Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke 1–24 (English → Punjabi)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entire Gospel of Luke, chapter 1 through chapter 24. It distinguishes:
- Baseline-Reused terms: already fixed in the Romans
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.json, reused here exactly, without modification. - New-Luke terms: not present in the Romans baseline, proposed here for the first time, risk-tiered using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework, with grounded reasons specific to Punjab’s Sikh-majority and Hindu-minority religious landscape.
All New-Luke terms proposed here are candidates for formal addition to translation_memory.json in the Phase 1 Step 8 deliverable and must be loaded into Phase 2 translation memory before any Luke segment is translated.
Section A — Baseline-Reused Terms Appearing in Luke
These terms are already fixed in the Romans Language Package and must be reused exactly, with no re-derivation. Listed here with their Luke citations for cross-reference.
| English Term | Punjabi | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Luke Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ | khushkhabri | High | Gospel | 4:18 (verb form), throughout |
| Grace | ਕਿਰਪਾ | kirpa | High | Grace | 1:28, 1:30, 2:40 |
| Faith | ਨਿਹਚਾ | nihcha | High | Faith | 5:20, 7:9, 7:50, 8:25, 8:48, 17:19, 18:8, 18:42 |
| Righteousness | ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ | dharmikta | Critical | Salvation | 1:75, 18:9 |
| Justification | ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ | dharmi thehraya jana | Critical | Salvation | 18:14 |
| Salvation | ਮੁਕਤੀ | mukti | Critical | Salvation | 1:69, 1:77, 2:30, 3:6, 19:9 |
| Apostle | ਰਸੂਲ | rasul | High | Apostleship | 6:13, 9:10, 11:49, 17:5, 22:14, 24:10 |
| Called / Calling | ਸੱਦਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ / ਸੱਦਾ | saddiya hoya / sadda | High | Divine Calling | 5:32, 14:16-24 |
| Holy | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ | pavittar | Medium | Sanctification | 1:35, 1:49, 1:70, 1:72 |
| Saints | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲੋਕ | pavittar lok | High | Sainthood | (implied corporate believer references) |
| Sanctification | ਪਵਿੱਤਰੀਕਰਨ | pavittarikaran | High | Sanctification | 1:75 (holiness/righteousness pairing) |
| Adoption | ਦੱਤਕ ਪੁੱਤਰਤਾ | dattak putrata | High | Adoption | (background for inheritance/heir language, ch.15, ch.20) |
| Resurrection | ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ | punar-uthan | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 9:22, 14:14, 18:33, 20:27-38, 24:6-7, 24:34, 24:46 |
| Lord | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ | prabhu | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:43, 2:11, 4:18-19, 5:8, 20:42-44, throughout |
| Son of God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ | Parmeshar da Puttar | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 1:35, 3:38 (Adam, distinct sense — see ch.3 note), 4:3, 4:9, 4:41, 8:28, 9:35 |
| Incarnation | ਦੇਹਧਾਰਨ | dehdharan | Critical | Incarnation | 1:31-35, 2:7 (theological frame for the birth narrative) |
| Peace | ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ | shanti | Medium | Peace with God | 1:79, 2:14, 7:50, 8:48, 19:38, 19:42, 24:36 |
| Spiritual Gifts | ਆਤਮਿਕ ਦਾਤਾਂ | atmik daatan | Medium | Spiritual Gifts | 9:1-2, 10:9, 10:19 (mission empowerment) |
| Thanksgiving | ਧੰਨਵਾਦ | dhanvad | Low | Thanksgiving | 2:38, 17:16, 18:11, 22:17, 22:19, 24:30 |
| Fellowship | ਸੰਗਤ | sangat | Low | Christian Fellowship | 5:29, 15:1-2, 19:5-7 (table fellowship contexts) |
| Church | ਮੰਡਲੀ | mandli | Medium | Church as God’s People | (post-Pentecost background; minimal direct Luke usage) |
| Kingdom of God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ | Parmeshar da Raj | Medium (elevated to High at 17:21, see analysis) | Kingdom Present and Future | 4:43, 6:20, 7:28, 8:1, 9:2, 9:11, 9:27, 9:60, 9:62, 10:9, 10:11, 11:20, 12:31-32, 13:18-29, 14:15, 16:16, 17:20-21, 18:16-29, 19:11, 21:31, 22:16-18, 22:29-30, 23:42, 23:51 |
| Law | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ | bivastha | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 2:22-27, 2:39, 10:26, 16:16-17, 24:44 |
| Sin | ਪਾਪ | pap | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 5:30-32, 6:32-34, 7:37-49, 11:4, 13:2, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 15:18-21, 17:3-4, 18:13, 19:7, 24:47 |
| Gentiles | ਪਰਾਈਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ | paraiyan kaumaan | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 2:32, 21:24, 24:47 |
| Glory | ਮਹਿਮਾ | mahima | High | Deity of Christ | 2:9, 2:14, 2:32, 9:26, 9:31-32, 19:38, 21:27, 24:26 |
| Power of God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ | Parmeshar di samratha | High | Power of God for Salvation | 1:35, 4:14, 4:36, 5:17, 6:19, 9:1, 10:19, 24:49 |
| Messiah | ਮਸੀਹ | Masih | Critical | Messianic Promise | 2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:18(implied), 9:20, 20:41, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39, 24:26, 24:46 |
| Prophet | ਨਬੀ | nabi | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:76, 3:4, 4:17, 4:24, 7:16, 7:26, 7:39, 9:8, 9:19, 11:47-50, 13:33-34, 16:16, 16:29-31, 20:6, 24:19, 24:25, 24:27 |
| Prophecy | ਭਵਿੱਖਬਾਣੀ | bhavikhbani | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:67, 22:64 |
| Covenant | ਨੇਮ | nem | High | Davidic Covenant | 1:72, 22:20 |
| Election | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਚੋਣ | Parmeshar di chon | High | Effectual Calling | 6:13 (choosing the Twelve), 9:35 (chosen One), 18:7 (God’s elect) |
| Intercession | ਵਿਚੋਲਗੀ | vicholgi | Medium | Prayer and Intercession | 22:32, 23:34 |
| Providence | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ | Parmeshar da prabandh | High | Providence | 12:6-7, 12:22-31 |
| Mission | ਪਰਚਾਰ | prachar | Medium | Mission to the Nations | 4:18-19, 4:43, 9:2, 10:1-9, 24:47 |
| David | ਦਾਊਦ | Daud | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 6:3, 18:38-39, 20:41-44 |
| Israel | ਇਸਰਾਏਲ | Israel | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 1:16, 1:54, 1:68, 1:80, 2:25, 2:32, 2:34, 4:25, 4:27, 24:21 |
| Jesus | ਯਿਸੂ | Yisu | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout |
| God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ | Parmeshar | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout |
| Holy Spirit | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ | Pavittar Atma | Critical | Sanctification / Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 4:18, 10:21, 11:13, 12:12 |
| Father | ਪਿਤਾ | Pita | Critical | Adoption into God’s Family | 2:49, 6:36, 10:21-22, 11:2-13, 15:12-32, 22:29, 22:42, 23:34, 23:46, 24:49 |
| Abba | ਅੱਬਾ | Abba | Medium | Adoption into God’s Family | (not directly used in Luke’s Greek text; retained in glossary for cross-curriculum consistency with Romans 8:15) |
| Exhort | ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ | utshahit karna | Low | Mutual Edification | 3:18 |
| Seed of David | ਦਾਊਦ ਦੀ ਅੰਸ | Daud di ans | High | Davidic Covenant | 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 3:31 (genealogical background) |
| Imputed Righteousness | ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ | lekhe lai dharmikta | Critical | Justification by Faith | 18:14 (conceptual parallel) |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Luke
These terms are not present in the Romans baseline glossary and are proposed here for the first time. Each entry gives the full field set required for Phase 2 translation memory integration.
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Punjabi | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Grounded Risk Reason | Key Luke Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | ਮੁਕਤੀਦਾਤਾ | mukti-data | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All Nations | ਬਚਾਉਣ ਵਾਲਾ (too generic/secular) | Built on the baseline’s Critical-risk ਮੁਕਤੀ; every load-bearing occurrence requires the same mandatory Sikh/Christian mukti distinction gloss already fixed in the baseline, since “Savior” is the personal-title form of the same doctrine. | 1:47, 2:11 |
| 2 | Scripture(s) | γραφή / graphē | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ | pavittar likhtan | Critical | Inspiration of Scripture / Fulfillment of Prophecy | ਗ੍ਰੰਥ (rejected — literally the name of the Guru Granth Sahib, the eternal living Guru in Sikh doctrine); ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ (rejected — generic Hindu scripture/treatise term and near-homophone of ਸ਼ਸਤਰ, “weapon,” with Khalsa martial resonance) | Using ਗ੍ਰੰਥ would imply the Bible is being equated with, or modeled on, the specific closed-canon-as-living-Guru doctrine central to Sikh identity; ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ risks both a Hindu-textual-category collision and an unrelated martial-vocabulary pun. This gap existed in the Romans baseline as well and should be back-applied. | 4:21, 24:27, 24:32, 24:45 |
| 3 | Anoint / Anointed | χρίω / chriō | ਮਸਹ ਕੀਤਾ | masah kita | Critical | Messianic Promise | (none; established Christian usage) | Directly ties to the baseline’s Critical ਮਸੀਹ (Messiah); the verb form in 4:18 is Jesus’ own self-identification as the Anointed One of Isaiah’s prophecy — mistranslation here would sever the passage’s central messianic claim. | 4:18 |
| 4 | Mammon | μαμωνᾶς / mamōnas | ਮਮੋਨ | mammon | Critical | Cost of Discipleship / Kingdom ethics | ਮਾਇਆ (rejected — imports the full Sikh metaphysical doctrine of cosmic illusion/attachment, a much broader and different claim than the NT’s “wealth as a rival master”) | ਮਾਇਆ names a comprehensive doctrine of illusory reality central to Sikh soteriology; substituting it for “mammon” would import that entire framework into a passage that is actually about competing loyalties/idolatry, not metaphysical illusion. Transliteration avoids the collision while preserving the personified-idol sense. | 16:9, 16:11, 16:13 |
| 5 | Paradise | παράδεισος / paradeisos | ਫਿਰਦੌਸ | firdaus | Critical | Assurance of Salvation | ਸਵਰਗ (rejected as default — carries popular Hindu-influenced association of a temporary heavenly reward exhausted before further rebirth) | Jesus promises the repentant thief immediate, final, unending presence with him — precisely the opposite of a temporary heavenly stay before further rebirth; ਫਿਰਦੌਸ, an established shared Perso-Arabic Christian/Islamic loanword (parallel precedent to ਨਬੀ/ਰਸੂਲ), avoids this. | 23:43 |
| 6 | Ascension (taken up) | ἀναλαμβάνω / analambanō | ਸਵਰਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਠਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ | swarg vich uthaya jana | Critical | Kingdom Present and Future / Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | A bare noun-coinage naming “the ascension” as a destination-realm (rejected — risks reading as merger/dissolution into the divine) | Kept strictly verbal (“taken up into heaven”) rather than naming a static realm, to avoid resonance with Sikh mukti’s doctrine of merger with Waheguru (already flagged Critical for “salvation” in the baseline); this is a bodily, historical, witnessed departure of a distinct risen Person. | 24:51 (cf. Acts 1:9) |
| 7 | New Covenant (compound) | καινὴ διαθήκη / kainē diathēkē | ਨਵਾਂ ਨੇਮ | nava nem | Critical | Davidic Covenant / Christ-Centered Ministry | (none; compound built on baseline ਨੇਮ) | Elevated from the baseline’s High-risk “covenant” specifically because this is the direct verbal institution of the Lord’s Supper — one of the most liturgically repeated and doctrinally sensitive texts in the Gospel. | 22:20 |
| 8 | Body / Blood (Eucharistic) | σῶμα / αἷμα — sōma / haima | ਸਰੀਰ / ਲਹੂ | sarir / lahu | Critical | Christ-Centered Ministry (Atonement background) | (none; standard vocabulary, risk lies in doctrinal weight not word choice) | Directly parallels the atonement/propitiation escalation rule already fixed in the Romans baseline (3:25); requires mandatory theologian review per that same rule, since this is the founding institution narrative of the church’s central ongoing sacrament. | 22:19-20 |
| 9 | Father, forgive them (composite) | Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς | ਹੇ ਪਿਤਾ, ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਫ਼ ਕਰ | he Pita, inhan nu mafi kar | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins / Prayer and Intercession | (none; composite of established terms) | Combines Critical-risk ਪਿਤਾ with newly established forgiveness vocabulary at the Gospel’s most climactic model of intercessory forgiveness; the composite’s narrative weight (Jesus forgiving his own executioners) raises the combined risk above either term’s individual rating. | 23:34 |
| 10 | Justified/healed-saved verb (σῴζω double sense) | σῴζω / sōzō | ਬਚਾਉਣਾ / ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ | bachauna / changa karna | Critical | Faith / Universal Human Accountability / Assurance of Salvation | A single artificial compound term (rejected — flattens either the physical-healing or spiritual-salvation dimension) | The same Greek verb intentionally spans physical healing and spiritual salvation across multiple healing narratives; defaulting to only one Punjabi sense in translation permanently erases the deliberate double meaning central to Luke’s theology of the Kingdom breaking into bodily life. | 7:50, 8:48, 17:19, 18:42 |
| 11 | Seek and save the lost (mission summary) | ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός | (ਗੁਆਚੇ ਹੋਏ ਨੂੰ) ਲੱਭਣ ਅਤੇ ਬਚਾਉਣ | labhan ate bachauna | Critical | Cost and Joy of Discipleship / Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | (none; composite of established terms) | Functions as Luke’s own single-verse summary of Jesus’ entire mission; requires one fixed, consistent full-clause rendering across every lesson per the Theological Consistency Rules established in the baseline. | 19:10 |
| 12 | Repentance for forgiveness to all nations (Great Commission) | μετάνοιαν εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν… εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη | ਤੋਬਾ ਅਤੇ ਪਾਪਾਂ ਦੀ ਮਾਫ਼ੀ… ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ ਲਈ | toba ate papan di mafi… sariyan kaumaan lai | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness / Jesus as Savior for All Nations / Kingdom Mission | (none; composite of established terms) | Programmatic mission statement uniting three named curriculum doctrines in a single verse; requires one fixed rendering across all lessons. | 24:47 |
| 13 | Kingdom “in your midst” (interpretive choice) | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν / entos hymōn | ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ | tuhade vichkar | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਅੰਦਰ (“within you,” individually — rejected as default) | An individualized “within you” rendering risks being read through a Sikh/Hindu inward-meditative-realization framework; Luke’s point is that the kingdom is present in Jesus standing among his hearers, a Christ-centered not self-realized presence. | 17:21 |
| 14 | Repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | ਤੋਬਾ | toba | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | ਪਛਤਾਵਾ (considered — judged too weak, conveys regret without necessarily the decisive turning implied by μετάνοια) | ਤੋਬਾ is a Perso-Arabic loanword strongly associated with Islamic devotional vocabulary in everyday Punjabi usage; retained on the same established-shared-loanword precedent as the baseline’s acceptance of ਨਬੀ (prophet) and ਰਸੂਲ (apostle), but every load-bearing occurrence must make the object of turning (the God revealed in Christ) explicit rather than assumed. | 3:3, 3:8, 5:32, 13:3, 13:5, 15:7, 15:10, 24:47 |
| 15 | Forgiveness (of sins) | ἄφεσις (ἁμαρτιῶν) / aphesis (hamartiōn) | ਮਾਫ਼ੀ / ਪਾਪਾਂ ਦੀ ਮਾਫ਼ੀ | mafi / papan di mafi | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ (rejected as default for this sense — better reserved for the “release/redemption” sense in 4:18’s captive-release clause and Luke 1/21’s ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ) | Must be kept distinct from the baseline’s Critical ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ (justification) — forgiveness is relational pardon, justification the fuller forensic declaration; conflating them collapses two distinct doctrinal moves onto one word. | 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 7:47-49, 24:47 |
| 16 | Redemption | λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις — lytrōsis / apolytrōsis | ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ | chutkara | High | Kingdom Present and Future / Assurance of Salvation | (retained despite baseline’s rejection of this word as an alternative for salvation itself) | The baseline explicitly rejected ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ as a substitute for ਮੁਕਤੀ; here it names the distinct, narrower category of the redemptive act/price rather than the whole doctrine of salvation — translators must never let it silently replace ਮੁਕਤੀ in summary soteriological statements. | 1:68, 21:28 |
| 17 | Disciple | μαθητής / mathētēs | ਚੇਲਾ | chela | High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | ਸ਼ਗਿਰਦ (considered — more Persian/Urdu-inflected, less immediately recognizable in Gurmukhi Punjabi religious register) | ਚੇਲਾ sits in close etymological neighborhood to ਸਿੱਖ itself (“disciple/learner,” the Sikh community’s own self-designation); “becoming a disciple of Jesus” must not be heard as “becoming a Sikh of Jesus” in the institutional-identity sense. Use generically (student/follower of a teacher) with contextual framing distinguishing it from Sikh religious identity. | 5:11, 5:27-28, 6:13, 6:17, 9:23, 14:26-27, 14:33 |
| 18 | Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός / hamartōlos | ਪਾਪੀ | papi | High | Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | (none; built directly on baseline ਪਾਪ) | Central to a curriculum doctrine not present in the Romans baseline (Table Fellowship with Sinners); requires a relational, not merely forensic-legal, tone since Jesus is eating with rather than only judging those so named. | 5:8, 5:30-32, 6:32-34, 7:34, 7:37, 7:39, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 18:13, 19:7 |
| 19 | Blessed | μακάριος / makarios | ਧੰਨ | dhan | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | ਖੁਸ਼ (rejected — too weak, conveys mere happiness rather than pronounced divine favor/reversal-of-status blessing) | Homophone-adjacency risk: ਧੰਨ (blessed) must be kept orthographically and contextually distinct from ਧਨ (wealth) — the entire rhetorical force of the Beatitudes is that the poor are ਧੰਨ despite lacking ਧਨ; confusion between the two words would invert the passage’s meaning. | 6:20-22, 1:45, 7:23, 11:28, 12:37, 14:14-15 |
| 20 | Compassion (moved with) | σπλαγχνίζομαι / splanchnizomai | ਤਰਸ ਖਾਣਾ | taras khana | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | ਦਯਾ ਕਰਨਾ (considered — more static/general mercy; σπλαγχνίζομαι specifically denotes a visceral, moved-to-action response) | Anchors a named curriculum doctrine (Jesus’ Compassion); must convey active, gut-level compassion moving directly to concrete help, not passive pity or a fleeting emotional register. | 7:13, 10:33, 15:20 |
| 21 | Neighbor | πλησίον / plēsion | ਗੁਆਂਢੀ | guandhi | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations / Compassion | (none; standard term, risk lies in doctrinal content not vocabulary) | The Good Samaritan parable’s entire force depends on radically redefining who counts as ਗੁਆਂਢੀ to include the despised ethnic-religious outsider; translators must preserve this category-breaking force rather than softening it into mere geographic proximity. | 10:27-37 |
| 22 | Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης / Samaritēs | ਸਾਮਰੀ | Samari | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations | (none; proper/ethnic name) | Requires cultural-background notes on Jewish-Samaritan hostility so the parable’s deliberate boundary-crossing shock (directly relevant to Punjab’s own caste and communal-identity dynamics, per the baseline’s Unity of Jews and Gentiles notes) is not lost on readers. | 10:33, 17:16 |
| 23 | Acceptable Year of the Lord (Jubilee) | ἐνιαυτὸς κυρίου δεκτός | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਦਾ ਮਨਭਾਉਂਦਾ ਸਾਲ | Prabhu da manbhaunda saal | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future / Good News to the Poor | A literal “a good year” (rejected — loses the specific Leviticus 25 covenantal-legal background entirely) | No Sikh or Hindu conceptual analog exists for a periodic covenantal debt-and-slave-release year; requires a mandatory explanatory bridge teaching the Jubilee background, comparable to the Incarnation bridge already required in the baseline for Sikh-background audiences. | 4:19 |
| 24 | Cross | σταυρός / stauros | ਸਲੀਬ | salib | High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | (none; established Punjabi Christian transliteration) | No direct Sikh/Hindu equivalent execution-instrument-as-symbol exists, though Punjab’s own Sikh shaheedi (martyrdom) tradition offers a genuine point of comparative resonance worth teaching explicitly — care must be taken not to collapse the Cross’s unique atoning significance into a general martyrdom category. | 9:23, 14:27, 23:26 |
| 25 | Hades | ᾅδης / hadēs | ਹੇਡੀਜ਼ (transliteration + gloss) | Hedis | High | Assurance of Salvation | ਪਾਤਾਲ (rejected as default — imports the specific Hindu/Puranic multi-tiered underworld cosmology) | A functional-equivalence translation risks importing an entire unrelated cosmological map; transliteration with a short explanatory gloss preserves the term’s distinctiveness without false equivalence. | 16:23 |
| 26 | Angel | ἄγγελος / angelos | ਦੂਤ / ਸਵਰਗ ਦੂਤ | doot / swarg doot | Medium | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | (none; standard term) | Keep tightly tied to “sent by ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ” in context to avoid conflation with broader South Asian categories of celestial/ancestral beings. | 1:11-38, 2:9-15 |
| 27 | Light for revelation to the nations | φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν | ਕੌਮਾਂ ਲਈ ਚਾਨਣ | kaumaan lai chanan | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations | ਕੌਮਾਂ ਲਈ ਪਰਕਾਸ਼ ਦੀ ਜੋਤ (rejected — ਜੋਤ carries the specific Sikh doctrine of divine light transmitted through the Ten Gurus) | Central seed-verse for this curriculum’s core “Savior for All Nations” doctrine; ਜੋਤ’s Guru-lineage-transmission association would collapse Christ’s unique universal light into that specific closed transmission structure. | 2:32 |
| 28 | Prayer | προσευχή / proseuchē | ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ | prarthana | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | (none; standard shared term) | Widely shared, religiously neutral vocabulary across traditions; risk lies in content taught (direct, intimate address to a personal Father through Christ) rather than the word itself. | 3:21, 5:16, 6:12, 9:18, 9:28-29, 11:1-13, 18:1-14, 19:46, 22:32, 22:39-46 |
| 29 | Lost | ἀπολωλός / apolōlos | ਗੁਆਚਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ | guachiya hoya | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship / Good News to the Marginalized | ਗੁੰਮ (considered — more casual/misplaced-object register, underselling the sense of danger/ruin) | Must retain the sense of real peril/ruin implied by ἀπόλλυμι, not mere misplacement, since the lostness directly motivates the rescue-mission doctrine. | 15:4, 15:6, 15:9, 15:24, 15:32, 19:10 |
| 30 | Joy | χαρά / chara | ਖੁਸ਼ੀ (default) / ਅਨੰਦ (selective) | khushi / anand | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | (none; both are viable, context-dependent) | ਅਨੰਦ carries positive resonance with Sikh devotional vocabulary (Anand Karaj, Anand Sahib) — a genuine bridge-word opportunity similar to ਸੰਗਤ in the baseline, but ਖੁਸ਼ੀ remains the safer religiously neutral default for routine use. | 15:7, 15:10, 15:32, 24:41, 24:52 |
| 31 | Tax Collector | τελώνης / telōnēs | ਮਸੂਲੀਆ | masulia | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | (none; historical-occupational term) | Requires a brief cultural-background note (Roman tax farming, social ostracism) since no precise modern Punjabi equivalent institution exists. | 3:12, 5:27-30, 7:29, 7:34, 15:1, 18:10-14, 19:2 |
| 32 | Poor | πτωχός / ptōchos | ਗਰੀਬ | gareeb | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | (none; standard unambiguous term) | Resist spiritualizing away into a purely metaphorical “poor in spirit” reading where Luke intends real economic and social poverty (esp. 4:18, 6:20). | 4:18, 6:20, 7:22, 14:13, 14:21, 16:20-22, 18:22, 19:8, 21:3 |
| 33 | Parable | παραβολή / parabolē | ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਂਤ | drishtant | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | (none; established literary-genre term) | Functionally similar to teaching-story genres in Sikh Janamsakhis and Hindu didactic literature — a natural genre-recognition opportunity rather than a doctrinal collision. | 8:4-15, 10:30-37, 12:16-21, 13:18-21, 14:16-24, 15:3-32, 16:1-9, 16:19-31, 18:1-14, 19:11-27, 20:9-19 |
| 34 | Word of God | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਬਚਨ | Parmeshar da bachan | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture | (none; safe, religiously neutral term for divine speech) | Low collision risk; ਬਚਨ (word/utterance) carries no significant competing doctrinal weight in Punjabi religious vocabulary. | 5:1, 8:11, 8:21, 11:28 |
| 35 | Eternal Life | αἰώνιος ζωή / aiōnios zōē | ਸਦੀਪਕ ਜੀਵਨ | sadipak jivan | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | ਅਨੰਤ ਜੀਵਨ (viable alternate — acceptable but slightly more abstract) | Must be distinguished from a cyclical hope of favorable future rebirths (a live risk given both Hindu and Sikh frameworks of the soul’s ongoing journey); this is unending personal life with God after one decisive resurrection. | 10:25, 18:18, 18:30 |
| 36 | Greed / Covetousness | πλεονεξία / pleonexia | ਲੋਭ | lobh | Medium | Cost of Discipleship (Kingdom ethics) | (none; standard term, genuine positive overlap noted) | ਲੋਭ is one of the Sikh Panj Vikar (Five Thieves); genuine ethical overlap exists, but avoid implying that overcoming ਲੋਭ through willpower/meditative discipline itself secures right standing before God — in this curriculum transformation flows from ਪਵਿੱਤਰੀਕਰਨ (the Spirit’s sanctifying work), not self-conquest of the vices. | 12:15 |
| 37 | Authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | ਅਧਿਕਾਰ | adhikar | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | (none; standard term) | Distinguish from ਸਮਰੱਥਾ (baseline term for “power of God,” conveying capacity/ability rather than authoritative right). | 4:32, 4:36, 5:24, 9:1, 20:2 |
| 38 | Demon | δαιμόνιον / daimonion | ਦੁਸ਼ਟ ਆਤਮਾ (preferred) / ਭੂਤ (with caution) | dusht atma / bhoot | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | ਭੂਤ alone (use with caution — carries popular folk-belief association with ghosts of the dead) | Distinguish New Testament personal, fallen-angelic evil spirits from popular Punjabi folk-belief ancestral/haunting spirits; the compound ਦੁਸ਼ਟ ਆਤਮਾ is safer where precision matters. | 4:33-35, 8:26-33, 8:2, 9:1, 9:42, 11:14-20 |
| 39 | Baptism | βάπτισμα / baptisma | ਬਪਤਿਸਮਾ | baptisma | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | (none; established Christian transliteration) | Standard and unambiguous within Christian usage; ensure it is not confused with generic ritual bathing/purification practices common across South Asian traditions. | 3:3, 3:7, 3:12, 3:16, 3:21, 7:29, 12:50 |
| 40 | Narrow Door | στενὴ θύρα / stenē thyra | ਭੀੜਾ ਦਰਵਾਜ਼ਾ | bhira darwaza | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | (none; standard descriptive rendering) | Preserve the urgency (“strive,” ἀγωνίζομαι) rather than flattening it into passive waiting. | 13:24 |
| 41 | Great Banquet | δεῖπνον μέγα / deipnon mega | ਵੱਡੀ ਦਾਵਤ | vaddi dawat | Medium | Good News to the Poor / Table Fellowship | (none; culturally resonant term) | Culturally resonant with Punjab’s hospitality customs — frame carefully around Kingdom inclusion of the marginalized, not generic celebration. | 14:15-24 |
| 42 | ”Hate” (comparative-priority idiom) | μισέω / miseō | ਘੱਟ ਪਿਆਰ ਕਰਨਾ (dynamic rendering, not ਨਫ਼ਰਤ) | ghatt pyar karna | High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | ਨਫ਼ਰਤ ਕਰਨਾ (literal “hate” — firmly rejected) | A literal “hate” rendering would badly distort this Semitic comparative-priority idiom and could cause real pastoral harm given Punjab’s strong family-honor culture; requires a mandatory translator note. | 14:26 |
| 43 | Heir | κληρονόμος / klēronomos | ਵਾਰਸ | waris | Medium | Davidic Covenant / Adoption (inheritance background) | (none; standard inheritance term) | Connects to the baseline’s Adoption doctrine (full inheritance rights); no significant independent collision risk. | 20:14 |
| 44 | Son of Abraham | υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ / huios Abraam | ਅਬਰਾਹਾਮ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ | Abraham da puttar | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Universal Human Accountability | (none; standard covenant-lineage phrase, parallel to established ਦਾਊਦ ਦੀ ਅੰਸ) | Straightforward parallel construction to the already-accepted “seed of David” pattern. | 19:9 |
| 45 | House of Prayer | οἶκος προσευχῆς / oikos proseuchēs | ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ ਦਾ ਘਰ | prarthana da ghar | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | (none; standard compound) | Built cleanly on the established ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ term; no independent risk beyond that base term. | 19:46 |
| 46 | Tribulation | θλῖψις / thlipsis | ਦੁੱਖ / ਕਸ਼ਟ | dukh / kasht | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | (none; standard suffering term) | Low doctrinal risk; standard vocabulary. | 21:23, 21:25-26 |
| 47 | Synagogue | συναγωγή / synagōgē | ਸਭਾ ਘਰ | sabha ghar | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture / narrative setting | ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ (rejected — Sikh place of worship); ਮੰਦਰ (rejected — Hindu temple) | Follows the baseline’s church/place-of-worship precedent: a neutral descriptive compound avoids importing either tradition’s architecture of sacred space. | 4:16, 4:20, 4:28, 4:33, 4:38, 4:44, 6:6, 7:5, 8:41, 13:10, 21:12 |
| 48 | Captive | αἰχμάλωτος / aichmalōtos | ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ / ਬੰਦੀ | ghulam / bandi | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | (none; must carry dual literal-figurative sense) | Must carry both literal (rescued prisoners) and figurative (enslaved to sin) senses without importing Punjab’s own captivity/liberation martyrdom narratives as the primary frame. | 4:18 |
| 49 | Oppressed / Crushed | τεθραυσμένος / tethrausmenos | ਦੱਬੇ-ਕੁਚਲੇ | dabbe-kuchle | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | (none; safe natural idiom) | Natural Punjabi idiom for the socially crushed/oppressed with no competing religious association. | 4:18 |
| 50 | Recovery of Sight | ἀνάβλεψις / anablepsis | ਸੁਜਾਖਾ ਕਰਨਾ | sujakha karna | Low-Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | (none) | Literal healing sense is safe; secondary spiritual-sight metaphor should be flagged in translator notes for teaching purposes. | 4:18, 18:35-43 |
| 51 | Mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | ਦਯਾ / ਰਹਿਮ | daya / rahim | Medium | Jesus’ Compassion | (none; common shared vocabulary) | Tie explicitly to God’s covenant faithfulness in context, not generic pity. | 1:50, 1:54, 1:58, 1:72, 1:78, 10:37, 16:24, 17:13, 18:38-39 |
| 52 | Attendant/Servant (narrative) | ὑπηρέτης / hypēretēs | ਸੇਵਕ | sevak | Low | (narrative, no major doctrine) | (none) | Generic attendant word; avoid over-elevating into formal Sikh ਸੇਵਾ devotional-service register in surrounding prose. | 4:20 |
| 53 | Devil | διάβολος / diabolos | ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ | shaitaan | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | (none; shared established loanword) | Well-established, unambiguous across Punjabi religious vocabulary. | 4:2-13, 8:12 |
| 54 | Temptation/Testing | πειρασμός / peirasmos | ਪਰਤਾਵਾ | partava | Medium (elevated to High at 22:40-46) | Prayer and Dependence on God | (none; standard term) | Elevated at Gethsemane given the doctrinal weight of Christ’s full submission/true humanity there. | 4:13, 8:13, 11:4, 22:28, 22:40, 22:46 |
| 55 | Follow (discipleship verb) | ἀκολουθέω / akoloutheō | ਪਿੱਛੇ ਚੱਲਣਾ | pichhe chalna | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | (none; standard term) | Core discipleship verb; no significant independent collision. | 5:11, 5:27-28, 9:23, 9:57-62, 18:22, 18:28 |
| 56 | Anguish/Agony | ἀγωνία / agōnia | ਪੀੜਾ / ਸੰਕਟ | peera / sankat | Medium | Humanity of Christ (Gethsemane) | (none; standard term) | Underscores the real cost of Jesus’ obedience; no significant independent collision. | 22:44 |
| 57 | Promise of the Father | ἐπαγγελία τοῦ πατρός / epangelia tou patros | ਪਿਤਾ ਦਾ ਵਾਅਦਾ | Pita da vaada | High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | (none; built on baseline ਪਿਤਾ) | Directly anticipates the Critical-risk Holy Spirit doctrine; bridges Luke’s Gospel to Acts/Pentecost. | 24:49 |
Section C — Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Curriculum Doctrines)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms (Baseline-Reused) | Primary Terms (New-Luke) |
|---|---|---|
| Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | ਪਰਾਈਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ, ਮਸੀਹ, ਪ੍ਰਭੂ | ਮੁਕਤੀਦਾਤਾ, ਕੌਮਾਂ ਲਈ ਚਾਨਣ, ਗੁਆਂਢੀ, ਸਾਮਰੀ, ਅਬਰਾਹਾਮ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ |
| The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ | ਦੂਤ, ਮਸਹ ਕੀਤਾ, ਪਿਤਾ ਦਾ ਵਾਅਦਾ |
| Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ, ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ | ਗਰੀਬ, ਧੰਨ, ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ/ਬੰਦੀ, ਦੱਬੇ-ਕੁਚਲੇ, ਸੁਜਾਖਾ ਕਰਨਾ, ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਦਾ ਮਨਭਾਉਂਦਾ ਸਾਲ, ਵੱਡੀ ਦਾਵਤ |
| Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | ਪਾਪ | ਤੋਬਾ, ਮਾਫ਼ੀ/ਪਾਪਾਂ ਦੀ ਮਾਫ਼ੀ, ਬਪਤਿਸਮਾ |
| Prayer and Dependence on God | (none directly fixed in baseline) | ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ, ਰੋਜ਼ਾਨਾ ਰੋਟੀ, ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ ਦਾ ਘਰ, ਪਰਤਾਵਾ |
| The Kingdom of God Present and Future | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ | ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ (17:21 interpretive choice), ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਂਤ, ਭੀੜਾ ਦਰਵਾਜ਼ਾ, ਸਦੀਪਕ ਜੀਵਨ |
| The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | ਰਸੂਲ | ਚੇਲਾ, ਸਲੀਬ, ਪਿੱਛੇ ਚੱਲਣਾ, ਗੁਆਚਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ, ਖੁਸ਼ੀ/ਅਨੰਦ, ਘੱਟ ਪਿਆਰ ਕਰਨਾ (14:26) |
| Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | ਸੰਗਤ, ਪਾਪ | ਪਾਪੀ, ਤਰਸ ਖਾਣਾ, ਦਯਾ/ਰਹਿਮ, ਮਸੂਲੀਆ |
Section D — Forbidden and Cautioned Substitutions Specific to Luke
In addition to the Critical Forbidden Substitution list already fixed in the Romans baseline (12_ai_translation_requirements.md), the following Luke-specific substitutions are forbidden or require caution:
| Never Use | For | Use Instead | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| ਗ੍ਰੰਥ | Scripture(s) | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ | Name of the Guru Granth Sahib as eternal living Guru |
| ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ | Scripture(s) | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ | Hindu scripture-category collision + ਸ਼ਸਤਰ (weapon) homophone-adjacency |
| ਮਾਇਆ | Mammon | ਮਮੋਨ (transliteration) | Imports the full Sikh doctrine of cosmic illusion, not merely “wealth as rival master” |
| ਸਵਰਗ (as default) | Paradise | ਫਿਰਦੌਸ | Popular Hindu-influenced association with temporary heavenly reward before rebirth |
| ਪਾਤਾਲ | Hades | ਹੇਡੀਜ਼ (transliteration + gloss) | Imports specific Hindu/Puranic multi-tiered underworld cosmology |
| ਜੋਤ | ”Light for revelation to the nations” | ਚਾਨਣ | Sikh doctrine of divine light transmitted through the Ten Gurus |
| ਨਫ਼ਰਤ ਕਰਨਾ (literal) | μισέω in Luke 14:26 | ਘੱਟ ਪਿਆਰ ਕਰਨਾ (dynamic, with translator note) | Literal “hate” distorts the Semitic comparative-priority idiom and risks pastoral harm |
| ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਅੰਦਰ (as default) | Kingdom “in your midst” (17:21) | ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ | Avoids an inward-meditative-realization reading of the kingdom |
| ਭੂਤ (unqualified, as default) | δαιμόνιον | ਦੁਸ਼ਟ ਆਤਮਾ | Popular folk-belief association with ghosts of the dead rather than personal evil spirits |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json (version increment required) before Phase 2 segment translation of any Luke lesson begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
See 07_semantic_analysis.md for the full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter analytical basis for every entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: dharmikta
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਨਿਆਂ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER use ਧਰਮ, which carries the Sikh martial-righteous ਧਰਮ ਯੁੱਧ ideal central to Khalsa identity. Luke citations: 1:75, 18:9 (contrasted with self-righteous performance).
Justification
Approved rendering: ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ
Transliteration: dharmi thehraya jana
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਫ਼ੀ ਮਿਲਣੀ
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never abbreviate to ਮਾਫ਼ੀ (forgiveness) alone. Luke citation: 18:14 — the tax collector, not the Pharisee, ‘went down to his house justified’; Luke’s own dramatic illustration of this doctrine.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ਮੁਕਤੀ
Transliteration: mukti
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਨਿਰਵਾਣ, ਮੋਖ, ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. MANDATORY clarifying gloss required on every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence distinguishing Christian ਮੁਕਤੀ from Sikh ਮੁਕਤੀ (release from ਆਵਾਗਵਣ through Guru-mediated grace and Naam-simran). Luke citations: 1:69, 1:77, 2:30, 3:6, 19:9 (Zacchaeus, ‘today salvation has come to this house’).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ
Transliteration: punar-uthan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ, ਆਵਾਗਵਣ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ or ਆਵਾਗਵਣ. Luke citations: 9:22, 14:14, 18:33, 20:27-38 (Sadducee debate — explicit anti-cyclical teaching moment), 24:1-46 (climactic concentration).
Lord
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਭੂ
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਲਕ, ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ. Luke citations: 1:43, 2:11, 4:18-19, 5:8, 20:41-44 (David’s son yet David’s Lord riddle), throughout.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da Puttar
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਦੇਵ-ਪੁਰਸ਼
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: full phrase required. Luke citations: 1:35, 4:3, 4:9, 4:41, 8:28, 9:35. CAUTION: Luke 3:38 applies ‘son of God’ to Adam in a distinct, creaturely, non-unique sense — requires a mandatory translator note distinguishing this from Christ’s unique Sonship elsewhere in the same chapter.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ਦੇਹਧਾਰਨ
Transliteration: dehdharan
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ਅਵਤਾਰ
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological frame for Lk 1:31-35, 2:7)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER ਅਵਤਾਰ. Requires the double-audience explanatory bridge (avatar-descent risk for Hindu-heritage readers; ਨਿਰੰਕਾਰ formlessness objection for Sikh-heritage readers). Luke citations: 1:31-35, 2:7 (theological frame for the birth narrative), at even higher narrative density than Romans.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citations: 2:11, 2:26, 3:15, 4:18 (implied via ਮਸਹ ਕੀਤਾ, the verb form), 9:20, 20:41, 22:67, 23:2, 23:35, 23:39, 24:26, 24:46. Central to the core passage’s self-identification claim.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ਯਿਸੂ
Transliteration: Yisu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਈਸਾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: use ਯਿਸੂ. Never ਈਸਾ (the Punjabi Muslim/Shahmukhi form). Occurs throughout Luke.
God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ, ਭਗਵਾਨ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ or ਭਗਵਾਨ. Occurs throughout Luke, with especially dense divine-action narrative in the infancy and healing accounts.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ
Transliteration: Pavittar Atma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਬ੍ਰਹਮ, ਜੋਤ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ਬ੍ਰਹਮ or ਜੋਤ. Luke citations: 1:15, 1:35, 1:41, 1:67, 2:25-27, 3:16, 3:22, 4:1, 4:14, 4:18 (core passage), 10:21, 11:13, 12:12 — central to Luke’s Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History doctrine with uniquely dense concentration in the infancy narrative.
Father
Approved rendering: ਪਿਤਾ
Transliteration: Pita
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citations: 2:49, 6:36, 10:21-22, 11:2-13 (Lord’s Prayer), 15:12-32, 22:29, 22:42, 23:34, 23:46, 24:49.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: lekhe lai dharmikta
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ਕਮਾਈ ਹੋਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Original: ἐλογίσθη… εἰς δικαιοσύνην (conceptual parallel)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citation: 18:14 (conceptual parallel — the tax collector’s justification).
Savior
Approved rendering: ਮੁਕਤੀਦਾਤਾ
Transliteration: mukti-data
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations
Rejected alternatives: ਬਚਾਉਣ ਵਾਲਾ
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
Built on the baseline’s Critical-risk ਮੁਕਤੀ; every load-bearing occurrence (Luke 1:47, 2:11) requires the SAME mandatory Sikh/Christian mukti distinction gloss fixed for ਮੁਕਤੀ itself, since this is the personal-title form of the same doctrine.
Scripture
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲਿਖਤਾਂ
Transliteration: pavittar likhtan
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ਗ੍ਰੰਥ, ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ
Original: γραφή / αἱ γραφαί
Category: Scripture
NEVER ਗ੍ਰੰਥ — literally the name of the Guru Granth Sahib, the eternal living Guru in Sikh doctrine. AVOID ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ — the generic Hindu scripture/treatise term and a near-homophone of ਸ਼ਸਤਰ (‘weapon’), with Khalsa martial resonance. Central to the core passage (4:21, ‘today this Scripture is fulfilled’) and to 24:27, 24:32, 24:44-45. Closes a gap left open in the Romans baseline; should be back-applied there.
Anointed
Approved rendering: ਮਸਹ ਕੀਤਾ
Transliteration: masah kita
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: χρίω
Category: Christology
Verb form directly tied to the baseline’s Critical ਮਸੀਹ. In the core passage (4:18) Jesus applies this verb to himself, claiming to be the very One the title ‘Messiah’ names — mistranslation here severs the passage’s central messianic claim.
Mammon
Approved rendering: ਮਮੋਨ
Transliteration: mammon
Doctrine: Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਇਆ
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Discipleship
NEVER ਮਾਇਆ — imports the full Sikh metaphysical doctrine of cosmic illusion/attachment (one of the root causes of the Panj Vikar), a much broader claim than ‘wealth as a rival master.’ Transliterate to preserve the personified-idol sense without importing that doctrine. Luke citations: 16:9, 16:11, 16:13.
Paradise
Approved rendering: ਫਿਰਦੌਸ
Transliteration: firdaus
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਸਵਰਗ
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
AVOID ਸਵਰਗ as the default rendering — in popular Hindu-influenced usage it is frequently understood as a temporary heavenly reward exhausted before further rebirth, the opposite of what Jesus promises. Use the established shared Perso-Arabic Christian/Islamic loanword ਫਿਰਦੌਸ, parallel to ਨਬੀ/ਰਸੂਲ. Luke citation: 23:43 (the repentant thief).
Ascension
Approved rendering: ਸਵਰਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਠਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ
Transliteration: swarg vich uthaya jana
Doctrine: Ascension of Christ
Rejected alternatives: a static destination-noun naming ‘the ascension’ as a realm
Original: ἀναλαμβάνω / ἀνάληψις
Category: Eschatology
Kept strictly verbal (‘taken up into heaven’) rather than naming a static destination-realm, to avoid resonance with Sikh mukti’s doctrine of merger with Waheguru (already flagged Critical for ‘salvation’ in the baseline). A bodily, historical, witnessed departure of a distinct risen Person, not a dissolving-into-the-divine. Luke citation: 24:51 (cf. Acts 1:9).
New Covenant
Approved rendering: ਨਵਾਂ ਨੇਮ
Transliteration: nava nem
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Built on the baseline’s High-risk ਨੇਮ, elevated to Critical because this is the direct verbal institution of the Lord’s Supper — one of the most liturgically repeated and doctrinally sensitive texts in the Gospel. Luke citation: 22:20.
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: ਸਰੀਰ / ਲਹੂ
Transliteration: sarir / lahu
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Salvation
Must be rendered with full sacrificial weight, not reduced to ordinary meal-language; directly parallels the atonement/propitiation escalation rule already fixed in the Romans baseline (Romans 3:25). Requires mandatory theologian review. Luke citation: 22:19-20.
Father Forgive Them
Approved rendering: ਹੇ ਪਿਤਾ, ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਮਾਫ਼ ਕਰ
Transliteration: he Pita, inhan nu mafi kar
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: Πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς
Category: Repentance
Combines Critical-risk ਪਿਤਾ with the newly established forgiveness vocabulary at the Gospel’s most climactic model of intercessory forgiveness; the composite’s narrative weight raises the combined risk above either term’s individual rating. Luke citation: 23:34.
Saved Healed
Approved rendering: ਬਚਾਉਣਾ / ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: bachauna / changa karna
Doctrine: Faith / Assurance of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: a single artificial compound term merging both senses
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
σῴζω deliberately spans physical healing and spiritual/eschatological salvation. Do not default to only one Punjabi sense throughout; render per context but flag the deliberate double meaning by translator note in every occurrence so neither dimension is lost. Luke citations: 7:50, 8:48, 17:19, 18:42.
Seek And Save The Lost
Approved rendering: ਗੁਆਚੇ ਹੋਏ ਨੂੰ ਲੱਭਣ ਅਤੇ ਬਚਾਉਣ
Transliteration: guache hoye nu labhan ate bachauna
Doctrine: Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
Functions as Luke’s own single-verse summary of Jesus’ entire mission. Requires one fixed, consistent rendering across every lesson per the Theological Consistency Rules established in the Romans baseline. Luke citation: 19:10.
Great Commission
Approved rendering: ਤੋਬਾ ਅਤੇ ਪਾਪਾਂ ਦੀ ਮਾਫ਼ੀ… ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ ਲਈ
Transliteration: toba ate papan di mafi… sariyan kaumaan lai
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness / Kingdom Mission
Original: μετάνοιαν εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν… εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Mission
Programmatic mission statement uniting three named curriculum doctrines (Repentance and Forgiveness, Savior for All Nations, Kingdom Mission) in a single verse; requires one fixed rendering across all lessons per the baseline’s consistency rules. Luke citation: 24:47.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ
Transliteration: khushkhabri
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁਭ ਸਮਾਚਾਰ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established Punjabi Christian term, “good news.” Distinguish from any generic positive announcement; the gospel is the specific proclamation of salvation through Christ crucified and risen. Luke citations: 4:18 (verb form, ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ ਸੁਣਾਉਣੀ, Jesus’ own description of his Spirit-anointed mission to the poor), and throughout Luke.
Grace
Approved rendering: ਕਿਰਪਾ
Transliteration: kirpa
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ਮੇਹਰ, ਕਰਮ ਦਾ ਫਲ
Original: χάρις / κεχαριτωμένη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Sikh theology already has a developed grace vocabulary (ਕਿਰਪਾ/ਨਦਰ) that is genuinely gift-like but received through Guru-mediation and Naam-simran, not through faith in Christ’s atoning work alone. Luke citations: 1:28, 1:30 (Gabriel’s greeting to Mary), 2:40, 2:52. Mary must be read strictly as a recipient, never a source or dispenser, of ਕਿਰਪਾ, guarding against a mediatrix reading.
Faith
Approved rendering: ਨਿਹਚਾ
Transliteration: nihcha
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਰਧਾ, ਸਿਦਕ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust in Christ; not generalized devotional reverence (ਸ਼ਰਧਾ) or Sufi-idiom steadfastness (ਸਿਦਕ). Luke citations: 5:20, 7:9 (Gentile centurion’s faith, praised above any found ‘in Israel’ — early Savior-for-All-Nations instance), 7:50, 8:25, 8:48, 17:19, 18:8, 18:42.
Apostle
Approved rendering: ਰਸੂਲ
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰੂ, ਦੂਤ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਗੁਰੂ, reserved exclusively for the Ten Gurus and the Guru Granth Sahib. Luke citation: 6:13 (Jesus formally names the Twelve ਰਸੂਲ), 9:10, 11:49, 17:5, 22:14, 24:10.
Called
Approved rendering: ਸੱਦਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ
Transliteration: saddiya hoya
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ਬੁਲਾਇਆ ਹੋਇਆ
Original: κλητός / κληθῆναι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across ministry, sainthood, and salvation senses. Luke citations: 5:32 (calling of sinners to repentance), 14:16-24 (invitation language of the Great Banquet).
Calling
Approved rendering: ਸੱਦਾ
Transliteration: sadda
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form for the act or state of being called by God.
Saints
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲੋਕ
Transliteration: pavittar lok
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ਸੰਤ
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਸੰਤ — the Sant tradition remains a living, institutionally active category (Sant-led deras) in Punjab today. Held in reserve for corporate-believer contexts in the broader Luke-Acts material.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰੀਕਰਨ
Transliteration: pavittarikaran
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁੱਧੀਕਰਨ
Original: ἁγιασμός / ὁσιότης
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy. Luke citation: background for 1:75’s holiness/righteousness pairing.
Adoption
Approved rendering: ਦੱਤਕ ਪੁੱਤਰਤਾ
Transliteration: dattak putrata
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ਗੋਦ ਲੈਣਾ
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Full son-status with complete inheritance rights. Luke citation: background doctrine for Luke’s inheritance/heir language (ch.15, ch.20).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da Raj
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (Medium there), elevated to High for this curriculum given its role as the named doctrine ‘The Kingdom of God Present and Future.’ At 17:21 render ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ, never ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਅੰਦਰ. Pervasive throughout Luke 4-22.
Law
Approved rendering: ਬਿਵਸਥਾ
Transliteration: bivastha
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਧਰਮ or ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ. Luke citations: 2:22-27, 2:39, 10:26, 16:16-17, 24:44.
Sin
Approved rendering: ਪਾਪ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ਅਧਰਮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs pervasively, especially in forgiveness scenes: 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 5:30-32, 6:32-34, 7:37-49, 11:4, 13:2, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 15:18-21, 17:3-4, 18:13, 19:7, 24:47.
Glory
Approved rendering: ਮਹਿਮਾ
Transliteration: mahima
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਜੋਤ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਜੋਤ. Luke citations: 2:9, 2:14, 2:32, 9:26, 9:31-32, 19:38, 21:27, 24:26.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ
Transliteration: Parmeshar di samratha
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਕਤੀ
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਸ਼ਕਤੀ. Luke citations: 1:35, 4:14, 4:36, 5:17, 6:19, 9:1, 10:19, 24:49.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ਨੇਮ
Transliteration: nem
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ਸਮਝੌਤਾ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citation: 1:72. See new-Luke term ‘new_covenant’ for the heightened, Critical-risk use at 22:20.
Election
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਚੋਣ
Transliteration: Parmeshar di chon
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ਕਿਸਮਤ
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਕਿਸਮਤ. Luke citations: 6:13 (choosing the Twelve), 9:35 (‘the Chosen One’), 18:7 (‘his elect’).
Providence
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da prabandh
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ਕਿਸਮਤ, ਹੁਕਮ
Original: πρόνοια (cf. Lk 12:6-7, 12:22-31)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਕਿਸਮਤ; ਹੁਕਮ remains too liturgically specific to serve as the translation itself. Luke citations: 12:6-7, 12:22-31 (sparrows/hair-counted teaching).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: ਦਾਊਦ ਦੀ ਅੰਸ
Transliteration: Daud di ans
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citations: background for 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 3:31 (genealogical and infancy material).
Kingdom In Your Midst
Approved rendering: ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ
Transliteration: tuhade vichkar
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਅੰਦਰ
Original: ἐντὸς ὑμῶν
Category: Kingdom
AVOID ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਅੰਦਰ (‘within you,’ individually) as the default — this risks a Sikh/Hindu inward-meditative-realization reading. Use ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰ to keep the referent Christ’s own presence among his hearers. Luke citation: 17:21.
Repentance
Approved rendering: ਤੋਬਾ
Transliteration: toba
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: ਪਛਤਾਵਾ
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance
Perso-Arabic loanword with strong everyday Islamic-devotional association in Punjabi; retained on the same established-shared-loanword precedent as ਨਬੀ/ਰਸੂਲ, but every load-bearing occurrence must make explicit that the turning is toward the God revealed in Christ. Luke citations: 3:3, 3:8, 5:32, 13:3, 13:5, 15:7, 15:10, 24:47.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: ਮਾਫ਼ੀ / ਪਾਪਾਂ ਦੀ ਮਾਫ਼ੀ
Transliteration: mafi / papan di mafi
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ (as default for this sense)
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Repentance
Must be kept distinct from the baseline’s Critical ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ (justification) — forgiveness is relational pardon, justification the fuller forensic declaration. Luke citations: 1:77, 3:3, 5:20-24, 7:47-49, 24:47.
Redemption
Approved rendering: ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ
Transliteration: chutkara
Doctrine: Kingdom Present and Future / Assurance of Salvation
Original: λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
The Romans baseline explicitly rejected ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ as a substitute for ਮੁਕਤੀ itself; here it names the narrower category of the redemptive act/price, not the whole doctrine of salvation. Never let it silently replace ਮੁਕਤੀ in summary soteriological statements. Luke citations: 1:68, 21:28.
Disciple
Approved rendering: ਚੇਲਾ
Transliteration: chela
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਗਿਰਦ
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
ਚੇਲਾ sits in close etymological neighborhood to ਸਿੱਖ itself (‘disciple/learner’), the Sikh community’s own self-designation. Use generically (student/follower of a teacher) with contextual framing that this is not a claim of joining a guru-lineage religious community. Luke citations: 5:11, 5:27-28, 6:13, 6:17, 9:23, 14:26-27, 14:33.
Sinner
Approved rendering: ਪਾਪੀ
Transliteration: papi
Doctrine: Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Built directly on baseline ਪਾਪ. Central to a curriculum doctrine not present in the Romans baseline; requires a relational, not merely forensic-legal, tone since Jesus is eating with, not only judging, those so named. Luke citations: 5:8, 5:30-32, 6:32-34, 7:34, 7:37, 7:39, 15:1-2, 15:7, 15:10, 18:13, 19:7.
Blessed
Approved rendering: ਧੰਨ
Transliteration: dhann
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: ਖੁਸ਼
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
Homophone-adjacency risk: ਧੰਨ (blessed) must be kept orthographically and contextually distinct from ਧਨ (wealth) — the entire rhetorical force of the Beatitudes is that the poor are ਧੰਨ despite lacking ਧਨ. Luke citations: 6:20-22, 1:45, 7:23, 11:28, 12:37, 14:14-15.
Compassion
Approved rendering: ਤਰਸ ਖਾਣਾ
Transliteration: taras khana
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: ਦਯਾ ਕਰਨਾ
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
Anchors a named curriculum doctrine. Must convey active, gut-level compassion moving directly to concrete help, not passive pity or a fleeting emotional register. Luke citations: 7:13 (widow of Nain), 10:33 (Good Samaritan), 15:20 (prodigal’s father).
Neighbor
Approved rendering: ਗੁਆਂਢੀ
Transliteration: guandhi
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations / Compassion
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion
The Good Samaritan parable’s entire force depends on radically redefining who counts as ਗੁਆਂਢੀ to include the despised ethnic-religious outsider; must preserve this category-breaking force rather than softening it into mere geographic proximity. Luke citation: 10:27-37.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: ਸਾਮਰੀ
Transliteration: Samari
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations / Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Church
Requires a cultural-background note on Jewish-Samaritan hostility so the parable’s deliberate boundary-crossing shock is not lost — directly relevant to Punjab’s own caste and communal-identity dynamics. Luke citations: 10:33, 17:16.
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਦਾ ਮਨਭਾਉਂਦਾ ਸਾਲ
Transliteration: Prabhu da manbhaunda saal
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future / Good News to the Poor
Rejected alternatives: a literal ‘a good year’
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Kingdom
No Sikh or Hindu conceptual analog exists for a periodic covenantal debt-and-slave-release year (Leviticus 25 Jubilee); requires a mandatory explanatory bridge, comparable to the Incarnation bridge already required in the Romans baseline. Luke citation: 4:19 (core passage).
Cross
Approved rendering: ਸਲੀਬ
Transliteration: salib
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
No direct Sikh/Hindu equivalent execution-instrument-as-symbol exists, though Punjab’s own Sikh shaheedi (martyrdom) tradition offers genuine comparative resonance worth teaching explicitly — care must be taken not to collapse the Cross’s unique atoning significance into a general martyrdom category. Luke citations: 9:23, 14:27, 23:26.
Hades
Approved rendering: ਹੇਡੀਜ਼ (transliteration + gloss)
Transliteration: Hedis
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਪਾਤਾਲ
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Eschatology
AVOID ਪਾਤਾਲ as the default — imports the specific Hindu/Puranic multi-tiered underworld cosmology. Use a transliteration with an explanatory gloss to preserve the term’s distinctiveness without false equivalence. Luke citation: 16:23 (Rich Man and Lazarus).
Light For Revelation To Nations
Approved rendering: ਕੌਮਾਂ ਲਈ ਚਾਨਣ
Transliteration: kaumaan lai chanan
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations
Rejected alternatives: ਕੌਮਾਂ ਲਈ ਪਰਕਾਸ਼ ਦੀ ਜੋਤ
Original: φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν
Category: Christology
AVOID ਜੋਤ — the Sikh doctrine of divine light transmitted through the Ten Gurus into the Guru Granth Sahib. Use ਚਾਨਣ, a religiously neutral word for light, to avoid collapsing Christ’s unique universal light into that specific closed transmission structure. Luke citation: 2:32 (Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ਸਦੀਪਕ ਜੀਵਨ
Transliteration: sadipak jivan
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: ਅਨੰਤ ਜੀਵਨ (viable alternate — acceptable but slightly more abstract)
Original: αἰώνιος ζωή
Category: Kingdom
Must be distinguished from a cyclical hope of favorable future rebirths, a live risk given both Hindu and Sikh frameworks of the soul’s ongoing journey; this is unending personal life with God after one decisive resurrection. Luke citations: 10:25, 18:18, 18:30.
Hate Comparative Idiom
Approved rendering: ਘੱਟ ਪਿਆਰ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: ghatt pyar karna
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: ਨਫ਼ਰਤ ਕਰਨਾ (literal ‘hate’ — firmly rejected)
Original: μισέω
Category: Discipleship
NEVER render literally with ਨਫ਼ਰਤ ਕਰਨਾ — this would badly distort a Semitic comparative-priority idiom and risk real pastoral harm given Punjab’s strong family-honor culture. Render dynamically with a mandatory translator note. Luke citation: 14:26.
Promise Of The Father
Approved rendering: ਪਿਤਾ ਦਾ ਵਾਅਦਾ
Transliteration: Pita da vaada
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: ἡ ἐπαγγελία τοῦ πατρός μου
Category: God
Built on baseline ਪਿਤਾ; directly anticipates the Critical-risk Holy Spirit doctrine and bridges Luke’s Gospel to Acts/Pentecost. Luke citation: 24:49.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ
Transliteration: pavittar
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁੱਧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Comparatively low-risk; also the natural word Sikh scripture/liturgy use for sacred purity. Luke citations: 1:35, 1:49, 1:70, 1:72.
Peace
Approved rendering: ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ
Transliteration: shanti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ਸਹਿਜ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਸਹਿਜ. Luke citations: 1:79, 2:14, 7:50, 8:48, 19:38, 19:42, 24:36.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ਆਤਮਿਕ ਦਾਤਾਂ
Transliteration: atmik daatan
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: ਵਰ
Original: χαρίσματα (cf. δύναμις/ἐξουσία given to the Twelve and the Seventy-Two)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citation: background term for the mission-empowerment scenes of 9:1-2, 10:9, 10:19.
Church
Approved rendering: ਮੰਡਲੀ
Transliteration: mandli
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, ਮੰਦਰ
Original: ἐκκλησία (post-Pentecost background)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ or ਮੰਦਰ. Minimal direct usage within Luke’s Gospel itself; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with Acts.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ਪਰਾਈਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ
Transliteration: paraiyan kaumaan
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Ensure ਕੌਮਾਂ is not misread as a specific qaum-identity group. Luke citations: 2:32, 21:24, 24:47.
Intercession
Approved rendering: ਵਿਚੋਲਗੀ
Transliteration: vicholgi
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἐντυγχάνω (cf. Lk 22:32, 23:34)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citations: 22:32 (Jesus prays for Peter), 23:34 (‘Father, forgive them’).
Mission
Approved rendering: ਪਰਚਾਰ
Transliteration: prachar
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστέλλω / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citations: 4:18-19 (Jesus’ own sending), 4:43, 9:2, 10:1-9 (the Seventy-Two), 24:47.
David
Approved rendering: ਦਾਊਦ
Transliteration: Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citations: 1:27, 1:32, 1:69, 2:4, 2:11, 3:31, 6:3, 18:38-39, 20:41-44.
Israel
Approved rendering: ਇਸਰਾਏਲ
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citations: 1:16, 1:54, 1:68, 1:80, 2:25, 2:32, 2:34, 4:25, 4:27, 24:21.
Abba
Approved rendering: ਅੱਬਾ
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly used in Luke’s Greek text; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with Romans 8:15.
Angel
Approved rendering: ਦੂਤ / ਸਵਰਗ ਦੂਤ
Transliteration: doot / swarg doot
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
Keep tightly tied to ‘sent by ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ’ in context to avoid conflation with broader South Asian categories of celestial/ancestral beings (devte). Luke citations: 1:11-38, 2:9-15.
Prayer
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ
Transliteration: prarthana
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή
Category: Faith
Widely shared, religiously neutral Punjabi vocabulary across traditions; risk lies in the content taught (direct, intimate address to a personal Father through Christ), not the word itself. Luke citations: 3:21, 5:16, 6:12, 9:18, 9:28-29, 11:1-13 (Lord’s Prayer), 18:1-14, 19:46, 22:32, 22:39-46 (Gethsemane).
Lost
Approved rendering: ਗੁਆਚਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ
Transliteration: guachiya hoya
Doctrine: Cost and Joy of Discipleship / Good News to the Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁੰਮ
Original: ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
Must retain the sense of real peril/ruin implied by ἀπόλλυμι, not mere misplacement, since the lostness directly motivates the rescue-mission doctrine. Luke citations: 15:4, 15:6, 15:9, 15:24, 15:32, 19:10.
Joy
Approved rendering: ਖੁਸ਼ੀ / ਅਨੰਦ
Transliteration: khushi / anand
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
ਅਨੰਦ carries positive resonance with Sikh devotional vocabulary (Anand Karaj, Anand Sahib) — a genuine bridge-word opportunity similar to ਸੰਗਤ, but ਖੁਸ਼ੀ remains the safer religiously neutral default for routine use. Luke citations: 15:7, 15:10, 15:32, 24:41, 24:52.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: ਮਸੂਲੀਆ
Transliteration: masulia
Doctrine: Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Compassion
Requires a brief cultural-background note (Roman tax farming, social ostracism) since no precise modern Punjabi equivalent institution exists. Luke citations: 3:12, 5:27-30, 7:29, 7:34, 15:1, 18:10-14, 19:2.
Poor
Approved rendering: ਗਰੀਬ
Transliteration: gareeb
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poor and Marginalized
Resist spiritualizing away into a purely metaphorical ‘poor in spirit’ reading where Luke intends real economic and social poverty, especially at 4:18 and 6:20. Luke citations: 4:18, 6:20, 7:22, 14:13, 14:21, 16:20-22, 18:22, 19:8, 21:3.
Parable
Approved rendering: ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਂਤ
Transliteration: drishtant
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
Functionally similar to teaching-story genres in Sikh Janamsakhis and Hindu didactic literature — a natural genre-recognition opportunity rather than a doctrinal collision. Luke citations: 8:4-15, 10:30-37, 12:16-21, 13:18-21, 14:16-24, 15:3-32, 16:1-9, 16:19-31, 18:1-14, 19:11-27, 20:9-19.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਬਚਨ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da bachan
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Scripture
Safe, religiously neutral term for divine speech, carrying no significant competing doctrinal weight in Punjabi religious vocabulary. Luke citations: 5:1, 8:11, 8:21, 11:28.
Greed
Approved rendering: ਲੋਭ
Transliteration: lobh
Doctrine: Cost of Discipleship (Kingdom ethics)
Original: πλεονεξία
Category: Discipleship
ਲੋਭ is one of the Sikh Panj Vikar (Five Thieves); genuine ethical overlap exists, but avoid implying that overcoming ਲੋਭ through willpower/meditative discipline itself secures right standing before God — in this curriculum transformation flows from ਪਵਿੱਤਰੀਕਰਨ (the Spirit’s sanctifying work). Luke citation: 12:15.
Authority
Approved rendering: ਅਧਿਕਾਰ
Transliteration: adhikar
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Kingdom
Distinguish from ਸਮਰੱਥਾ (baseline term for ‘power of God,’ conveying capacity/ability rather than authoritative right). Luke citations: 4:32, 4:36, 5:24, 9:1, 20:2.
Demon
Approved rendering: ਦੁਸ਼ਟ ਆਤਮਾ / ਭੂਤ
Transliteration: dusht atma / bhoot
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: ਭੂਤ alone as default
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Kingdom
Distinguish New Testament personal, fallen-angelic evil spirits from popular Punjabi folk-belief ancestral/haunting spirits; the compound ਦੁਸ਼ਟ ਆਤਮਾ is safer where precision matters than unqualified ਭੂਤ. Luke citations: 4:33-35, 8:26-33, 8:2, 9:1, 9:42, 11:14-20.
Baptism
Approved rendering: ਬਪਤਿਸਮਾ
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Repentance
Established Christian transliteration; ensure it is not confused with generic ritual bathing/purification practices common across South Asian traditions. Luke citations: 3:3, 3:7, 3:12, 3:16, 3:21, 7:29, 12:50.
Narrow Door
Approved rendering: ਭੀੜਾ ਦਰਵਾਜ਼ਾ
Transliteration: bhira darwaza
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: στενὴ θύρα
Category: Kingdom
Preserve the urgency (‘strive,’ ἀγωνίζομαι) rather than flattening it into passive waiting for inclusion by heritage. Luke citation: 13:24.
Great Banquet
Approved rendering: ਵੱਡੀ ਦਾਵਤ
Transliteration: vaddi dawat
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor / Table Fellowship
Original: τὸ δεῖπνον μέγα
Category: Poor and Marginalized
Culturally resonant with Punjab’s hospitality customs — frame carefully around Kingdom inclusion of the marginalized, not generic celebration. Luke citation: 14:15-24.
Heir
Approved rendering: ਵਾਰਸ
Transliteration: waris
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Adoption
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Covenant
Connects to the baseline’s Adoption doctrine (full inheritance rights); no significant independent collision risk. Luke citation: 20:14 (Parable of the Wicked Tenants).
Son Of Abraham
Approved rendering: ਅਬਰਾਹਾਮ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ
Transliteration: Abraham da puttar
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Universal Human Accountability
Original: υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ
Category: Church
Straightforward parallel construction to the already-accepted ‘seed of David’ pattern; challenges purity/status boundaries. Luke citation: 19:9 (Zacchaeus).
House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ ਦਾ ਘਰ
Transliteration: prarthana da ghar
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς
Category: Faith
Built cleanly on the established ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ term; no independent risk beyond that base term. Luke citation: 19:46 (temple cleansing).
Tribulation
Approved rendering: ਦੁੱਖ / ਕਸ਼ਟ
Transliteration: dukh / kasht
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Kingdom
Low doctrinal risk; standard suffering vocabulary. Luke citations: 21:23, 21:25-26.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: ਸਭਾ ਘਰ
Transliteration: sabha ghar
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture (narrative setting)
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, ਮੰਦਰ
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Scripture
NEVER ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ (Sikh place of worship) or ਮੰਦਰ (Hindu temple), per the baseline’s church/place-of-worship precedent. A neutral descriptive compound avoids importing either tradition’s architecture of sacred space. Core passage setting: 4:16, 4:20, 4:28, 4:33, 4:38, 4:44, 6:6, 7:5, 8:41, 13:10, 21:12.
Captive
Approved rendering: ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮ / ਬੰਦੀ
Transliteration: ghulam / bandi
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: αἰχμάλωτος
Category: Poor and Marginalized
Must carry both literal (rescued prisoners) and figurative (enslaved to sin) senses without importing Punjab’s own captivity/liberation martyrdom narratives as the primary frame. Luke citation: 4:18 (core passage).
Oppressed Crushed
Approved rendering: ਦੱਬੇ-ਕੁਚਲੇ
Transliteration: dabbe-kuchle
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τεθραυσμένος
Category: Poor and Marginalized
Natural Punjabi idiom for the socially crushed/oppressed with no competing religious association. Luke citation: 4:18 (core passage).
Mercy
Approved rendering: ਦਯਾ / ਰਹਿਮ
Transliteration: daya / rahim
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Compassion
Tie explicitly to God’s covenant faithfulness in context, not generic pity. Luke citations: 1:50, 1:54, 1:58, 1:72, 1:78, 10:37, 16:24, 17:13, 18:38-39.
Devil
Approved rendering: ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ
Transliteration: shaitaan
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: διάβολος
Category: Kingdom
Well-established, unambiguous shared loanword across Punjabi religious vocabulary. Luke citations: 4:2-13, 8:12.
Temptation
Approved rendering: ਪਰਤਾਵਾ
Transliteration: partava
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Faith
Elevated to High at Gethsemane (22:40, 22:46) given the doctrinal weight of Christ’s full submission and true humanity there. Luke citations: 4:13, 8:13, 11:4, 22:28, 22:40, 22:46.
Follow
Approved rendering: ਪਿੱਛੇ ਚੱਲਣਾ
Transliteration: pichhe chalna
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
Core discipleship verb; no significant independent collision risk beyond that of ‘disciple’ itself. Luke citations: 5:11, 5:27-28, 9:23, 9:57-62, 18:22, 18:28.
Agony
Approved rendering: ਪੀੜਾ / ਸੰਕਟ
Transliteration: peera / sankat
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ (Gethsemane)
Original: ἀγωνία
Category: Christology
Underscores the real cost of Jesus’ obedience and the seriousness of his human suffering. Luke citation: 22:44.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ਧੰਨਵਾਦ
Transliteration: dhanvad
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term, no significant doctrinal risk. Luke citations: 2:38, 17:16 (the returning Samaritan leper), 18:11, 22:17-19, 24:30.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ਸੰਗਤ
Transliteration: sangat
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ਦੋਸਤੀ
Original: κοινωνία (cf. table-fellowship scenes)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. OPPORTUNITY term: genuinely positive fit given Sikh ਸਾਧ ਸੰਗਤ usage. Luke citations: 5:29, 15:1-2, 19:5-7 (table fellowship scenes).
Prophet
Approved rendering: ਨਬੀ
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Isaiah (ਯਸਾਯਾਹ) named explicitly at Luke 4:17. Occurs pervasively: 1:76, 3:4, 4:24, 7:16, 7:26, 9:8, 9:19, 11:47-50, 13:33-34, 16:16, 16:29-31, 20:6, 24:19, 24:25, 24:27.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ਭਵਿੱਖਬਾਣੀ
Transliteration: bhavikhbani
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citations: 1:67, 22:64.
Exhort
Approved rendering: ਉਤਸ਼ਾਹਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: utshahit karna
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Luke citation: 3:18.
Attendant Servant
Approved rendering: ਸੇਵਕ
Transliteration: sevak
Doctrine: (narrative role, no major doctrine)
Original: ὑπηρέτης
Category: Church
Generic attendant word; avoid over-elevating into formal Sikh ਸੇਵਾ devotional-service register in surrounding prose. Luke citation: 4:20.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Recovery Of Sight
Approved rendering: ਸੁਜਾਖਾ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: sujakha karna
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἀνάβλεψις
Category: Poor and Marginalized
Literal healing sense is safe; the secondary spiritual-sight metaphor should be flagged in translator notes for teaching purposes. Luke citations: 4:18 (core passage), 18:35-43.
Referenced passages