Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians (English → Punjabi)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Galatians 1–6 in full. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json are marked REUSED and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded there — no alternative renderings are permitted. Terms newly identified for Galatians are marked NEW and are proposed here for addition to translation memory, pending theologian review per the risk tier assigned. This table must be loaded alongside the baseline files before Phase 2 translation begins.
Risk tier definitions (per baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json): Critical = human theologian review every occurrence; High = human theologian review; Medium = native speaker review recommended; Low = automated review sufficient.
Section A — Reused Baseline Terms Appearing in Galatians
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Punjabi Rendering (Transliteration) | Risk | Doctrine Category | Galatians Occurrences | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ (khushkhabri) | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:6,7,8,9,11; 2:2,5,7,14; 3:8 | Exact reuse |
| Grace | χάρις (charis) | ਕਿਰਪਾ (kirpa) | High | Law and Grace | 1:3,6,15; 2:9,21; 5:4; 6:18 | Exact reuse |
| Faith | πίστις (pistis) | ਨਿਹਚਾ (nihcha) | High | Justification by Faith | 1:23; 2:16,20; 3:2-26; 5:5-6,22; 6:10 | Exact reuse |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ (dharmikta) | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:21; 3:6,21; 5:5 | Exact reuse; NEVER ਧਰਮ |
| Justification | δικαιόω (dikaioō) | ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ (dharmi thehraya jana) | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16(x3),17; 3:8,11,24; 5:4 | Exact reuse; conjugate verb forms around fixed phrase |
| Imputed Righteousness | λογίζομαι εἰς δικαιοσύνην (logizomai eis dikaiosynēn) | ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ (lekhe lai dharmikta) | Critical | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:6 | Exact reuse |
| Law | νόμος (nomos) | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ (bivastha) | High | Law and Grace / The Law’s Purpose | 2:16-21; 3:2-24; 4:4-5,21; 5:3-4,14,18,23; 6:2,13 | Exact reuse; NEVER ਧਰਮ or ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | ਪਾਪ (pap) | High | (background to Justification) | 1:4; 2:17; 3:22 | Exact reuse |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | ਰਸੂਲ (rasul) | High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:1,17,19 | Exact reuse; NEVER ਗੁਰੂ |
| Called | κλητός/καλέω (klētos/kaleō) | ਸੱਦਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ (saddiya hoya) | High | Divine Calling | 1:6,15; 5:8,13 | Exact reuse |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit | πνεῦμα (ἅγιον) (pneuma [hagion]) | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ (Pavittar Atma) | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 5:5,16-25; 6:1,8 | Exact reuse; context establishes personal Holy Spirit even where bare πνεῦμα occurs |
| Adoption | υἱοθεσία (huiothesia) | ਦੱਤਕ ਪੁੱਤਰਤਾ (dattak putrata) | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:5 | Exact reuse |
| Father | πατήρ (patēr) | ਪਿਤਾ (Pita) | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | 1:1,3,4; 4:2,6 | Exact reuse |
| Abba | Ἀββά (Abba) | ਅੱਬਾ (Abba) | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4:6 | Exact reuse |
| Son of God | υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (huios tou theou) | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ (Parmeshar da Puttar) | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:20 | Exact reuse |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ (prabhu) | Critical | (implicit Christology) | 1:3,19; 6:14,18 | Exact reuse |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | ਯਿਸੂ (Yisu) | Critical | (throughout) | throughout | Exact reuse; NEVER ਈਸਾ |
| Christ / Messiah | Χριστός (Christos) | ਮਸੀਹ (Masih) | Critical | (throughout) | throughout | Exact reuse |
| God | θεός (theos) | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ (Parmeshar) | Critical | (throughout) | throughout | Exact reuse; NEVER ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ or ਭਗਵਾਨ |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω (anastasis / egeirō) | ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ (punar-uthan) | Critical | (background, 1:1) | 1:1 | Exact reuse; NEVER ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ or ਆਵਾਗਵਣ |
| Fellowship | κοινωνία (koinōnia) | ਸੰਗਤ (sangat) | Low | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 2:9 | Exact reuse |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ (basileia tou theou) | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ (Parmeshar da Raj) | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit (5:21 exclusion clause) | 5:21 | Exact reuse |
| Gentiles | ἔθνη (ethnē) | ਪਰਾਈਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ (paraiyan kaumaan) | Medium | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:16; 2:2,8,9,12,14,15; 3:8,14 | Exact reuse |
| David | — | — | — | — | not present in Galatians | n/a |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ (Israēl) | ਇਸਰਾਏਲ (Israel) | Medium | (church identity) | 6:16 | Exact reuse |
| Seed [pattern reused for “Seed of Abraham”] | σπέρμα (sperma) | ਅੰਸ (ans) | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16,19,29 | Reuses baseline ਅੰਸ pattern (originally “seed of David”); now applied to “seed of Abraham” |
Section B — New Terms Identified in Galatians (Proposed for Translation Memory)
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Punjabi Rendering (Transliteration) | Risk | Doctrine Category | Galatians Occurrences | Alternatives Rejected | Key Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flesh (moral sense) | σάρξ (sarx) | ਸਰੀਰ (sharir) | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 2:16(πᾶσα σάρξ),20; 3:3; 4:13-14,23,29; 5:13,16,17(x2),19,24; 6:8,12,13 | ਦੇਹ (too literal/clinical) | Dual-register term (neutral/physical = Medium; moral/doctrinal = High); no single lexeme distinguishes senses — context and teaching notes must. Do not imply the body itself is evil. |
| Works of the Law | ἔργα νόμου (erga nomou) | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ (bivastha de kamm) | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16(x3); 3:2,5,10 | ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼ (already rejected in baseline for obedience_of_faith) | Must stay sharply distinct from ਨਿਹਚਾ ਦੀ ਆਗਿਆਕਾਰੀ (obedience of faith, baseline High) |
| Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | ਪਾਪੀ (papi) | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:15,17; 3:22 | — | Preserve Paul’s ironic/social use in 2:15,17 |
| Crucify / Cross | σταυρόω / σταυρός (stauroō / stauros) | ਸਲੀਬ ਦੇਣਾ / ਸਲੀਬ (salib dena / salib) | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 3:1,13; 5:11,24; 6:12,14 | — | NEW critical term family; add to translation memory alongside ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ |
| Crucified with Christ | συσταυρόω (systauroō) | ਮਸੀਹ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਲੀਬ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ (Masih de naal salib ditta gaya) | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:19-20 | — | Not ascetic self-mortification; a completed, Christ-accomplished identification received by faith |
| Transgressor | παραβάτης (parabatēs) | ਅਪਰਾਧੀ (apradhi) | Medium | Law and Grace | 2:18 | — | Forensic sense, not a caste/social slur |
| May it never be! | μὴ γένοιτο (mē genoito) | ਇਹ ਕਦੇ ਨਾ ਹੋਵੇ! (ih kade na hove!) | Low | (rhetorical idiom) | 2:17 | — | Idiom; convey emphatic force naturally |
| Died in vain / for nothing | δωρεάν (dōrean) | ਵਿਅਰਥ (viarth) | Medium | Law and Grace | 2:21 | — | Wordplay with χάρις/δωρεά lost in Punjabi; surface in teaching notes |
| Nullify / set aside | ἀθετέω (atheteō) | ਰੱਦ ਕਰਨਾ (radd karna) | Medium | Law and Grace | 2:21; 3:15 | — | No theological collision; consistency check across occurrences |
| Love (Christ’s self-giving) | ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη (agapaō / agapē) | ਪਿਆਰ (pyar) | Medium | Faith Working through Love | 2:20; 5:6,13-14,22 | ਪ੍ਰੇਮ (bhakti-devotional connotation, human-to-divine direction) | Preserve divine-to-human direction at 2:20 vs. mutual/horizontal direction at 5:13-14 |
| Gave himself up (for me) | παραδίδωμι (paradidōmi) | ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ (apne aap nu de ditta) | High | Crucified with Christ | 2:20 | — | Distinguish substitutionary atonement from Sikh martyrdom-as-witness (shahadat) tradition |
| A different gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον (heteron euangelion) | ਹੋਰ ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ (hor khushkhabri) | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:6-7 | — | Must be framed as false, not one valid option among many (guard against “many paths” pluralism assumption) |
| Accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα (anathema) | ਸਰਾਪਿਤ ਹੋਵੇ (sarapit hove) | Critical | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:8,9 | — | Strongest warning in the letter; never soften |
| Revelation | ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis) | ਪ੍ਰਗਟਾਵਾ (pragtava) | High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:12,16; 2:2 | ਪਰਕਾਸ਼ (rejected as default — Sikh Prakash-ceremony collision) | NEW Sikh liturgical collision not in Romans baseline; flag for theologian review |
| Judaism | Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaismos) | ਯਹੂਦੀ ਧਰਮ (Yahudi Dharm) | Low-Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 1:13,14 | — | ਧਰਮ acceptable here (descriptive historical-religion sense); still forbidden for “righteousness” specifically |
| Tradition(s) | παράδοσις (paradosis) | ਪਰੰਪਰਾਵਾਂ (parampravan) | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship (background) | 1:14 | — | Natural resonance with Punjab’s inherited-religion culture |
| Present evil age | ὁ ἐνεστὼς αἰὼν πονηρός (ho enestōs aiōn ponēros) | ਇਹ ਮੌਜੂਦਾ ਬੁਰਾ ਸਮਾਂ (ih mojooda bura samaan) | High | (eschatological background) | 1:4 | ਜੁੱਗ/yug (rejected — cyclical Hindu cosmology collision) | Preserve linear, not cyclical, historical framework |
| False brother(s) | ψευδάδελφος (pseudadelphos) | ਝੂਠੇ ਭਰਾ (jhoothe bhra) | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 2:4 | — | Sensitive within sangat/community identity; handle with pastoral precision |
| Freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία (eleutheria) | ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ (azadi) | High | Freedom in Christ | 2:4; 5:1,13 | — | Political/Khalistan-freedom-struggle collision risk; must be framed as spiritual, not political |
| Enslave / bring into bondage | καταδουλόω (katadouloō) | ਗੁਲਾਮ ਬਣਾਉਣਾ (ghulam banauna) | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 2:4; 4:9 | — | Antonym pole of ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ |
| Pillars (leaders) | στῦλοι (styloi) | ਥੰਮ੍ਹ (thammh) | Low | Paul’s Apostleship | 2:9 | — | No collision |
| Hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis) | ਕਪਟ (kapat) | Medium | Law and Grace (Peter incident) | 2:13 | — | No collision |
| Walk uprightly (re: gospel truth) | ὀρθοποδέω (orthopodeō) | ਸਿੱਧੀ ਚਾਲ ਚੱਲਣਾ (siddhi chaal chalna) | Low-Medium | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 2:14 | — | Anticipates Ch.5 “walk by the Spirit” |
| Blessing / to bless | εὐλογία / εὐλογέω (eulogia / eulogeō) | ਬਰਕਤ (barkat) | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:8,9,14 | ਅਸੀਸ (rejected — guru/elder-conferred blessing connotation) | Positive-fit loanword; keep source of blessing as God directly |
| Curse | κατάρα (katara) | ਸਰਾਪ (sarap) | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:10,13 | — | Personal covenant-curse, not karmic fatalism |
| Redeem (from the curse) | ἐξαγοράζω (exagorazō) | ਮੁੱਲ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਛੁਡਾਉਣਾ (mull de ke chudauna) | Critical | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:13; 4:5 | ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ ਦੇਣਾ alone (too close to salvation’s rejected-alternative list without price-paid nuance) | Distinct price-paying metaphor; never substitute for or confuse with ਮੁਕਤੀ |
| Tree / wood (cross-referent) | ξύλον (xylon) | ਰੁੱਖ / ਲੱਕੜ (rukkh / lakkarh) | Low-Medium | Crucified with Christ | 3:13 | — | Contextual note ties to ਸਲੀਬ |
| Promise | ἐπαγγελία (epangelia) | ਵਾਅਦਾ (vaada) | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14,16-18,21,22,29; 4:23,28 | — | Distinguish from ਭਵਿੱਖਬਾਣੀ (prophecy, baseline Low) |
| Guardian / tutor (paidagōgos) | παιδαγωγός (paidagōgos) | ਰਾਖਾ (rakha) | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24,25 | ਗੁਰੂ, ਉਸਤਾਦ, ਸਿੱਖਿਅਕ (all rejected — imply ongoing teacher-authority role) | Temporary custodial role only; requires cultural-bridging note |
| Heir / inheritance | κληρονόμος / κληρονομία (klēronomos / klēronomia) | ਵਾਰਸ / ਵਿਰਾਸਤ (waras / virasat) | High | Adoption and Sonship | 3:29; 4:1,7 | — | Natural land-inheritance resonance in Punjab; ensure spiritual sense not collapsed to property expectations |
| Baptize | βαπτίζω (baptizō) | ਬਪਤਿਸਮਾ ਦੇਣਾ (baptisma dena) | Medium | (sacramental background) | 3:27 | — | Established Christian loanword |
| Put on [Christ] | ἐνδύω (endyō) | ਪਹਿਨ ਲਿਆ (pehn liya) | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | 3:27 | — | Ensure depth of identity-transformation, not merely outward/ritual |
| Elemental spirits / elementary principles | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου (stoicheia tou kosmou) | ਸੰਸਾਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਮੁੱਢਲੀਆਂ ਗੱਲਾਂ (sansaar diyan muddhliyan gallan) | High | The Law’s Purpose | 4:3,9 | — | Avoid pancha tattva (five-elements) or astrological collision; requires teaching note |
| Slavery / to serve as a slave | δουλεία / δουλεύω (douleia / douleuō) | ਗੁਲਾਮੀ / ਗੁਲਾਮੀ ਕਰਨਾ (ghulami / ghulami karna) | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 4:8,9,24,25; 5:1 | — | Antonym pole of ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ |
| Allegory (speak allegorically) | ἀλληγορέω (allēgoreō) | ਰੂਪਕ ਵਜੋਂ (rupak vajon) | Low-Medium | (interpretive method, ch.4) | 4:24 | — | Requires OT-literacy teaching support |
| Hagar / Sarah | Ἄγαρ / Σάρρα (Hagar / Sarra) | ਹਾਜਰਾ / ਸਾਰਾਹ (Hajra / Sarah) | Low | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4:22-31 | — | Established OT proper-name forms |
| Jerusalem above | Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἄνω (Ierousalēm anō) | ਉੱਪਰਲਾ ਯਰੂਸ਼ਲਮ (upparla Yerushalam) | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 4:26 | — | Avoid modern-geopolitical misreading |
| Free woman / bondwoman | ἐλευθέρα / παιδίσκη (eleuthera / paidiskē) | ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਇਸਤਰੀ / ਦਾਸੀ (azad istri / dasi) | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 4:22-23,30-31 | — | ਦਾਸੀ established OT term |
| Yoke of slavery | ζυγὸς δουλείας (zygos douleias) | ਗੁਲਾਮੀ ਦਾ ਜੂਲਾ (ghulami da joola) | High | Freedom in Christ | 5:1 | — | Vivid agrarian image; pair with doctrinal teaching note |
| Circumcision | περιτομή (peritomē) | ਸੁੰਨਤ (sunnat) | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 5:2,3,6,11; 6:12,13,15 | — | Islamic-practice association risk in Punjab; requires historical-context bridge |
| Faith working through love | πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη (pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē) | ਪਿਆਰ ਦੇ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਨਿਹਚਾ (pyar de rahin kamm karan vali nihcha) | High | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | — | Distinguish from ਬਿਵਸਥਾ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ (works of the law, Critical) |
| Walk by/in the Spirit | περιπατέω πνεύματι (peripateō pneumati) | ਆਤਮਾ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਚੱਲਣਾ (Atma de anusaar chalna) | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:16,25 | — | Personal Spirit’s guidance, not impersonal spirituality |
| Works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός (erga tēs sarkos) | ਸਰੀਰ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ (sharir de kamm) | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19-21 | — | Vice list; excludes from ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ |
| Fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος (karpos tou pneumatos) | ਆਤਮਾ ਦਾ ਫਲ (Atma da phal) | High | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | — | Singular organic fruit, not nine separate achieved virtues; distinguish from ਆਤਮਿਕ ਦਾਤਾਂ |
| Bear one another’s burdens | βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη ἀλλήλων (bastazete ta barē allēlōn) | ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇ ਭਾਰ ਚੁੱਕੋ (ikk dooje de bhaar chuko) | Medium-High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | — | Positive contrast with individually-borne karma concept |
| Law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ (nomos tou Christou) | ਮਸੀਹ ਦੀ ਬਿਵਸਥਾ (Masih di bivastha) | High | Law and Grace | 6:2 | — | Love-fulfilled ethic, not reintroduced law-works |
| Sow / reap | σπείρω / θερίζω (speirō / therizō) | ਬੀਜਣਾ / ਵੱਢਣਾ (beejna / vaddhna) | Low | (moral-consequence metaphor) | 6:7-8 | — | Strong natural fit with Punjab’s agrarian culture |
| Corruption / decay | φθορά (phthora) | ਬਰਬਾਦੀ / ਨਾਸ (barbadi / nash) | Medium | (eschatological contrast) | 6:8 | — | Ensure final, not merely temporal, sense |
| New creation | καινὴ κτίσις (kainē ktisis) | ਨਵੀਂ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ (navi sirjana) | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | — | Distinguish from ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ/ਆਵਾਗਵਣ (reincarnation, baseline-forbidden) |
| Marks of Jesus | στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ (stigmata tou Iēsou) | ਯਿਸੂ ਦੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ (Yisu de nishaan) | Low-Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 6:17 | — | Coincidental (non-doctrinal) overlap with Sikh Nishan symbolism |
| Boast / glory (in) | καυχάομαι (kauchaomai) | ਮਾਣ ਕਰਨਾ (maan karna) | Medium | Crucified with Christ | 6:13,14 | — | Preserve sharp negative/positive contrast (law-works vs. the cross) |
Section C — Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Curriculum Doctrine List)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms (Section A + B) | Overall Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Justification by Faith | ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ, ਬਿਵਸਥਾ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ, ਨਿਹਚਾ, ਪਾਪੀ | Critical |
| The True Gospel versus False Gospels | ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ, ਹੋਰ ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ, ਸਰਾਪਿਤ ਹੋਵੇ, ਝੂਠੇ ਭਰਾ | High–Critical |
| Paul’s Apostleship | ਰਸੂਲ, ਪ੍ਰਗਟਾਵਾ, ਥੰਮ੍ਹ, ਯਿਸੂ ਦੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ | High |
| Law and Grace | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ, ਕਿਰਪਾ, ਮਸੀਹ ਦੀ ਬਿਵਸਥਾ, ਕਪਟ, ਰੱਦ ਕਰਨਾ | High |
| Crucified with Christ | ਸਲੀਬ, ਮਸੀਹ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਲੀਬ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ, ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ, ਮਾਣ ਕਰਨਾ | Critical |
| The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | ਵਾਅਦਾ, ਅੰਸ, ਬਰਕਤ, ਸਰਾਪ, ਮੁੱਲ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਛੁਡਾਉਣਾ, ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ | Critical |
| The Law’s Purpose | ਰਾਖਾ, ਸੰਸਾਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਮੁੱਢਲੀਆਂ ਗੱਲਾਂ | High |
| Adoption and Sonship | ਦੱਤਕ ਪੁੱਤਰਤਾ, ਅੱਬਾ, ਪਿਤਾ, ਵਾਰਸ | High |
| Freedom in Christ | ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ, ਗੁਲਾਮੀ ਦਾ ਜੂਲਾ, ਗੁਲਾਮੀ | High |
| Circumcision and the New Creation | ਸੁੰਨਤ, ਨਵੀਂ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ, ਪਹਿਨ ਲਿਆ | High |
| Flesh versus Spirit | ਸਰੀਰ, ਆਤਮਾ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਚੱਲਣਾ, ਸਰੀਰ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ | High |
| Fruit of the Spirit | ਆਤਮਾ ਦਾ ਫਲ | High |
| Faith Working through Love | ਪਿਆਰ ਦੇ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਨਿਹਚਾ, ਪਿਆਰ | High |
| Bearing One Another’s Burdens | ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇ ਭਾਰ ਚੁੱਕੋ | Medium–High |
Section D — Chapters Confirmed Reviewed with No Additional New Terms
All six chapters of Galatians contributed load-bearing terms (Section B); there is no chapter requiring a “no new vocabulary” notation for this book. Chapter 2’s non-core verses (2:1–14) and the core passage (2:15–21) are treated as a single chapter unit across both analysis documents.
This glossary must be loaded alongside translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 translation. All Section B entries require formal addition to translation memory (with version increment) and theologian sign-off for Critical/High entries before use in Phase 2 segment translation, per the AI Translation Requirements’ Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: dharmikta
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਨਿਆਂ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਧਰਮ. Occurs at 2:21;3:6,21;5:5. Galatians 3:21 (‘if a law had been given that could give life, righteousness would indeed be by the law’) states and rejects the very error this doctrine guards against.
Justification
Approved rendering: ਧਰਮੀ ਠਹਿਰਾਇਆ ਜਾਣਾ
Transliteration: dharmi thehraya jana
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਫ਼ੀ ਮਿਲਣੀ
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:16 (x3),17;3:8,11,24;5:4 — 2:16 is the core passage’s and the letter’s thesis statement. Never abbreviate to ਮਾਫ਼ੀ, which loses the forensic declaration.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਲੇਖੇ ਲਾਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: lekhe lai dharmikta
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ਕਮਾਈ ਹੋਈ ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:6, citing Genesis 15:6, makes Abraham the paradigm of justification by faith for both Jew and Gentile ‘sons of Abraham’ (3:7).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ
Transliteration: Pavittar Atma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਬ੍ਰਹਮ, ਜੋਤ
Original: πνεῦμα (ἅγιον)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Concentrated at 3:2-5,14;4:6,29;5:5,16-25;6:1,8 — the Flesh-versus-Spirit doctrine’s central term. Bare πνεῦμα without the ‘holy’ qualifier appears frequently in ch.5-6; context, not vocabulary, establishes the same divine Person throughout.
Father
Approved rendering: ਪਿਤਾ
Transliteration: Pita
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1,3,4;4:2,6.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da Puttar
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਦੇਵ-ਪੁਰਸ਼
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:20, the core passage’s climax (‘I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me’). Full phrase required.
Lord
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਭੂ
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਲਕ, ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:3,19;6:14,18. Never ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ਯਿਸੂ
Transliteration: Yisu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਈਸਾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Galatians. NEVER ਈਸਾ.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. The letter’s most frequent title for Jesus, used throughout.
God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ, ਭਗਵਾਨ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Galatians. NEVER ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ or ਭਗਵਾਨ.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ
Transliteration: punar-uthan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ, ਆਵਾਗਵਣ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1 (‘God the Father, who raised him from the dead’).
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: ਬਿਵਸਥਾ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ
Transliteration: bivastha de kamm
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਫ਼ਰਜ਼
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
NEW. Occurs at 2:16 (x3);3:2,5,10 — the fulcrum of the letter’s entire polemic. Built from established ਬਿਵਸਥਾ + ਕੰਮ. Must stay sharply distinct from ਨਿਹਚਾ ਦੀ ਆਗਿਆਕਾਰੀ (obedience of faith, Romans-baseline High) and from ਪਿਆਰ ਦੇ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਨਿਹਚਾ (faith working through love, 5:6): the former is rejected as a ground of righteousness, the latter is faith’s fruit and evidence. Punjab’s own works-merit religious instincts make this distinction unusually easy to blur. Automatic theologian review every occurrence.
Crucifixion
Approved rendering: ਸਲੀਬ ਦੇਣਾ / ਸਲੀਬ
Transliteration: salib dena / salib
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σταυρόω / σταυρός
Category: Christology
NEW — the single most significant new Critical-risk term family introduced by this curriculum, absent as a lexical item from the Romans baseline. Occurs at 3:1,13;5:11,24;6:12,14. ਸਲੀਬ (a Perso-Arabic-derived loanword shared across Punjabi Christian and Islamic usage denoting specifically the execution-cross) must be used with total consistency across every occurrence. Added to translation memory as a new Critical entry alongside ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਸਲੀਬ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ
Transliteration: Masih de naal salib ditta gaya
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: συσταυρόω
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 2:19-20, the core passage’s central statement and the letter’s title doctrine. Must be distinguished sharply from ascetic self-mortification (tapasya) performed to earn merit, common in South Asian religious traditions — this is a completed, Christ-accomplished identification received by faith, not a disciplinary practice the believer performs on himself.
Accursed
Approved rendering: ਸਰਾਪਿਤ ਹੋਵੇ
Transliteration: sarapit hove
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
NEW. Galatians 1:8-9, repeated for emphasis — Paul’s strongest possible language against anyone, even himself or an angel, preaching a different gospel. Must never be softened into a milder disapproval. Automatic theologian review every occurrence.
Redemption
Approved rendering: ਮੁੱਲ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਛੁਡਾਉਣਾ
Transliteration: mull de ke chudauna
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ ਦੇਣਾ (alone, without the price-paid nuance)
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:13 (‘Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become a curse for us’) and 4:5. The Romans baseline rejects ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ as a rendering for ‘salvation’ (ਮੁਕਤੀ) because it is too generic; here the underlying Greek genuinely IS a price-paying, slave-manumission metaphor, so ਮੁੱਲ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਛੁਡਾਉਣਾ is doctrinally correct and necessary but must never be confused with, or substituted for, ਮੁਕਤੀ itself. Flag for theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ
Transliteration: khushkhabri
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁਭ ਸਮਾਚਾਰ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. Used 9x in Galatians (1:6,7,8,9,11;2:2,5,7,14;3:8), the letter’s central crisis being the Galatians’ turning to ‘a different gospel’ (ਹੋਰ ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ). Must convey an authoritative, singular proclamation, not one teaching among several in Punjab’s religiously pluralistic landscape.
Grace
Approved rendering: ਕਿਰਪਾ
Transliteration: kirpa
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ਮੇਹਰ, ਕਰਮ ਦਾ ਫਲ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 1:3,6,15;2:9,21;5:4;6:18. 2:21 and 5:4 are the letter’s sharpest grace-vs-law-works contrasts; keep ਕਿਰਪਾ’s source explicitly in Christ’s finished work, never Guru-mediated favor or Naam-simran practice.
Faith
Approved rendering: ਨਿਹਚਾ
Transliteration: nihcha
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਰਧਾ, ਸਿਦਕ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. The letter’s dominant term (1:23;2:16 x3,20;3:2-26 repeatedly;5:5-6,22;6:10). At 2:16 the phrase ਯਿਸੂ ਮਸੀਹ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਿਹਚਾ carries the Greek’s subjective/objective genitive ambiguity (Christ’s own faithfulness vs. faith directed toward Christ); flag in translator notes without obscuring that Christ is the object of saving trust.
Called
Approved rendering: ਸੱਦਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ
Transliteration: saddiya hoya
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ਬੁਲਾਇਆ ਹੋਇਆ
Original: καλέω / κλητός
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Galatians 1:6 (called into the grace of Christ), 1:15 (Paul’s calling from birth), 5:8,13 (called to freedom).
Adoption
Approved rendering: ਦੱਤਕ ਪੁੱਤਰਤਾ
Transliteration: dattak putrata
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ਗੋਦ ਲੈਣਾ
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:5, one of only two NT chapters (with Romans 8) developing this doctrine at length.
Apostle
Approved rendering: ਰਸੂਲ
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰੂ, ਦੂਤ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1,17,19 — this letter is the single most important passage in the curriculum for reinforcing NEVER ਗੁਰੂ, since Paul explicitly defends the divine, not human-transmitted, origin of his authority.
Law
Approved rendering: ਬਿਵਸਥਾ
Transliteration: bivastha
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. The letter’s most pervasive theological term (2:16-21;3:2-24;4:4-5,21;5:3-4,14,18,23;6:2,13). NEVER ਧਰਮ or ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ. Note: ਧਰਮ IS acceptable in the separate, purely descriptive phrase ਯਹੂਦੀ ਧਰਮ (‘Judaism’, 1:13-14, naming an actual historical religion) — a distinct usage from the forbidden rendering of ‘righteousness.’ Do not confuse the two rules.
Sin
Approved rendering: ਪਾਪ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ਅਧਰਮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:4;2:17;3:22.
Gave Himself Up
Approved rendering: ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ
Transliteration: apne aap nu de ditta
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: παραδίδωμι (παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν)
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 2:20 (‘who loved me and gave himself for me’). Punjab’s own religious memory includes a strong martyrdom tradition (Guru Arjan Dev, Guru Tegh Bahadur, ਸ਼ਹਾਦਤ/shahadat) offering genuine emotional resonance for self-sacrificial death — but Sikh martyrdom theology frames such deaths as witness to conscience/religious freedom, not substitutionary payment atoning for others’ sin before God. Teaching material must make explicit that Christ’s self-giving is uniquely atoning.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: ਹੋਰ ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ
Transliteration: hor khushkhabri
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
NEW. Galatians 1:6-7 (‘which is not another’). Translator note required: render so readers understand this is named and rejected as false, not presented as one gospel-option among several — a needed corrective given the widespread ‘many paths, one truth’ pluralism assumption in Punjab.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: ਝੂਠੇ ਭਰਾ
Transliteration: jhoothe bhra
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφος
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:4, describing those who ‘slipped in to spy out our freedom.’ Sensitive term in a Punjabi context of strong communal/sangat identity; must be handled with theological precision, not used loosely.
Revelation
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਗਟਾਵਾ
Transliteration: pragtava
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ਪਰਕਾਸ਼
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
NEW. Galatians 1:12,16;2:2. Do NOT default to ਪਰਕਾਸ਼: in contemporary Sikh religious life this is the specific liturgical term for the ceremonial opening/installation of the Guru Granth Sahib (Prakash Sahib), also the established Punjabi Bible book-title for Revelation. Using it here risks the term being heard through this liturgical frame. NEW Sikh-liturgical collision not present in the Romans baseline; flag for theologian review.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: ਅੰਸ
Transliteration: ans
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα (τοῦ Ἀβραάμ)
Category: Covenant
NEW, extending the baseline ਅੰਸ pattern originally established for ‘seed of David.’ Galatians 3:16,19,29. A translator note is required flagging that Paul’s argument depends on σπέρμα’s grammatical number, which Punjabi ਅੰਸ shares ambiguously (singular/collective) — the theological point (fulfillment in the one ‘seed,’ Christ, then a collective sense for all believers) must be preserved through explanatory teaching material even where bare vocabulary cannot carry the wordplay.
Promise
Approved rendering: ਵਾਅਦਾ
Transliteration: vaada
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Occurs at 3:14,16-18,21,22,29;4:23,28 — the foundational category of the entire Galatians 3 argument (the law, arriving 430 years later, cannot annul the prior promise-covenant). Must be clearly distinguished from ਭਵਿੱਖਬਾਣੀ (prophecy, baseline Low, a predictive declaration) and must not be softened into a general good-luck/destiny notion. Flag for theologian review given its centrality.
Curse
Approved rendering: ਸਰਾਪ
Transliteration: sarap
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: κατάρα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:10,13 — ‘the curse of the law,’ from which Christ redeemed believers by becoming a curse himself, a key substitutionary-atonement statement. Must be distinguished from any fatalistic, karma-like notion of an impersonal curse attaching automatically to bad deeds across lifetimes; this is a specific, personal covenant-curse removed once-for-all through Christ’s substitutionary curse-bearing.
Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: ਇਹ ਮੌਜੂਦਾ ਬੁਰਾ ਸਮਾਂ
Transliteration: ih mojooda bura samaan
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਜੁੱਗ (yug/yuga)
Original: ὁ ἐνεστὼς αἰὼν πονηρός
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 1:4. AVOID ਜੁੱਗ as the rendering for ‘age’ — the standard Punjabi/Indic word for the four cosmic ages of Hindu cosmology repeating in an endless cyclical Great Year, a cyclical-time framework this doctrine must not import. Use ਸਮਾਂ or ਦੌਰ instead, preserving the NT’s linear, once-for-all historical framework.
New Creation
Approved rendering: ਨਵੀਂ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ
Transliteration: navi sirjana
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 6:15, the letter’s climactic answer to the circumcision controversy. Must be clearly distinguished from ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ (reincarnation/rebirth, already Critically forbidden in the Romans baseline for ‘resurrection’) — a decisive, one-time, forward-moving act establishing a genuinely new identity, not a repeated rebirth cycle. Mandatory translator note at every occurrence.
Guardian Paidagogos
Approved rendering: ਰਾਖਾ
Transliteration: rakha
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰੂ, ਉਸਤਾਦ, ਸਿੱਖਿਅਕ
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:24-25: ‘the law was our guardian until Christ came… we are no longer under a guardian.’ MUST NOT be rendered with ਗੁਰੂ, ਉਸਤਾਦ, or ਸਿੱਖਿਅਕ, all of which carry connotations of an ongoing teacher-disciple relationship inappropriate to the paidagōgos’s temporary, subordinate, custodial role. Requires a teaching note explaining the unfamiliar Greco-Roman household role.
Elemental Principles
Approved rendering: ਸੰਸਾਰ ਦੀਆਂ ਮੁੱਢਲੀਆਂ ਗੱਲਾਂ
Transliteration: sansaar diyan muddhliyan gallan
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 4:3,9. Must NOT be rendered in a way suggesting the literal ਪੰਚ ਤੱਤ (five-elements cosmology) or astrological forces, both live folk-religious categories in Punjab. Requires an explanatory teaching note clarifying this is a temporal/spiritual-maturity concept, not a physical or astrological cosmology.
Heir Inheritance
Approved rendering: ਵਾਰਸ / ਵਿਰਾਸਤ
Transliteration: waras / virasat
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος / κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:29;4:1,7. ਵਾਰਸ is a well-established Perso-Arabic loanword in everyday Punjabi land-inheritance usage (agrarian culture) — strong natural resonance, but the spiritual inheritance in view must not be collapsed into ordinary property-inheritance expectations.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ ਦੀ ਬਿਵਸਥਾ
Transliteration: Masih di bivastha
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
NEW, reuses baseline ਬਿਵਸਥਾ. Galatians 6:2. Requires a translator note distinguishing this from the Mosaic ਬਿਵਸਥਾ critically discussed throughout ch.2-5 — ‘the law of Christ’ is the love-fulfilled ethical pattern of the gospel (cf. 5:14), not a reintroduction of law-works as a ground of righteousness.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: ਸੁੰਨਤ
Transliteration: sunnat
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Circumcision and the New Creation
NEW. Occurs at 5:2,3,6,11;6:12,13,15 — Paul’s central polemical target across chapters 5-6. ਸੁੰਨਤ is standard South Asian vocabulary but is most immediately associated in contemporary Punjab with Islamic religious practice, since it is not customarily practiced among Sikhs or Hindus. Requires an explanatory bridge establishing circumcision as the specific OT Jewish covenant-sign at issue in the first-century church controversy, distinguished from its contemporary Islamic association. Flag for theologian review at every occurrence.
Freedom
Approved rendering: ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ
Transliteration: azadi
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:4;5:1,13 — the letter’s central positive theme. ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ carries powerful political-historical resonance in Punjab, inseparably associated with 1947 Partition-independence and, more pointedly, the Khalistan political-freedom movement and Sikh martial ‘freedom struggle’ self-understanding. Every occurrence requires a clarifying frame that this is spiritual freedom from the law’s condemnation and sin’s dominion, not a political-sovereignty program. Flag for theologian review at 2:4, 5:1, 5:13.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: ਗੁਲਾਮੀ ਦਾ ਜੂਲਾ
Transliteration: ghulami da joola
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 5:1, the letter’s climactic freedom-teaching. The ox-yoke (ਜੂਲਾ) is a vivid, immediately recognizable image in Punjab’s agrarian culture — genuine natural resonance — but the doctrinal weight (returning to law-works as self-imposed bondage) must be taught clearly alongside the image so it is not read merely as a statement against hard work or duty in general.
Flesh
Approved rendering: ਸਰੀਰ
Transliteration: sharir
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ਦੇਹ (too literal/clinical)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Dual-register term: neutral/physical sense (e.g. 2:20, ‘the life I now live in the flesh’ — Medium risk in that sense) vs. moral/doctrinal sense concentrated in ch.5 (5:13,16,17 x2,19,24;6:8,12,13 — High risk). Punjabi has no lexeme pair matching this Greek distinction as cleanly as some target languages; ਸਰੀਰ covers both, and context/teaching notes, not vocabulary substitution, must carry the distinction. Must not imply the physical body is inherently evil; must also be distinguished from Sikh/Hindu ਮਾਇਆ (worldly illusion) or ਮਨ (mind/self-will) as the source of spiritual struggle.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: ਆਤਮਾ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਚੱਲਣਾ
Transliteration: Atma de anusaar chalna
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: περιπατέω πνεύματι
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 5:16,25. Reuses baseline ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ theology; must be read as the personal, indwelling Holy Spirit’s guidance, not an impersonal spiritual force or generic ‘spirituality.’ The practical, ongoing counterpart to the once-for-all ‘crucified with Christ’ identity of 2:20.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: ਸਰੀਰ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ
Transliteration: sharir de kamm
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 5:19-21, the vice-list excluding from inheriting ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ (5:21). Reuses ਸਰੀਰ; contrasts sharply, both grammatically (plural ‘works’) and theologically, with the singular ‘fruit’ of the Spirit.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: ਆਤਮਾ ਦਾ ਫਲ
Transliteration: Atma da phal
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 5:22-23. The singular ਫਲ must be preserved rather than treated as nine separately achieved virtues. Must be explicitly distinguished from ਆਤਮਿਕ ਦਾਤਾਂ (spiritual gifts, baseline Medium risk) — gifts are Spirit-given abilities for ministry; fruit is Spirit-grown character. Comparison (not equivalence) with the Sikh Five Virtues/Five Vices ethical framework is a genuine point of contact requiring careful, non-collapsing teaching notes.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: ਪਿਆਰ ਦੇ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਨਿਹਚਾ
Transliteration: pyar de rahin kamm karan vali nihcha
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: πίστις δι᾽ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 5:6. Reuses baseline ਨਿਹਚਾ. Requires a translator note distinguishing this from ਬਿਵਸਥਾ ਦੇ ਕੰਮ (works of the law, Critical, ch.2): this is the fruit and evidence of genuine faith, not a meritorious addition co-grounding justification alongside faith. Subtle distinction, easily blurred; flag for theologian review.
Medium Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: ਅੱਬਾ
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:6, identical construction to Romans 8:15. Preserve the Aramaic transliteration alongside ਪਿਤਾ with a brief explanatory note on its intimate, filial meaning.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da Raj
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 5:21, the exclusion-clause following the works-of-the-flesh list. Same political-Khalsa-Raj caution documented in the baseline applies.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ਪਰਾਈਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ
Transliteration: paraiyan kaumaan
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:16;2:2,8,9,12,14,15;3:8,14. Ensure ਕੌਮਾਂ is read generically, not as reference to the specific Sikh Qaum.
Israel
Approved rendering: ਇਸਰਾਏਲ
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 6:16.
Sinner
Approved rendering: ਪਾਪੀ
Transliteration: papi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
NEW, built from established baseline ਪਾਪ. Galatians 2:15,17;3:22. Preserve Paul’s ironic, socially-loaded use of the Jewish slur ‘Gentile sinners’ at 2:15,17, not merely its bare moral sense.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: ਅਪਰਾਧੀ
Transliteration: apradhi
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 2:18. Standard Punjabi legal/moral term; must be read in this forensic sense, not as a colloquial caste/social slur.
Boast
Approved rendering: ਮਾਣ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: maan karna
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 6:13-14 — contrasts the false teachers’ boasting in circumcision-numbers with Paul’s exclusive boasting in the cross, closing the letter with the same cross-centered theme as the core passage (2:19-20). Preserve the sharp positive/negative contrast.
Tradition
Approved rendering: ਪਰੰਪਰਾਵਾਂ
Transliteration: parampravan
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Apostleship
NEW. Galatians 1:14. Ordinary Punjabi word for inherited customs; Punjab’s own strong sense of inherited religious-communal tradition gives this word natural resonance for illustrating Paul’s struggle with heritage versus gospel truth.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: ਕਪਟ
Transliteration: kapat
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:13, describing Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship under pressure — directly relevant to Unity of Jews and Gentiles. Render with enough narrative force to convey the seriousness of Peter’s public inconsistency.
Baptism
Approved rendering: ਬਪਤਿਸਮਾ ਦੇਣਾ
Transliteration: baptisma dena
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: βαπτίζω
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 3:27. Established Christian loanword/practice term across the Punjabi Bible tradition; ensure consistent noun/verb form usage across documents.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਦੇ ਭਾਰ ਚੁੱਕੋ
Transliteration: ikk dooje de bhaar chuko
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη ἀλλήλων
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:2. A genuine teaching opportunity, not a collision risk: this communal, mutual responsibility contrasts instructively with the individually-accrued, generally non-transferable nature of karma in mainstream Hindu and Sikh popular thought. Flag for native speaker review so the communal warmth lands naturally within ਸੰਗਤ life.
Put On Christ
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ ਨੂੰ ਪਹਿਨ ਲਿਆ
Transliteration: Masih nu pehn liya
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ἐνδύω
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 3:27, immediately followed by the unity declaration of 3:28. Vivid, natural Punjabi clothing-metaphor; ensure it is not read as merely outward/ritual rather than the deep identity-transformation Paul intends.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਇਸਰਾਏਲ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW, phrase built on baseline ਇਸਰਾਏਲ. Galatians 6:16, the letter’s closing benediction-phrase, naming the church (Jew and Gentile united in Christ) as the true covenant people. Be aware of contemporary political sensitivity around the proper name Israel, noted in the Romans baseline.
Blessing
Approved rendering: ਬਰਕਤ
Transliteration: barkat
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: ਅਸੀਸ
Original: εὐλογία / εὐλογέω
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:8,9,14, ‘the blessing of Abraham’ coming to the Gentiles in Christ. ਬਰਕਤ preferred over ਅਸੀਸ, rejected because it more specifically connotes a blessing conferred by an elder, saint, or Guru-figure and could imply the blessing flows through a human spiritual intermediary rather than directly from God’s covenant promise.
Nullify
Approved rendering: ਰੱਦ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: radd karna
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἀθετέω
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 2:21 (‘I do not nullify the grace of God’) and 3:15 (‘no one nullifies a covenant’). Standard Punjabi verb; no theological collision, but check for consistent use wherever this argument-pattern recurs.
Died In Vain
Approved rendering: ਵਿਅਰਥ
Transliteration: viarth
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 2:21. A deliberate Greek wordplay with δωρεά/χάρις (gift/grace) is lost in Punjabi; ਵਿਅਰਥ conveys ‘in vain’ plainly but the gift-wordplay must be surfaced in accompanying teaching material, not the verse text itself.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: ਉੱਪਰਲਾ ਯਰੂਸ਼ਲਮ
Transliteration: upparla Yerushalam
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἄνω
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 4:26. Symbolic/eschatological term; ensure it is not misunderstood as endorsing or referencing any contemporary political claim regarding the earthly city of Jerusalem, a sensitivity already noted for ਇਸਰਾਏਲ in the Romans baseline.
Corruption Decay
Approved rendering: ਬਰਬਾਦੀ / ਨਾਸ
Transliteration: barbadi / nash
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φθορά
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 6:8. Standard Punjabi vocabulary for ruin/destruction contrasted with eternal life; ensure the final, eschatological (not merely temporal) sense is clear from context.
Enslave
Approved rendering: ਗੁਲਾਮ ਬਣਾਉਣਾ
Transliteration: ghulam banauna
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: καταδουλόω
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:4;4:9 — what the false brothers sought to do by re-imposing law-observance. Standard Punjabi vocabulary; functions as the direct antonym pole of ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ.
Slavery
Approved rendering: ਗੁਲਾਮੀ / ਗੁਲਾਮੀ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: ghulami / ghulami karna
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεία / δουλεύω
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 4:8,9,24,25;5:1. Standard vocabulary, pairs with ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ as its antonym pole across the letter.
Free Woman Bondwoman
Approved rendering: ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਇਸਤਰੀ / ਦਾਸੀ
Transliteration: azad istri / dasi
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθέρα / παιδίσκη
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 4:22-23,30-31. ਦਾਸੀ is an established Punjabi Old Testament term; ਆਜ਼ਾਦ reuses the same root as ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ, reinforcing the freedom/slavery contrast across the chapter.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: ਪਿਆਰ
Transliteration: pyar
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: ਪ੍ਰੇਮ (bhakti-devotional, human-to-divine direction)
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 2:20 (Christ’s self-giving love for Paul, divine-to-human direction) and 5:6,13-14,22 (mutual/horizontal love among believers). ਪਿਆਰ is the standard warm Punjabi term with no direct doctrinal collision, but ਪ੍ਰੇਮ is rejected as a substitute since it reverses the directionality Paul intends at 2:20. Preserve the directionality distinction in surrounding teaching material.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ਸੰਗਤ
Transliteration: sangat
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ਦੋਸਤੀ
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:9, ‘the right hand of fellowship.’ Positive, natural-fit term.
Tree Wood
Approved rendering: ਰੁੱਖ / ਲੱਕੜ
Transliteration: rukkh / lakkarh
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: ξύλον
Category: Christology
NEW. Galatians 3:13 (‘cursed is everyone who is hanged on a tree,’ citing Deuteronomy 21:23). Straightforward OT-citation vocabulary; ensure the connection to ਸਲੀਬ is made clear in surrounding teaching notes.
May It Never Be
Approved rendering: ਇਹ ਕਦੇ ਨਾ ਹੋਵੇ!
Transliteration: ih kade na hove!
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: μὴ γένοιτο
Category: Gospel
NEW. Galatians 2:17. Idiom-handling: convey the emphatic rhetorical force naturally rather than word-for-word.
Judaism
Approved rendering: ਯਹੂਦੀ ਧਰਮ
Transliteration: Yahudi Dharm
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Apostleship
NEW. Galatians 1:13,14, establishing Paul’s credibility as a former zealous Torah-observant Jew. ਧਰਮ is acceptable here as an ordinary, descriptive word for ‘a religion’ in a purely historical sense — distinct from the CRITICAL prohibition on ਧਰਮ as a rendering of ‘righteousness.’ Document this dual rule clearly so translators are not confused.
Walk Uprightly
Approved rendering: ਸਿੱਧੀ ਚਾਲ ਚੱਲਣਾ
Transliteration: siddhi chaal chalna
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὀρθοποδέω
Category: Apostleship
NEW. Galatians 2:14, the standard by which Peter’s inconsistent behavior is judged. Natural Punjabi idiom, anticipating ch.5’s ‘walk by the Spirit’ language.
Pillars
Approved rendering: ਥੰਮ੍ਹ
Transliteration: thammh
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:9. Natural Punjabi architectural metaphor for recognized church leaders (James, Cephas, John); no theological collision.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: ਯਿਸੂ ਦੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ
Transliteration: Yisu de nishaan
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:17, Paul’s closing appeal to his suffering as evidence of authentic apostleship. Standard Punjabi word for ‘marks/signs’; coincidental (non-doctrinal) vocabulary overlap with Sikh Nishan symbolism (Nishan Sahib flag) worth noting but not a collision.
Hagar Sarah
Approved rendering: ਹਾਜਰਾ / ਸਾਰਾਹ
Transliteration: Hajra / Sarah
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἄγαρ / Σάρρα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:22-31. Established Old Testament proper-name forms consistent with the Punjabi Old Testament (ਉਤਪਤ) tradition.
Allegory
Approved rendering: ਰੂਪਕ ਵਜੋਂ
Transliteration: rupak vajon
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορέω
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:24, applied to the Hagar-Sarah narrative. Literary-device term with low doctrinal collision risk but requiring teaching-note support since typological OT interpretation is an unfamiliar reading strategy for readers with low OT narrative literacy.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: ਬੀਜਣਾ / ਵੱਢਣਾ
Transliteration: beejna / vaddhna
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 6:7-8. A rare purely ‘opportunity’ entry: Punjab is historically and culturally India’s foremost agricultural region, so this sowing-and-reaping moral-consequence image requires no cultural bridging and lands with immediate, vivid force.
Referenced passages