Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Epistle of James (Punjabi Destination Language Package)
Curriculum: James 1–5 | Core passage: James 2:14–26
Authority: Extends, and never contradicts, the Romans baseline translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json / doctrine_risk_registry.json. Terms marked [BASELINE] must be used exactly as recorded in those files; no alternative rendering is permitted regardless of context in James.
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys or alters essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or syncretism risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision risk; automated review sufficient.
1. Faith and Works (Core Doctrine — James 2:14–26)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | πίστις (pistis) | ਨਿਹਚਾ (nihcha) | High | [BASELINE — EXACT]. Personal trust in Christ, never generic devotion (ਸ਼ਰਧਾ) or Sufi-idiom steadfastness (ਸਿਦਕ). |
| works | ἔργα (erga) | ਕੰਮ / ਭਲੇ ਕੰਮ (kamm / bhale kamm) | Critical | NEW TERM — highest-priority collision in this curriculum. NEVER ਕਰਮ. ਕਰਮ names the South Asian doctrine of accumulated deeds determining rebirth/destiny across lifetimes; James’s ἔργα is the observable, this-life outworking of a faith already given by grace, not merit accumulated toward salvation. Every occurrence in James 2 requires a translator note reinforcing this distinction. |
| dead (of faith) | νεκρά (nekra) | ਮੁਰਦਾ / ਮੋਈ ਹੋਈ (murda/moi hoi) | Medium | Ordinary adjective; keep unrelated to ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ (resurrection) vocabulary. |
| useless (v.l. dead) | ἀργή (argē) | ਵਿਅਰਥ (viarth) | Medium | Textual variant of v.20 (ἀργή/νεκρά); flag for back-translation review. |
| justified | δικαιόω (dikaioō) — ἐδικαιώθη / δικαιοῦται | ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ | Critical | [BASELINE — EXACT]. MANDATORY harmonization note on every occurrence in James 2:21–24: James’s evidentiary/vindicating sense (before people, demonstrating already-present faith) must be distinguished from Paul’s forensic sense (before God, at the point of first faith) — see 07_semantic_analysis.md Doctrine Note. |
| not by faith alone | οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον | ਨਿਹਚਾ ਹੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ | Critical | James 2:24; requires the same harmonization note as “justified” above; must not be read as reversing Romans 3:28. |
| counted/credited/imputed | λογίζομαι (logizomai) — ἐλογίσθη | ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ [ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ] | Critical | [BASELINE — EXACT: imputed_righteousness]. Same Genesis 15:6 citation as Romans 4:3; must be verbatim-consistent across the curriculum family. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ | Critical | [BASELINE — EXACT]. NEVER ਧਰਮ. |
| save (verb) | σῷζω (sōzō) | ਬਚਾਉਣਾ (bachauna) | Critical | New verb-form entry; functions as the verbal counterpart of ਮੁਕਤੀ [BASELINE noun]. Context-sensitive across James: spiritual salvation (2:14), physical healing (5:15), restoration from wandering (5:20). |
| friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ (philos theou) | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਮਿੱਤਰ | High | NEW TERM. Distinguish from Sufi wali-concept and from guru-disciple intimacy; relational covenant intimacy by grace. Consistency required with 4:4’s friendship-with-world vocabulary (same φιλ- root). |
| working together with | συνεργέω (synergeō) — συνήργει | ਨਾਲ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ | High | Must not imply works cause faith’s acceptance before God; organic cooperation only. |
| completed/perfected | τελειόω (teleioō) — ἐτελειώθη | ਸੰਪੂਰਨ ਹੋਈ (sampooran hoi) | High | Maturation/completion, not moral-perfection-by-merit. |
| by itself / apart from | καθ’ ἑαυτήν / χωρίς | ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਵਿੱਚ / ਬਿਨਾਂ | High | The qualifier that prevents James 2:17,26 from contradicting Romans; must be rendered precisely and consistently. |
| soul | ψυχή (psychē) | ਜਾਨ (jaan) | Medium | NEW TERM. Preferred over ਆਤਮਾ to keep clear of ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ (Holy Spirit) ambiguity. |
| demons | δαιμόνια (daimonia) | ਭੂਤ / ਦੁਸ਼ਟ ਆਤਮਾਵਾਂ | Medium | Qualifier ਦੁਸ਼ਟ required to avoid ਆਤਮਾ-alone ambiguity with Holy Spirit. |
| messengers (Rahab, human spies) | ἄγγελοι (angeloi) | ਜਾਸੂਸ (jasoos) | Medium | Must not be rendered ਦੂਤ (which implies angelic beings); Joshua 2 human spies intended. |
| spirit (life-breath, James 2:26) | πνεῦμα (pneuma) | ਜਿੰਦ / ਸਾਹ (jind/saah) | High | Disambiguation risk: NOT the Holy Spirit here; avoid ਆਤਮਾ in this specific verse. |
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ | ਅਬਰਾਹਾਮ | Low | [BASELINE — EXACT] transliteration convention (12_ai_translation_requirements.md). |
| Isaac | Ἰσαάκ | ਇਸਹਾਕ | Low | Established Punjabi Bible proper-name form. |
| Rahab | Ῥαάβ | ਰਾਹਾਬ | Medium | Retain occupation (“prostitute,” ਕੰਜਰੀ) — social-contrast argument depends on it. |
2. Trials and the Testing of Faith (Chapter 1)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| trial/testing (external) | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | ਪਰੀਖਿਆ / ਪਰਖ | High | Disambiguate per-context from temptation-sense below. |
| temptation (to sin) | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | ਪਰਤਾਵਾ (partava) | High | James 1:13–14; must not imply God is the source of temptation to sin. |
| testing/proving (process) | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | ਪਰਖ (parakh) | Medium | |
| steadfastness/endurance | ὑπομονή (hypomonē) | ਸਬਰ (sabar) | Medium-High | Distinct from μακροθυμία/ਧੀਰਜ (ch.5); endurance under present pressure. |
| wisdom | σοφία (sophia) | ਬੁੱਧੀ (buddhi) | High | ਬੁੱਧ rejected — homophone-adjacent to Buddha/Buddhism. |
| double-minded | δίψυχος (dipsychos) | ਦੁਚਿੱਤਾ (duchitta) | Medium | Recurs at 4:8. |
| desire/lust | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | ਲਾਲਸਾ (lalsa) | Medium-High | Morally negative craving, not neutral desire. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | ਪਾਪ | High | [BASELINE — EXACT]. |
| death | θάνατος (thanatos) | ਮੌਤ (maut) | Medium | Historical, decisive; not a way-station in ਆਵਾਗਵਣ. |
| Father of lights | πατὴρ τῶν φώτων | ਜੋਤਾਂ ਦਾ ਪਿਤਾ | High/Critical | Collision risk with Sikh ਜੋਤ (Guru-lineage light-transmission doctrine); mandatory disambiguation note required. |
| new birth / regeneration | ἀποκυέω — ἀπεκύησεν | ਨਵਾਂ ਜਨਮ (nava janam) | Critical | NEVER ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ or ਆਵਾਗਵਣ; once-for-all spiritual event, not cyclical rebirth. |
| word of truth / implanted word | λόγος τῆς ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος | ਸੱਚ ਦਾ ਬਚਨ / ਬਿਜਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਬਚਨ | High | NEVER ਸ਼ਬਦ — avoids Sikh Shabad-Guru doctrine collision. |
| religion | θρησκεία (thrēskeia) | ਧਰਮ (dharam) | High | Permitted here (unlike righteousness); mandatory disambiguation note distinguishing this sense of ਧਰਮ from the Critically-forbidden righteousness sense. |
| world | κόσμος (kosmos) | ਸੰਸਾਰ (sansar) | High | RETAINED-WITH-MANDATORY-GLOSS (parallel to baseline ਮੁਕਤੀ pattern); distinguish from saṃsāra rebirth-cycle doctrine. |
| blessed | μακάριος (makarios) | ਧੰਨ (dhann) | Low | |
| servant | δοῦλος (doulos) | ਦਾਸ (das) | Medium | ਸੇਵਕ rejected as primary — understates total-ownership sense; carries Sikh seva-service connotation instead. |
3. Favoritism and the Poor (Chapter 2:1–13, and Chapter 5:1–6)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| favoritism/partiality | προσωπολημψία (prosōpolēmpsia) | ਪੱਖਪਾਤ (pakshpaat) | High | Relevant to residual caste-consciousness in Punjab. |
| poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | ਗਰੀਬ (garib) | Medium | |
| rich | πλούσιος (plousios) | ਧਨੀ (dhani) | Medium | |
| law of liberty | νόμος τῆς ἐλευθερίας | ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਦੀ ਬਿਵਸਥਾ | High | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ [BASELINE — EXACT]; NEVER ਧਰਮ or ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ. |
| mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | ਦਯਾ (daya) | Medium | |
| wages | μισθός (misthos) | ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ (mazdoori) | Low-Medium | Chapter 5:4 social-justice context. |
| Lord of hosts | Κύριος Σαβαώθ | ਸੈਨਾਵਾਂ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਭੂ | Medium | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ [BASELINE — EXACT]. |
4. Taming the Tongue (Chapter 3:1–12)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| teacher | διδάσκαλος (didaskalos) | ਉਪਦੇਸ਼ਕ (updeshak) | Critical/High | NEVER ਗੁਰੂ (reserved for the Ten Gurus / Guru Granth Sahib). |
| tongue | γλῶσσα (glōssa) | ਜੀਭ (jeebh) | Low | Doctrinally central image, low lexical risk. |
| hell/Gehenna | γέεννα (geenna) | ਨਰਕ (narak) | High | RETAINED-WITH-MANDATORY-GLOSS; distinguish from Hindu Naraka’s temporary rebirth-cycle punishment. |
| image/likeness of God | εἰκών (eikōn) | ਸਰੂਪ (sarup) | High | Comparative caution vs. Sikh divine-spark (ਜੋਤ) concept; unique creational endowment, not emanated fragment. |
| curse / blessing | κατάρα / εὐλογία | ਸਰਾਪ / ਬਰਕਤ | Low |
5. Wisdom from Above (Chapters 1:5, 3:13–18)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| wisdom | σοφία (sophia) | ਬੁੱਧੀ (buddhi) | High | See Ch.1 entry; consistent throughout. |
| wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν | ਉੱਪਰੋਂ ਦੀ ਬੁੱਧੀ | High | God-given, not attained through Guru-mediated ਗਿਆਨ or ascetic practice. |
| earthly/unspiritual/demonic wisdom | ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης | ਸੰਸਾਰਿਕ, ਪ੍ਰਾਣਕ, ਭੂਤਵਾਦੀ ਬੁੱਧੀ | High | ਸੰਸਾਰਿਕ inherits the ਸੰਸਾਰ gloss requirement. |
| fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης | ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ ਦਾ ਫਲ | Critical | ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ [BASELINE — EXACT]. |
6. Worldliness versus Friendship with God (Chapter 4:1–10)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου | ਸੰਸਾਰ ਨਾਲ ਮਿੱਤਰਤਾ | High | ਸੰਸਾਰ gloss required; echoes/inverts ਮਿੱਤਰ of James 2:23. |
| enmity with God | ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਨਾਲ ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣੀ | High | |
| proud | ὑπερήφανος (hyperēphanos) | ਹੰਕਾਰੀ (hankari) | Medium | |
| humble | ταπεινός (tapeinos) | ਨਿਮਰ (nimar) | Medium | Positive bridge point (cf. Sikh ਨਿਮਰਤਾ) but ਕਿਰਪਾ must remain Christ-centered, not humility-earned. |
| grace | χάρις (charis) | ਕਿਰਪਾ | High | [BASELINE — EXACT]. |
| submit | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | ਅਧੀਨ ਹੋਣਾ (adheen hona) | Medium | Comparative, not equivalent, to Sikh ਹੁਕਮ-submission. |
| devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ (shaitan) | Medium | Personal adversary; distinct from Sikh impersonal ਮਾਇਆ. |
| lawgiver and judge | νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ ਦੇਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਆਂਕਾਰੀ | Medium | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ [BASELINE — EXACT]. |
| if the Lord wills | Ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ | ਜੇ ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਚਾਹੇ | Medium | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ [BASELINE — EXACT]; positive natural-fit expression. |
| boasting | ἀλαζονεία (alazoneia) | ਸ਼ੇਖੀ (shekhi) | Low |
7. Patience and the Lord’s Return (Chapter 5:7–11)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| patience/forbearance | μακροθυμία (makrothymia) | ਧੀਰਜ (dheeraj) | Medium-High | Distinct from ਸਬਰ (ὑπομονή, ch.1); patient waiting for a future event. |
| coming/return of the Lord | παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਦਾ ਆਉਣਾ | Critical | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ [BASELINE — EXACT]; single, linear, historical future event — never cyclical/avatar-descent framing. |
| Job | Ἰώβ | ਅੱਯੂਬ (Ayyub) | Low | Established proper-name form. |
| oath | ὅρκος / ὀμνύω | ਸਹੁੰ (sahun) | Low-Medium |
8. Prayer and Healing (Chapter 5:13–18)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| elders | πρεσβύτεροι (presbyteroi) | ਮੰਡਲੀ ਦੇ ਬਜ਼ੁਰਗ | Medium | ਮੰਡਲੀ [BASELINE — EXACT]; avoid Sant/Baba-authority implication. |
| anointing with oil | ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ | ਤੇਲ ਲਾਉਣਾ (tel launa) | Medium | Not a status-changing sacrament (contrast Amrit/abhishek). |
| prayer of faith | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως | ਨਿਹਚਾ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ | High | ਨਿਹਚਾ [BASELINE — EXACT]. |
| save/heal | σῷζω / ἰάομαι | ਬਚਾਉਣਾ / ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ | High | Physical-healing sense distinct from soteriological ਮੁਕਤੀ; do not conflate or over-promise. |
| raise up | ἐγείρω — ἐγερεῖ | ਉਠਾਵੇਗਾ (uthavega) | Medium | NOT ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ (resurrection); ordinary physical restoration from sickness. |
| Elijah | Ἠλίας | ਏਲੀਯਾਹ | Low | Established proper-name form. |
9. Confession and Restoration (Chapter 5:16, 19–20)
| English Term | Greek (translit.) | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| confess sins to one another | ἐξομολογέομαι ἀλλήλοις | ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਅੱਗੇ ਪਾਪ ਮੰਨਣਾ | Medium | Mutual/horizontal confession, not institutional-priestly practice. |
| effective prayer | δέησις ἐνεργουμένη | ਧਰਮੀ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ ਅਸਰਦਾਰ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ | Medium | ਧਰਮੀ shares root with [BASELINE] ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ family. |
| turn back from wandering | ἐπιστρέφω… ἀπὸ πλάνης | ਭੁੱਲੇ ਹੋਏ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਸ ਲਿਆਉਣਾ | Medium | |
| save a soul from death | σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου | ਜਾਨ ਨੂੰ ਮੌਤ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਾਉਣਾ | High | Reuses ch.1 ਜਾਨ/ਮੌਤ vocabulary. |
| cover a multitude of sins | καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਪਾਪਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਢੱਕ ਦੇਵੇਗਾ | High | Mandatory cross-reference to Faith and Works doctrine: restorative fruit, not self-generated atonement. |
10. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (Cross-Reference Index)
| English Term | Punjabi Rendering | Risk (per baseline) | James Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ | Critical | Throughout |
| Lord | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ | Critical | 1:1, 1:7, 4:10, 4:15, 5:4, 5:7-8, 5:10-11, 5:14-15 |
| Jesus (Christ) | ਯਿਸੂ (ਮਸੀਹ) | Critical | 1:1, 2:1 |
| faith | ਨਿਹਚਾ | High | Throughout, esp. core passage |
| grace | ਕਿਰਪਾ | High | 4:6 |
| law | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ | High | 1:25, 2:8-12, 4:11 |
| sin | ਪਾਪ | High | 1:15, 2:9, 4:17, 5:15-20 |
| righteousness | ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ | Critical | 1:20, 2:23-24, 3:18 |
| justification (verb form) | ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ | Critical | 2:21, 2:24, 2:25 |
| imputed_righteousness | ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ | Critical | 2:23 |
| salvation (noun) | ਮੁਕਤੀ | Critical | 1:21 (souls), 5:20 (implicit) — mukti-gloss discipline applies wherever doctrinally load-bearing |
| church | ਮੰਡਲੀ | Medium | 5:14 |
| prophet | ਨਬੀ | Low | 5:10 |
| Abraham | ਅਬਰਾਹਾਮ | — | 2:21-23 |
| David (n/a to James, cross-reference only) | ਦਾਊਦ | — | not present in James |
This glossary extends translation_memory.json for the James curriculum. Per PRD Phase 1 requirements, all NEW terms introduced above (ਕੰਮ, ਬੁੱਧੀ, ਨਵਾਂ ਜਨਮ, ਬਚਨ [disambiguated from ਸ਼ਬਦ], ਸੰਸਾਰ [gloss-mandatory], ਨਰਕ [gloss-mandatory], ਪੱਖਪਾਤ, ਉਪਦੇਸ਼ਕ, ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਮਿੱਤਰ, ਧੀਰਜ vs ਸਬਰ, ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਦਾ ਆਉਣਾ, ਬਚਾਉਣਾ, and related entries) must be added to a James-specific extension of translation_memory.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins, following the version-increment procedure defined in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ, ਭਗਵਾਨ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ or ਭਗਵਾਨ. Occurs throughout James, including the monotheistic confession of James 2:19 (‘you believe God is one’) and ‘God the Father’ (1:27; 3:9).
Lord
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਭੂ
Transliteration: Prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਲਕ, ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ
Original: κύριος
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ. Applied to both God the Father and Jesus Christ throughout James (1:1,7; 4:10,15; 5:4,7-8,10-11,14-15). ‘Lord of hosts’ (5:4) and ‘if the Lord wills’ (4:15) both build on this term.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ਯਿਸੂ
Transliteration: Yisu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਈਸਾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਈਸਾ. James 1:1 and 2:1 (‘our glorious Lord Jesus Christ’).
Messiah
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the compound title ‘Jesus Christ’ at James 1:1 and 2:1.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ
Transliteration: Pavittar Atma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਬ੍ਰਹਮ, ਜੋਤ
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly named as a doctrinal subject in James, but the term and its exclusive reservation must be actively protected against ambiguity: James 2:26’s πνεῦμα (‘spirit’ as life-breath) and James 1:17’s ‘Father of lights’ (ਜੋਤਾਂ) must NOT be rendered or read as references to ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ or ਜੋਤ. See spirit_life_breath and father_of_lights below.
Father
Approved rendering: ਪਿਤਾ
Transliteration: Pita
Doctrine: God
Inherited from Romans package. James 1:27 (‘God the Father’), 1:17 (‘Father of lights’), 3:9 (‘the Lord and Father’). Distinguish from the ancestral sense of ਪਿਤਾ applied to Abraham (‘Abraham our father,’ James 2:21), which uses the same word in a non-divine, genealogical register — disambiguate by context, not by lexical substitution.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: dharmikta
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਨਿਆਂ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਧਰਮ. Occurs at James 1:20; 2:23-24 (imputed righteousness); 3:18 (fruit of righteousness). Same critical prohibition applies without exception, even though ਧਰਮ is separately and conditionally permitted in James 1:26-27 for a different English word, ‘religion’ — see religion below for the mandatory disambiguation.
Justification
Approved rendering: ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ
Transliteration: dharmi thehraya jana
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਫ਼ੀ ਮਿਲਣੀ
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. MANDATORY harmonization note required on every occurrence in James 2:21,24,25: James’s evidentiary sense (vindication before people of a faith already possessed) must be explicitly distinguished from Paul’s forensic sense (declared righteous before God at the point of first faith, Romans 3-4), or Punjabi readers who have already studied the Romans curriculum will perceive a direct contradiction.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: lekhe lai dharmikta
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਕਮਾਈ ਹੋਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Original: ἐλογίσθη (λογίζομαι)
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:23 cites the identical Genesis 15:6 proof-text used in Romans 4:3. The Punjabi rendering MUST be verbatim-consistent with the Romans curriculum, since this is a direct cross-reference point for the same Scripture citation and the same underlying doctrine.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ਮੁਕਤੀ
Transliteration: mukti
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਨਿਰਵਾਣ, ਮੋਖ, ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ
Original: σωτηρία (implied by σῷζω usage)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, including the mandatory Sikh/Christian mukti-distinction gloss on every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence. Underlies James’s repeated σῷζω usage (1:21 ‘save your souls’; implicit in 5:20). Keep the noun ਮੁਕਤੀ’s soteriological weight distinct from the verb ਬਚਾਉਣਾ’s context-sensitive uses for physical healing (5:15) and rescue from wandering (5:20) — see save_verb and heal below.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ
Transliteration: punar-uthan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ, ਆਵਾਗਵਣ
Inherited from Romans package. James does not narrate Christ’s resurrection directly, but this term and its prohibition on ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ/ਆਵਾਗਵਣ must be actively protected against two James-specific collision points: ‘raise up’ (ਉਠਾਵੇਗਾ, James 5:15, ordinary physical restoration from illness) and ‘new birth’ (ਨਵਾਂ ਜਨਮ, James 1:18). Neither may be rendered with or near ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ, ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ, or ਆਵਾਗਵਣ.
Works
Approved rendering: ਕੰਮ
Transliteration: kamm
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਕਰਮ, ਭਲੇ ਕੰਮ (secondary, contextual)
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW TERM — highest-priority collision risk in this curriculum. NEVER render as ਕਰਮ, which names the South Asian doctrine of accumulated deeds determining rebirth/destiny across lifetimes, deeply embedded in both Hindu and Sikh popular theology in Punjab. James’s ἔργα is the observable, this-life outworking of a faith already given by grace, not merit accumulated toward salvation or a better rebirth. Every occurrence in James 2 requires a translator note reinforcing this distinction. ਭਲੇ ਕੰਮ (‘good works’) may be used where the English source says ‘good deeds’ explicitly.
Save Verb
Approved rendering: ਬਚਾਉਣਾ
Transliteration: bachauna
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: σῷζω
Category: Faith and Works
Verbal counterpart of the baseline noun ਮੁਕਤੀ. Context-sensitive across James: spiritual salvation (2:14, rhetorical question), physical healing (5:15), restoration from wandering (5:20). Must not be read as implying a works-based means of rescue in James 2:14’s rhetorical question.
Not By Faith Alone
Approved rendering: ਨਿਹਚਾ ਹੀ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ
Transliteration: nihcha hi duara nahi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:24. The single most theologically sensitive clause in the letter for readers already versed in the Romans curriculum. Requires the same mandatory harmonization note as ‘justified’: James denies that an isolated, fruitless verbal faith-claim (as defined in 2:14,17-19) justifies before people — he is not reversing justification by faith.
Father Of Lights
Approved rendering: ਜੋਤਾਂ ਦਾ ਪਿਤਾ
Transliteration: jotan da pita
Doctrine: Regeneration / New Birth
Original: πατὴρ τῶν φώτων
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:17, πατὴρ τῶν φώτων. ਜੋਤ/ਜੋਤਾਂ is the specific Sikh doctrinal term for the single divine light transmitted sequentially through the Ten Gurus into the Guru Granth Sahib. James’s ‘lights’ refers to created heavenly luminaries as an image of God’s unchanging goodness, NOT a transmitted divine light-essence. MANDATORY translator note required, parallel in severity to the baseline’s existing ਜੋਤ caution under ‘glory’ and ‘holy_spirit.‘
New Birth
Approved rendering: ਨਵਾਂ ਜਨਮ
Transliteration: nava janam
Doctrine: Regeneration / New Birth
Rejected alternatives: ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ, ਆਵਾਗਵਣ, ਜਨਮ (bare, unqualified)
Original: ἀπεκύησεν (ἀποκυέω)
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:18, ἀπεκύησεν. MUST NEVER be rendered with, near, or abbreviated toward ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ (reincarnation) or ਆਵਾਗਵਣ (already forbidden in the baseline for the resurrection doctrine). This new birth is a single, decisive, non-repeatable spiritual event effected by God’s implanted word, categorically distinct from the cyclical rebirth doctrine central to Sikh and Hindu cosmology. Never abbreviate to bare ਜਨਮ; recommend an explanatory clause at first occurrence.
Teacher
Approved rendering: ਉਪਦੇਸ਼ਕ
Transliteration: updeshak
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰੂ
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:1, διδάσκαλος. NEVER ਗੁਰੂ, applying the baseline’s Apostleship-doctrine rationale directly: ਗੁਰੂ is reserved exclusively for the Ten Sikh Gurus and the Guru Granth Sahib. ਗੁਰੂ is the single most natural, fluent Punjabi word for ‘teacher,’ creating sustained translator-drift pressure toward the forbidden term — flag for highest vigilance in Phase 2.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ ਦਾ ਫਲ
Transliteration: dharmikta da phal
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:18, καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης. ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ inherited exactly from baseline; NEVER ਧਰਮ. Consistency check point across the whole curriculum family.
Parousia
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਦਾ ਆਉਣਾ
Transliteration: Prabhu da aauna
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: ਪਰੂਸੀਆ (transliteration)
Original: παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8, παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου. ਪ੍ਰਭੂ inherited exactly from baseline. No established Punjabi transliteration tradition exists for parousia, so this descriptive phrase is used rather than a transliteration. Must be framed as a singular, historical, once-for-all future event, never assimilated to a cyclical cosmological framework (repeating avatar-descent or cyclical-time worldview) — mirrors the baseline’s Incarnation framing applied to Christ’s future coming.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: ਨਿਹਚਾ
Transliteration: nihcha
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਰਧਾ, ਸਿਦਕ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. In James 2:14-26 the term denotes both genuine personal trust in Christ and (in the diatribe’s rhetorical setup, 2:14) a bare verbal claim to that trust whose genuineness is under scrutiny. Use qualifying syntax (e.g. ‘ਨਿਹਚਾ ਦਾ ਦਾਵਾ,’ claim of faith) rather than a new lexeme to distinguish professed from genuine faith; do not fragment consistency with the Romans-anchored noun.
Grace
Approved rendering: ਕਿਰਪਾ
Transliteration: kirpa
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ਮੇਹਰ, ਕਰਮ ਦਾ ਫਲ
Original: χάρις
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. James 4:6 (‘God gives grace to the humble’). Must remain explicitly Christ-centered; James’s call to humility (4:6-10) must never be read as implying ਕਿਰਪਾ is earned through the practice of humility itself, which would reintroduce a merit framework parallel to Sikh Guru-mediated ਨਦਰ.
Law
Approved rendering: ਬਿਵਸਥਾ
Transliteration: bivastha
Doctrine: Law of Liberty
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ
Original: νόμος
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਧਰਮ or ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ. Occurs at James 1:25; 2:8-12; 4:11, including the compound ‘law of liberty’ and ‘royal law’ — see law_of_liberty below.
Sin
Approved rendering: ਪਾਪ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: ਅਧਰਮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Trials and Testing
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout James (1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-20); distinct from ritual impurity or impersonal accumulated karma. Feeds directly into the Regeneration/New Birth and Confession and Restoration doctrines.
Election
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਚੋਣ
Transliteration: Parmeshar di chon
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: ਕਿਸਮਤ
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:5 (‘has not God chosen the poor…’) reactivates this baseline term in a distinct, non-soteriological, social/economic sense rather than the Romans doctrine of effectual calling to salvation. Flag for theologian review to confirm no bleed-through into the Romans-baseline Critical-tier election doctrine; never ਕਿਸਮਤ (fate).
Saints
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਲੋਕ
Transliteration: pavittar lok
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ਸੰਤ
Inherited from Romans package. James does not use ἅγιοι as a title, but the baseline’s ਸੰਤ prohibition remains in force for any James teaching material that addresses believers corporately as holy ones; confirmed here for full-book traceability rather than left implicit.
Faith Apart From Works
Approved rendering: ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਵਿੱਚ / ਬਿਨਾਂ
Transliteration: apne aap vich / binaan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: καθ’ ἑαυτήν / χωρίς
Category: Faith and Works
The qualifying phrase describing faith isolated from any life-evidence (James 2:17 καθ’ ἑαυτήν; 2:18,20,26 χωρίς). This is the hinge that prevents James from contradicting Romans’ faith-alone doctrine: James condemns faith isolated from all expression, not faith as the sole instrument of justification before God. Must be rendered precisely and with total consistency at every occurrence.
Working Together
Approved rendering: ਨਾਲ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਰਹੀ ਸੀ
Transliteration: naal mil ke kamm kar rahi si
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: συνήργει (συνεργέω)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:22, συνήργει. Must not be rendered so as to suggest works cause or earn faith’s acceptance before God; describes organic cooperation of an already-present, already-accepted faith, not a two-part transaction resembling merit accumulation.
Completed Perfected
Approved rendering: ਸੰਪੂਰਨ ਹੋਈ
Transliteration: sampooran hoi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ἐτελειώθη (τελειόω)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:22, ἐτελειώθη. Must be understood as organic maturation (fruit ripening), not moral perfection earned through accumulated merit. ਸੰਪੂਰਨ’s ordinary connotation of attained perfection is a natural misreading risk; gloss at first occurrence.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਮਿੱਤਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da mittar
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਯਾਰ, ਦੋਸਤ, wali-concept idiom
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:23, φίλος θεοῦ. Distinguish from the Sufi wali (‘friend of God’ through mystical union/ascent) concept and from a guru-disciple bond; this is covenantal relational intimacy granted by grace. The φιλ- root must echo James 4:4’s inverted ‘friendship with the world’ (see friendship_with_world) — lock ਮਿੱਤਰ/ਮਿੱਤਰਤਾ as the fixed root across both passages.
Spirit Life Breath
Approved rendering: ਜਿੰਦ / ਸਾਹ
Transliteration: jind / saah
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਆਤਮਾ
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:26, πνεῦμα as the animating life-breath that makes a body alive — NOT the Holy Spirit in this specific occurrence. Disambiguation risk: must NOT be rendered ਆਤਮਾ in a way confusable with ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ. Use ਜਿੰਦ or ਸਾਹ specifically for this verse.
Save Soul From Death
Approved rendering: ਜਾਨ ਨੂੰ ਮੌਤ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਾਉਣਾ
Transliteration: jaan nu maut ton bachauna
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου
Category: Faith and Works
James 5:20. Reuses ψυχή (ਜਾਨ) and θάνατος (ਮੌਤ) established in chapter 1; must be kept consistent with those renderings across the letter, forming a full-book bookend with James 1:15,21.
Cover Sins
Approved rendering: ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਪਾਪਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਢੱਕ ਦੇਵੇਗਾ
Transliteration: bahut sare paapan nu dhak devega
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Faith and Works
James 5:20, the letter’s closing image. MANDATORY cross-reference note to the Faith and Works doctrine: this covering is the fruit of restorative love, not a merit-earning, self-generated, karma-adjacent act that itself atones for sin — Christ’s atoning work alone forgives sin.
Trial Testing
Approved rendering: ਪਰੀਖਿਆ / ਪਰਖ
Transliteration: parikhia / parakh
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός (external sense)
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:2-3,12, πειρασμός external sense. Must be disambiguated per-occurrence from the internal-temptation sense of the same Greek word (James 1:13-14) — see temptation_to_sin. Also distinct from a karma-based reading of suffering as retribution for past deeds, a Punjab-specific risk.
Temptation To Sin
Approved rendering: ਪਰਤਾਵਾ
Transliteration: partava
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός (internal sense)
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:13-14, πειρασμός internal sense. Requires a translator disambiguation flag wherever πειρασμός occurs in chapter 1, to prevent the same underlying word being read in both senses without distinction; conflating the two risks implying God tempts believers toward sin, explicitly denied at 1:13.
Endurance
Approved rendering: ਸਬਰ
Transliteration: sabar
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:3-4; 5:11 (of Job), ὑπομονή. Must be kept lexically distinct from μακροθυμία/ਧੀਰਜ (James 5:7-8, patience_makrothymia): ਸਬਰ names active endurance under present pressure, not passive waiting for a future event. Never used interchangeably with ਧੀਰਜ.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: ਲਾਲਸਾ
Transliteration: lalsa
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:14-15, ἐπιθυμία, personified as conceiving and giving birth to sin and death. Must read as morally negative craving in this context, not neutral ‘wanting.‘
Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: ਸੱਚ ਦਾ ਬਚਨ / ਬਿਜਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਬਚਨ
Transliteration: sach da bachan / bijiya hoya bachan
Doctrine: Regeneration / New Birth
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਬਦ
Original: λόγος τῆς ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:18,21, λόγος τῆς ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος. MUST use ਬਚਨ, NEVER ਸ਼ਬਦ. ਸ਼ਬਦ carries the specific Sikh doctrinal weight of Shabad-Guru — the belief that the divine Word is itself an eternal, living Guru embodied in the Guru Granth Sahib. This is a category error of the same severity as the baseline’s ਗੁਰੂ prohibition for ‘apostle.‘
Religion
Approved rendering: ਧਰਮ
Transliteration: dharam
Doctrine: True Religion (Pure and Undefiled)
Original: θρησκεία
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:26-27, θρησκεία (outward religious observance/practice) — a DIFFERENT English word and concept from ‘righteousness’ (δικαιοσύνη), for which ਧਰਮ remains permanently forbidden per the baseline. ਧਰਮ is the natural, standard Punjabi word for ‘religion’ as a category (ਸਿੱਖ ਧਰਮ, ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ, ਈਸਾਈ ਧਰਮ) and is PERMITTED only in this specific slot. MANDATORY translator note required at every occurrence distinguishing this generic sense from the Critically-forbidden righteousness sense used nowhere else in this word for this curriculum family. This is the single sharpest internal cross-document consistency risk in the James package.
World
Approved rendering: ਸੰਸਾਰ
Transliteration: sansar
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: κόσμος
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:27; 4:4; 3:15 (ਸੰਸਾਰਿਕ, ‘earthly’), κόσμος. RETAINED-WITH-MANDATORY-GLOSS, parallel to the baseline’s ਮੁਕਤੀ pattern. ਸੰਸਾਰ is the established Punjabi Bible rendering (John 3:16) but is also the standard Hindu/Sikh term for the metaphysical cycle of worldly existence (saṃsāra) from which mukti/moksha liberates. Every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence requires a clarifying note that biblical κόσμος names the present sinful moral-spiritual order opposed to God, not the rebirth cycle. Apply the same glossing convention verbatim at every occurrence across chapters 1, 3, and 4.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: ਪੱਖਪਾਤ
Transliteration: pakshpaat
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωπολημψία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:1-9, προσωπολημψία. Directly relevant to residual caste-consciousness persisting in Punjab even within religious communities formally committed to equality, paralleling the baseline’s caste note under ‘universal_scope_of_gospel.’ A genuinely strong, socially resonant Punjabi word — no lexical gap, but must not be softened into generic politeness-language.
Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਦੀ ਬਿਵਸਥਾ
Transliteration: azadi di bivastha
Doctrine: Law of Liberty
Original: νόμος τῆς ἐλευθερίας
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 1:25; 2:8-12, νόμος τῆς ἐλευθερίας. ਬਿਵਸਥਾ inherited exactly from baseline; NEVER ਧਰਮ or ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ. Requires a teaching note that ‘liberty’ means freedom to obey from a transformed heart, not license, and is distinct from ਹੁਕਮ-style submission to an impersonal cosmic order.
Hell Gehenna
Approved rendering: ਨਰਕ
Transliteration: narak
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γέεννα
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:6, γέεννα. RETAINED-WITH-MANDATORY-GLOSS, parallel to ਸੰਸਾਰ. ਨਰਕ is the established Punjabi Bible rendering, but Hindu cosmology also uses ਨਰਕ/Naraka for a temporary punishment-realm within the rebirth cycle. Biblical Gehenna here is final, not a way-station toward future rebirth; clarifying note required wherever doctrinally load-bearing.
Image Of God
Approved rendering: ਸਰੂਪ
Transliteration: sarup
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: ਜੋਤ
Original: εἰκών (implied, James 3:9)
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:9 (implied εἰκών). Comparative caution: Sikh theology speaks of a divine spark/light (ਜੋਤ) within all beings — a genuine point of partial contact, but must not be treated as identical. Biblical ‘image of God’ is a unique creational endowment, not an emanated fragment of a divine light-essence.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: ਬੁੱਧੀ
Transliteration: buddhi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: ਬੁੱਧ, ਗਿਆਨ
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 1:5; 3:13-18, σοφία. ਬੁੱਧ rejected: visually/phonetically identical to Buddha/ਬੁੱਧ ਧਰਮ (Buddhism). ਗਿਆਨ rejected: tied to Sikh doctrine of Guru-mediated spiritual insight attained through Naam-simran, which would misattribute the source of James’s wisdom. James’s wisdom is exclusively a gift asked for from God (1:5), not an attainment.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: ਉੱਪਰੋਂ ਦੀ ਬੁੱਧੀ
Transliteration: uppron di buddhi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:15-17, σοφία ἄνωθεν. Must be taught as a gift received from God, not attained through Guru-mediated ਗਿਆਨ, ascetic practice, or meditative self-effort.
Worldly Wisdom
Approved rendering: ਸੰਸਾਰਿਕ, ਪ੍ਰਾਣਕ, ਭੂਤਵਾਦੀ ਬੁੱਧੀ
Transliteration: sansarik, pranak, bhootvadi buddhi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਇਕ (for ψυχική)
Original: ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:15, ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης. ਸੰਸਾਰਿਕ inherits the ਸੰਸਾਰ mandatory-gloss requirement. ਪ੍ਰਾਣਕ (‘unspiritual/soulish’) is a rarer literary word retained despite unfamiliarity rather than substituting ਮਾਇਕ, which would tie to ਮਾਇਆ, the Sikh doctrine of illusion/attachment — an inappropriate association. ਭੂਤਵਾਦੀ (‘demon-originated’) echoes ਦੁਸ਼ਟ ਆਤਮਾਵਾਂ used for δαιμόνια at James 2:19.
Friendship With World
Approved rendering: ਸੰਸਾਰ ਨਾਲ ਮਿੱਤਰਤਾ
Transliteration: sansar naal mittarta
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: ਸੰਸਾਰ ਨਾਲ ਦੋਸਤੀ
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4, φιλία τοῦ κόσμου. Inherits the ਸੰਸਾਰ gloss requirement; the φιλ- root deliberately echoes and inverts ਮਿੱਤਰ used for ‘friend of God’ at James 2:23 (friend_of_god above) — lock ਮਿੱਤਰ/ਮਿੱਤਰਤਾ as the fixed root, never ਦੋਸਤੀ, across both passages.
Enmity With God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਨਾਲ ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣੀ
Transliteration: Parmeshar naal dushmani
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4, ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ. Must retain the stark either/or force of the statement; no middle relational category is offered.
Patience Makrothymia
Approved rendering: ਧੀਰਜ
Transliteration: dheeraj
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8, μακροθυμία. Must be kept lexically distinct from ਸਬਰ (endurance, James 1): ਧੀਰਜ names patient, hopeful waiting for a future event, not endurance under present pressure. Never used interchangeably with ਸਬਰ across teaching materials.
Prayer Of Faith
Approved rendering: ਨਿਹਚਾ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ
Transliteration: nihcha di prarthna
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15, εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως. ਨਿਹਚਾ inherited exactly from baseline. Connects the core passage’s ‘can faith save?’ question (2:14) to a concrete positive answer in this healing context.
Heal
Approved rendering: ਬਚਾਉਣਾ / ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: bachauna / changa karna
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: σῷζω / ἰάομαι
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15-16, σῷζω / ἰάομαι. Keep the physical-healing sense distinct from the soteriological doctrine of ਮੁਕਤੀ even while noting the deliberate wordplay. Do not let healing-in-answer-to-prayer be taught as guaranteed in every case, and do not conflate physical healing with eternal salvation.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: ਮੰਡਲੀ
Transliteration: mandli
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, ਮੰਦਰ
Original: ἐκκλησία (implied by presbyteroi)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ or ਮੰਦਰ. Underlies James 5:14 (‘ਮੰਡਲੀ ਦੇ ਬਜ਼ੁਰਗ,’ elders of the church).
Peace
Approved rendering: ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ
Transliteration: shanti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ਸਹਿਜ
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:16’s empty blessing-formula (‘go in peace, be warmed and filled’) uses this term in a conventional-speech register; the passage’s force is that even a correct religious word like ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ is worthless without accompanying ਕੰਮ (works).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da Raj
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Inherited from Romans package. James 2:5: the poor are ‘heirs of the kingdom’ God has promised to those who love him — reinforces the Favoritism and the Poor doctrine rather than introducing a distinct Kingdom Mission emphasis in James.
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: ਮੁਰਦਾ / ਮੋਈ ਹੋਈ
Transliteration: murda / moi hoi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: νεκρά
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:17,26. Ordinary adjective for lifelessness describing faith with no accompanying works. Must remain unrelated in form and register to ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ (resurrection) vocabulary.
Useless Arge
Approved rendering: ਵਿਅਰਥ
Transliteration: viarth
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:20, ἀργή, with a manuscript variant reading νεκρά (‘dead’). Flag the textual variant for back-translation review; keep stylistically consistent with James 2:17’s ਮੁਰਦਾ if translators harmonize the two verses.
Rahab
Approved rendering: ਰਾਹਾਬ ਕੰਜਰੀ
Transliteration: Rahab kanjari
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਰਾਹਾਬ (occupation omitted)
Original: Ῥαάβ
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:25. Retain her occupation (ਕੰਜਰੀ, ‘prostitute’); do not euphemize. The deliberate pairing of a patriarch with a disreputable Gentile woman is itself part of the passage’s argument about the universal scope of genuine, works-evidenced faith.
Messengers Human
Approved rendering: ਜਾਸੂਸ
Transliteration: jasoos
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਦੂਤ
Original: ἄγγελοι
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:25, ἄγγελοι. Must not be rendered ਦੂਤ, which would wrongly suggest supernatural angelic messengers; the Joshua 2 narrative is of human Israelite spies.
Demons
Approved rendering: ਦੁਸ਼ਟ ਆਤਮਾਵਾਂ
Transliteration: dusht atmavan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: ਭੂਤ (unqualified), ਆਤਮਾ (unqualified)
Original: δαιμόνια
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:19, δαιμόνια. Always qualify with ਦੁਸ਼ਟ (‘evil’); ਆਤਮਾ used alone risks ambiguity with ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ (Holy Spirit).
Soul
Approved rendering: ਜਾਨ
Transliteration: jaan
Doctrine: Regeneration / New Birth
Rejected alternatives: ਆਤਮਾ
Original: ψυχή
Category: Faith and Works
James 1:21 (‘able to save your souls’); 5:20 (‘save a soul from death’). Preferred over ਆਤਮਾ to keep unambiguously distinct from ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ (Holy Spirit) throughout the curriculum.
Testing Proving
Approved rendering: ਪਰਖ
Transliteration: parakh
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:3, δοκίμιον, the process or instrument by which faith’s genuineness is proved, producing endurance. Distinct from πειρασμός itself.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: ਦੁਚਿੱਤਾ
Transliteration: duchitta
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:8; 4:8, δίψυχος. Natural, well-formed Punjabi compound with low collision risk; keep consistent across both occurrences.
Death
Approved rendering: ਮੌਤ
Transliteration: maut
Doctrine: Regeneration / New Birth
Original: θάνατος
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:15, θάνατος, the end-product of sin’s maturation. Historical, decisive; not a way-station within ਆਵਾਗਵਣ (the transmigration cycle) — reversed only through new birth and resurrection, not another incarnation.
Servant
Approved rendering: ਦਾਸ
Transliteration: das
Doctrine: Separation unto God’s Service
Rejected alternatives: ਸੇਵਕ
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:1, δοῦλος, James’s self-designation as bondservant of God and Christ — total ownership/submission, not a hired role. ਸੇਵਕ rejected as primary: carries strong Sikh gurdwara-seva connotations of voluntary community service, which understates the total-ownership sense of δοῦλος.
Poor
Approved rendering: ਗਰੀਬ
Transliteration: garib
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πτωχός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:2-6; 5:1-6, πτωχός. Standard economic term.
Rich
Approved rendering: ਧਨੀ
Transliteration: dhani
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:6; 5:1-6, πλούσιος. Standard economic term.
Mercy
Approved rendering: ਦਯਾ
Transliteration: daya
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:13, ἔλεος. Standard, warm, theologically unencumbered compassion vocabulary shared across Punjabi religious registers without doctrinal collision.
Wages
Approved rendering: ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ
Transliteration: mazdoori
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: μισθός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 5:4, μισθός. Withheld laborers’ wages crying out against the oppressive rich; concrete social-justice term.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: ਸੈਨਾਵਾਂ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਭੂ
Transliteration: Sainavan da Prabhu
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: Κύριος Σαβαώθ
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 5:4, Κύριος Σαβαώθ. ਪ੍ਰਭੂ inherited exactly from baseline; transliterated option ਸਬਾਓਥ available for liturgical/study contexts.
Proud
Approved rendering: ਹੰਕਾਰੀ
Transliteration: hankari
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ὑπερήφανος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:6 (citing Prov 3:34), ὑπερήφανος. Standard vocabulary; low ambiguity risk.
Humble
Approved rendering: ਨਿਮਰ
Transliteration: nimar
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ταπεινός
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:6,10, ταπεινός. Positive bridge point: humility (ਨਿਮਰਤਾ) is also a highly esteemed virtue in Sikh teaching following Guru Nanak. Grace-to-the-humble logic must still be anchored specifically in Christ-centered ਕਿਰਪਾ, not earned through humility as a spiritual practice.
Submit
Approved rendering: ਅਧੀਨ ਹੋਣਾ
Transliteration: adheen hona
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:7, ὑποτάσσω. Comparative note: resembles but is not identical to Sikh submission to Waheguru’s ਹੁਕਮ (Divine Order), already flagged in the baseline as a comparison point, not a substitution, under Providence. James’s submission is a personal, relational, repentance-oriented act toward a personal Father.
Devil
Approved rendering: ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ
Transliteration: shaitan
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: διάβολος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:7, διάβολος. Comparative note: Sikh theology’s closest analogous category is ਮਾਇਆ, the impersonal force of illusion/attachment — NOT a personal, willing, malevolent being. ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ must be understood as a personal adversary, distinct from ਮਾਇਆ’s impersonal-illusion framework.
Lawgiver Judge
Approved rendering: ਬਿਵਸਥਾ ਦੇਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਆਂਕਾਰੀ
Transliteration: bivastha den vala ate nyankari
Doctrine: Law of Liberty
Original: νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:12, νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής. ਬਿਵਸਥਾ inherited exactly from baseline. Reinforces the exclusivity of divine authority against any parallel human authority claim.
If Lord Wills
Approved rendering: ਜੇ ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਚਾਹੇ
Transliteration: je Prabhu chahe
Doctrine: Divine Sovereignty over Human Plans
Original: Ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:13-15, Ἐὰν ὁ Κύριος θελήσῃ. ਪ੍ਰਭੂ inherited exactly from baseline. Positive natural-fit expression, comparable to the widely used Perso-Arabic-origin ‘Insha’Allah’ idiom across Punjabi speech generally, but must be framed as trust in a personal, sovereign God, not bare cultural courtesy or impersonal fatalism.
Elders
Approved rendering: ਮੰਡਲੀ ਦੇ ਬਜ਼ੁਰਗ
Transliteration: mandli de bazurg
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14, πρεσβύτεροι. ਮੰਡਲੀ inherited exactly from baseline for ‘church.’ Must not be perceived as a Sant/Baba-type independent authority figure with a personal following; these are ordinary recognized congregational leaders exercising delegated, not charismatic-guru, authority.
Anointing Oil
Approved rendering: ਤੇਲ ਲਾਉਣਾ
Transliteration: tel launa
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14, ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ. Comparative note: distinct from status-conferring rites such as abhishek or the Sikh Amrit ceremony; James’s anointing is a simple prayer-accompanying act of faith, not a sacrament conferring new spiritual status.
Raise Up
Approved rendering: ਉਠਾਵੇਗਾ
Transliteration: uthavega
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἐγερεῖ (ἐγείρω)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15, ἐγερεῖ. MUST NOT be rendered with or confused with ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ (the baseline’s Critical resurrection term). This is ordinary physical restoration from illness, not resurrection from death; flag for back-translation verification given the doctrinal sensitivity of any resurrection-adjacent vocabulary.
Confess Sins
Approved rendering: ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਅੱਗੇ ਪਾਪ ਮੰਨਣਾ
Transliteration: ikk dooje agge paap mannana
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐξομολογέομαι ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:16, ἐξομολογέομαι ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας. Must be understood as mutual, horizontal confession among believers, not a formal priestly-sacramental confession-booth practice. ਪਾਪ inherited exactly from baseline.
Effective Prayer
Approved rendering: ਧਰਮੀ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਰਥਨਾ ਅਸਰਦਾਰ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ
Transliteration: dharmi di prarthna asardar hundi hai
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: δέησις… ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:16, δέησις… ἐνεργουμένη. ਧਰਮੀ (‘righteous one’) shares the root of the baseline ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ family; maintain consistency with that established root across the curriculum.
Turn Back Wandering
Approved rendering: ਭੁੱਲੇ ਹੋਏ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਸ ਲਿਆਉਣਾ
Transliteration: bhulle hoye nu vapas liauna
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐπιστρέψῃ τις αὐτὸν ἀπὸ πλάνης
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:19-20, ἐπιστρέψῃ τις αὐτὸν ἀπὸ πλάνης. The letter’s closing pastoral exhortation restoring a straying believer; standard restoration vocabulary.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: ਨਬੀ
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. James 5:10: the prophets cited as examples of speaking in the Lord’s name and enduring suffering.
Abraham
Approved rendering: ਅਬਰਾਹਾਮ
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Faith and Works
Established Punjabi Bible transliteration convention (per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md); not a separate baseline glossary entry but the same figure central to Romans 4. James 2:21-23 cites Abraham as the paradigm case of faith vindicated by works; consistency with Romans usage is doctrinally essential since both books cite Genesis 15:6.
Isaac
Approved rendering: ਇਸਹਾਕ
Transliteration: Ishaak
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: Ἰσαάκ
Category: Faith and Works
Established Punjabi Bible proper-name form. James 2:21, Abraham’s son offered on the altar.
Blessed
Approved rendering: ਧੰਨ
Transliteration: dhann
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: μακάριος
Category: Trials and Testing
James 1:12, μακάριος. Standard term; minor risk only.
Tongue
Approved rendering: ਜੀਭ
Transliteration: jeebh
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:1-12, γλῶσσα. Low lexical risk in itself; the surrounding imagery (bit, rudder, fire, poison) carries the doctrinal weight.
Curse Blessing
Approved rendering: ਸਰਾਪ / ਬਰਕਤ
Transliteration: sarap / barkat
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: κατάρα / εὐλογία
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:9-10, κατάρα / εὐλογία. Standard vocabulary pair; low doctrinal risk.
Boasting
Approved rendering: ਸ਼ੇਖੀ
Transliteration: shekhi
Doctrine: Divine Sovereignty over Human Plans
Original: ἀλαζονεία
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:16, ἀλαζονεία. Standard vocabulary; low doctrinal risk.
Job
Approved rendering: ਅੱਯੂਬ
Transliteration: Ayyub
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: Ἰώβ
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:11. Established Punjabi Bible proper-name form; cited as the exemplar of ὑπομονή.
Oath
Approved rendering: ਸਹੁੰ
Transliteration: sahun
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ὅρκος / ὀμνύω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:12, ὅρκος/ὀμνύω. Cultural note: oath-taking (e.g. on the Guru Granth Sahib) carries genuine weight in Punjabi culture; James’s point is the integrity of ordinary speech generally, not a prohibition specific to sacred oaths.
Elijah
Approved rendering: ਏਲੀਯਾਹ
Transliteration: Eliyah
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: Ἠλίας
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:17-18. Established Punjabi Bible proper-name form; cited as the exemplar of effective, righteous prayer.
Referenced passages