Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Gospel of Mark | English → Punjabi
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all 16 chapters of Mark. It extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Section A lists terms reused exactly from the Romans baseline as they recur in Mark. Section B lists new terms required specifically by Mark’s narrative-Gospel content, formatted to be loaded directly into an extended translation memory in Phase 2.
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly in Mark
| Term | Punjabi Rendering | Risk | Key Mark Citations | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ | Critical | 1:1, 15; 12:26-27; 15:34 | Never ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ/ਭਗਵਾਨ |
| Jesus | ਯਿਸੂ | Critical | throughout | Never ਈਸਾ |
| Holy Spirit | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ | Critical | 1:8, 10, 12; 3:29; 13:11 | Never ਬ੍ਰਹਮ/ਜੋਤ |
| Son of God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ | Critical | 1:1, 11; 3:11; 9:7; 15:39 | Full phrase required; keep distinct from “Son of Man” (Sec. B) |
| Father | ਪਿਤਾ | Critical | 8:38; 13:32; 14:36 | — |
| Abba | ਅੱਬਾ | Medium | 14:36 | Preserve transliteration with gloss |
| Lord | ਪ੍ਰਭੂ | Critical | 1:3; 2:28; 5:19; 11:3, 9-10; 12:36-37 | Never ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ; keep distinct from negative “lord it over” (Sec. B) |
| Messiah/Christ | ਮਸੀਹ | Critical | 1:1; 8:29; 14:61-62; 15:32 | — |
| Resurrection | ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ | Critical | 6:14; 9:9-10; 12:18-27; 16:6 | Never ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ/ਆਵਾਗਵਣ |
| Gospel | ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ | High | 1:1, 14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 16:15 | — |
| Faith | ਨਿਹਚਾ | High | 2:5; 4:40; 5:34; 9:24; 10:52; 11:22-24 | — |
| Kingdom of God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ | Medium | 1:15; 4:11, 26-32; 9:1; 10:14-15, 23-25; 14:25 | — |
| Sin | ਪਾਪ | High | 1:4-5; 2:5-10; 3:28-29 | — |
| Apostle | ਰਸੂਲ | High | 3:14; 6:30 | Never ਗੁਰੂ |
| Law | ਬਿਵਸਥਾ | High | 7:5-13; 10:3-5; 12:28-31 | — |
| Gentiles/nations | ਪਰਾਈਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ | Medium | 10:33, 42; 11:17; 13:10 | Verify not misread as qaum-identity |
| Glory | ਮਹਿਮਾ | High | 8:38; 10:37; 13:26 | Never ਜੋਤ |
| Power of God | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ | High | 5:30; 9:1; 12:24; 13:26 | Never ਸ਼ਕਤੀ |
| David | ਦਾਊਦ | Medium | 2:25; 10:47-48; 11:10; 12:35-37 | Base for new “Son of David” compound (Sec. B) |
| Israel | ਇਸਰਾਏਲ | Medium | 12:29; 15:32 | — |
| Covenant | ਨੇਮ | High | 14:24 | Base for new “blood of the covenant” compound (Sec. B) |
| Election | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਚੋਣ | High | 13:20 (root) | Base for new “elect/chosen” term (Sec. B) |
| Providence | ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ | High | 10:40 (implied) | — |
| Mission | ਪਰਚਾਰ | Medium | 3:14; 6:7-13; 13:10; 16:15 | — |
| Prophet | ਨਬੀ | Low | 1:2; 6:4, 15; 8:28 | — |
| Prophecy | ਭਵਿੱਖਬਾਣੀ | Low | 1:2-3; 13:14 (Daniel background) | — |
| Church (assembly, forward-looking use) | ਮੰਡਲੀ | Medium | not in Mark’s text directly; retained for cross-curriculum consistency | No occurrence requiring active use |
| Holy | ਪਵਿੱਤਰ | Medium | 1:24; 6:20; 8:38 | — |
| Righteousness | ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ | Critical | (thematic; not a frequent Markan noun) | Never ਧਰਮ |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Mark (require extended translation memory entries)
| Term (English) | Category | Risk | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Definition | Translation Notes | Punjabi Term |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teacher/Rabbi (address to Jesus) | Christology / Address | High | διδάσκαλε / ῥαββί / ῥαββουνί | didaskale / rabbi / rabbouni | Formal respectful address to Jesus as instructor. | NEVER ਗੁਰੂ (reserved for the Ten Gurus/Guru Granth Sahib). Also avoid transliterating “Rabbi” as ਰੱਬੀ, which phonetically resembles ਰੱਬ (the common colloquial Punjabi word for “God”) and could cause confusion. | ਉਸਤਾਦ |
| Son of Man | Christology | Critical | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | Jesus’ self-designation fusing genuine humanity with Daniel 7’s exalted, authoritative figure. | Must be kept terminologically distinct from “Son of God” (ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ) — both are essential and non-interchangeable. No Sikh/Hindu category (avatar, guru, enlightened soul) supplies an equivalent; requires explanatory framing at first occurrence (2:10). | ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ |
| Servant | Discipleship / Servanthood | High | διάκονος | diakonos | One who serves/attends to others; kingdom greatness redefined as service. | Overlaps positively with Sikh ਸੇਵਾ (selfless service) but must always be anchored explicitly to Christ’s own pattern (Mark 10:45), not treated as an independently meritorious virtue. | ਸੇਵਕ |
| Slave/Bondservant | Discipleship / Servanthood | High | δοῦλος | doulos | Total, status-erasing self-subjection to others’ good; stronger than διάκονος. | Prefer ਦਾਸ over ਗੁਲਾਮ. Caste-sensitive: must be framed as mutual subjection commanded toward “all,” reversing rather than reinforcing any caste-linked servant hierarchy. | ਦਾਸ |
| Ransom | Ransom for Many / Atonement | Critical | λύτρον | lytron | The price paid to redeem/release from bondage; substitutionary payment for sin. | Never ਪ੍ਰਾਸਚਿਤ (Hindu self-performed penance/expiation — relocates the atoning act to the sinner). Requires a mandatory clarifying gloss on every load-bearing occurrence (10:45; 14:24), parallel to the baseline’s mukti-gloss: Christ pays, the sinner receives. | ਛੁਟਕਾਰੇ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਲ |
| Substitution (“for/instead of many”) | Ransom for Many / Atonement | High | ἀντὶ πολλῶν | anti pollōn | ἀντί = substitutionary “in place of”; πολλῶν = “the many,” echoing Isaiah 53. | Render with ਦੇ ਥਾਂ/ਦੇ ਬਦਲੇ, not the weaker ਲਈ, to preserve the substitution sense. “Many” must not be read as excluding any caste/qaum group (cf. Universal Scope of the Gospel doctrine). | ਦੇ ਥਾਂ / ਦੇ ਬਦਲੇ |
| Cup (metaphorical) | Necessity of the Cross | Medium-High | ποτήριον | potērion | Literal drinking vessel; OT metaphor for God’s judgment/appointed suffering. | Literal Punjabi word is transparent only as a physical cup; metaphorical weight (bearing judgment) must be carried by footnote/context. | ਪਿਆਲਾ |
| Baptism (ritual and metaphorical) | Discipleship / Suffering | Critical | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | Ritual immersion; metaphorically, immersion into Christ’s suffering (10:38-39). | Extends baseline ਬਪਤਿਸਮਾ. Must stay distinct from Sikh Amrit Sanskar and Hindu ritual ਇਸ਼ਨਾਨ throughout Mark, in both literal and metaphorical uses. | ਬਪਤਿਸਮਾ |
| Authority | Jesus’ Authority | High | ἐξουσία | exousia | Jesus’ inherent, unmediated right/power to teach, forgive, heal, exorcise, and delegate. | Must be kept distinct from the negative “domineering” sense of the same root in 10:42 (κατεξουσιάζω). Never rendered so as to blur with worldly political power. | ਅਧਿਕਾਰ |
| Lord it over / domineer | Servanthood vs. Greatness | High | κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω | katakyrieuō / katexousiazō | To exercise oppressive, self-serving dominance over others. | Shares a root with κύριος (“Lord,” ਪ੍ਰਭੂ) and ἐξουσία (“authority,” ਅਧਿਕਾਰ). Must NOT be rendered with either of those roots; use ਹਕੂਮਤ ਕਰਨਾ/ਦਬਾਉਣਾ to keep the contrast with Christ’s true Lordship and authority visible. | ਹਕੂਮਤ ਕਰਨਾ / ਦਬਾਉਣਾ |
| Unclean spirit / demon | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | High | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | Malevolent spiritual beings subject to Jesus’ word-only command. | Avoid colloquial ਭੂਤ-ਪ੍ਰੇਤ, which evokes Punjabi folk-exorcism practice; every account should show Jesus’ unmediated authority, not ritual technique. | ਅਸ਼ੁੱਧ ਆਤਮਾ |
| Rebuke / command to silence | The Messianic Secret | High | ἐπιτιμάω | epitimaō | A forceful verb of stern command, used both for silencing demons and for suppressing premature confession of Jesus’ identity. | Avoid ਹੁਕਮ (Sikh liturgical “Divine Order” of Waheguru); use ਵਰਜਣਾ/ਚਿਤਾਵਨੀ ਦੇਣੀ. | ਵਰਜਣਾ |
| Repentance | Discipleship | Medium-High | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | A turning of mind and life from sin toward God. | Recommend the established shared Perso-Arabic loanword, parallel to baseline’s ਰਸੂਲ/ਨਬੀ precedent; must convey turning to the personal God of the gospel, not generic self-improvement. | ਤੋਬਾ (ਕਰਨਾ) |
| Necessity (“must suffer”) | Necessity of the Cross | High | δεῖ | dei | Impersonal verb expressing divine necessity, not mere probability. | Render as clear divine necessity/plan; pair with Isaiah 53 background note for low-OT-literacy readers. | ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ |
| Cross / crucify | Necessity of the Cross | Critical | σταυρός / σταυρόω | stauros / stauroō | The literal Roman execution instrument/act; metaphorically, self-denying discipleship (8:34). | Never reduce to a generic “burden” metaphor; retain the concrete historical referent and its unique connection to atonement. | ਸਲੀਬ / ਸਲੀਬ ਦੇਣਾ |
| Transfiguration | Son of God / Deity of Christ | Critical | μεταμορφόω (μετεμορφώθη) | metamorphoō (metemorphōthē) | A visible, temporary unveiling of Jesus’ inherent divine glory. | Requires the same double theological bridge as baseline’s Incarnation caution: not avatar-descent (Hindu) and not a violation of ਨਿਰੰਕਾਰ formlessness (Sikh) — a unique, once-for-all unveiling. | ਰੂਪਾਂਤਰਣ |
| Gehenna / hell | Eschatology / Judgment | High | γέεννα | geenna | The place/state of final, unending divine judgment. | Shares the word ਨਰਕ with Hindu/Sikh cosmology, where narak is typically temporary within a rebirth cycle; must be explicitly distinguished as final and unending, following the one bodily resurrection. | ਨਰਕ |
| Blasphemy | Sin / Judgment | High | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | Slanderous speech; specifically, attributing the Spirit’s work to Satan (3:29) or Jesus’ self-declaration (14:64). | Avoid ਕੁਫ਼ਰ (specific Islamic theological weight); use ਨਿੰਦਿਆ qualified as needed. | ਨਿੰਦਿਆ |
| ”I am” (self-declaration) | Deity/Lordship of Christ | Critical | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | Jesus’ self-naming, plainly at 6:50 and climactically at 14:62, echoing OT divine self-declaration. | Requires theologian’s note connecting to Exodus 3:14’s divine “I AM,” especially at 14:62. | ਮੈਂ ਹਾਂ |
| Sanhedrin/council | Trial Narrative | Medium | συνέδριον | synedrion | The Jewish ruling council that tries Jesus. | Never ਮਹਾਸਭਾ (evokes the modern Hindu Mahasabha organization); prefer transliteration with footnote. | ਸਾਨਹੈਡਰਿਨ |
| Will (God’s will vs. human desire) | Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | θέλημα / θέλω | thelēma / thelō | Determined intention/desire; God’s will versus human/natural desire (Gethsemane). | Prefer ਮਰਜ਼ੀ (already positively idiomatic via “ਰੱਬ ਦੀ ਮਰਜ਼ੀ”) over ਇੱਛਾ, which carries Hindu-Buddhist “craving/attachment” connotations. | ਮਰਜ਼ੀ |
| Save / heal (double meaning) | Authority over Sickness / Salvation | High | σῴζω | sōzō | A single verb spanning physical healing and spiritual salvation/rescue. | In physical-healing contexts, use ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ/ਬਚਾਉਣਾ; reserve ਮੁਕਤੀ for the fuller eschatological sense so healing is not flattened into (or detached from) salvation. | ਬਚਾਉਣਾ / ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ |
| Eternal life | Salvation / Grace | High | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | Unending, personal, relational life with God, received as gift. | Distinguish sharply from mukti/moksha as release from an impersonal rebirth cycle; parallel to baseline’s mandatory ਮੁਕਤੀ-gloss treatment. | ਸਦੀਪਕ ਜੀਵਨ |
| Son of David | Messianic Promise | High | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | huios Dauid | A recognized messianic title rooted in the Davidic covenant. | Built on baseline ਦਾਊਦ; requires Davidic Covenant background explanation per existing baseline caution. | ਦਾਊਦ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ |
| Passover | Ransom for Many / Cross | High | πάσχα | pascha | The OT feast of deliverance from Egypt, reinterpreted at the Last Supper. | Requires Exodus background explanation; connects directly to the Ransom doctrine. | ਪਸਾਹ |
| Blood of the covenant | Necessity of the Cross / Ransom | Critical | τὸ αἷμα… τῆς διαθήκης | to haima… tēs diathēkēs | Jesus’ sacrificial, covenant-inaugurating blood, echoing Exodus 24 and Isaiah 53/the ransom saying. | Built on baseline ਨੇਮ. Must be framed as the once-for-all sacrificial fulfillment of Passover/Sinai, not a generic or repeatable ritual sacrifice. | ਨੇਮ ਦਾ ਲਹੂ |
| Elect / chosen | Providence / Assurance | High | ἐκλεκτός | eklektos | Those sovereignly chosen and preserved by God through tribulation. | Built on baseline ਚੋਣ root for consistency; never ਕਿਸਮਤ. | ਚੁਣੇ ਹੋਏ ਲੋਕ |
| Watch / be alert | Eschatology / Discipleship | Medium | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | Eschatological vigilance and readiness. | No collision; preserve active-readiness sense. | ਜਾਗਦੇ ਰਹੋ |
| Love (greatest commandment) | Ethics / Discipleship | Medium | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | agapē / agapaō | Committed, willed, self-giving love for God and neighbor. | Ensure it conveys willed self-giving, not mere sentimental affection or bhakti-style emotional devotion; anticipates the servanthood of 10:45. | ਪਿਆਰ |
| Fasting | Spiritual Discipline | High | νηστεία | nēsteia | Voluntary abstention from food as spiritual discipline. | ਵਰਤ carries strong Hindu ritual-merit associations (vows for this-worldly or religious merit); must be framed as voluntary discipline tied to Christ’s presence, never merit-earning. | ਵਰਤ |
| Aramaic cry of dereliction | Necessity of the Cross | Critical | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανι | Elōi Elōi, lema sabachthani | ”My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Ps 22:1). | Preserve the Aramaic transliteration with immediate Punjabi translation and a note connecting it to Psalm 22, parallel to baseline’s ਅੱਬਾ treatment. | ਏਲੋਈ ਏਲੋਈ ਲਮਾ ਸਬਖਤਨੀ |
| Temple veil | Necessity of the Cross | Medium | καταπέτασμα | katapetasma | The curtain separating the Holy of Holies, torn at Jesus’ death. | Requires OT temple-background note; symbolizes opened access to God through the cross. | ਪਰਦਾ |
| Betray / hand over | Necessity of the Cross | Medium | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | To hand over/deliver up (Judas’s treachery; also the passion narrative’s broader “handing over”). | Distinguish Judas’s treacherous human act from God’s sovereign redemptive plan operating through, not because of, that act. | ਫੜਾਉਣਾ |
| Leprosy / leper | Authority over Sickness | Medium | λεπρός | lepros | A serious skin disease rendering one ritually unclean and socially outcast under Torah. | No direct doctrinal collision; leprosy carries ongoing social stigma in Punjab — handle with pastoral sensitivity. | ਕੋੜ੍ਹੀ |
| Sabbath | Jesus’ Authority | Medium | σάββατον | sabbaton | The Mosaic seventh-day rest. | ”Lord of the Sabbath” (2:28) should use the same ਪ੍ਰਭੂ root as the baseline Lordship term to make the authority claim visible. | ਸਬਤ |
| Clean / unclean (ritual) | Universal Human Accountability | Medium | καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος | katharos / akathartos | Ritual purity categories, reinterpreted by Jesus as a matter of the heart. | Carries strong ritual-purity resonance (untouchability history) in Punjab; Jesus’ heart-centered redefinition is a positive teaching point worth making explicit. | ਸ਼ੁੱਧ / ਅਸ਼ੁੱਧ |
| Abomination of desolation | Eschatology | Medium-High | τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | to bdelygma tēs erēmōseōs | A specific apocalyptic desecrating sacrilege drawn from Daniel. | Requires mandatory OT (Daniel) background footnote; not a standalone rendering. | ਉਜਾੜ ਦੀ ਘਿਣਾਉਣੀ ਚੀਜ਼ |
| Legion | Authority over Demons | Low-Medium | Λεγιών | Legiōn | A Roman military unit name; the demoniac’s self-identification for the multitude of spirits within him. | Transliterate with a brief historical footnote; low doctrinal risk. | ਲਿਜਿਅਨ |
| Divorce | Ethics | Low-Medium | ἀπολύω | apolyō | Legal dissolution of marriage. | No major doctrinal collision; handle pastorally given contemporary sensitivity. | ਤਲਾਕ |
| Hosanna | Messianic Acclamation | Low | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | A Hebrew acclamation, “Save now!” | Transliterate with a brief gloss on its Hebrew meaning. | ਹੋਸ਼ੰਨਾ |
Cross-Reference to Doctrine Coverage
| Curriculum Doctrine | Key Terms (this glossary) |
|---|---|
| Jesus as Suffering Servant and Son of God | Son of Man, Son of God (Sec. A), Transfiguration, “I am,” Ransom, Blood of the covenant |
| The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Kingdom of God (Sec. A), Parable (drishtant), Watch/be alert |
| Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Faith (Sec. A), Cup, Will (marzi), “I am”/“do not be afraid” |
| The Necessity of the Cross | Necessity (dei), Cross/crucify, Blood of the covenant, Aramaic cry of dereliction, Temple veil |
| Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Servant (diakonos), Slave (doulos), Lord it over/domineer, Authority |
| The Messianic Secret | Rebuke/command to silence, “I am,” Son of Man, Son of God (Sec. A) |
| Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Authority, Unclean spirit/demon, Save/heal (sōzō), Sabbath, Leprosy, Clean/unclean |
| The Ransom for Many | Ransom, Substitution (“for/instead of many”), Blood of the covenant, Passover, Servant, Slave |
End of Core Glossary. See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter justification of every entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ, ਭਗਵਾਨ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ (ties God’s identity to the Sikh Guru-lineage revelation structure) or ਭਗਵਾਨ (Hindu-devotional option). Occurs throughout Mark, e.g. 1:1, 1:15, 12:26-27, 15:34 (Aramaic cry of dereliction retains direct address ‘my God’).
Jesus
Approved rendering: ਯਿਸੂ
Transliteration: Yisu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਈਸਾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਈਸਾ (Punjabi Muslim/Shahmukhi Christological form). Primary narrative subject throughout Mark.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ
Transliteration: Pavittar Atma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਬ੍ਰਹਮ, ਜੋਤ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਬ੍ਰਹਮ or ਜੋਤ. Mark occurrences: 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29 (blasphemy against the Spirit), 13:11.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da Puttar
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਦੇਵ-ਪੁਰਸ਼
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Full phrase required. Mark occurrences: 1:1, 1:11 (‘my beloved Son’), 3:11, 9:7, 15:39. Must remain terminologically distinct from the new Markan title ‘Son of Man’ (ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ, see Section 2); collapsing either into the other loses either co-equal divine Sonship or humble-suffering-humanity emphasis.
Lord
Approved rendering: ਪ੍ਰਭੂ
Transliteration: Prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਮਾਲਕ, ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ. Mark occurrences: 1:3, 2:28 (‘Lord of the Sabbath’), 5:19, 11:3, 11:9-10, 12:36-37. Must be kept formally distinct from the negative ‘lord it over’ root (κατακυριεύω, ਹਕੂਮਤ ਕਰਨਾ) at 10:42 — see Section 2.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ਮਸੀਹ
Transliteration: Masih
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 1:1, 8:29 (Peter’s confession, narrative hinge), 14:61-62, 15:32. Reinforce exclusivity against any avatar/guru-lineage framing across the whole book, not only at single verses.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ
Transliteration: punar-uthan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ, ਆਵਾਗਵਣ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਪੁਨਰ-ਜਨਮ or ਆਵਾਗਵਣ. Mark occurrences: 6:14, 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27, 16:6. Must be kept distinct from Jairus’s daughter’s mere resuscitation (5:35-43), rendered ਜੀਵਾਲਿਆ, not this term — see ‘talitha_koum’ in Section 2.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ਧਾਰਮਿਕਤਾ
Transliteration: dharmikta
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਨਿਆਂ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਧਰਮ. Not a frequent Markan noun, but the underlying doctrine is present wherever Jesus overturns works-based religious standing (e.g. the rich man, 10:17-27; the Pharisees’ tradition, 7:1-13).
Salvation
Approved rendering: ਮੁਕਤੀ
Transliteration: mukti
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਨਿਰਵਾਣ, ਮੋਖ, ਛੁਟਕਾਰਾ
Inherited from Romans package. Retained per established Punjabi Bible tradition, but every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence requires the mandatory Sikh/Christian mukti-distinguishing gloss. In Mark, reserve for the unmistakably eschatological sense; DO NOT use for physical-healing contexts of σῴζω (see save_heal_sozo, Section 2) — use ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ/ਬਚਾਉਣਾ there instead, to avoid multiplying the gloss burden and to preserve healing’s sign-value toward, without collapsing into, salvation.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ
Transliteration: Manukkh da Puttar
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of Man
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term for Mark, no Romans precedent. Fuses genuine, death-bound humanity with Daniel 7’s exalted, judgment-authorized figure. Must remain terminologically distinct from ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ (Son of God) — both are essential and non-interchangeable. No Sikh/Hindu category (avatar, guru, enlightened soul) supplies an equivalent fusion of humble humanity with divine judicial authority; requires explanatory framing at first occurrence (2:10). Occurs throughout, climactically at 10:45 and 14:62.
Ransom
Approved rendering: ਛੁਟਕਾਰੇ ਦਾ ਮੁੱਲ
Transliteration: chhutkare da mull
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ਪ੍ਰਾਸਚਿਤ
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark, requires mandatory gloss, no Romans precedent. NEVER ਪ੍ਰਾਸਚਿਤ — carries the Hindu devotional-penitential sense of self-performed expiation, which would relocate the atoning action from Christ to the sinner, the exact reversal of this doctrine. Every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence (10:45; cf. 14:24) MUST carry a translator gloss modeled on the baseline’s mandatory ਮੁਕਤੀ-gloss: Christ’s ransom is a substitutionary payment he makes on the sinner’s behalf, not a penance the sinner performs.
Baptism
Approved rendering: ਬਪਤਿਸਮਾ
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: Incarnation Confirmed at Jesus’ Baptism
Rejected alternatives: ਇਸ਼ਨਾਨ
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Sanctification
New term for Mark, extends established transliterated convention. Must stay distinct from Sikh Amrit Sanskar (Khalsa initiation) and Hindu ritual ਇਸ਼ਨਾਨ throughout, in both the literal sense (1:4-11) and the metaphorical suffering-immersion sense (10:38-39) — a double burden on a single term, since the same word must carry both senses while remaining visibly distinct from Sikh initiation ritual.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: ਸਲੀਬ / ਸਲੀਬ ਦੇਣਾ
Transliteration: salib / salib dena
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Christology
New term for Mark, established shared Christian/Islamic-Punjabi loanword. Never reduce to a generic ‘burden’ metaphor by analogy to Sikh ਸ਼ਹੀਦੀ (martyrdom) or ਧਰਮ ਯੁੱਧ (righteous struggle); retain the concrete historical referent and its unique connection to atonement. Occurs metaphorically at 8:34 (discipleship) and literally at 15:21-27 (execution) — keep both textually anchored to each other, not treated as unrelated senses.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: ਰੂਪਾਂਤਰਣ
Transliteration: roopantaran
Doctrine: Transfiguration and the Glory of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਅਵਤਾਰ
Original: μεταμορφόω (μετεμορφώθη)
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Requires the same double theological bridge the baseline mandates for Incarnation: not avatar-descent (Hindu-heritage risk) and not a violation of Waheguru’s revealed formlessness ਨਿਰੰਕਾਰ (Sikh-heritage risk). Teach explicitly as a unique, once-for-all unveiling of Christ’s own unchanging glory, not a repeatable divine appearance or descent. Occurs at 9:2-8.
I Am Self Declaration
Approved rendering: ਮੈਂ ਹਾਂ
Transliteration: main haan
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Ordinary grammatical form carries none of the Exodus 3:14 theophanic weight on its own; entirely dependent on an accompanying theologian’s note connecting it to the divine ‘I AM’ self-naming tradition. Occurs plainly at 6:50 (‘It is I; do not be afraid’) and climactically at 14:62, where the high priest calls the claim blasphemy.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: ਨੇਮ ਦਾ ਲਹੂ
Transliteration: nem da lahu
Doctrine: Covenant Blood and the New Covenant
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark, built on baseline ਨੇਮ. Must be framed as the once-for-all sacrificial fulfillment of Passover/Sinai (Exodus 24), not a generic or repeatable ritual sacrifice; pair with the ransom gloss from 10:45. Occurs at 14:24.
Aramaic Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: ਏਲੋਈ ਏਲੋਈ ਲਮਾ ਸਬਖਤਨੀ
Transliteration: Eloi Eloi lema sabachthani
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανι
Category: Christology
New term for Mark, transliteration-preserved parallel to baseline’s ਅੱਬਾ treatment. Preserve the Aramaic transliteration with immediate Punjabi translation (‘My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?’) and a brief note connecting it to Psalm 22:1. Occurs at 15:34, the emotional and theological climax of the Necessity of the Cross doctrine.
High Risk Terms
Father
Approved rendering: ਪਿਤਾ
Transliteration: Pita
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 8:38, 13:32, 14:36 (Gethsemane, paired with Abba).
Gospel
Approved rendering: ਖੁਸ਼ਖਬਰੀ
Transliteration: khushkhabri
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁਭ ਸਮਾਚਾਰ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1 opens the whole book with this word as a programmatic title; retain that title-like force. Further occurrences: 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 16:15.
Faith
Approved rendering: ਨਿਹਚਾ
Transliteration: nihcha
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਰਧਾ, ਸਿਦਕ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:24, 10:52, 11:22-24. Consistently paired against fear (ਡਰ) throughout Mark as a structural antithesis that must survive translation as a paired contrast, not just individual-verse renderings.
Sin
Approved rendering: ਪਾਪ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ਅਧਰਮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 1:4-5, 2:5-10 (forgiveness tied explicitly to Jesus’ divine authority — key deity-of-Christ proof text), 3:28-29.
Law
Approved rendering: ਬਿਵਸਥਾ
Transliteration: bivastha
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ਧਰਮ, ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਧਰਮ or ਸ਼ਰੀਅਤ. Mark occurrences: 7:5-13, 10:3-5, 12:28-31.
Glory
Approved rendering: ਮਹਿਮਾ
Transliteration: mahima
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਜੋਤ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਜੋਤ. Mark occurrences: 8:38, 10:37 (James and John’s misguided request, the core passage’s foil), 13:26. If ਮਹਿਮਾ drifts stylistically toward ਜੋਤ at 10:37 it would import the Sikh Guru-lineage light-transmission doctrine into a passage explicitly correcting a worldly view of glory.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ
Transliteration: Parmeshar di samratha
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਕਤੀ
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਸ਼ਕਤੀ. Mark occurrences: 5:30, 9:1, 12:24, 13:26.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ਨੇਮ
Transliteration: nem
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ਸਮਝੌਤਾ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:24 (‘my blood of the covenant’) is the key occurrence; base for the new compound ‘blood of the covenant’ (see blood_of_the_covenant, Section 2).
Election
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦੀ ਚੋਣ
Transliteration: Parmeshar di chon
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ਕਿਸਮਤ
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਕਿਸਮਤ. Root shared with Mark’s new ‘elect/chosen’ term (ਚੁਣੇ ਹੋਏ ਲੋਕ, see elect_chosen, Section 2), Mark 13:20, 13:22, 13:27.
Providence
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da prabandh
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ਕਿਸਮਤ, ਹੁਕਮ
Original: πρόνοια
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਕਿਸਮਤ; never substitute ਹੁਕਮ as the translation itself. Implicit in Mark 10:40 (‘for whom it has been prepared’, a divine-passive construction) and throughout the Passion narrative’s divine-passive constructions. High risk of drift since Greek’s passive gives no explicit Punjabi subject to anchor to.
Called
Approved rendering: ਸੱਦਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ
Transliteration: saddiya hoya
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ਬੁਲਾਇਆ ਹੋਇਆ
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Mark’s Calling of Disciples doctrine (1:16-20; 2:14; 3:13-19): Jesus’ sovereign summons of ordinary fishermen and a tax collector is God’s initiative, distinct from a devotee’s self-initiated search for a teacher/Guru, and distinct from impersonal ਕਿਸਮਤ.
Calling
Approved rendering: ਸੱਦਾ
Transliteration: sadda
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form; paired with ‘called’ for Mark’s Calling of Disciples doctrine.
Grace
Approved rendering: ਕਿਰਪਾ
Transliteration: kirpa
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ਮੇਹਰ, ਕਰਮ ਦਾ ਫਲ
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Mark 10:27 (‘with man this is impossible, but not with God’ — eternal life as gift, not human achievement) and 10:45’s ransom logic (Christ pays; the sinner receives). Every use must keep the source of grace explicitly Christ-centered, not Guru-mediated or Naam-simran-attained.
Teacher Rabbi
Approved rendering: ਉਸਤਾਦ
Transliteration: Ustad
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰੂ, ਰੱਬੀ, ਮਾਲਕ
Original: διδάσκαλε / ῥαββί / ῥαββουνί
Category: Address
New term for Mark. NEVER ਗੁਰੂ (reserved exclusively for the Ten Gurus/Guru Granth Sahib). Also avoid transliterating ‘Rabbi’ as ਰੱਬੀ, which phonetically resembles ਰੱਬ, the common colloquial Punjabi word for ‘God,’ risking readers hearing ‘they called him God’ where the text says only ‘they called him Teacher.’ Occurs at 4:38, 9:5, 9:17, 9:38, 10:17, 10:35, 10:51, 11:21, 12:14, 12:19, 12:32, 13:1, 14:45 — far higher frequency than any comparable Romans title.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: ਸੇਵਕ
Transliteration: sevak
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: ਸੇਵਾ (as a bare noun substitute)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
New term for Mark. Overlaps positively with Sikh ਸੇਵਾ (selfless service, central to Guru ka Langar) but every use must anchor this servanthood explicitly to Christ’s own pattern (10:45), never treated as an independently meritorious virtue detached from him. Occurs at 9:35, 10:43, 10:45.
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: ਦਾਸ
Transliteration: das
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਲਾਮ
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
New term for Mark. Prefer ਦਾਸ over ਗੁਲਾਮ (chattel-slavery connotation, explicitly rejected regardless of register). ਦਾਸ has devotional precedent in Punjabi religious poetry (‘Nanak das’) giving it dignity, though that usage describes submission to a deity/Guru, not mutual subjection among believers. Caste-sensitive: must be framed as commanded toward ‘all’ (πάντων), reversing rather than reinforcing caste-linked servant hierarchy. Occurs at 10:44.
Substitution Anti Pollon
Approved rendering: ਦੇ ਥਾਂ / ਦੇ ਬਦਲੇ
Transliteration: de thaan / de badle
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ਲਈ
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. Render with ਦੇ ਥਾਂ/ਦੇ ਬਦਲੇ, not the weaker ਲਈ, to preserve ἀντί’s substitutionary force; a weaker ਲਈ (‘for the sake of’) silently converts substitutionary atonement into mere general benefit-for-others language, losing the Isaiah 53 echo entirely. ‘Many’ (ਬਹੁਤਿਆਂ) must not be read as excluding any caste/qaum group. Occurs at 10:45.
Cup Metaphorical
Approved rendering: ਪਿਆਲਾ
Transliteration: piala
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. ਪਿਆਲਾ is transparent only as a literal drinking vessel; the metaphorical weight (bearing divine judgment/appointed suffering) must be carried by footnote/context, not by the word alone. No competing Sikh/Hindu term should be substituted. Occurs at 10:38-39 and 14:36 (Gethsemane).
Authority
Approved rendering: ਅਧਿਕਾਰ
Transliteration: adhikar
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ਕਤੀ
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
New term for Mark. Must be kept distinct from the negative ‘domineering’ sense of the same Greek root at 10:42 (κατεξουσιάζω, ਹਕੂਮਤ ਕਰਨਾ); never rendered so as to blur Jesus’ legitimate authority with worldly political power. Occurs at 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: ਹਕੂਮਤ ਕਰਨਾ / ਦਬਾਉਣਾ
Transliteration: hakumat karna / dabauna
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: any cognate of ਪ੍ਰਭੂ or ਅਧਿਕਾਰ
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
New term for Mark. Shares a root in Greek with κύριος (‘Lord’, ਪ੍ਰਭੂ) and ἐξουσία (‘authority’, ਅਧਿਕਾਰ). Must NOT be rendered with either root; use ਹਕੂਮਤ ਕਰਨਾ/ਦਬਾਉਣਾ to keep the contrast with Christ’s true Lordship and authority visible. This is a Critical rhetorical hinge for the core passage: if this term drifts toward sharing a root with ਪ੍ਰਭੂ or ਅਧਿਕਾਰ, Jesus’ entire contrast in 10:42-45 collapses. Occurs at 10:42.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: ਅਸ਼ੁੱਧ ਆਤਮਾ
Transliteration: ashudh atma
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: ਭੂਤ-ਪ੍ਰੇਤ
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Authority
New term for Mark. Avoid the colloquial ਭੂਤ-ਪ੍ਰੇਤ, deeply embedded in Punjabi folk-exorcism practice (village healers/pirs); every account must show Jesus’ unmediated, word-only authority, not ritual technique. Occurs at 1:23-27, 1:32-34, 3:11, 5:1-20, 7:24-30, 9:14-29.
Rebuke Command Silence
Approved rendering: ਵਰਜਣਾ
Transliteration: varajna
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: ਹੁਕਮ
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Avoid ਹੁਕਮ (the Sikh liturgical term for Waheguru’s Divine Order), which would tie the suppression of testimony to that specific doctrine rather than to Jesus’ own pedagogical timing. Use ਵਰਜਣਾ / ਚਿਤਾਵਨੀ ਦੇਣੀ consistently for both silencing demons and suppressing premature confession of Jesus’ identity. Occurs at 1:25, 1:34, 3:12, 8:30, 9:9.
Repentance
Approved rendering: ਤੋਬਾ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: toba karna
Doctrine: Repentance and Response to the Gospel
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. ਤੋਬਾ is a shared Perso-Arabic loanword, parallel to the baseline’s ਰਸੂਲ/ਨਬੀ precedent of unproblematic shared vocabulary. Must convey turning to the personal God of the specific gospel Jesus proclaims, not generic seasonal or ritual moral self-improvement. Occurs at 1:4-5, 1:15, 6:12.
Necessity Dei
Approved rendering: ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ
Transliteration: zaroori hai
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δεῖ
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Render as clear divine necessity/predetermined plan, not mere circumstantial inevitability; always pair with an Isaiah 53 background gloss at first occurrence (8:31) for a low-OT-literacy Punjabi audience. Occurs at 8:31 and implicitly at 9:31, 10:33-34.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: ਨਰਕ
Transliteration: narak
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness and Judgment
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
New term for Mark. Shares the word ਨਰਕ with Hindu/Sikh cosmology, where narak is typically a temporary consequence within an ongoing rebirth cycle. Must be explicitly distinguished as final and unending, following the one bodily resurrection (ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ), never a stage within ਆਵਾਗਵਣ. Occurs at 9:43-48.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: ਨਿੰਦਿਆ
Transliteration: ninda
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ਕੁਫ਼ਰ
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
New term for Mark. Avoid ਕੁਫ਼ਰ (specific Islamic theological weight — denial of core tenets, apostasy — that would import an unrelated doctrinal framework). Use ਨਿੰਦਿਆ, qualified as needed (‘ਪਵਿੱਤਰ ਆਤਮਾ ਦੀ ਨਿੰਦਿਆ’). Occurs at 3:28-30 (unforgivable sin) and 14:64 (Jesus’ ‘I am’ answer called blasphemy).
Save Heal Sozo
Approved rendering: ਬਚਾਉਣਾ / ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ
Transliteration: bachauna / changa karna
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σῴζω
Category: Miracles/Healing
New term for Mark. In physical-healing contexts use ਚੰਗਾ ਕਰਨਾ/ਬਚਾਉਣਾ; reserve ਮੁਕਤੀ for the fuller eschatological sense, so healing is neither flattened into nor detached from salvation. Occurs at 5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 6:56, 10:52 (Bartimaeus, immediately before the triumphal entry — flag as a probable double-sense passage requiring translator judgment, not a forced either/or).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ਸਦੀਪਕ ਜੀਵਨ
Transliteration: sadipak jiwan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. Distinguish sharply from mukti/moksha as release from an impersonal rebirth cycle; parallel to the baseline’s mandatory ਮੁਕਤੀ-gloss treatment. ‘With man this is impossible, but not with God’ (10:27) reinforces the baseline’s Grace doctrine — eternal life is gift, not achievement. Occurs at 10:17, 10:30.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: ਦਾਊਦ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ
Transliteration: Daud da Puttar
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
New term for Mark, built on baseline ਦਾਊਦ. Requires Davidic Covenant background explanation per existing baseline caution. Occurs at 10:47-48 (Bartimaeus’s cry, the clearest public messianic acclamation prior to the triumphal entry — notably NOT silenced, breaking the Messianic Secret pattern).
Passover
Approved rendering: ਪਸਾਹ
Transliteration: pasah
Doctrine: Covenant Blood and the New Covenant
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark, established Punjabi OT term. Requires Exodus-background explanation for readers unfamiliar with the Exodus narrative. Connects directly to the Ransom doctrine via the Last Supper setting. Occurs at 14:1, 14:12-16.
Elect Chosen
Approved rendering: ਚੁਣੇ ਹੋਏ ਲੋਕ
Transliteration: chune hoye lok
Doctrine: Election and Preservation of the Elect
Rejected alternatives: ਕਿਸਮਤ
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark, built on the baseline ਚੋਣ root for consistency. Never ਕਿਸਮਤ. God’s sovereign choice guarantees preservation and final gathering through tribulation. Occurs at 13:20, 13:22, 13:27.
Fasting
Approved rendering: ਵਰਤ
Transliteration: vrat
Doctrine: Spiritual Discipline
Original: νηστεία
Category: Spiritual Discipline
New term for Mark. ਵਰਤ carries strong Hindu ritual-merit associations (vows performed for this-worldly or religious merit, e.g. Karva Chauth, Navratri); no clean alternative exists. Must be framed as voluntary spiritual discipline tied to relationship with Christ’s presence, never merit-earning. Occurs at 2:18-22.
Medium Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: ਅੱਬਾ
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:36 (Gethsemane) is the only Gospel occurrence of this exact phrase; preserve transliteration with a brief gloss on its intimate, filial meaning, as ਅੱਬਾ is not native Gurmukhi religious vocabulary.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ਪਰਮੇਸ਼ੁਰ ਦਾ ਰਾਜ
Transliteration: Parmeshar da Raj
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 14:25. Reinforce that this is a spiritual reign growing organically (‘already, not yet’ via the parables), never a political-sovereignty program akin to Khalsa Raj.
Apostle
Approved rendering: ਰਸੂਲ
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰੂ, ਦੂਤ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ਗੁਰੂ. Mark occurrences: 3:14, 6:30. Kept distinct from the far higher-frequency address term ‘Teacher’ (see teacher_rabbi, Section 2).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ਪਰਾਈਆਂ ਕੌਮਾਂ
Transliteration: paraiyan kaumaan
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 10:33, 10:42 (worldly rulers generically), 11:17, 13:10. Verify ਕੌਮਾਂ is not misread as reference to a specific qaum-identity group.
Israel
Approved rendering: ਇਸਰਾਏਲ
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 12:29, 15:32.
Mission
Approved rendering: ਪਰਚਾਰ
Transliteration: prachar
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 3:14, 6:7-13, 13:10, 16:15.
Church
Approved rendering: ਮੰਡਲੀ
Transliteration: mandli
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, ਮੰਦਰ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ or ਮੰਦਰ. Word does not occur directly in Mark’s text; retained for cross-curriculum consistency, anticipated in the calling of the Twelve and the sending narratives.
Holy
Approved rendering: ਪਵਿੱਤਰ
Transliteration: pavittar
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ਸ਼ੁੱਧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 1:24 (the unclean spirit’s address to Jesus as ‘the Holy One of God’ — an ironic, involuntary confession of Jesus’ identity), 6:20, 8:38.
Sanhedrin
Approved rendering: ਸਾਨਹੈਡਰਿਨ
Transliteration: Sanhedrin
Doctrine: Passion Narrative: Betrayal and Trial
Rejected alternatives: ਮਹਾਸਭਾ
Original: συνέδριον
Category: Narrative/Trial
New term for Mark. Do NOT render as ਮਹਾਸਭਾ, which in the modern Indian context strongly evokes the unrelated Hindu Mahasabha political-religious organization. Prefer transliteration with a brief historical footnote (‘Jewish ruling council’). Occurs at 14:55; 15:1.
Will Divine And Human
Approved rendering: ਮਰਜ਼ੀ
Transliteration: marzi
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: ਇੱਛਾ
Original: θέλημα / θέλω
Category: Discipleship
New term for Mark, an opportunity term. Prefer ਮਰਜ਼ੀ over ਇੱਛਾ, which carries Hindu-Buddhist ‘craving/attachment’ connotations. ਮਰਜ਼ੀ already carries positive currency across Sikh, Hindu, and Muslim-Punjabi backgrounds via the common idiom ‘ਰੱਬ ਦੀ ਮਰਜ਼ੀ.’ Keep distinct from the plain-preference use at 10:36 (ਚਾਹੁੰਦੇ ਹੋ). Occurs at 10:36 (plain desire) and 14:36 (Gethsemane, submission to divine will).
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: ਜਾਗਦੇ ਰਹੋ
Transliteration: jagde raho
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness and Judgment
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
New term for Mark. No doctrinal collision; preserve the active-readiness sense, not passive waiting. Occurs at 13:33-37; 14:34, 14:37-38.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: ਪਿਆਰ
Transliteration: piyar
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics
New term for Mark. Ensure ਪਿਆਰ conveys committed, willed, self-giving love, not mere sentimental affection or bhakti-style emotional devotion; anticipates the servanthood of 10:45. Avoid framing this teaching as dutiful ਧਰਮ (religious duty). Occurs at 12:28-34.
Talitha Koum
Approved rendering: ਤਲਿਥਾ ਕੂਮ
Transliteration: Talitha koum
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ (for this passage)
Original: Ταλιθὰ κούμ
Category: Miracles/Healing
New term for Mark. Preserve the Aramaic transliteration with immediate translation (‘little girl, get up’). The girl’s restoration is ordinary mortal resuscitation, not Christ’s own unrepeatable resurrection; surrounding narrative must use ਜੀਵਾਲਿਆ (‘brought back to life’), NEVER ਪੁਨਰ-ਉਥਾਨ, so the two categories are never collapsed. Occurs at 5:41-42.
Temple Veil
Approved rendering: ਪਰਦਾ
Transliteration: parda
Doctrine: Temple Access and the Torn Veil
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Requires OT temple-background note for a low-OT-literacy Punjabi audience; symbolizes opened access to God through the cross, must not be treated as a mere narrative detail. Occurs at 15:38 (torn ‘from top to bottom’ at Jesus’ death).
Betray Hand Over
Approved rendering: ਫੜਾਉਣਾ
Transliteration: fadauna
Doctrine: Passion Narrative: Betrayal and Trial
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Narrative/Trial
New term for Mark. Distinguish Judas’s treacherous human act from God’s sovereign redemptive plan operating through, not because of, that act (14:21, ‘as it is written of him’). Occurs at 14:10, 14:18, 14:21, 14:42.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: ਕੋੜ੍ਹੀ
Transliteration: kodhi
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λεπρός
Category: Miracles/Healing
New term for Mark. No direct doctrinal collision; leprosy carries ongoing social stigma in Punjab — handle with pastoral sensitivity. Occurs at 1:40-45.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: ਸਬਤ
Transliteration: sabat
Doctrine: Sabbath and Fulfillment of the Law
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark, established OT Punjabi term. ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ (2:28) should use the same ਪ੍ਰਭੂ root as the Lordship doctrine to make the authority claim visible; a stylistic paraphrase avoiding ਪ੍ਰਭੂ here would silently weaken the Christological claim. Occurs at 1:21, 2:23-28, 3:1-6, 6:2.
Clean Unclean Ritual
Approved rendering: ਸ਼ੁੱਧ / ਅਸ਼ੁੱਧ
Transliteration: shudh / ashudh
Doctrine: Ritual Purity Reinterpreted
Original: καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος
Category: Sin
New term for Mark. Carries strong ritual-purity resonance in Punjab tied to caste and untouchability history; Jesus’ relocation of defilement to the heart, not external contact, is a positive point of contact worth teaching explicitly rather than merely translating past. Occurs at 7:1-23.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: ਉਜਾੜ ਦੀ ਘਿਣਾਉਣੀ ਚੀਜ਼
Transliteration: ujaad di ghinauni cheez
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness and Judgment
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
New term for Mark. Requires mandatory OT (Daniel) background footnote; not a standalone rendering. Occurs at 13:14.
Parable
Approved rendering: ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਂਤ
Transliteration: drishtant
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark, established Punjabi Bible term. Ensure the ‘hidden until revealed’ dimension of 4:11-12 is not lost. Occurs at 4:2-34; 12:1-12.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: ਖੂੰਜੇ ਦਾ ਪੱਥਰ
Transliteration: khunje da patthar
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: λίθον… κεφαλὴν γωνίας
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Requires OT (Psalm 118) background note for a low-OT-literacy audience; the rejected-stone-becomes-foundation typology is a rejection-then-vindication image of the Necessity of the Cross followed by vindication (resurrection). Occurs at 12:10-11.
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: ਦਾਊਦ
Transliteration: Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37. Base for the new compound ‘Son of David’ (see son_of_david, Section 2).
Prophet
Approved rendering: ਨਬੀ
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ਭਵਿੱਖਬਾਣੀ
Transliteration: bhavikhbani
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark occurrences: 1:2-3, 13:14 (Daniel background).
Legion
Approved rendering: ਲਿਜਿਅਨ
Transliteration: Legiōn
Doctrine: Exorcism and Authority over Demons
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Authority
New term for Mark. Transliterate with a brief historical footnote (Roman military unit); paraphrasing (‘a large number’) loses the demoniac’s ironic self-naming after an occupying army. Occurs at 5:9-15.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: ਬਆਲਜ਼ਬੂਲ
Transliteration: Beelzeboul
Doctrine: Exorcism and Authority over Demons
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Authority
New term for Mark. Transliterate; proper noun for a prince of demons, no substitution risk. Brief explanatory note recommended. Occurs at 3:22-30.
Divorce
Approved rendering: ਤਲਾਕ
Transliteration: talaq
Doctrine: Marriage and Creation Order
Original: ἀπολύω
Category: Ethics
New term for Mark, established shared Persian/Urdu-Punjabi loanword. No major doctrinal collision; handle pastorally given contemporary sensitivity. Occurs at 10:2-12.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: ਹੋਸ਼ੰਨਾ
Transliteration: hōsanna
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Acclamation
New term for Mark. Transliterate with a brief gloss on its Hebrew meaning (‘Save now!’, Psalm 118:25-26). Occurs at 11:9-10.
Referenced passages