | mālika | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status; Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Medium | 1:16 (contextual) | ପ୍ରଭୁ (explicitly reserved for Christ only) | Where the social master-relationship must be named distinctly from “in the Lord,” use ମାଲିକ, never ପ୍ରଭୁ, to avoid conflating human social mastery with Christ’s Lordship. |
| 16 | serve / minister | διακονέω / diakoneō | ସେବା କରିବା | sebā karibā | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Medium | 1:13 | — | Distinguish from hereditary, caste-linked ritual seba service roles (Jagannath temple functionaries); this is voluntary gospel ministry. |
| 17 | partner | κοινωνός / koinōnos | ସହଭାଗୀ | sahabhāgī | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | Medium | 1:17 | — | Related to but distinct from ସହଭାଗିତା (baseline fellowship, Low); here names status-equal partnership extended across the slave/free line. |
| 18 | confidence / trust in a person | πεποιθώς / pepoithōs | ଭରସା / ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇ | bharasā / niścita hoi | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | Medium | 1:21 | ବିଶ୍ୱାସ (rejected — reserved for trust in Christ specifically) | Related to but distinct from πίστις/ବିଶ୍ୱାସ; this is confidence in a person’s known character/response. |
| 19 | old man / ambassador (textual variant) | πρεσβύτης / πρεσβευτής | ବୟସ୍କ (aged) / ଦୂତ (ambassador) | baysaka / dūta | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | Medium | 1:9 | — | Genuine textual variant affecting Paul’s self-presentation; record both options for theologian review. |
| 20 | giving birth / spiritual fathering | γεννάω / gennaō | ଜନ୍ମ ଦେବା | janma debā | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | High | 1:10 | ପୁନର୍ଜନ୍ମ (rebirth — absolutely forbidden) | Sharp caution: must not echo the baseline’s forbidden rebirth/reincarnation term; use a clearly one-time, non-cyclical spiritual-fathering phrase. |
| 21 | useless | ἄχρηστος / achrēstos | ଅନୁପଯୋଗୀ | anupayogī | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Medium | 1:11 | — | Wordplay with the name Ὀνήσιμος (“useful one”) is lost in Odia; flag for translator’s note. |
| 22 | useful | εὔχρηστος / euchrēstos | ଉପଯୋଗୀ | upayogī | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Medium | 1:11 | — | Same wordplay caution as #21. |
| 23 | may I benefit/have joy (wordplay) | ὀναίμην / onaimēn | ମୋତେ ଆନନ୍ଦ ମିଳୁ | mote ānanda milu | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Medium | 1:20 | — | Wordplay on the name Ὀνήσιμος; flag for translator’s note. |
| 24 | refresh / give rest | ἀναπαύω / anapauō | ବିଶ୍ରାମ ଦେବା | biśrāma debā | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Medium | 1:7, 1:20 | ଶାନ୍ତି ଦେବା (rejected — reserve ଶାନ୍ତି for the baseline’s peace doctrine sense) | Relational comfort/relief, distinct from justification-peace. |
| 25 | forever / permanently | αἰώνιος / aiōnios | ସଦାକାଳ ପାଇଁ | sadākāla pāiṅ | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | Medium | 1:15 | — | Must not import full “eternal life” theological weight where the sense is temporal permanence of a now-unbreakable relationship. |
| 26 | graciously give / restore | χαρίζομαι / charizomai | କୃପାରେ ଦିଆ ଯିବି | kṛpāre diā jibi | Grace-Motivated Obedience | Medium | 1:22 | — | Same word-family as χάρις/କୃପା; preserve the grace-connection rather than a neutral “set free.” |
| 27 | (human) spirit | πνεῦμα (ὑμῶν) / pneuma | ଆତ୍ମା | ātmā | (supports Church as God’s People) | Medium | 1:25 | ପରମାତ୍ମା (forbidden per baseline) | Refers to the human spirit of the addressed congregation, not the Holy Spirit; must never use ପରମାତ୍ମା. |
| 28 | joy | χαρά / chara | ଆନନ୍ଦ | ānanda | (supports Forgiveness and Reconciliation) | Medium | 1:7 | — | Standard, correct term; note homonym-level (not doctrinal) collision with Hindu ananda-bliss vocabulary and Puri’s “Ananda Bazaar.” |
| 29 | consent / will | γνώμη / gnōmē | ସମ୍ମତି | sammati | Grace-Motivated Obedience | Low-Medium | 1:14 | — | Philemon’s own considered decision, which Paul refuses to bypass. |
| 30 | wrong / do injustice | ἀδικέω / adikeō | ଅନ୍ୟାୟ କରିବା | anyāya karibā | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Low | 1:18 | — | Names the real, unminimized wrong done. |
| 31 | owe besides / owe in addition | προσοφείλω / prosopheilō | ଅଧିକ ଋଣ ଥିବା | adhika ṛṇa thibā | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Medium | 1:19 | — | Same debt-vocabulary caution as #11 (ὀφείλω). |
| 32 | repay | ἀποτίνω / apotinō | ପ୍ରତିଦାନ ଦେବା | pratidāna debā | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Low | 1:19 | — | Paul’s binding personal commitment. |
| 33 | fitting / proper | ἀνῆκον / anēkon | ଉଚିତ | ucita | (supports Grace-Motivated Obedience) | Low | 1:8 | ଧର୍ମ (rejected, per baseline law/righteousness caution) | Moral fittingness, not cosmic duty. |
| 34 | boldness / confidence (in speech) | παρρησία / parrēsia | ସାହସ (recommend: ଦୃଢ଼ ସାହସ) | sāhasa | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | Medium | 1:8 | — | Retain sense of an authority Paul chooses not to invoke. |
| 35 | send back | ἀναπέμπω / anapempō | ଫେରାଇ ପଠାଇବା | pheraāi paṭhāibā | Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power | Low | 1:12 | — | Descriptive; Paul voluntarily returns Onesimus within the social order while transforming its terms. |
| 36 | retain / keep | κατέχειν / katechein | ରଖିବା | rakhibā | (supports Intercession and Appeal) | Low | 1:13 | — | Paul’s own restraint in choosing not to keep Onesimus for himself. |
| 37 | receive / welcome | προσλαμβάνω / proslambanō | ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା | grahaṇa karibā | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | Low | 1:17 | — | The concrete act of full, equal welcome requested. |
| 38 | separate / depart | χωρίζω / chorizō | ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ହେବା | bicchinna hebā | (supports Providence, cf. baseline) | Low-Medium | 1:15 | — | Euphemistic passive for Onesimus’s flight; retain providence-hinting tone. |
| 39 | for a time / for a season | ὥρα / hōra (idiomatic) | ସାମୟିକ ଭାବରେ | sāmayika bhābare | (supports Forgiveness and Reconciliation) | Low | 1:15 | — | Brief separation contrasted with permanent restoration. |
| 40 | good / good deed | ἀγαθόν / agathon | ମଙ୍ଗଳ | maṅgala | Grace-Motivated Obedience | Low-Medium | 1:6, 1:14 | — | Concrete ethical goodness, gospel-rooted. |
| 41 | fellow worker | συνεργός / synergos | ସହକର୍ମୀ | sahakarmī | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | Low | 1:1, 1:24 | — | Dignifies Philemon (and Paul’s other companions) as genuine gospel colleagues. |
| 42 | fellow soldier | συστρατιώτης / systratiōtēs | ସହସୈନିକ | sahasainika | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | Low | 1:2 | — | Applied to Archippus. |
| 43 | fellow prisoner | συναιχμάλωτος / synaichmalōtos | ସହବନ୍ଦୀ | sahabandī | Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another | Low-Medium | 1:23 | — | More vivid than δέσμιος alone (captured-in-conflict imagery); applied to Epaphras. |
| 44 | lodging / hospitality | ξενία / xenia | ବସାସ୍ଥାନ | basāsthāna | (supports Christian Brotherhood) | Low | 1:22 | — | Paul’s hoped-for personal visit. |
| 45 | child (spiritual) | τέκνον / teknon | ସନ୍ତାନ | santāna | Forgiveness and Reconciliation | Medium | 1:10 | — | Must clearly read as spiritual, not biological, relationship. |
| 46 | beloved | ἀγαπητός / agapētos | ପ୍ରିୟ | priya | Christian Brotherhood across Social Status | Medium | 1:1, 1:16 | — | Pair with the ἀγάπη caution (#3). |
Section C — Proper Names (Established Odia Bible Transliteration Forms)
| English | Greek / Transliteration | Odia | Odia Transliteration | Risk | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paul | Παῦλος / Paulos | ପାଉଲ | Pāula | Low | throughout |
| Timothy | Τιμόθεος / Timotheos | ତୀମଥି | Tīmathi | Low | 1:1 |
| Philemon | Φιλήμων / Philēmōn | ଫିଲୀମନ | Philīmana | Low | throughout |
| Apphia | Ἀπφία / Apphia | ଆପ୍ପିଆ | Āppiā | Low | 1:2 |
| Archippus | Ἄρχιππος / Archippos | ଆର୍ଖିପ୍ପ | Ārkhippa | Low | 1:2 |
| Onesimus | Ὀνήσιμος / Onēsimos | ଅନୀସିମ | Anīsima | Low | 1:10 (name-wordplay flagged, see #21–23 above) |
| Epaphras | Ἐπαφρᾶς / Epaphras | ଏପାଫ୍ରା | Epāphrā | Low | 1:23 |
| Mark | Μᾶρκος / Markos | ମାର୍କ | Mārka | Low | 1:24 |
| Aristarchus | Ἀρίσταρχος / Aristarchos | ଆରିସ୍ତାର୍ଖ | Āristārkha | Low | 1:24 |
| Demas | Δημᾶς / Dēmas | ଦୀମା | Dīmā | Low | 1:24 |
| Luke | Λουκᾶς / Loukas | ଲୂକ | Lūka | Low | 1:24 |
Summary of New High-Risk Terms Requiring Theologian Review
For Phase 2 routing priority, the following 13 new terms introduced by Philemon are assigned High risk and require human theologian review at every occurrence, consistent with the baseline’s risk-tier definitions:
- δοῦλος (slave/bondservant) — ଦାସ
- ἀδελφός, spiritual-brotherhood sense (brother) — ଭାଇ
- ἀγάπη (love) — ପ୍ରେମ
- παρακαλῶ, entreaty sense (appeal) — ନିବେଦନ କରିବା
- ἐπιτάσσειν (command, contrast term) — ଆଦେଶ ଦେବା
- δέσμιος (prisoner of Christ) — ବନ୍ଦୀ
- ἀνάγκη (necessity/compulsion) — ବାଧ୍ୟତା
- ἑκούσιον (voluntary) — ସ୍ୱେଚ୍ଛାରେ
- ὑπακοή (obedience) — ଆଜ୍ଞାବହତା
- ἐλλογάω (charge to account/impute) — ମୋ ହିସାବରେ ଲେଖ
- ὀφείλω/ὀφειλή (owe/debt) — ଋଣୀ ହେବା / ଋଣ
- ἐπίγνωσις (full knowledge) — ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜ୍ଞାନ
- γεννάω, spiritual-begetting sense — ଜନ୍ମ ଦେବା
No new Critical-tier term is introduced by Philemon beyond those already fixed in the baseline (κύριος, θεός, Ἰησοῦς/Χριστός, πατήρ); Philemon’s distinctive doctrinal risk is concentrated at the High tier, reflecting significant syncretism/confusion risk (caste-brotherhood collapse, dāsa/bhakti collision, karmic-debt collision, jñāna-mārga collision, rebirth-language collision) rather than direct threat to the core Trinitarian/salvific facts the baseline reserves Critical status for.
See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter contextual justification of every entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରଭୁ
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ଠାକୁର
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. CRITICAL Philemon-specific handling: 1:16 places Philemon’s ordinary social mastery over Onesimus (‘in the flesh’) in the same verse as Christ’s Lordship (‘in the Lord’). ପ୍ରଭୁ must be reserved EXCLUSIVELY for Christ throughout Philemon; Philemon’s own authority over Onesimus must use ମାଲିକ (see master entry), never ପ୍ରଭୁ. Never ଠାକୁର.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ଯୀଶୁ
Transliteration: Yīśu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ଈସା
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout Philemon (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:9, 1:23, 1:25).
Christ
Approved rendering: ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ
Transliteration: Khrīṣṭa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ମସୀହା (reserved exclusively for the OT-promised-deliverer title sense)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New extension of the baseline for this book: in Philemon Χριστός functions as part of Jesus’s standing proper name (‘Christ Jesus,’ ‘in Christ Jesus,’ ‘in Christ’ — 1:1, 1:8, 1:20, 1:23, 1:25), not the OT-messianic-title sense the baseline reserves ମସୀହା for. Use the established Odia Bible transliteration ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ consistently, kept distinct from ମସୀହା.
God
Approved rendering: ପରମେଶ୍ୱର
Transliteration: Parameśwara
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ଠାକୁର, ଭଗବାନ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:3-4.
Father
Approved rendering: ପିତା
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ସୃଷ୍ଟିକର୍ତ୍ତା
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:3, greeting formula (‘God our Father’).
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: କୃପା
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: କର୍ମଫଳ, ପୁଣ୍ୟ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:3 and 1:25 bookend the letter in grace; the related verb χαρίζομαι at 1:22 (see graciously_restore) shares this word-family and must preserve the connection to କୃପା rather than reading as a neutral legal release.
Faith
Approved rendering: ବିଶ୍ୱାସ
Transliteration: biśwāsa
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ଭକ୍ତି
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:5-6 pairs faith directly with ἀγάπη (love) as reported virtues of Philemon toward ‘the Lord Jesus and all the saints’; the object of faith must remain explicit in context to prevent drift toward the devotional bhakti-prema register.
Saints
Approved rendering: ପବିତ୍ର ଲୋକ
Transliteration: pabitra loka
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ସାଧୁ, ପଞ୍ଚସଖା
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:5, 1:7 name the corporate family Onesimus is about to rejoin as a full member (cf. 1:16). Never ପଞ୍ଚସଖା.
Gospel
Approved rendering: ସୁସମାଚାର
Transliteration: susamācāra
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ଖବର
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:13 names Paul’s imprisonment as being ‘for the gospel.‘
Slave
Approved rendering: ଦାସ
Transliteration: dāsa
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Slavery
New term. Philemon 1:16 (also implied throughout). No safe synonym removes the risk — it is inherent to the word. ଦାସ is simultaneously (a) the plain Odia word for actual bonded/chattel status and (b) the standard Vaishnav devotional self-title (cf. Jagannath Das, one of the Panchasakha poet-saints already flagged in the baseline). Requires a mandatory translator’s note at first occurrence distinguishing Paul’s plain social-status reference from devotional dāsa usage, and must NOT be softened before the immediately following ଅଧିକ (more than) / ଭାଇ (brother) turn.
Brother
Approved rendering: ଭାଇ
Transliteration: bhāi
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Rejected alternatives: ଜାତି ଭାଇ
Original: ἀδελφός
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:1, 1:7, 1:16, 1:20. The reversal-word of the letter (1:16, ‘no longer as a slave but… a beloved brother’). Odia usage strongly favors ଭାଇ for kinship or same-caste/community solidarity (jāti bhāi); must be reinforced by context (e.g., ‘ଶରୀରରେ ଓ ପ୍ରଭୁଙ୍କଠାରେ ମଧ୍ୟ’) so it is read as status-transcending, not status-confirming.
Love
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରେମ
Transliteration: prema
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Rejected alternatives: ଭକ୍ତି
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 1:16. Odisha’s dominant Vaishnav devotional culture (Radha-Krishna prema-bhakti, intensified through Gaudiya-influenced Jagannath devotion) loads ପ୍ରେମ with romantic-devotional longing between devotee and deity. Christian ἀγάπη here is self-giving covenant love directed toward a fellow believer’s good; must remain explicitly anchored to its stated object in every occurrence.
Appeal
Approved rendering: ନିବେଦନ କରିବା
Transliteration: nibedana karibā
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Rejected alternatives: ଆଦେଶ ଦେବା
Original: παρακαλῶ
Category: Intercession
New term. Philemon 1:9-10 (entreaty sense of παρακαλῶ). The central verb of the letter’s rhetorical strategy, deliberately contrasted with ἐπιτάσσειν (command) at 1:8. Elevated above the baseline’s general Low-risk ‘exhort’ tier because this curriculum names Intercession/Appeal as a core doctrine.
Command
Approved rendering: ଆଦେଶ ଦେବା
Transliteration: ādeśa debā
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: ἐπιτάσσειν
Category: Intercession
New term. Philemon 1:8 — the road Paul explicitly declines. Must retain clear top-down directive force so that Paul’s renunciation of it (1:9) reads as a genuine, meaningful choice, not a redundant restatement.
Prisoner
Approved rendering: ବନ୍ଦୀ
Transliteration: bandī
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: δέσμιος
Category: Intercession
New term. Philemon 1:1, 1:9, 1:10, 1:13. Render as the fixed phrase ‘ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ ଯୀଶୁଙ୍କ ବନ୍ଦୀ’ to retain the deliberate bound-for-Christ paradox; never abbreviate to bare ବନ୍ଦୀ alone in these four verses, as this rhetorically levels Paul with Onesimus.
Necessity
Approved rendering: ବାଧ୍ୟତା
Transliteration: bādhyatā
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἀνάγκη
Category: Obedience
New term. Philemon 1:14 — named explicitly as what must NOT characterize Philemon’s response. Direct linguistic anchor (negative pole) of the doctrine, paired with ସ୍ୱେଚ୍ଛାରେ (voluntary).
Voluntary
Approved rendering: ସ୍ୱେଚ୍ଛାରେ
Transliteration: swecchāre
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἑκούσιον
Category: Obedience
New term. Philemon 1:14 — the positive pole paired with ବାଧ୍ୟତା (necessity). Must be rendered with equal clarity as its deliberate opposite to preserve the doctrine’s central contrast.
Obedience
Approved rendering: ଆଜ୍ଞାବହତା
Transliteration: ājñābahatā
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Rejected alternatives: ସେବା-ଧର୍ମ ଅନୁସାରେ ଆଜ୍ଞାପାଳନ
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Obedience
New term. Philemon 1:21. Parallel to the baseline’s ‘obedience of faith’ compound (ବିଶ୍ୱାସର ଆଜ୍ଞାବହତା); must read as obedience flowing from love/grace already given, never hereditary seba-dharma-style ritual duty or caste-based hierarchical compliance.
Charge To Account
Approved rendering: ମୋ ହିସାବରେ ଲେଖ
Transliteration: mo hisābare lekha
Doctrine: Substitutionary Imputation of Debt
Original: ἐλλογάω
Category: Salvation
New term. Philemon 1:18. Accounting metaphor (ἐλλογάω) directly parallel to the baseline’s Critical-tier ‘imputed_righteousness’ (ଆରୋପିତ ଧାର୍ମିକତା, Romans 4). Must never be rendered with a phrase suggesting Onesimus must still personally repay; the whole point is substitution.
Debt
Approved rendering: ଋଣୀ ହେବା / ଋଣ
Transliteration: ṛṇī hebā / ṛṇa
Doctrine: Substitutionary Imputation of Debt
Original: ὀφείλω / ὀφειλή
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:18-19. Odia ऋण/ṛṇa carries wider Hindu associations with karmic and inherited debts (pañca-ṛṇa) that self-balance across lifetimes through impersonal cosmic law. Paul’s ὀφείλω names a specific, personal, one-time financial/moral debt settled by one particular person. Requires a translator’s note distinguishing personal debt from karmic-debt frameworks.
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜ୍ଞାନ
Transliteration: pūrṇa jñāna
Doctrine: Full Knowledge in Christ
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Faith
New term. Philemon 1:6. ଜ୍ଞାନ carries major weight in Hindu philosophy as jñāna-mārga, the path of liberating knowledge toward moksha. Christian ἐπίγνωσις is relational, Christ-directed knowing growing through active faith and love, not liberating gnosis. Must always appear tethered to its relational object (‘every good thing… toward Christ’).
Spiritual Begetting
Approved rendering: ଜନ୍ମ ଦେବା
Transliteration: janma debā
Doctrine: Spiritual Fatherhood and New Birth
Rejected alternatives: ପୁନର୍ଜନ୍ମ
Original: γεννάω
Category: Salvation
New term. Philemon 1:10, ‘whose father I have become in my imprisonment.’ SHARP CAUTION: must never echo ପୁନର୍ଜନ୍ମ, the baseline’s absolutely forbidden term for rebirth/reincarnation. Use a clearly one-time, non-cyclical spiritual-fathering phrase; flag for theologian review at every occurrence given proximity to the forbidden term’s root morpheme (ଜନ୍ମ).
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: ଶାନ୍ତି
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ମନ ଶାନ୍ତି
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:3, paired with grace in the standard Pauline greeting formula.
Church
Approved rendering: ମଣ୍ଡଳୀ
Transliteration: maṇḍaḷī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ମନ୍ଦିର, ଦେଉଳ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:2, ‘the church in your house’ (ଗୃହ ମଣ୍ଡଳୀ) — addressed to the whole congregation, not Philemon privately. Never ମନ୍ଦିର/ଦେଉଳ.
Inmost Affections
Approved rendering: ହୃଦୟ (ମୋର ପ୍ରାଣପ୍ରିୟ)
Transliteration: hṛdaya (mora prāṇapriya)
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: σπλάγχνα
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:7, 1:12, 1:20 (σπλάγχνα). A deliberately visceral Greek idiom; a bare ହୃଦୟ risks flattening the intensity into generic politeness. Keep the intensified phrasing consistent across all three occurrences.
Flesh
Approved rendering: ଶରୀର
Transliteration: śarīra
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: σάρξ
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:16, ‘in the flesh and in the Lord.’ Neutral relational sense (ordinary social/physical relationship), distinct from the moral ‘flesh vs. Spirit’ sense elsewhere in Paul; must not carry ritual-purity connotations.
Master
Approved rendering: ମାଲିକ
Transliteration: mālika
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Rejected alternatives: ପ୍ରଭୁ (reserved exclusively for Christ)
Original: (implied social role contrasted with κύριος at Philemon 1:16)
Category: Slavery
New term. Philemon 1:16 (contextual, implied). Where the text requires naming Philemon’s social mastery over Onesimus distinctly from ‘in the Lord,’ use ମାଲିକ, never ପ୍ରଭୁ. Absolute rule, no exception.
Serve
Approved rendering: ସେବା କରିବା
Transliteration: sebā karibā
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: διακονέω
Category: Slavery
New term. Philemon 1:13 (διακονέω). Distinguish from the hereditary, caste-linked ritual seba service roles of Jagannath temple functionaries; this is voluntary gospel ministry.
Partner
Approved rendering: ସହଭାଗୀ
Transliteration: sahabhāgī
Doctrine: Hospitality and Gospel Partnership
Original: κοινωνός
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:17 (κοινωνός). Names status-equal partnership deliberately extended across the slave/free line; distinct from the more general ସହଭାଗିତା (fellowship, Low risk).
Confidence In Person
Approved rendering: ଭରସା / ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ହୋଇ
Transliteration: bharasā / niścita hoi
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Rejected alternatives: ବିଶ୍ୱାସ (reserved for trust in Christ specifically)
Original: πεποιθώς
Category: Intercession
New term. Philemon 1:21 (πεποιθώς). Paul’s confidence rests in Philemon’s known character and prior obedience; must not be collapsed into ବିଶ୍ୱାସ.
Elder Ambassador
Approved rendering: ବୟସ୍କ / ଦୂତ
Transliteration: baysaka / dūta
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: πρεσβύτης / πρεσβευτής
Category: Intercession
New term. Philemon 1:9 (πρεσβύτης/πρεσβευτής, genuine textual variant). Record both options; do not silently pick one without theologian sign-off on the base text used.
Useless
Approved rendering: ଅନୁପଯୋଗୀ
Transliteration: anupayogī
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ἄχρηστος
Category: Slavery
New term. Philemon 1:11 (ἄχρηστος). Wordplay with the name Ὀνήσιμος (‘useful one’) is lost in Odia; requires a translator’s note.
Useful
Approved rendering: ଉପଯୋଗୀ
Transliteration: upayogī
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: εὔχρηστος
Category: Slavery
New term. Philemon 1:11 (εὔχρηστος). Completes the name-pun with Ὀνήσιμος; same wordplay-loss caution as useless.
Benefit Wordplay
Approved rendering: ମୋତେ ଆନନ୍ଦ ମିଳୁ
Transliteration: mote ānanda milu
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ὀναίμην
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:20 (ὀναίμην). A deliberate wordplay on Ὀνήσιμος’s name; not recoverable in Odia without a translator’s note.
Refresh
Approved rendering: ବିଶ୍ରାମ ଦେବା
Transliteration: biśrāma debā
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Rejected alternatives: ଶାନ୍ତି ଦେବା
Original: ἀναπαύω
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:7, 1:20 (ἀναπαύω). Relational comfort/relief, distinct from ଶାନ୍ତି (baseline’s justification-peace, a different register).
Forever Permanent
Approved rendering: ସଦାକାଳ ପାଇଁ
Transliteration: sadākāla pāiṅ
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: αἰώνιος
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:15 (αἰώνιος). Must not import full ‘eternal life’ weight where the sense is temporal permanence of a now-unbreakable relationship, yet must not be flattened to merely ‘for a long time.‘
Graciously Restore
Approved rendering: କୃପାରେ ଦିଆ ଯିବି
Transliteration: kṛpāre diā jibi
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Salvation
New term. Philemon 1:22 (χαρίζομαι). Shares the χάρις/କୃପା word-family; preserve the grace-connection rather than a neutral ‘I will be freed.‘
Human Spirit
Approved rendering: ଆତ୍ମା
Transliteration: ātmā
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ପରମାତ୍ମା
Original: πνεῦμα (ὑμῶν)
Category: Church
New term. Philemon 1:25 closing benediction — the human spirit of the addressed congregation (plural ‘you’), NOT the Holy Spirit. Never ପରମାତ୍ମା, which would wrongly suggest a monistic universal-self reading.
Joy
Approved rendering: ଆନନ୍ଦ
Transliteration: ānanda
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: χαρά
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:7 (χαρά). Standard, correct term; note only a homonym-level, non-doctrinal collision with Hindu ananda-bliss vocabulary and Puri’s Ananda Bazaar market name.
Consent
Approved rendering: ସମ୍ମତି
Transliteration: sammati
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: γνώμη
Category: Obedience
New term. Philemon 1:14 (γνώμη). Paul deliberately declines to force Philemon’s hand even by circumventing his consent; directly supports grace-motivated (not coerced) obedience.
Owe Besides
Approved rendering: ଅଧିକ ଋଣ ଥିବା
Transliteration: adhika ṛṇa thibā
Doctrine: Substitutionary Imputation of Debt
Original: προσοφείλω
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:19 (προσοφείλω). A rhetorical, not literal financial, greater debt Philemon owes Paul; same karmic-debt-vocabulary caution as debt entry applies.
Boldness
Approved rendering: ସାହସ (ଦୃଢ଼ ସାହସ)
Transliteration: sāhasa (dṛḍha sāhasa)
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: παρρησία
Category: Intercession
New term. Philemon 1:8 (παρρησία). Names the authority Paul could invoke, only to renounce it in 1:9; retain the ‘earned right to demand’ nuance.
Separate
Approved rendering: ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ହେବା
Transliteration: bicchinna hebā
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: χωρίζω
Category: Providence
New term. Philemon 1:15 (χωρίζω). A euphemistic passive avoiding naming Onesimus’s flight directly; retain the providence-hinting tone (‘perhaps… for this reason’).
Fellow Prisoner
Approved rendering: ସହବନ୍ଦୀ
Transliteration: sahabandī
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: συναιχμάλωτος
Category: Intercession
New term. Philemon 1:23 (συναιχμάλωτος), applied to Epaphras; more vivid than δέσμιος alone (captured-in-conflict imagery).
Spiritual Child
Approved rendering: ସନ୍ତାନ
Transliteration: santāna
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: τέκνον
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:10 (τέκνον). Must clearly read as spiritual, not biological, relationship; the seed of the ἀδελφός (brother) claim at 1:16.
Beloved
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରିୟ
Transliteration: priya
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:1, 1:16 (ἀγαπητός). Reinforces that the new brotherhood is affectionate, not merely nominal or legal; pair with the love (ପ୍ରେମ) caution.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ସହଭାଗିତା
Transliteration: sahabhāgitā
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ମିତ୍ରତା
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:6, ‘the fellowship of your faith.’ Keep distinct from the status-equal partnership sense of κοινωνός/ସହଭାଗୀ at 1:17 (see partner entry).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ଧନ୍ୟବାଦ ସ୍ତୁତି
Transliteration: dhanyabāda stuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστῶ
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Philemon 1:4.
Exhort
Approved rendering: ଉତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା
Transliteration: utsāhita karibā
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (encouragement sense; noun form ଉତ୍ସାହ, utsāha). Philemon 1:7, paired with χαρά (joy). Keep sharply distinct from the entreaty sense of the related verb παρακαλῶ at 1:9-10, which this curriculum elevates to High risk as ‘appeal’ (see appeal entry) — the two senses must never be conflated in Philemon.
Wrong
Approved rendering: ଅନ୍ୟାୟ କରିବା
Transliteration: anyāya karibā
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀδικέω
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:18 (ἀδικέω). Names the real, unminimized wrong done before Paul offers to cover it.
Repay
Approved rendering: ପ୍ରତିଦାନ ଦେବା
Transliteration: pratidāna debā
Doctrine: Substitutionary Imputation of Debt
Original: ἀποτίνω
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:19 (ἀποτίνω). Paul’s binding personal commitment, underscored by writing ‘with my own hand.‘
Fitting
Approved rendering: ଉଚିତ
Transliteration: ucita
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Rejected alternatives: ଧର୍ମ
Original: ἀνῆκον
Category: Obedience
New term. Philemon 1:8 (ἀνῆκον). Moral fittingness, not cosmic duty; avoid ଧର୍ମ-style connotations per the baseline’s law/righteousness caution.
Send Back
Approved rendering: ଫେରାଇ ପଠାଇବା
Transliteration: pheraāi paṭhāibā
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ἀναπέμπω
Category: Slavery
New term. Philemon 1:12 (ἀναπέμπω). Paul voluntarily returns Onesimus within the social order while transforming its terms.
Retain
Approved rendering: ରଖିବା
Transliteration: rakhibā
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: κατέχειν
Category: Intercession
New term. Philemon 1:13 (κατέχειν). Paul’s own restraint in choosing not to keep Onesimus’s service for himself.
Receive
Approved rendering: ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା
Transliteration: grahaṇa karibā
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: προσλαμβάνω
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:17 (προσλαμβάνω). The concrete action requested: full, personal welcome, as if welcoming Paul himself.
For A Time
Approved rendering: ସାମୟିକ ଭାବରେ
Transliteration: sāmayika bhābare
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ὥρα (idiomatic)
Category: Reconciliation
New term. Philemon 1:15 (ὥρα, idiomatic). Frames the separation as temporary compared to the permanent restoration that follows.
Good Deed
Approved rendering: ମଙ୍ଗଳ
Transliteration: maṅgala
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἀγαθόν
Category: Obedience
New term. Philemon 1:6, 1:14 (ἀγαθόν). Concrete, gospel-rooted ethical action, not abstract virtue.
Fellow Worker
Approved rendering: ସହକର୍ମୀ
Transliteration: sahakarmī
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: συνεργός
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:1, 1:24 (συνεργός). Dignifies Philemon and Paul’s companions as genuine gospel colleagues.
Fellow Soldier
Approved rendering: ସହସୈନିକ
Transliteration: sahasainika
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: συστρατιώτης
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:2 (συστρατιώτης), applied to Archippus.
Hospitality
Approved rendering: ବସାସ୍ଥାନ
Transliteration: basāsthāna
Doctrine: Hospitality and Gospel Partnership
Original: ξενία
Category: Social Status
New term. Philemon 1:22 (ξενία). Paul anticipates a personal visit — a note of confident hope, not merely a formal close.
Paul
Approved rendering: ପାଉଲ
Transliteration: Pāula
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Author of the letter; occurs throughout.
Timothy
Approved rendering: ତୀମଥି
Transliteration: Tīmathi
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Τιμόθεος
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Co-sender, Philemon 1:1.
Philemon
Approved rendering: ଫିଲୀମନ
Transliteration: Philīmana
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Φιλήμων
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Primary recipient, house-church leader in Colossae, Onesimus’s master.
Apphia
Approved rendering: ଆପ୍ପିଆ
Transliteration: Āppiā
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἀπφία
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Named co-recipient, Philemon 1:2, ‘the sister.‘
Archippus
Approved rendering: ଆର୍ଖିପ୍ପ
Transliteration: Ārkhippa
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἄρχιππος
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Named co-recipient, Philemon 1:2, ‘fellow soldier.‘
Onesimus
Approved rendering: ଅନୀସିମ
Transliteration: Anīsima
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ὀνήσιμος
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. The runaway slave, now a believer; name means ‘useful, profitable one.’ Wordplay (Philemon 1:11, 1:20) not recoverable from the Odia name form; flag with a translator’s note.
Epaphras
Approved rendering: ଏପାଫ୍ରା
Transliteration: Epāphrā
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἐπαφρᾶς
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Named fellow prisoner sending greetings, Philemon 1:23.
Mark
Approved rendering: ମାର୍କ
Transliteration: Mārka
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Μᾶρκος
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Named fellow worker, Philemon 1:24.
Aristarchus
Approved rendering: ଆରିସ୍ତାର୍ଖ
Transliteration: Āristārkha
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἀρίσταρχος
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Named fellow worker, Philemon 1:24.
Demas
Approved rendering: ଦୀମା
Transliteration: Dīmā
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Δημᾶς
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Named fellow worker, Philemon 1:24.
Luke
Approved rendering: ଲୂକ
Transliteration: Lūka
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Λουκᾶς
Category: Proper Name
Established Odia Bible transliteration form. Named fellow worker, Philemon 1:24.
Referenced passages