Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Corinthians — English → Punjabi
Usage note: This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. Terms marked REUSED must appear in the destination text with the exact Punjabi rendering already recorded in the Romans package. Terms marked NEW are proposed additions to translation memory for this curriculum, pending the same theologian/native-speaker review routing indicated by their risk tier. All Critical and High risk NEW terms require human theologian review before Phase 2 translation begins.
A. REUSED TERMS (from baseline Romans translation_memory.json — render exactly as recorded)
| English Term | Punjabi | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | 2 Corinthians Occurrences | Notes for This Curriculum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ | Parmeshar | Critical | God | Throughout (1:1-3, 4:4, 5:19-21, 13:14, etc.) | Never ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ/ਭਗਵਾਨ. Especially guard 4:4’s “god of this age” (Satan) from bleeding into this term — see NEW glossary entry below. |
| Jesus | ਯਿਸੂ | Yisu | Critical | Lordship of Christ | Throughout | Never ਈਸਾ. |
| Lord | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ | Prabhu | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:2-3, 4:5, 5:11, 8:9, 10:17-18, 13:14 | — |
| Christ / Messiah | ਮਸੀਹ | Masih | Critical | Messianic Promise | Throughout | — |
| Holy Spirit | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ | Pavittar Atma | Critical | Sanctification | 1:22, 3:3-18, 5:5, 6:6, 13:14 | Ch. 3’s “letter vs. Spirit” contrast (γράμμα/πνεῦμα) refers to this Person; do not render generically. |
| Father | ਪਿਤਾ | Pita | Critical | Adoption | 1:2-3, 6:18, 11:31 | — |
| grace | ਕਿਰਪਾ | Kirpa | High | Grace | 1:2, 1:12, 4:15, 6:1, 8:1, 8:9, 9:8, 9:14, 12:9, 13:14 | Central to the Generosity and Grace in Giving doctrine (Ch. 8-9) and Power in Weakness (12:9); source must stay explicitly Christ-centered, not Guru-mediated. |
| faith | ਨਿਹਚਾ | Nihcha | High | Faith | 1:24, 4:13, 5:7, 8:7, 10:15, 13:5 | 5:7 “walk by faith, not by sight” and 13:5 “examine whether you are in the faith” are load-bearing. |
| righteousness | ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ | Dharmikta | Critical | Salvation | 3:9, 5:21, 6:7, 6:14, 9:9-10, 11:15 | 5:21 is the doctrinal capstone of the core passage; 9:9-10 requires a bridging note against merit-earning misreadings (see Part 2, Ch.9 above). Never ਧਰਮ. |
| salvation | ਮੁਕਤੀ | Mukti | Critical | Salvation | 1:6, 6:2, 7:10 | Mandatory Sikh/Christian mukti-distinction gloss required on every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence, per baseline rule. |
| apostle | ਰਸੂਲ | Rasul | High | Apostleship / Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 1:1, 11:5, 11:13, 12:11-12 | Never ਗੁਰੂ. This curriculum’s entire Genuine vs. False Apostleship doctrine hinges on ਰਸੂਲ vs. ਝੂਠੇ ਰਸੂਲ (see NEW terms below) staying sharply distinct from ਦੂਤ (angel/messenger). |
| saints | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲੋਕ | Pavittar Lok | High | Sainthood | 1:1, 8:4, 9:1, 9:12, 13:12 | Never ਸੰਤ. |
| holy | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ | Pavittar | Medium | Sanctification | 6:6, 7:1, 8:4 (root) | — |
| sanctification / holiness (family) | ਪਵਿੱਤਰੀਕਰਨ / ਪਵਿੱਤਰਤਾ | Pavittarikaran / Pavittarta | High | Sanctification | 7:1 (ἁγιωσύνη) | Distinct from ritual purification. |
| glory | ਮਹਿਮਾ | Mahima | High | Deity of Christ | 1:20, 3:7-11, 3:18, 4:4-6, 4:15, 4:17, 8:19-23 | Ch. 3-4’s veil/glory-on-the-face imagery is the single densest concentration of this term in the NT; never ਜੋਤ. |
| covenant | ਨੇਮ | Nem | High | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:6, 3:14 | ”ਨਵਾਂ ਨੇਮ” (new covenant) is the chapter’s central named doctrine. |
| law | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ | Bivastha | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy (background) | (implicit background to Ch. 3’s “letter”/old covenant discussion) | νόμος itself is rare in 2 Corinthians; the “letter” (γράμμα) of Ch. 3 functions as its synonym here — do not substitute ਧਰਮ. |
| sin | ਪਾਪ | Pap | High | Universal Human Accountability | 5:21 (three occurrences) | Core passage’s climactic verse; see 07_semantic_analysis.md for full treatment. |
| gospel | ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ | Khushkhabri | High | Gospel | 2:12, 4:3-4, 8:18, 9:13, 10:14, 11:4, 11:7 | 11:4’s “different gospel” warning is Critical-adjacent — see NEW terms below. |
| fellowship / participation | ਸੰਗਤ | Sangat | Low | Christian Fellowship | 1:7, 6:14, 8:4, 8:23, 9:13, 13:14 | Genuinely positive fit, as in Romans; extends naturally to material sharing in giving (Ch. 8-9). |
| church | ਮੰਡਲੀ | Mandli | Medium | Church as God’s People | 1:1, 8:1, 8:18-19, 8:23-24, 11:8, 11:28, 12:13 | Never ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ/ਮੰਦਰ. |
| thanksgiving | ਧੰਨਵਾਦ | Dhanvad | Low | Thanksgiving | 1:11, 2:14, 4:15, 8:16, 9:11-12, 9:15 | — |
| exhort / encourage | ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ | Utshahit Karna | Low | Mutual Edification | 2:8, 5:20 (entreat sense — see ਬੇਨਤੀ), 6:1, 7:6-7, 7:13, 8:6, 9:5, 10:1, 12:18, 13:11 | Context-sensitive per baseline: ਬੇਨਤੀ for entreaty (esp. 5:20’s urgent appeal), ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ for building up. See also NEW term “comfort” (ਦਿਲਾਸਾ) below for the noun-form sense unique to 2 Corinthians 1. |
| power of God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ / ਸਮਰੱਥਾ | Samratha | High | Power in Weakness | 4:7, 6:7, 12:9, 13:4 | 12:9’s “power made perfect in weakness” is THE defining verse for this curriculum’s Power in Weakness doctrine; never ਸ਼ਕਤੀ. |
| imputed righteousness (concept) | ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ (verb family: ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਉਣਾ) | Lekhe Lai Dharmikta / Lekhe Launa | Critical | Justification by Faith | 5:19 (“not counting their trespasses”), 5:21 | Extends the established forensic-accounting vocabulary to sin NOT being counted, mirroring righteousness being counted. |
| resurrection | ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ | Punar-Uthan | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 4:14, 5:15 | Never ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ/ਆਵਾਗਵਣ; load-bearing in 5:15’s “died and was raised.” |
B. NEW TERMS INTRODUCED BY 2 CORINTHIANS (proposed additions to translation memory)
| English Term | Original (Translit.) | Proposed Punjabi | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Key Passages | Alternatives Rejected | Grounded Reason for Risk Tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reconciliation (noun) | καταλλαγή (katallagē) | ਮਿਲਾਪ | milap | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18-20 | ਸੁਲਾਹ (mere dispute-settlement, too transactional/legalistic; loses relational depth) | ਮਿਲਾਪ is the natural Punjabi word for “union,” but in Sikh bhakti vocabulary it denotes gradual mystical soul-union with Waheguru through Guru-mediated grace and Naam-simran. Paul’s καταλλαγή is a decisive, God-initiated, once-for-all forensic-relational change. MANDATORY clarifying gloss required on every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence, parallel to the established ਮੁਕਤੀ treatment. |
| reconcile (verb) | καταλλάσσω (katallassō) | ਮਿਲਾਪ ਕਰਾਉਣਾ | milap karauna | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18-20 | ਮੇਲ ਕਰਾਉਣਾ (acceptable secondary form; retained as alternative for stylistic variation but ਮਿਲਾਪ ਕਰਾਉਣਾ preferred for consistency with the noun) | Same grounded reason as above. |
| ministry of reconciliation | διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς | ਮਿਲਾਪ ਦੀ ਸੇਵਾ | milap di seva | Critical | Reconciliation with God / Christ-Centered Ministry | 5:18 | — | Compounds two flagged risks: the ਮਿਲਾਪ gloss requirement above, plus ਸੇਵਾ’s need for distinction from generic Sikh communal-service ideals (per baseline Christ-Centered Ministry note) — this is specifically gospel proclamation. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις (kainē ktisis) | ਨਵੀਂ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ | navi sirjana | Critical | New Creation in Christ | 5:17 | ਨਵਾਂ ਜਨਮ (too easily conflated with ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ, rebirth/reincarnation — explicitly rejected); ਨਵੀਂ ਰਚਨਾ (acceptable secondary option, more generic “creation,” lower positive resonance than ਸਿਰਜਣਾ) | Popular Punjabi religious cosmology (Hindu creation-dissolution cycles; the shared Hindu-Sikh doctrine of ਆਵਾਗਵਣ) predisposes hearers to read “new creation” as a fresh turn in a cyclical process rather than a decisive, once-for-all, already-accomplished new identity in Christ. Requires mandatory bridging note on every load-bearing occurrence. |
| god of this age (Satan) | ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου | ਇਸ ਜੁੱਗ ਦਾ ਦੇਵਤਾ | is jug da devta | Critical | Power in Weakness / Deity of Christ (contrast) | 4:4 | ਇਸ ਜੁੱਗ ਦਾ ਹਾਕਮ (ruler of this age — loses Paul’s deliberate ironic use of “god”; acceptable as a clarifying paraphrase in teaching notes but not as the primary rendering) | ਦੇਵਤਾ is the live, populated Punjabi/Hindu category of minor deities; applying it to Satan without a bridging note risks momentary confusion with a legitimate lesser divine being. Mandatory translator’s note required on every occurrence making explicit this is a usurped, illegitimate, temporary claim — never a true rival to ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ. |
| image of God/Christ | εἰκών (eikōn) | ਸਰੂਪ | sarup | High | Deity of Christ | 4:4, 4:6 | ਸ਼ਕਲ (mere physical shape/appearance — too shallow, loses “exact representation” sense) | ਸਰੂਪ carries a specific reverence-loaded meaning in Sikh usage (the physical, enthroned copy of the Guru Granth Sahib). Applying it to Christ requires a clarifying note that this denotes Christ’s own essential divine nature/identity, not a venerated physical object. |
| ambassador | πρεσβεύω / πρεσβευτής (presbeuō) | ਏਲਚੀ | elchi | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:20 | ਦੂਤ (angel/messenger — reserved for spiritual-being contexts, e.g. 11:14; would blur categories); ਰਸੂਲ (apostle — a distinct, already-Critical office-term, not interchangeable) | Must be kept sharply distinct from both ਰਸੂਲ (apostle) and ਦੂਤ (angel/messenger, used later for Satan’s disguise) to prevent category confusion across three related-but-distinct roles in this book. |
| letter / [Holy] Spirit (contrast) | γράμμα / πνεῦμα (gramma/pneuma) | ਲਿਖਤ / ਆਤਮਾ | likhat / atma | High | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:6 | ਸ਼ਬਦ (word — too easily conflated with the distinct Sikh doctrine of ਸ਼ਬਦ/Shabad as the Guru’s revealed utterance embodied in the Guru Granth Sahib) | The “letter kills, Spirit gives life” contrast must clearly reference the Holy Spirit (ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ), not a generic “spiritual meaning,” and must avoid resonance with the specific Sikh Shabad doctrine. |
| new covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη | ਨਵਾਂ ਨੇਮ | nava nem | High | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:6 | — | Reuses established ਨੇਮ exactly; named doctrine for this curriculum. |
| repentance | μετάνοια (metanoia) | ਤੋਬਾ | toba | High | (supports Reconciliation with God) | 7:9-10 | ਪਛਤਾਵਾ alone (regret — used instead for the CONTRASTING “worldly sorrow” concept, not for repentance itself) | ਤੋਬਾ is a Perso-Arabic loanword shared with Punjabi Sufi/Islamic usage (register-consistent with already-borrowed ਰਸੂਲ, ਨਬੀ). Must be kept lexically distinct from ਪਛਤਾਵਾ (worldly regret) to preserve 7:10’s godly-sorrow-vs-worldly-sorrow contrast. |
| godly sorrow / worldly sorrow | λύπη κατὰ θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੁੱਖ / ਸੰਸਾਰਿਕ ਦੁੱਖ | Parmeshar de anusar dukh / sansarik dukh | High | (supports Reconciliation with God) | 7:9-10 | — | Load-bearing distinction; see ਤੋਬਾ entry above. |
| power made perfect in weakness | δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελειοῦται | ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੰਪੂਰਨ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ | samratha kamzori vich sampooran hundi hai | Critical | Power in Weakness | 12:9 | ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਦੁਰਬਲਤਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੂਰੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ (explicitly forbidden — ਸ਼ਕਤੀ carries Hindu goddess-power association per baseline rule) | THE defining verse for this curriculum’s Power in Weakness doctrine; must reuse ਸਮਰੱਥਾ exactly per the Romans TM forbidden-substitution rule. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί | ਸਰੀਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਡਾ | sareer vich kanda | High | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | — | Must not be softened into a temporary trial expected to be removed by sufficient faith (a prosperity-adjacent misreading); God’s power operates THROUGH, not despite, unresolved weakness. |
| another Jesus / different spirit / different gospel | ἄλλος Ἰησοῦς / πνεῦμα ἕτερον / εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον | ਦੂਜਾ ਯਿਸੂ / ਵੱਖਰੀ ਆਤਮਾ / ਵੱਖਰੀ ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ | dooja Yisu / vakhri atma / vakhri khushkhabri | Critical | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:4 | — | Acute contemporary relevance given multiple living guru-figures and dera-based religious authorities actively competing for allegiance in Punjab; must not be softened into generic “doctrinal variation” language. Reuses ਯਿਸੂ and ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ exactly. |
| false apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι | ਝੂਠੇ ਰਸੂਲ | jhoothe rasul | Critical | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:13 | — | Must retain ਰਸੂਲ exactly within the compound so the true/counterfeit contrast over the SAME office remains legible. |
| super-apostles (ironic) | ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι | ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੇ ਰਸੂਲ (ironic use) | sab ton vadde rasul | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:5, 12:11 | — | Requires translator/teacher notes flagging Paul’s sarcasm; an unmarked literal rendering risks reading as genuine praise. |
| angel of light | ἄγγελον φωτός | ਚਾਨਣ ਦਾ ਦੂਤ | chanan da doot | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:14 | ਰਸੂਲ (explicitly wrong here — this is Satan disguised as a spiritual messenger/angel, not an apostle) | Correct context for ਦੂਤ (angel/messenger); must be kept distinct from ਰਸੂਲ (apostle) to avoid the category error the baseline Romans package already warns against for ਗੁਰੂ/ਦੂਤ substitutions. |
| signs of an apostle | σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου | ਰਸੂਲ ਦੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ | rasul de nishan | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 12:12 | — | Reuses ਰਸੂਲ exactly. |
| temple of the living God | ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος | ਜੀਉਂਦੇ ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਹੈਕਲ | jeeonde Parmeshar di haikal | High | (supports Sanctification / Church as God’s People) | 6:16 | ਮੰਦਰ (forbidden — Hindu temple association, per baseline “church” entry); ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ (forbidden — Sikh place of worship) | ਹੈਕਲ is the established Punjabi biblical term specifically for the Jerusalem Temple, avoiding both forbidden contemporary-cultic associations. |
| unequally yoked | ἑτεροζυγέω (heterozygeō) | ਬੇਮੇਲ ਜੂਲੇ ਹੇਠ (ਨਾ ਜੁੜਨਾ) | bemel joole heth (na jurna) | Medium (opportunity term) | (supports Reconciliation / Church holiness) | 6:14 | — | Punjab’s agrarian yoke/plough-team imagery gives this an unusually natural cultural fit; risk is limited to avoiding a caste-endogamy misreading rather than the spiritual-compatibility point intended. |
| comfort/consolation (noun) | παράκλησις (paraklēsis) | ਦਿਲਾਸਾ | dilasa | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3-7, 7:4-7, 7:13 | — | New noun-form entry alongside the established verb ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ (encourage/exhort); keep consistent across all “comfort” passages. |
| affliction/suffering | θλῖψις (thlipsis) | ਦੁੱਖ / ਬਿਪਤਾ | dukh / bipata | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:4, 1:8, 4:8-9, 4:17, 6:4-10, 7:5, 8:2, 11:23-29 | — | Common vocabulary; theological risk is framing (Christ-centered redemptive purpose), not the words themselves — distinguish from karma/detachment-oriented suffering frameworks. |
| guarantee/down payment (of the Spirit) | ἀρραβών (arrabōn) | ਸਾਈ / ਬਿਆਨਾ | sai / biana | Medium (opportunity term) | (supports New Creation / Assurance) | 1:22, 5:5 | — | Natural fit with Punjabi commercial earnest-money vocabulary; ensure the “full future payment” (eschatological glory) is not trivialized as merely transactional. |
| sincerity / generosity (twin term) | εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης (eilikrineia / haplotēs) | ਸਚਿਆਈ / ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹ-ਦਿਲੀ | sachiai / khull-dili | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority / Generosity and Grace in Giving | 1:12, 2:17, 8:2, 8:8, 9:11, 9:13, 11:3 | — | Context-sensitive pair: character-sincerity vs. giving-generosity; keep both senses tracked under one glossary family. |
| peddling the word | καπηλεύοντες τὸν λόγον | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੇ ਬਚਨ ਦਾ ਵਪਾਰ ਕਰਨਾ | Parmeshar de bachan da vapaar karna | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:17 | — | Live contemporary relevance given commercialized guruship/dera economics in Punjab; must not be vaguely worded. |
| authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | ਅਧਿਕਾਰ | adhikar | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 10:8, 13:10 | — | Delegated, Christ-given authority for edification, not self-asserted institutional power. |
| conscience | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | ਜ਼ਮੀਰ | zameer | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12, 4:2, 5:11 | — | Common loanword; low religious collision, moral-accountability framing needed. |
| fear of the Lord | φόβος κυρίου | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਦਾ ਭੈ | Prabhu da bhai | Medium | (supports Sincerity and Apostolic Authority) | 5:11, 7:1 | — | Reverential awe/accountability, not terror. |
| earthly tent / building from God | σκῆνος / οἰκοδομὴ ἐκ θεοῦ | ਧਰਤੀ ਦਾ ਤੰਬੂ / ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਘਰ | dharti da tambu / Parmeshar da banaya ghar | High | (supports Resurrection of Christ / New Creation) | 5:1-4 | — | Must describe one person’s mortal-to-resurrection-body transition, not a sequence of successive embodiments; guard against ਆਵਾਗਵਣ resonance. |
| according to the flesh | κατὰ σάρκα (kata sarka) | ਸਰੀਰਕ ਨਜ਼ਰੀਏ ਤੋਂ / ਦੁਨਿਆਵੀ ਨਜ਼ਰ ਨਾਲ | sareerak nazariye ton / duniyavi nazar naal | High | (supports Universal Human Accountability / Reconciliation) | 5:16, 10:2-3, 11:18 | — | Context-sensitive; do not flatten to mean only “literal body.” Relativizes worldly/caste/status categories in evaluating persons. |
| love of Christ | ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ | ਮਸੀਹ ਦਾ ਪਿਆਰ | Masih da pyar | Medium | (supports Reconciliation with God) | 5:14 | — | Anchor to Christ’s atoning self-sacrifice, not generic devotional affection. |
| boasting (context-sensitive) | καύχησις / καύχημα (kauchēsis/kauchēma) | ਸ਼ੇਖੀ (negative) / ਮਾਣ (positive, “boast in the Lord/weakness”) | shekhi / maan | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority / Power in Weakness | 5:12, 10:8, 10:13-17, 11:10-30, 12:1-9 | — | Two-word context-sensitive pair, parallel in structure to the baseline’s “called/calling” entry. |
| Belial | Βελιάρ (Beliar) | ਬਲਿਆਲ | Baliaal | Low | (contrast term) | 6:15 | — | Proper noun for Satan; minimal risk. |
| holy kiss | φίλημα ἅγιον | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਚੁੰਮਣ | Pavittar Chumman | Medium (cultural adaptation) | Christian Fellowship | 13:12 | — | Not a doctrinal risk per se; requires a cultural-equivalence teaching note given Punjabi social norms around cross-gender physical greeting. |
| examine yourselves / disqualified | δοκιμάζετε / ἀδόκιμοι | ਪਰਖੋ / ਅਪ੍ਰਵਾਨ | parkho / apravaan | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship (self-application) | 13:5-7 | — | Guard against a merit-tally (karma-adjacent) misreading of “the test.” |
C. Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2
- Mandatory glosses to carry forward from this glossary into every applicable segment: ਮਿਲਾਪ (reconciliation), ਨਵੀਂ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ (new creation), ਮੁਕਤੀ (salvation, per baseline), ਇਸ ਜੁੱਗ ਦਾ ਦੇਵਤਾ (god of this age).
- Terms requiring strict disambiguation from one another: ਰਸੂਲ (apostle) / ਝੂਠੇ ਰਸੂਲ (false apostle) / ਦੂਤ (angel-messenger, e.g., angel of light) / ਏਲਚੀ (ambassador) — these four must never be interchanged.
- Opportunity terms worth deliberate positive use (natural cultural/linguistic fit): ਸੰਗਤ (fellowship, reused), ਬਿਆਨਾ/ਸਾਈ (down payment of the Spirit), ਬੇਮੇਲ ਜੂਲੇ ਹੇਠ (unequally yoked), ਬੀਜਣਾ/ਵੱਢਣਾ (sow/reap), ਮਿੱਟੀ ਦੇ ਭਾਂਡੇ (clay jars).
- Terms carrying the highest syncretism risk requiring theologian review on every occurrence: ਮਿਲਾਪ, ਨਵੀਂ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ, ਇਸ ਜੁੱਗ ਦਾ ਦੇਵਤਾ, ਸਰੂਪ, ਸਮਰੱਥਾ (in 12:9), ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ (in 5:21 and 9:9-10), and all reused Critical terms from the Romans baseline appearing in this book.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: dharmikta
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਨਿਆਂ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਧਰਮ. 5:21 is the doctrinal capstone of the core passage. 9:9-10 (citing Ps 112:9 on the generous person’s ‘righteousness’) requires a mandatory bridging note against a merit-earned-standing misreading, since almsgiving (ਦਾਨ) is widely understood in Punjab as merit-generating in both Sikh and Hindu popular piety.
Justification
Approved rendering: ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ
Transliteration: dharmi thehraya jana
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਫ਼ੀ ਮਿਲਣੀ
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly quoted in 2 Corinthians but its forensic ‘declared’ logic is the structural template for made_to_be_sin (5:21) and imputed_righteousness (5:19); translators must render 5:21 with parallel forensic-declaration logic, never a claim of changed moral nature.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ਮੁਕਤੀ
Transliteration: mukti
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਨਿਰਵਾਣ, ਮੋਖ, ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:6, 6:2, 7:10. Mandatory Sikh/Christian mukti-distinction gloss required on every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence, per baseline rule; see also day_of_salvation for 6:2’s intensified form.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: lekhe lai dharmikta
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ਕਮਾਈ ਹੋਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα
Category: Reconciliation
Inherited from Romans package. EXTENDED in this book: the verb family ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਉਣਾ (‘to credit/reckon’) must also be used for the REVERSE ledger-entry at 5:19 (‘not counting their trespasses against them’) so learners see the forensic-accounting parallel between imputed righteousness and non-imputed sin. See the extended new-term entry ‘trespasses_not_counted’ below.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ
Transliteration: punar-uthan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ, ਆਵਾਗਵਣ
Original: ἀνάστασις (implicit; ἐγείρω 4:14, 5:15)
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Load-bearing at 4:14 and 5:15’s ‘died and was raised.’ Never ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ or ਆਵਾਗਵਣ. Anchors the new-term entry earthly_tent_heavenly_building (5:1-4) so the tent/building image reads as ONE person’s single bodily transition, never successive embodiments.
God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ, ਭਗਵਾਨ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ or ਭਗਵਾਨ. EXTENDED RISK for this book: 4:4’s ironic ‘god of this age’ (ਦੇਵਤਾ, applied to Satan) must never be allowed to bleed associations back onto ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ — see god_of_this_age entry for the required fencing.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ਯਿਸੂ
Transliteration: Yisu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਈਸਾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਈਸਾ. Load-bearing within different_gospel (11:4, ‘another Jesus’).
Lord
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਭੂ
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਲਕ, ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:2-3, 4:5, 5:11, 8:9, 10:17-18, 13:14. Foundational to fear_of_the_lord (5:11, 7:1).
Messiah
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout as ‘Christ.’ Foundational to in_christ, christ_became_poor, love_of_christ, and the Trinitarian benediction (13:14).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ
Transliteration: Pavittar Atma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਬ੍ਰਹਮ, ਜੋਤ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਬ੍ਰਹਮ. Occurs 1:22, 3:3-18, 5:5, 6:6, 13:14. Chapter 3’s ‘letter vs. Spirit’ contrast (γράμμα/πνεῦμα) refers to this Person specifically — see letter_and_spirit entry; do not render generically as ‘spiritual meaning.‘
Father
Approved rendering: ਪਿਤਾ
Transliteration: Pita
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:2-3 (‘Father of mercies’), 6:18, 11:31.
Day Of Salvation
Approved rendering: ਮੁਕਤੀ ਦਾ ਦਿਨ
Transliteration: mukti da din
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ἡμέρα σωτηρίας
Category: Salvation
6:2, citing Isaiah 49:8. Reuses the Critical ਮੁਕਤੀ term exactly; requires the same mandatory Sikh/Christian mukti-distinction gloss. The urgency of ‘now’ must not be softened into a gradual, multi-life attainment.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: ਝੂਠੇ ਰਸੂਲ
Transliteration: jhoothe rasul
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
11:13. Must retain ਰਸੂਲ exactly within the compound so the true/counterfeit contrast over the SAME office remains legible; a vaguer synonym for ‘apostle’ would collapse the distinction the whole passage depends on.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: ਦੂਜਾ ਯਿਸੂ / ਵੱਖਰੀ ਆਤਮਾ / ਵੱਖਰੀ ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ
Transliteration: dooja Yisu / vakhri atma / vakhri khushkhabri
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἄλλον Ἰησοῦν / πνεῦμα ἕτερον / εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον
Category: Apostleship
11:4. Reuses ਯਿਸੂ and ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ exactly. Acute contemporary relevance given multiple living guru-figures and dera-based religious authorities actively competing for allegiance in Punjab today; must not be softened into generic ‘doctrinal variation’ language.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: ਮਿਲਾਪ
Transliteration: milap
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: ਸੁਲਾਹ, ਮੇਲ ਕਰਾਉਣਾ (secondary variant only)
Original: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
5:18-20. THE CENTRAL DOCTRINE OF THIS CURRICULUM. GROUNDED REASON: ਮਿਲਾਪ is the natural Punjabi word for union, but in Sikh bhakti vocabulary it denotes gradual mystical soul-union with Waheguru cultivated through the Guru’s grace and Naam-simran, often across a lifetime or many lifetimes. Paul’s καταλλαγή is the structural opposite: a decisive, once-for-all, God-initiated forensic-relational change, received rather than gradually attained. MANDATORY clarifying gloss required on every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence, parallel to the established ਮੁਕਤੀ treatment.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: ਮਿਲਾਪ ਦੀ ਸੇਵਾ
Transliteration: milap di seva
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
5:18. Compounds two flagged risks: the ਮਿਲਾਪ gloss requirement above, plus ਸੇਵਾ needing distinction from the general Sikh devotional-communal-service ideal — this is specifically gospel proclamation entrusted by Christ, not generic humanitarian ਸੇਵਾ.
Substitutionary Death
Approved rendering: ਸਾਰਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਲਈ ਮਰਿਆ…ਇਸ ਲਈ ਸਾਰੇ ਮਰ ਗਏ
Transliteration: sariyan de layi mariya… is layi saare mar gaye
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Original: ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ πάντων…οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον
Category: Reconciliation
5:14. Must preserve the ‘one for all / therefore all’ substitution-and-union logic; do not soften to a merely exemplary or sympathetic death.
Made To Be Sin
Approved rendering: ਸਾਡੇ ਪਾਪ ਲਈ ਪਾਪ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ
Transliteration: saade pap layi pap thehraya
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν / τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν
Category: Reconciliation
5:21. Reuses ਪਾਪ exactly. This is NOT ‘Christ became sinful’ but a forensic transaction, parallel in structure to ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ (justification). Use ‘ਪਾਪ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ’ (declared/counted as sin) rather than any phrase implying Christ’s moral nature changed. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Trespasses Not Counted
Approved rendering: ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਅਪਰਾਧ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਲੇਖੇ ਨਾ ਲਾਉਣਾ
Transliteration: unhan de aparadh unhan de lekhe na launa
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
5:19. Must use ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਉਣਾ (the same crediting/reckoning verb family as ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ in imputed_righteousness) so learners see the forensic-accounting connection between credited righteousness and non-credited sin.
New Creation
Approved rendering: ਨਵੀਂ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ
Transliteration: navi sirjana
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਨਵਾਂ ਜਨਮ, ਨਵੀਂ ਰਚਨਾ (secondary option only)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation
5:17. GROUNDED REASON: Punjab’s shared Hindu-Sikh cyclical cosmology (creation-dissolution cycles, ਆਵਾਗਵਣ) predisposes hearers to hear ‘new creation’ as a fresh turn in a cyclical process rather than a decisive, once-for-all, already-accomplished new status in Christ. ਸਿਰਜਣਾ echoes Gurbani’s ਸਿਰਜਣਹਾਰ (‘the Creator’), a positive point of contact, but every load-bearing occurrence requires a mandatory bridging note. NEVER ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ (reincarnation).
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: ਇਸ ਜੁੱਗ ਦਾ ਦੇਵਤਾ
Transliteration: is jug da devta
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਇਸ ਜੁੱਗ ਦਾ ਹਾਕਮ (acceptable clarifying paraphrase in teaching notes only)
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: God
4:4. GROUNDED REASON: ਦੇਵਤਾ is the ordinary Punjabi/Hindu word for a minor deity — a live, populated category in Punjab’s religious landscape. Using ਦੇਵਤਾ for Satan risks momentary confusion suggesting a legitimate lesser divine being rather than a usurping, blasphemous counterfeit. MANDATORY translator’s bridging note required on every occurrence making explicit this is NOT a true deity alongside ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ, but Satan’s temporary, illegitimate claim, exposed and nullified in Christ.
Power Made Perfect In Weakness
Approved rendering: ਮੇਰੀ ਕਿਰਪਾ ਤੇਰੇ ਲਈ ਬਸ ਹੈ; ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਕਮਜ਼ੋਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੰਪੂਰਨ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ
Transliteration: meri kirpa tere layi bas hai; samratha kamzori vich sampooran hundi hai
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਦੁਰਬਲਤਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੂਰੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ
Original: ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου / ἡ γὰρ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελειοῦται
Category: Power in Weakness
12:9. THE defining verse for this curriculum’s Power in Weakness doctrine. Reuses ਕਿਰਪਾ (High) and MUST reuse ਸਮਰੱਥਾ exactly, never ਸ਼ਕਤੀ (Hindu goddess-power association, per Romans forbidden-substitution rule). Treat as a Critical fixed-form verse: lock wording once approved and never vary it document-to-document. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ
Transliteration: khushkhabri
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁਭ ਸਮਾਚਾਰ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 2:12, 4:3-4, 8:18, 9:13, 10:14, 11:4, 11:7. In 11:4 Paul warns of ‘a different gospel’ (εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον) — see different_gospel entry; the gospel remains the specific, exclusive proclamation of salvation through Christ, never one teaching among several rival spiritual authorities in Punjab’s dera landscape.
Grace
Approved rendering: ਕਿਰਪਾ
Transliteration: kirpa
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ਮੇਹਰ, ਕਰਮ ਦਾ ਫਲ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:2, 1:12, 4:15, 6:1, 8:1, 8:9, 9:8, 9:14, 12:9, 13:14. EXTENDED RISK for this book: Sikh ਕਿਰਪਾ theology is itself entangled with ਦਾਨ (meritorious charitable giving) and ਸੇਵਾ; every giving-context occurrence (Ch. 8-9) and every Power in Weakness occurrence (12:9) must keep the source of grace explicitly Christ-centered, never Guru-mediated or Naam-simran-received.
Faith
Approved rendering: ਨਿਹਚਾ
Transliteration: nihcha
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਰਧਾ, ਸਿਦਕ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Load-bearing at 5:7 (‘we walk by faith, not by sight’) and 13:5 (‘examine whether you are in the faith’).
Apostle
Approved rendering: ਰਸੂਲ
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰੂ, ਦੂਤ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਗੁਰੂ. This book’s entire Genuine vs. False Apostleship doctrine hinges on ਰਸੂਲ vs. ਝੂਠੇ ਰਸੂਲ staying sharply distinct from ਦੂਤ (angel/messenger) and ਏਲਚੀ (ambassador). Occurs 1:1, 11:5, 11:13, 12:11-12.
Saints
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲੋਕ
Transliteration: pavittar lok
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ਸੰਤ
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਸੰਤ. Occurs 1:1, 8:4, 9:1, 9:12, 13:12.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰੀਕਰਨ
Transliteration: pavittarikaran
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁੱਧੀਕਰਨ
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Extended noun-family form ਪਵਿੱਤਰਤਾ (holiness) also used at 7:1 (‘perfecting holiness’). Distinct from ritual purification.
Glory
Approved rendering: ਮਹਿਮਾ
Transliteration: mahima
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਜੋਤ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Chapters 3-4’s veil/glory-on-the-face imagery (3:7-11, 3:18, 4:4-6, 4:15, 4:17, 8:19-23) is the densest concentration of this term in the New Testament. NEVER ਜੋਤ, to avoid conflating Christ’s surpassing glory with the Sikh doctrine of a single divine light transmitted through the Ten Gurus into the Guru Granth Sahib.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ਨੇਮ
Transliteration: nem
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ਸਮਝੌਤਾ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 3:6, 3:14 within the compound ਨਵਾਂ ਨੇਮ (new covenant) — see new_covenant entry. Relational covenant bond, more than a legal contract.
Law
Approved rendering: ਬਿਵਸਥਾ
Transliteration: bivastha
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. νόμος itself is rare in 2 Corinthians; the ‘letter’ (γράμμα) of Ch. 3 functions as its implicit synonym in this book’s argument — see letter_and_spirit entry. Never ਧਰਮ or ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ.
Sin
Approved rendering: ਪਾਪ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ਅਧਰਮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Climactic at 5:21 (three occurrences) within made_to_be_sin — see that entry for the forensic-transaction handling required.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ
Transliteration: Parmeshar di samratha
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਕਤੀ
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: Power in Weakness
Inherited from Romans package (bare noun form ਸਮਰੱਥਾ reused). NEVER ਸ਼ਕਤੀ (Hindu goddess-power association). Occurs 4:7, 6:7, 12:9, 13:4. 12:9 is THE defining verse for this curriculum’s Power in Weakness doctrine — see power_made_perfect_in_weakness entry. This book’s repeated power-language multiplies exposure to the ਸ਼ਕਤੀ substitution risk beyond Romans; flag every occurrence for back-translation check.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡੇ ਰਸੂਲ
Transliteration: sab ton vadde rasul
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
11:5, 12:11 — Paul’s ironic title. Reuses ਰਸੂਲ exactly. Translator/teacher notes must flag the sarcasm; an unmarked literal rendering risks sounding like genuine praise rather than critique.
Signs Of An Apostle
Approved rendering: ਰਸੂਲ ਦੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ
Transliteration: rasul de nishan
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship
12:12. Reuses ਰਸੂਲ exactly. Authenticating marks are endurance and Spirit-empowered ministry, not self-promotion or showmanship.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: ਏਲਚੀ
Transliteration: elchi
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ਦੂਤ, ਰਸੂਲ
Original: πρεσβεύω / πρεσβευτής
Category: Ministry
5:20. A Persian-origin term for a royal envoy, familiar in Punjabi historical/diplomatic usage. Must be kept sharply distinct from ਰਸੂਲ (apostle, a distinct office-term) and ਦੂਤ (angel/messenger, used at 11:14 for Satan’s disguise) to prevent category confusion across three related-but-distinct roles.
Peddling The Word
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੇ ਬਚਨ ਦਾ ਵਪਾਰ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: Parmeshar de bachan da vapaar karna
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύοντες τὸν λόγον
Category: Ministry
2:17. Coined descriptive compound (no single Punjabi word for hucksterism exists). Must clearly convey commercial exploitation of sacred teaching for profit — a live concern given contemporary Sant-led deras and commercialized religious guruship in Punjab; avoid vague wording that loses this specific critique.
In Christ
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ ਵਿੱਚ
Transliteration: Masih vich
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Reconciliation
5:17; also 2:14, 12:2, 12:19. Reuses the Romans ‘Christian Identity in Christ’ doctrinal frame (High risk there); identity located in union with Christ, not caste, qaum-identity, or inherited family religious heritage.
According To The Flesh
Approved rendering: ਸਰੀਰਕ ਨਜ਼ਰੀਏ ਤੋਂ
Transliteration: sareerak nazariye ton
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: κατὰ σάρκα
Category: New Creation
5:16; also 10:2-3, 11:18. Context-sensitive; must not be flattened to mean only ‘physical body.’ Relativizes worldly/caste/status categories in evaluating persons — directly relevant given persistent caste distinctions within Punjab’s communities despite formal religious rejection of caste.
Earthly Tent Heavenly Building
Approved rendering: ਧਰਤੀ ਦਾ ਤੰਬੂ / ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਘਰ
Transliteration: dharti da tambu / Parmeshar da banaya ghar
Doctrine: Bodily Resurrection and the Future Body
Original: ἐπίγειος οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους / οἰκοδομὴ ἐκ θεοῦ
Category: New Creation
5:1-4. Coined fixed image-pair. Must describe ONE person’s transition from mortal body to resurrection body, not a sequence of successive embodiments; must not echo ਆਵਾਗਵਣ’s picture of a soul cycling through many bodies. Anchor firmly to ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: ਨਵਾਂ ਨੇਮ
Transliteration: nava nem
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
3:6. Reuses established ਨੇਮ exactly. Named curriculum doctrine, primary text of Chapter 3.
Letter And Spirit
Approved rendering: ਲਿਖਤ / ਆਤਮਾ
Transliteration: likhat / atma
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਬਦ
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Covenant
3:6. ‘ਆਤਮਾ’ here refers to the Holy Spirit and must be understood in light of ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ (established Critical term) — a contrast of ‘written code’ vs. ‘the [Holy] Spirit,’ not a vague literal/spiritual dichotomy. NEVER use ਸ਼ਬਦ for either term: it risks conflation with the specific Sikh doctrine of Shabad, the Guru’s revealed utterance embodied in the Guru Granth Sahib.
Image Of God
Approved rendering: ਸਰੂਪ
Transliteration: sarup
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਕਲ
Original: εἰκὼν τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
4:4, 4:6. GROUNDED REASON: ਸਰੂਪ carries a specific reverence-loaded meaning in contemporary Sikh usage — the term for the physical, enthroned copy of the Guru Granth Sahib, ceremonially installed and honored. Applying ਸਰੂਪ to Christ requires a mandatory clarifying note that this denotes Christ’s own essential divine nature and identity, not a venerated physical object or symbolic representation to be ritually honored as a scripture’s sarup is.
Temple Of The Living God
Approved rendering: ਜੀਉਂਦੇ ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਹੈਕਲ
Transliteration: jeeonde Parmeshar di haikal
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: ਮੰਦਰ, ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
6:16. NEVER ਮੰਦਰ (Hindu temple association) or ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ (Sikh place of worship), per the Romans ‘church’ entry’s forbidden substitutions. ਹੈਕਲ is the established Punjabi biblical term specifically for the Jerusalem Temple, giving it a built-in Scriptural rather than contemporary-cultic association.
Repentance
Approved rendering: ਤੋਬਾ
Transliteration: toba
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Sorrow
Rejected alternatives: ਪਛਤਾਵਾ (reserved for ‘worldly sorrow’)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Reconciliation
7:9-10. A Perso-Arabic loanword shared with Punjabi Sufi/Islamic usage (register-consistent with already-borrowed ਰਸੂਲ, ਨਬੀ). Must be kept lexically distinct from ਪਛਤਾਵਾ (mere regret, used for ‘worldly sorrow’) to preserve the chapter’s own life-versus-death contrast.
Godly Sorrow Worldly Sorrow
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦੁੱਖ / ਸੰਸਾਰਿਕ ਦੁੱਖ
Transliteration: Parmeshar de anusar dukh / sansarik dukh
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Sorrow
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν / λύπη τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Reconciliation
7:9-10. Load-bearing distinction paired with ਤੋਬਾ/ਪਛਤਾਵਾ above; the chapter’s own two-term contrast (grief leading to repentance and life vs. grief leading to death) must be preserved, not collapsed into synonyms.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: ਸਰੀਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਡਾ
Transliteration: sareer vich kanda
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Power in Weakness
12:7. Doctrinally load-bearing despite being a simple image, because it directly supports 12:9’s teaching that God’s power is displayed through, not despite, unresolved weakness; must not be softened into a temporary trial expected to be removed by sufficient faith (a prosperity-adjacent misreading).
Christ Became Poor
Approved rendering: ਕੰਗਾਲ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ
Transliteration: kangaal ho gaya
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἐπτώχευσεν
Category: Generosity and Giving
8:9. Must be understood as voluntary self-giving grounded in the Incarnation (Critical in Romans registry), not as commentary on economic poverty as inherently spiritual or meritorious. This is the explicit SOURCE and pattern of all Christian giving.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ
Transliteration: pavittar
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁੱਧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 6:6, 7:1, 8:4 (root).
Church
Approved rendering: ਮੰਡਲੀ
Transliteration: mandli
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, ਮੰਦਰ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ or ਮੰਦਰ. Occurs 1:1, 8:1, 8:18-19, 8:23-24, 11:8, 11:28, 12:13.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: ਚਾਨਣ ਦਾ ਦੂਤ
Transliteration: chanan da doot
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ਰਸੂਲ
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Apostleship
11:14. Correct context for ਦੂਤ (angel/messenger); must be kept distinct from ਰਸੂਲ (apostle, explicitly rejected here) and ਏਲਚੀ (ambassador). False apostles disguise themselves as ਰਸੂਲ; Satan disguises himself as ਦੂਤ — never conflate.
Conscience
Approved rendering: ਜ਼ਮੀਰ
Transliteration: zameer
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Ministry
1:12, 4:2, 5:11. Common Punjabi loanword; low religious collision, but must be understood as moral accountability before God, not merely social propriety. Recommend clarifying phrase ‘ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੇ ਸਾਹਮਣੇ ਜ਼ਮੀਰ’ at first load-bearing occurrence.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਦਾ ਭੈ
Transliteration: Prabhu da bhai
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: φόβος κυρίου
Category: Ministry
5:11, 7:1. Reuses ਪ੍ਰਭੂ exactly (Critical, established). Must convey reverential accountability, motivating sincere ministry, not terror.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: ਸਚਿਆਈ / ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹ-ਦਿਲੀ
Transliteration: sachiai / khull-dili
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: εἰλικρίνεια / ἁπλότης
Category: Ministry
1:12, 2:17, 8:2, 8:8, 9:11, 9:13, 11:3. Context-sensitive twin term (εἰλικρίνεια/ἁπλότης): ਸਚਿਆਈ for character-sincerity/transparency of motive; ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹ-ਦਿਲੀ for giving-context generosity. Track both senses under one glossary family so the underlying single Greek word-family is taught explicitly.
Authority
Approved rendering: ਅਧਿਕਾਰ
Transliteration: adhikar
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Ministry
10:8, 13:10. Must be understood as delegated, Christ-given authority for edification, not self-asserted institutional power exercised over a following.
Commending
Approved rendering: ਸਿਫਾਰਸ਼ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: sifarish karna
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνιστάνω
Category: Ministry
3:1, 5:12, 10:12, 10:18. Legitimate ministry needs no self-promotion campaign, unlike rival ‘super-apostles’; must not read as self-serving flattery.
Boasting
Approved rendering: ਸ਼ੇਖੀ / ਮਾਣ
Transliteration: shekhi / maan
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: καύχησις / καύχημα
Category: Ministry
5:12, 10:8, 10:13-17, 11:10-30, 12:1-9. Context-sensitive pair, structurally parallel to the baseline’s called/calling entry: ਸ਼ੇਖੀ for negative, prideful self-promotion (rival apostles); ਮਾਣ for Paul’s paradoxical positive boasting ‘in the Lord’ or in his own weaknesses.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ ਦੀ ਨਿਆਂ-ਗੱਦੀ
Transliteration: Masih di niyan-gaddi
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology
5:10. Distinguish from final condemnation-judgment of unbelievers; this is a believer’s reward/accounting tribunal, motivating the sincere ministry of 5:11’s fear_of_the_lord.
Veil
Approved rendering: ਪੜਦਾ
Transliteration: parda
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
3:14-16. Common word also used for social/gender veiling (purdah); ensure the figurative ‘veil over the mind’ sense is clear from context, not read as commentary on literal female veiling customs.
Transformed
Approved rendering: ਬਦਲਦੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ / ਰੂਪਾਂਤਰਿਤ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਾਂ
Transliteration: badalde jaande han / roopantarit hunde han
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holiness
Original: μεταμορφούμεθα
Category: Sanctification
3:18. Connects to the Romans sanctification doctrine (ਪਵਿੱਤਰੀਕਰਨ, High); must read as ongoing, Spirit-wrought moral transformation, not metaphysical shape-shifting or avatar-like transformation.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: ਬੇਮੇਲ ਜੂਲੇ ਹੇਠ (ਨਾ ਜੁੜਨਾ)
Transliteration: bemel joole heth (na jurna)
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holiness
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Sanctification
6:14. OPPORTUNITY TERM: Punjab’s agrarian yoke/plough-team imagery gives this an unusually natural cultural fit. Risk is limited to ensuring the metaphor is not read as endorsing rigid caste-endogamy logic rather than the spiritual-compatibility point Paul intends.
Comfort
Approved rendering: ਦਿਲਾਸਾ
Transliteration: dilasa
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
1:3-7, 7:4-7, 7:13. New noun-form entry alongside the established Romans verb ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ (encourage/exhort); keep consistent across all ‘comfort’ passages. Paul’s point is that God’s comfort equips believers to comfort others, not mere sympathy.
Affliction
Approved rendering: ਦੁੱਖ / ਬਿਪਤਾ
Transliteration: dukh / bipata
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
1:4, 1:8, 4:8-9, 4:17, 6:4-10, 7:5, 8:2, 11:23-29. Common everyday vocabulary; the theological risk is framing, not the words themselves — must be clearly tied to Christ-centered redemptive purpose, not read through a karma-and-detachment lens common in Hindu/Buddhist-influenced popular thought.
Guarantee Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: ਸਾਈ / ਬਿਆਨਾ
Transliteration: sai / biana
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Suffering and Comfort
1:22, 5:5. OPPORTUNITY TERM: ਬਿਆਨਾ is a well-known Punjabi commercial term for earnest money in land/property transactions, a genuinely natural conceptual fit. Ensure the image is not trivialized into a mere financial transaction; the ‘full payment’ is eschatological glory.
Love Of Christ
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ ਦਾ ਪਿਆਰ
Transliteration: Masih da pyar
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Suffering and Comfort
5:14. ਪਿਆਰ is the standard warm Punjabi word for love; ensure context anchors this specifically to Christ’s atoning self-sacrifice, not generic devotional affection.
Third Heaven Paradise
Approved rendering: ਤੀਜਾ ਸਵਰਗ / ਸਵਰਗ
Transliteration: tija swarg / swarg
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: τρίτος οὐρανός / παράδεισος
Category: Power in Weakness
12:2-4. ਸਵਰਗ is the common Punjabi/Hindu-Sikh term for heaven/paradise; ensure it is not read through a merit-earned-heavenly-reward framework distinct from Christian grace. Note Paul deliberately refuses to ground his authority in this vision — itself resisting a merit/attainment framing.
Weapons Of Warfare
Approved rendering: ਲੜਾਈ ਦੇ ਹਥਿਆਰ
Transliteration: ladai de hathiyar
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας
Category: Sincerity and Authority
10:4. Must be clearly figurative/spiritual; avoid any militant-literal misreading given Punjab’s own martial religious heritage (the Khalsa warrior tradition). This is spiritual conflict against ideas and false teaching, not a call to physical or political struggle.
Meekness And Gentleness Of Christ
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ ਦੀ ਨਿਮਰਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਦਿਆਲਤਾ
Transliteration: Masih di nimrata ate diyalta
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: πραΰτης καὶ ἐπιείκεια τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Sincerity and Authority
10:1. Christ’s character as the model for apostolic conduct even amid confrontation; authority exercised in Christlike humility, not domination.
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਅਣਖ
Transliteration: Parmeshar di anakh
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ζῆλος θεοῦ
Category: Sincerity and Authority
11:2. ਅਣਖ/ਗੈਰਤ carry strong honor-culture resonance in Punjab (protecting family/personal honor); a natural point of contact for covenantal jealousy, but must avoid implying possessive human honor-violence associations.
Indescribable Gift
Approved rendering: ਅਕਹਿ ਦਾਤ
Transliteration: akahi daat
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἀνεκδιήγητος δωρεά
Category: Generosity and Giving
9:15. Reuses the established ਦਾਤ (gift) root from the Romans ‘spiritual_gifts’ entry (ਆਤਮਿਕ ਦਾਤਾਂ). God’s supreme gift (Christ) that surpasses description, the ultimate ground and pattern of all Christian giving.
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: ਜਿੱਤ ਦੇ ਜਲੂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਗਵਾਈ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ
Transliteration: jit de jaloos vich agvai karda hai
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Ministry
2:14. Figurative military/processional image requiring cultural explanation, since Roman triumph processions have no direct Punjabi equivalent (closest cultural echo: a victorious army’s homecoming procession).
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਪਰਖੋ
Transliteration: apne aap nu parkho
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἑαυτοὺς πειράζετε / δοκιμάζετε
Category: Apostleship
13:5. Must not be read as implying salvation is earned or lost through accumulated spiritual performance — a karma-adjacent misreading; the test is whether genuine faith and Christ’s presence are evident, not a merit tally.
Disqualified
Approved rendering: ਅਪ੍ਰਵਾਨ
Transliteration: apravaan
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ਨਾਕਾਮ
Original: ἀδόκιμος
Category: Apostleship
13:5-7. Guards against a merit-tally (karma-adjacent) misreading of ‘the test’ at 13:5’s examine_yourselves.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਚੁੰਮਣ
Transliteration: Pavittar Chumman
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
13:12. Not a doctrinal risk per se; physical cheek-kissing as a cross-gender greeting is culturally unusual/inappropriate in mainstream Punjabi social custom, so a cultural-equivalence teaching note is required, preserving the underlying doctrinal point of warm, family-like affection within the ਸੰਗਤ.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ਸੰਗਤ
Transliteration: sangat
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ਦੋਸਤੀ
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. OPPORTUNITY term, genuinely positive fit, extended in this book to material sharing in the Jerusalem collection (8:4, 8:23, 9:13). Occurs also 1:7, 6:14, 13:14.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ਧੰਨਵਾਦ
Transliteration: dhanvad
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:11, 2:14, 4:15, 8:16, 9:11-12, 9:15. No significant doctrinal risk.
Exhort
Approved rendering: ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: utshahit karna
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive: ਬੇਨਤੀ (entreaty) for beseeching, especially 5:20’s urgent appeal; ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ for building up. Occurs 2:8, 6:1, 7:6-7, 7:13, 8:6, 9:5, 10:1, 12:18, 13:11. Pair consistently with the new noun form ਦਿਲਾਸਾ (comfort) — see comfort entry.
Belial
Approved rendering: ਬਲਿਆਲ
Transliteration: Baliaal
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Βελιάρ
Category: God
6:15. A Hebrew-idiom name for Satan, contrasted with Christ, light with darkness. Proper noun; minimal risk.
Fairness Equality
Approved rendering: ਬਰਾਬਰੀ
Transliteration: barabri
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Generosity and Giving
8:13-14. Equitable balance between the wealthy and needy governing the Jerusalem collection. No significant doctrinal risk.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: ਬੀਜਣਾ / ਵੱਢਣਾ
Transliteration: beejna / vaddhna
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: σπείρων / θερίσει
Category: Generosity and Giving
9:6. OPPORTUNITY TERM: Punjab’s deeply agrarian culture makes this among the most naturally resonant metaphors in the entire book.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: ਖੁਸ਼ੀ ਨਾਲ ਦੇਣ ਵਾਲਾ
Transliteration: khushi naal dena vala
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Generosity and Giving
9:7. Giving motivated by joy, not compulsion or guilt; reinforces that giving flows from grace, not obligation.
Fragrance Of Christ
Approved rendering: ਖੁਸ਼ਬੂ
Transliteration: khushbu
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: ὀσμή / εὐωδία
Category: Ministry
2:14-16. Figurative sensory image; no significant religious collision, though note the pastoral sensitivity that the same gospel produces different destinies for different hearers (v.16).
Referenced passages