Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Peter | English → Indonesian
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the full text of 2 Peter (chapters 1–3), for direct ingestion into an extended translation_memory.json for this curriculum. Terms already established in the baseline Romans Language Package are marked Reused and MUST carry the identical Indonesian rendering recorded in the baseline; no alternative rendering is proposed for these. New terms specific to 2 Peter are marked New and are proposed here for the first time, with a risk tier assigned using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and grounded, culture-specific reasoning documented in the baseline’s style.
Risk tier definitions (per baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json):
- Critical — Mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or syncretism risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — Mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding; automated review sufficient.
Glossary Table
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Indonesian Rendering | Status | Risk | Location(s) | Doctrine | Rationale / Collision Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| apostle | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | rasul | Reused | Critical | 1:1 | Apostleship | Baseline: distinguish NT office from the Islamic doctrine of a closed prophetic line culminating in Muhammad. |
| servant/slave | δοῦλος / doulos | hamba | New | Low | 1:1 | Christian Identity | Standard, well-established Alkitab TB rendering; minimal risk. |
| savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Juru Selamat | New | Critical | 1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18 | Deity of Christ | ”Our God and Savior Jesus Christ” (1:1, 3:18) identifies Jesus with God in a single title, directly asserting Christ’s deity — a direct collision with tawhid and the prohibition of shirk. Requires theologian review every occurrence. |
| faith | πίστις / pistis | iman | Reused | High | 1:1, 1:5 | Faith | Baseline: anchor to personal trust in Christ, not the Islamic six pillars of iman. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη / dikaiosynē | kebenaran | Reused | Critical | 1:1, 2:5, 2:21, 3:13 | Salvation | Baseline: forensic/relational standing, not mere factual truth or moral achievement. |
| grace | χάρις / charis | anugerah | Reused | High | 1:2, 3:18 | Grace | Baseline: unmerited gift, never rahmat or pahala. |
| peace | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | damai sejahtera | Reused | Medium | 1:2 | Peace with God | Baseline: relational peace with God, not mere greeting-word salam. |
| knowledge / full knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις, γνῶσις / epignōsis, gnōsis | pengenalan / pengetahuan | New | Medium | 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:6, 1:8, 2:20, 3:18 | Reliability of Scripture; Growing in Christian Virtue | Must be relational, personal knowing of Christ; avoid resonance with Sufi ma’rifah (mystical gnosis) or generic Islamic ‘ilm. |
| divine power | θεία δύναμις / theia dynamis | kuasa ilahi | New | High | 1:3, 1:16 | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Related to but distinct from baseline kuasa Allah; here supplies ongoing life and godliness, not only salvation. Must remain personal, not an impersonal cosmic force. |
| life and godliness | ζωὴ καὶ εὐσέβεια / zōē kai eusebeia | hidup dan kesalehan | New | High | 1:3 | Divine Nature; Growing in Christian Virtue | Kesalehan (godliness) risk inherited from eusebeia entry below. |
| promises | ἐπαγγέλματα / epangelmata | janji-janji | New | Medium | 1:4 | Divine Nature | God’s guaranteed pledges; standard vocabulary. |
| partakers of the divine nature | θείας κοινωνοὶ φύσεως / theias koinōnoi physeōs | mengambil bagian dalam kodrat ilahi | New | Critical | 1:4 | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Highest-risk phrase in 2 Peter. Direct collision with Islamic tanzih (God’s essence categorically unshareable with creatures) and the prohibition of shirk. Mandatory theologian-reviewed note: moral/relational transformation (reflecting God’s holy character), not ontological merger with God’s essence. |
| corruption | φθορά / phthora | kebinasaan | New | Medium | 1:4, 2:12, 2:19 | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Moral ruin/decay resulting from worldly desire; recurring theme across chs. 1–2. |
| desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | hawa nafsu | New | Medium | 1:4, 2:10, 2:18, 3:3 | Divine Nature; False Teachers | Illicit craving; standard vocabulary, low ambiguity beyond consistency. |
| virtue / excellence | ἀρετή / aretē | kebajikan | New | Low | 1:3, 1:5 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Moral excellence; low ambiguity. |
| self-control | ἐγκράτεια / enkrateia | penguasaan diri | New | Low | 1:6 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Standard term. |
| perseverance / steadfastness | ὑπομονή / hypomonē | ketekunan | New | Low | 1:6 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Standard term. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια / eusebeia | kesalehan | New | High | 1:3, 1:6, 1:7, 3:11 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Must be devotion flowing from relationship with Christ, not collapsed into ibadah (formal ritual religious duty/obligation), paralleling baseline’s “Separation unto God’s Service” (High). |
| brotherly kindness | φιλαδελφία / philadelphia | kasih akan saudara | New | Low | 1:7 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Standard term, minimal risk. |
| love | ἀγάπη / agapē | kasih | New | Medium | 1:7 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Well-established but broad term; ensure it retains self-giving, covenantal sense rather than generic affection. |
| calling and election | κλῆσις καὶ ἐκλογή / klēsis kai eklogē | panggilan dan pemilihan | Reused | Medium/High | 1:10 | Effectual Calling | Baseline: personal, relational, not takdir (impersonal decree); confirmed through fruit, not earned by works. |
| eternal kingdom | αἰώνιος βασιλεία / aiōnios basileia | Kerajaan yang kekal | Reused (extended) | Medium | 1:11 | Kingdom Mission | Baseline Kerajaan Allah extended with eternal modifier; distinguish from an earthly political kerajaan. |
| tent / body | σκήνωμα / skēnōma | kemah / tubuh | New | Low | 1:13–14 | Christian Identity | Figurative for the mortal body; minimal risk. |
| departure | ἔξοδος / exodos | kepergian | New | Low | 1:15 | Certainty of Christ’s Return (context) | Peter’s death as purposeful departure; minimal risk. |
| myths / fables | μῦθος / mythos | dongeng | New | Low | 1:16 | Reliability of Scripture | Contrast term with eyewitness testimony; must not be softened to neutral “story.” |
| power | δύναμις / dynamis | kuasa | New | Medium | 1:16 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Christ’s own displayed power at the Transfiguration; distinguish from generic supernatural power. |
| coming / Parousia | παρουσία / parousia | kedatangan | New | Critical | 1:16, 3:4, 3:12 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Direct collision with the Islamic doctrine of Isa’s subordinate, prophetic return (raj’at Isa); every occurrence needs a note distinguishing Christ’s return as sovereign divine Judge/King. |
| eyewitness | ἐπόπτης / epoptēs | saksi mata | New | Low | 1:16 | Reliability of Scripture | Firsthand observer; supports (does not threaten) the inspiration/reliability doctrine. |
| majesty | μεγαλειότης / megaleiotēs | keagungan | New | High | 1:16 | Deity of Christ (extension) | Majesty predicated directly of Christ; inherits deity-of-Christ sensitivity. |
| honor | τιμή / timē | hormat | New | Medium | 1:17 | Deity of Christ (context) | Low independent risk; inherits sensitivity from surrounding Critical terms. |
| glory | δόξα / doxa | kemuliaan | Reused | High | 1:17, 3:18 | Deity of Christ | Baseline term; here applied directly to Christ, reinforcing his deity. |
| the Majestic Glory (of God) | μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα / megaloprepēs doxa | Kemuliaan yang Mahamulia | New | High | 1:17 | Deity of God the Father | Reverent periphrasis for God the Father; must retain personal, relational sense. |
| Son (of God) | υἱός / huios | Anak | Reused | Critical | 1:17 | Sonship of Christ | Baseline son_of_god = Anak Allah; every occurrence requires theologian-reviewed note distinguishing eternal relational Sonship from physical procreation, explicitly denied of Allah in the Qur’an. |
| beloved | ἀγαπητός / agapētos | yang Kukasihi | New | Medium | 1:17 | Sonship of Christ | Marks exclusivity of the Son’s relationship to the Father; inherits sensitivity from υἱός. |
| well pleased | εὐδοκέω / eudokeō | berkenan | New | Low | 1:17 | Sonship of Christ | Standard rendering, minimal risk. |
| voice | φωνή / phōnē | suara | New | Low | 1:18 | Reliability of Scripture | Audible divine speech; supports reliability doctrine. |
| heaven | οὐρανός / ouranos | surga | New | Low | 1:18 | (general) | Source of the divine voice; standard vocabulary. |
| holy mountain | ἅγιος ὄρος / hagios oros | gunung yang kudus | Reused (ἅγιος) | Medium | 1:18 | Sanctification (context) | Baseline kudus; relational/theophanic set-apartness, not ritual-purity pilgrimage sacredness. |
| more sure / confirmed | βεβαιότερος / bebaioteros | lebih diteguhkan | New | Medium | 1:19 | Reliability of Scripture | Must not imply Scripture was previously uncertain; mutual confirmation, not correction. |
| prophetic word | προφητικὸς λόγος / prophētikos logos | firman para nabi | Reused (nabi/nubuat) | High | 1:19 | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Baseline nabi/nubuat; anchor to the closed OT canonical prophetic corpus, not an open-ended prophetic tradition. |
| lamp | λύχνος / lychnos | pelita | New | Low | 1:19 | Reliability of Scripture | Standard image; minimal risk. |
| dark place | αὐχμηρὸς τόπος / auchmēros topos | tempat yang gelap | New | Low | 1:19 | Reliability of Scripture | Minimal risk. |
| morning star | φωσφόρος / phōsphoros | bintang pagi | New | Medium | 1:19 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Anchor to eschatological hope (cf. Rev 22:16); avoid astrological/zodiacal association. |
| to rise / dawn | ἀνατέλλω / anatellō | terbit | New | Low | 1:19 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Minimal risk. |
| prophecy | προφητεία / prophēteia | nubuat | Reused | Low | 1:20, 1:21, 3:2 | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Baseline term; distinctively biblical-Indonesian, low Islamic-vocabulary overlap. |
| scripture / writing | γραφή / graphē | Kitab Suci | New | High | 1:20, 3:16 | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Anchors directly to canonical, authoritative status; must not be rendered generically as “buku.” |
| private interpretation / self-origination | ἰδία ἐπίλυσις / idia epilysis | penafsiran diri sendiri | New | Critical | 1:20 | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Doctrinal hinge: denies human-originated religious authority over the text. Requires a note distinguishing this from the Islamic doctrine that the Qur’an’s wording is not of Muhammad’s own composition, by clarifying the positive mechanism (Spirit-superintended human authorship, v. 21) rather than verbatim dictation. |
| will of man | θέλημα ἀνθρώπου / thelēma anthrōpou | kehendak manusia | New | Medium | 1:21 | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Excludes human initiative as prophecy’s origin; supports the Critical framing of v. 20. |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / pneuma hagion | Roh Kudus | Reused | Critical | 1:21 | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture; Sanctification | Baseline term; mandatory note distinguishing from Islamic “Ruh al-Qudus” (generally the angel Gabriel). Doctrinal center of 2 Peter’s inspiration teaching. |
| carried along / borne along | φερόμενοι / pheromenoi | digerakkan (oleh Roh Kudus) | New | Critical | 1:21 | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Precise inspiration mechanism: real divine causation without erasing human authorship — a middle position distinct from Islamic wahy (verbatim dictated revelation). Requires theologian review every occurrence. |
| men spoke from God | ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι / elalēsan apo theou anthrōpoi | orang-orang berbicara dari Allah | New | High | 1:21 | Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture | Affirms dual authorship (human + divine); reinforces without collapsing the inspiration doctrine. |
| false prophets | ψευδοπροφῆται / pseudoprophētai | nabi-nabi palsu | New | High | 2:1 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Anchor to OT-era false prophets within Israel’s covenant community; not a general polemic against other traditions’ prophetic figures. |
| false teachers | ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι / pseudodidaskaloi | guru-guru palsu | New | High | 2:1 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Anchor to teachers arising from within the professing Christian community — internal church-discipline concern. |
| destructive heresies | αἵρεσις ἀπωλείας / hairesis apōleias | ajaran sesat yang membinasakan | New | High | 2:1 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Doctrinal error with eternal consequences, not mere differing opinion. |
| Master (absolute owner) | δεσπότης / despotēs | Penguasa / Tuan | New | High | 2:1 | Lordship of Christ; Atonement | Absolute-ownership title grounded in the cross; distinguish from generic honorific. |
| bought / redeemed | ἀγοράζω / agorazō | menebus | New | High | 2:1 | Atonement/Redemption | Ties to atonement doctrine (Critical in the Romans baseline for propitiation language); treat with matching seriousness. |
| sensuality | ἀσέλγεια / aselgeia | hawa nafsu yang tidak terkendali | New | Medium | 2:2, 2:7, 2:18 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Unrestrained immorality promoted by false teachers. |
| angels who sinned | ἄγγελοι ἁμαρτήσαντες / angeloi hamartēsantes | malaikat-malaikat yang berbuat dosa | New | High | 2:4 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Direct collision with Islamic angelology, where malaikat are generally held incapable of sin (only the jinn Iblis rebelled); requires a distinguishing note. |
| Tartarus / chains of darkness | ταρταρόω, σειραὶ ζόφου / tartaroō, seirai zophou | neraka / belenggu kegelapan | New | Medium | 2:4 | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Holding place for judged angels awaiting final judgment; avoid conflating with the single final eschatological hell without qualification. |
| flood | κατακλυσμός / kataklysmos | air bah | New | Medium | 2:5, 3:6 | False Teachers; Final Judgment | Historical judgment-precedent; typologically paired with future fire-judgment in ch. 3. |
| Noah | Νῶε / Nōe | Nuh | New | Medium | 2:5 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Established Alkitab TB form; coincides with the Quranic Arabic name — anchor the specific typological point (judgment/salvation through water) explicitly. |
| preacher of righteousness | δικαιοσύνης κῆρυξ / dikaiosynēs kēryx | pemberita kebenaran | Reused (kebenaran) | Medium | 2:5 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Baseline kebenaran. |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα / Sodoma kai Gomorra | Sodom dan Gomora | New | Medium | 2:6 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Established Alkitab TB form; anchor the specific point (a divine pattern-example of judgment) rather than leaving it a vague shared reference with the Qur’anic “people of Lot.” |
| Lot / righteous | Λώτ, δίκαιος / Lōt, dikaios | Lot / orang benar | New | Medium | 2:7, 2:8 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Established Alkitab TB form, phonetically distinct from Qur’anic “Luth.” |
| day of judgment (kept for) | ἡμέρα κρίσεως / hēmera kriseōs | hari penghukuman | New | High | 2:9, 3:7 | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Cross-reference “Day of the Lord” below; general concept shared with Islamic yawm al-din, but here fixed to and coinciding with Christ’s own return. |
| irrational animals | ἄλογα ζῷα / aloga zōa | binatang yang tidak berakal | New | Low | 2:12 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Insulting comparison; minimal risk. |
| wages of unrighteousness | μισθὸς ἀδικίας / misthos adikias | upah kejahatan | New | Medium | 2:13, 2:15 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Just recompense for wrongdoing. |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ / Balaam | Bileam | New | Low | 2:15–16 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Established Alkitab TB form; minimal cross-tradition name-recognition overlap. |
| waterless springs / mists | πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι, ὁμίχλαι / pēgai anydroi, homichlai | mata air yang tidak berair / kabut | New | Low | 2:17 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Vivid images of empty promises; minimal risk. |
| great swelling words | ὑπέρογκα κενότητος / hyperogka kenotētos | kata-kata bombastis yang kosong | New | Low | 2:18 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Minimal risk. |
| freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία / eleutheria | kemerdekaan | New | Medium | 2:19 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Ironic false promise; pair with baseline’s grace-vs-license caution. |
| dog / washed sow (proverbial apostasy imagery) | κύων, ὗς λουσαμένη / kyōn, hys lousamenē | anjing yang kembali menjilat muntahnya sendiri / babi yang kembali berkubang | New | Medium | 2:20–22 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Proverbial imagery translates directly; be aware of strong ritual-uncleanness associations with dogs/pigs in Indonesian Islamic culture, which reinforce rather than undermine the passage’s force. |
| reminder | ὑπόμνησις / hypomnēsis | peringatan | New | Low | 3:1 | Reliability of Scripture (context) | Minimal risk. |
| scoffers / mockers | ἐμπαῖκται / empaiktai | pengejek | New | Medium | 3:3 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Predicted eschatological sign; deny the Parousia on grounds of apparent delay. |
| fell asleep (died) | κοιμάομαι / koimaomai | telah meninggal | New | Low | 3:4 | Certainty of Christ’s Return (context) | Euphemism for death; avoid overly literal rendering that obscures meaning. |
| heavens and earth kept for fire | οὐρανοὶ καὶ γῆ…πυρὶ τηρούμενοι / ouranoi kai gē…pyri tēroumenoi | langit dan bumi disediakan untuk dibakar | New | High | 3:7 | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Anchors final judgment to cosmic, not merely individual, divine action. |
| day of judgment and destruction | ἡμέρα κρίσεως καὶ ἀπωλείας / hēmera kriseōs kai apōleias | hari penghukuman dan kebinasaan | New | High | 3:7 | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | See “Day of the Lord” entry; common ground with Islamic eschatology should be affirmed while the Christ-centered specificity is made explicit. |
| one day as a thousand years | μία ἡμέρα…ὡς χίλια ἔτη / mia hēmera…hōs chilia etē | satu hari sama seperti seribu tahun | New | Medium | 3:8 | Certainty of Christ’s Return; Patience of God’s Timing | Answers the scoffers’ delay-argument; low collision risk. |
| God’s patience / not slow | βραδύνει, μακροθυμεῖ / bradynei, makrothymei | tidak lambat, Ia bersabar (kesabaran Allah) | New | High | 3:9 | Patience of God’s Timing | Purposeful, personal forbearance aimed at repentance — must not be read as impersonal qadar (fixed decree) merely awaiting its appointed time. |
| wills all to reach repentance | βούλεται πάντας εἰς μετάνοιαν χωρῆσαι / boulomai…eis metanoian chōrēsai | menghendaki agar semua orang berbalik dan bertobat | New | High | 3:9 | Patience of God’s Timing; Universal Scope of the Gospel | Preserve the unqualified “all” per the baseline’s universality-preservation rule. |
| repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | pertobatan | New | Medium | 3:9 | Patience of God’s Timing | Anchor to Spirit-enabled, Christ-oriented turning resulting in salvation; distinguish from Islamic tawbah evaluated within a deeds-and-mercy framework. |
| Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα κυρίου / hēmera kyriou | Hari Tuhan | Reused (Tuhan) | High | 3:10 | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | While a coming Day of Judgment is broadly shared with Islamic yawm al-qiyamah, this day is identified specifically and exclusively with the personal return of the Lord Jesus Christ as Judge. |
| thief | κλέπτης / kleptēs | pencuri | New | Low | 3:10 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Suddenness/unpredictability; minimal risk. |
| elements | στοιχεῖα / stoicheia | unsur-unsur alam | New | Low | 3:10, 3:12 | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Minimal risk. |
| new heavens and new earth | καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν / kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn | langit yang baru dan bumi yang baru | New | Medium | 3:13 | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Shared apocalyptic-renewal imagery; anchor to the OT-NT redemptive-historical thread (Isaiah → 2 Peter → Revelation). |
| righteousness dwells | δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ / dikaiosynē katoikei | tempat kebenaran berdiam | Reused (kebenaran) | Medium | 3:13 | The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Baseline kebenaran. |
| spotless and blameless | ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι / aspiloi kai amōmētoi | tak bercacat dan tak bercela | New | Low | 3:14 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Minimal risk. |
| patience (God’s, linked to salvation) | μακροθυμία / makrothymia | kesabaran | New | High | 3:15 | Patience of God’s Timing; Salvation | Directly links God’s patience to the accomplishment of salvation, not incidental delay. |
| hard to understand | δυσνόητα / dysnoēta | sulit dipahami | New | Low | 3:16 | Reliability of Scripture (context) | Minimal risk. |
| twist / distort (Scripture) | στρεβλόω / strebloō | memutarbalikkan | New | Medium | 3:16 | Reliability of Scripture; False Teachers | Names the mechanism of destructive misinterpretation. |
| steadfastness | στηριγμός / stērigmos | keteguhan | New | Low | 3:17 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Minimal risk. |
| grow in grace and knowledge | αὐξάνετε ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει / auxanete en chariti kai gnōsei | bertumbuh dalam anugerah dan pengenalan | Reused (anugerah) | High | 3:18 | Growing in Christian Virtue; Deity of Christ | Closes the letter with the same “Lord and Savior” pairing as 1:1; matching Critical deity-of-Christ sensitivity applies to the full verse context. |
Summary Statistics
| Risk Tier | Count of Terms | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 7 | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 21 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 21 | Automated review |
Critical-risk terms requiring theologian-reviewed contextual framing notes on every occurrence:
- Savior (applied jointly with “God” to Jesus, 1:1, 3:18)
- Partakers of the divine nature (1:4)
- Coming / Parousia (1:16, 3:4, 3:12)
- Son (of God) (1:17)
- Private interpretation / self-origination of prophecy (1:20)
- Holy Spirit (1:21)
- Carried along / borne along by the Spirit (1:21)
These seven terms, together with their surrounding High-risk vocabulary (majesty, glory, godliness, Day of the Lord, God’s patience, angels who sinned, false prophets/teachers), constitute the priority review set for Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Peter.
This glossary must be merged into an extended translation_memory.json before Phase 2 translation of 2 Peter begins. All baseline-Reused terms carry over unchanged from the Romans Language Package; all New terms proposed here require sign-off before entering the enforced glossary.
See 07_semantic_analysis.md for the full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter exegetical basis for every entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: rasul
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Rasul is the specific Islamic title for the closed line of messenger-prophets culminating in Muhammad. In 2 Peter 1:1, 1:16, Peter’s apostleship is compounded with his personal eyewitness claim; every occurrence needs a translator note distinguishing the NT founding office from the closed Islamic prophetic line.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran
Transliteration: kebenaran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (baseline tier: High). Elevated to Critical for this curriculum per the 2 Peter-specific bible_term_registry.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json, because 1:1’s ‘faith of equal standing’ is grounded directly in Christ’s own righteousness credited (not achieved) by the believer, a direct collision with deeds-weighed soteriology.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: roh kudus
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Peter 1:21, Roh Kudus is the doctrinal center of the letter’s inspiration teaching; mandatory note distinguishing the divine, personal Holy Spirit from the Islamic ‘Ruh al-Qudus,’ generally identified with the created angel Gabriel.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Inherited from Romans package. Never Nabi Isa (the Islamic prophetic framing denying the crucifixion); Yesus preserves full confessional identity, load-bearing throughout 2 Peter’s deity/Sonship/Parousia clusters.
Savior
Approved rendering: Juru Selamat
Transliteration: juru selamat
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Penyelamat (used only as an informal synonym, never for the fixed title)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
2 Peter 1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18. ‘Our God and Savior Jesus Christ’ places Allah and Juru Selamat under a single title for one referent, Jesus — one of the strongest implicit deity-of-Christ statements in the NT. Never restructure into two referents (the Jehovah’s Witness NWT pattern). Requires theologian review every occurrence; brackets the whole letter at 1:1 and 3:18.
Partakers Of Divine Nature
Approved rendering: mengambil bagian dalam kodrat ilahi
Transliteration: mengambil bagian dalam kodrat ilahi
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: menjadi seperti Allah (BIS-style flattening, under-translates), menyatu dengan Allah (implies ontological merger, forbidden)
Original: θείας κοινωνοὶ φύσεως
Category: Divine Nature
2 Peter 1:4. The single highest-risk phrase in 2 Peter. Direct collision with Islamic tanzih (God’s essence categorically unshareable with creatures) and the prohibition of shirk; further complicated in the Indonesian context by Javanese kebatinan/kejawen manunggaling kawula Gusti mysticism and by Hindu-Advaita atman-Brahman monism. Mandatory theologian-reviewed note on every occurrence: moral/relational transformation reflecting God’s holy, loving character — never ontological merger with, or acquisition of, God’s essence.
Parousia
Approved rendering: kedatangan
Transliteration: kedatangan
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: παρουσία
Category: Certainty of Christ’s Return
2 Peter 1:16, 3:4, 3:12. Never leave bare/unqualified; always modify with titular framing (‘kedatangan Tuhan Yesus Kristus dengan kemuliaan-Nya sebagai Hakim dan Raja’). Must be sharply distinguished, every occurrence, from the Islamic doctrine of raj’at Isa al-Masih — Isa returning as a subordinate mortal prophet who defeats a false messiah and later dies naturally, never as the eternal divine Son returning in his own sovereign glory.
Private Interpretation
Approved rendering: penafsiran diri sendiri
Transliteration: penafsiran diri sendiri
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: tidak boleh ditafsirkan sendiri (misdirects toward a reader-hermeneutics claim rather than a prophet-origination claim)
Original: ἰδία ἐπίλυσις
Category: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
2 Peter 1:20. The doctrinal hinge of the passage: denies human-originated religious authority over the text’s origin (not the reader’s later interpretation). Requires a note distinguishing this from the Islamic doctrine of wahy (Muhammad’s wording not his own composition) by clarifying the positive mechanism in v. 21 (Spirit-superintended human authorship), not verbatim dictation. Follow the TB2/AYT ‘origin of prophecy’ reading, not the older TB1 ‘self-interpretation’ reading.
Carried Along
Approved rendering: digerakkan
Transliteration: digerakkan
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: didiktekan (implies dictation, collapses into Islamic wahy), terinspirasi secara umum (too weak, erases real divine causation)
Original: φερόμενοι
Category: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
2 Peter 1:21. The single most theologically load-bearing verb in the passage. Must preserve a middle position — real divine causation without erasing genuine human authorship, personality, and vocabulary — distinct from the Islamic doctrine of wahy as verbatim, dictated revelation received in a trance-like state. Requires theologian review every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Peter 1:1, 1:5, must be anchored to a faith ‘of equal standing’ granted through Christ’s own righteousness, not generic religious assent shared by any sincere adherent of the Islamic rukun iman.
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Brackets the entire letter (1:2, 3:18); never rahmat (Allah’s general mercy) or pahala (merit weighed at judgment).
Glory
Approved rendering: kemuliaan
Transliteration: kemuliaan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Peter 1:17 and 3:18, kemuliaan is applied directly to Christ himself (not merely reflected from the Father), reinforcing the deity-of-Christ doctrine; risk elevated to High for this book per the 2 Peter-specific bible_term_registry.json.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Peter 1:1 and 3:18, Allah is grammatically paired with Juru Selamat as a single title for Jesus; the risk is not the word Allah itself but the surrounding construction, per baseline notes.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: tuhan
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies ‘Hari Tuhan’ (3:10) and ‘satu hari bagi Tuhan seperti seribu tahun’ (3:8); broad, generic vocabulary across Indonesian religious usage, context must establish exclusive divine Lordship specifically of Jesus Christ as the returning Judge.
Prophet
Approved rendering: nabi
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies ‘nabi-nabi palsu’ (2:1) and ‘firman para nabi’ (1:19); must anchor to Israel’s own covenant-community prophetic office, not the closed Islamic prophetic line culminating in Muhammad.
Divine Power
Approved rendering: kuasa ilahi
Transliteration: kuasa ilahi
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: θεία δύναμις
Category: Divine Nature
2 Peter 1:3. Related to but distinct from baseline ‘kuasa Allah’ (Romans 1:16, power for salvation); here the same divine power sustains ongoing life and godliness. Must remain personal and purposive, not an impersonal cosmic force. Keep distinct from ‘kuasa’ at 1:16 (Christ’s displayed power).
Life And Godliness
Approved rendering: hidup dan kesalehan
Transliteration: hidup dan kesalehan
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ζωὴ καὶ εὐσέβεια
Category: Divine Nature
2 Peter 1:3. Hidup (life) is low risk; kesalehan (godliness) carries the High-risk collision documented under ‘godliness’ below.
Godliness
Approved rendering: kesalehan
Transliteration: kesalehan
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 1:3, 1:6, 1:7, 3:11. Must be anchored to devotion flowing from relationship with Christ, not collapsed into ibadah (formal ritual religious duty owed to God as obligation) or the contemporary Indonesian-Islamic discourse concept of ‘kesalehan sosial.’ Paralleling the baseline’s High-risk ‘Separation unto God’s Service’ doctrine.
Majesty
Approved rendering: keagungan
Transliteration: keagungan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: μεγαλειότης
Category: Christology
2 Peter 1:16. Majesty predicated directly of Christ himself, not merely reflected from the Father; inherits deity-of-Christ sensitivity.
Majestic Glory
Approved rendering: Kemuliaan yang Mahamulia
Transliteration: kemuliaan yang mahamulia
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα
Category: God
2 Peter 1:17. Reverent periphrasis for God the Father speaking audibly at the Transfiguration; must retain personal, relational sense, not collapse into an abstract impersonal force. Keep distinct from plain kemuliaan (used of Christ).
Prophetic Word
Approved rendering: firman para nabi
Transliteration: firman para nabi
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφητικὸς λόγος
Category: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
2 Peter 1:19. Draws on baseline nabi/nubuat. Anchors to the closed OT canonical prophetic corpus; must not be read as one strand within an open-ended prophetic tradition culminating in a later, final prophet.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Kitab Suci
Transliteration: kitab suci
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: buku (strips canonical authority)
Original: γραφή
Category: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
2 Peter 1:20, 3:16. Anchors directly to canonical, authoritative status; must not be rendered generically as ‘buku.‘
Men Spoke From God
Approved rendering: orang-orang berbicara dari Allah
Transliteration: orang-orang berbicara dari allah
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι
Category: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
2 Peter 1:21. Affirms dual authorship: real human speakers, with God as ultimate source and authority.
False Prophets
Approved rendering: nabi-nabi palsu
Transliteration: nabi-nabi palsu
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:1. Anchor to OT-era false prophets within Israel’s own covenant community; must not be read as a general polemic against other religious traditions’ prophetic figures.
False Teachers
Approved rendering: guru-guru palsu
Transliteration: guru-guru palsu
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:1. Anchor to teachers arising ‘among you’ — an internal church-discipline concern, not an interfaith claim; resonates with, but is distinct from, Indonesia’s own aliran sesat (‘deviant sect’) discourse.
Destructive Heresies
Approved rendering: ajaran sesat yang membinasakan
Transliteration: ajaran sesat yang membinasakan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: αἵρεσις ἀπωλείας
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:1. Doctrinal error with eternal, destructive consequences, not merely a differing opinion.
Master
Approved rendering: Penguasa
Transliteration: penguasa
Doctrine: Atonement and Redemption
Rejected alternatives: Tuan (too generic without the ownership/redemption note)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
2 Peter 2:1. Christ’s absolute-ownership title (despotēs), grounded in his redemptive purchase; requires a note distinguishing this from a generic honorific like ‘teacher’ or ‘leader.‘
Bought Redeemed
Approved rendering: menebus
Transliteration: menebus
Doctrine: Atonement and Redemption
Original: ἀγοράζω
Category: Salvation
2 Peter 2:1. Christ’s redemptive purchase of believers through his death; ties directly to atonement doctrine flagged Critical for propitiation language in the Romans baseline. The commercial-legal force (an actual price paid, an actual ownership established) should stand, since mainstream Indonesian Islamic teaching denies the crucifixion itself, not merely its atoning significance.
Angels Who Sinned
Approved rendering: malaikat-malaikat yang berbuat dosa
Transliteration: malaikat-malaikat yang berbuat dosa
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: roh-roh yang berbuat dosa (softens the collision instead of addressing it)
Original: ἄγγελοι ἁμαρτήσαντες
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 2:4. Direct doctrinal collision with mainstream Indonesian Islamic angelology, where malaikat are generally held incapable of sin (only the jinn Iblis rebelled). Requires a note clarifying the NT distinguishes fallen angels from the obedient class, not asserting anything about the category Indonesian Islamic tradition designates malaikat.
Day Of Judgment Kept
Approved rendering: hari penghukuman
Transliteration: hari penghukuman
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κρίσεως
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 2:9, 3:7. General concept shared with Islamic yawm al-din, but here fixed to and coinciding with Christ’s own return as Judge.
Heavens And Earth Kept For Fire
Approved rendering: langit dan bumi disediakan untuk dibakar
Transliteration: langit dan bumi disediakan untuk dibakar
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: οὐρανοὶ…γῆ…πυρὶ τηρούμενοι
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 3:7. Anchors final judgment to cosmic, not merely individual, divine action; typologically paired with the prior Flood-judgment by water.
Day Of Judgment And Destruction
Approved rendering: hari penghukuman dan kebinasaan
Transliteration: hari penghukuman dan kebinasaan
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κρίσεως καὶ ἀπωλείας
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 3:7. Overlaps meaningfully with Islamic yawm al-din/yawm al-qiyamah — genuine common ground — but the NT-specific claim that this day’s timing and character are fixed by Christ’s own return in judgment must be made explicit.
Gods Patience
Approved rendering: tidak lambat / Ia bersabar
Transliteration: tidak lambat / ia bersabar
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: sudah ditakdirkan-style phrasing (collapses personal forbearance into impersonal fixed decree)
Original: βραδύνει / μακροθυμεῖ
Category: Patience of God’s Timing
2 Peter 3:9. Must be rendered as purposeful, personal forbearance aimed at repentance, sharply distinguished from an impersonal, fixed qadar/takdir merely awaiting its appointed hour, paralleling the baseline’s providence-vs-takdir distinction.
Wills All To Repent
Approved rendering: menghendaki agar semua orang berbalik dan bertobat
Transliteration: menghendaki agar semua orang berbalik dan bertobat
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: βούλεται πάντας εἰς μετάνοιαν χωρῆσαι
Category: Patience of God’s Timing
2 Peter 3:9. Preserve the unqualified ‘semua orang’ (all) per the baseline’s universality-preservation rule; do not narrow to a pre-qualified elect subset.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Hari Tuhan
Transliteration: hari tuhan
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ἡμέρα κυρίου
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 3:10. Reuses baseline Tuhan. A coming Day of Judgment is broadly shared with Islamic yawm al-qiyamah (genuine common ground), but 2 Peter identifies this day specifically and exclusively with the personal return of the Lord Jesus Christ as Judge.
Patience Linked To Salvation
Approved rendering: kesabaran
Transliteration: kesabaran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Patience of God’s Timing
2 Peter 3:15. Directly links God’s patience to the accomplishment of salvation (‘regard the patience of our Lord as salvation’), not incidental delay; must retain that direct causal/purposive link.
Grow In Grace And Knowledge
Approved rendering: bertumbuh dalam anugerah dan pengenalan
Transliteration: bertumbuh dalam anugerah dan pengenalan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: αὐξάνετε ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 3:18. Closes the letter exactly as it opened, pairing ‘Lord and Savior’ as a single divine title for Christ; carries the same Critical deity-of-Christ sensitivity as 1:1 and requires matching theologian-reviewed contextual framing for the full verse.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: damai sejahtera
Transliteration: damai sejahtera
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Peter 1:2 opening greeting, paired with anugerah and pengenalan.
Holy
Approved rendering: kudus
Transliteration: kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci
Inherited from Romans package. Used compounded as ‘gunung yang kudus’ (1:18, the Mount of Transfiguration); relational/theophanic set-apartness, not ritual-purity sacredness of a venerated pilgrimage site.
Called
Approved rendering: yang dipanggil
Transliteration: yang dipanggil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 1:10’s ‘calling and election’; God’s personal summons, not takdir.
Calling
Approved rendering: panggilan
Transliteration: panggilan
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form used in the compound ‘panggilan dan pemilihan’ (1:10).
Election
Approved rendering: pemilihan
Transliteration: pemilihan
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the compound ‘panggilan dan pemilihan’ (1:10); God’s sovereign personal choice, never takdir (impersonal decree/fate).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: kerajaan allah
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Inherited from Romans package. Base term for the extended 2 Peter-specific compound ‘Kerajaan yang kekal’ (1:11); distinguish from an earthly political kerajaan.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 1:9 (‘cleansed from his former sins’) and 2:4 (‘angels who sinned’); moral transgression against a personal God, relational rather than purely legal.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: pengenalan
Transliteration: pengenalan
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: pengetahuan
Original: ἐπίγνωσις / γνῶσις
Category: Faith
2 Peter 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:6, 1:8, 2:20, 3:18. Prefer pengenalan (relational, personal knowing of Christ) over pengetahuan (mere informational knowledge); must not resonate with Sufi ma’rifah (mystical gnosis) or generic Islamic ‘ilm.
Promises
Approved rendering: janji-janji
Transliteration: janji-janji
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ἐπαγγέλματα
Category: Divine Nature
2 Peter 1:4. God’s guaranteed pledges, the means by which believers become partakers of the divine nature.
Corruption
Approved rendering: kebinasaan
Transliteration: kebinasaan
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: φθορά
Category: Divine Nature
2 Peter 1:4, 2:12, 2:19. Moral decay/ruin from worldly desire; render consistently across all three occurrences.
Desire
Approved rendering: hawa nafsu
Transliteration: hawa nafsu
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
2 Peter 1:4, 2:10, 2:18, 3:3. Illicit craving; standard vocabulary, low ambiguity beyond consistency across occurrences.
Love
Approved rendering: kasih
Transliteration: kasih
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 1:7. Capstone of the virtue chain; must retain self-giving, covenantal sense rather than generic affection.
Eternal Kingdom
Approved rendering: Kerajaan yang kekal
Transliteration: kerajaan yang kekal
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: αἰώνιος βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
2 Peter 1:11. Extends baseline Kerajaan Allah with an eternal modifier; must be kept distinct from any earthly, political, or nationalist kerajaan, a live sensitivity given Indonesia’s historic kerajaan Nusantara and contemporary khilafah-aspiration discourse.
Power Of Christ
Approved rendering: kuasa
Transliteration: kuasa
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: δύναμις
Category: Christology
2 Peter 1:16. Christ’s own displayed power at the Transfiguration; keep distinct from ‘kuasa ilahi’ (1:3) and pair with keagungan/kemuliaan so it is not read as generic supernatural ability.
Honor
Approved rendering: hormat
Transliteration: hormat
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: τιμή
Category: Christology
2 Peter 1:17. Low independent risk, but occurs paired with High/Critical terms (glory, Son) and inherits their sensitivity.
Beloved
Approved rendering: yang Kukasihi
Transliteration: yang kukasihi
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
2 Peter 1:17. Marks the Son’s unique, exclusive relationship to the Father; inherits sensitivity from ‘Anak.‘
Holy Mountain
Approved rendering: gunung yang kudus
Transliteration: gunung yang kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιον ὄρος
Category: Sanctification
2 Peter 1:18. Reuses baseline kudus. Relational/theophanic set-apartness, not ritual-purity sacredness of a venerated pilgrimage site.
More Sure
Approved rendering: lebih diteguhkan
Transliteration: lebih diteguhkan
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: βεβαιότερος
Category: Reliability of Scripture
2 Peter 1:19. Must not imply Scripture was previously uncertain; mutual confirmation between eyewitness and prophetic testimony, not correction.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: bintang pagi
Transliteration: bintang pagi
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: φωσφόρος
Category: Certainty of Christ’s Return
2 Peter 1:19. Anchor to eschatological hope (cf. Rev 22:16); avoid astrological/zodiacal association.
Will Of Man
Approved rendering: kehendak manusia
Transliteration: kehendak manusia
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: θέλημα ἀνθρώπου
Category: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
2 Peter 1:21. Explicitly excludes human initiative as prophecy’s origin; supports the Critical framing of v. 20.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: hawa nafsu yang tidak terkendali
Transliteration: hawa nafsu yang tidak terkendali
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:2, 2:7, 2:18. Unrestrained, shameless immorality promoted by false teachers.
Tartarus
Approved rendering: neraka / belenggu kegelapan
Transliteration: neraka / belenggu kegelapan
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: ταρταρόω / σειραὶ ζόφου
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 2:4. A holding place for judged angels awaiting final judgment, not necessarily identical to the final eschatological state; avoid conflating with a single, undifferentiated final hell.
Flood
Approved rendering: air bah
Transliteration: air bah
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κατακλυσμός
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:5, 3:6. Historical judgment-precedent, typologically paired with the future fire-judgment of chapter 3.
Noah
Approved rendering: Nuh
Transliteration: nuh
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: Νῶε
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:5. Established Alkitab TB form; coincides with the Quranic Arabic name for the same figure. Anchor the specific typological point (judgment/salvation through water, prefiguring baptism) rather than leaving it a vague shared reference.
Preacher Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: pemberita kebenaran
Transliteration: pemberita kebenaran
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: δικαιοσύνης κῆρυξ
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:5. Uses baseline kebenaran within the compound phrase.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sodom dan Gomora
Transliteration: sodom dan gomora
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:6. Established Alkitab TB form. Also known in the Qur’an (Qaum Lut); anchor the specific point — a divine pattern-example of certain judgment — rather than leaving it a vague shared reference.
Lot Righteous
Approved rendering: Lot / orang benar
Transliteration: lot / orang benar
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: Λώτ, δίκαιος
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:7-9. Established Alkitab TB form, phonetically distinct from the Qur’anic ‘Luth.‘
Wages Of Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: upah kejahatan
Transliteration: upah kejahatan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: μισθὸς ἀδικίας
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:13, 2:15. Self-defeating recompense false teachers pursue.
Freedom
Approved rendering: kemerdekaan
Transliteration: kemerdekaan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:19. Ironic false promise of liberty that is actually slavery to corruption; pair with the baseline’s grace-vs-license caution.
Dog And Sow Proverb
Approved rendering: anjing yang kembali menjilat muntahnya / babi yang kembali berkubang
Transliteration: anjing yang kembali menjilat muntahnya / babi yang kembali berkubang
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: κύων / ὗς λουσαμένη
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:20-22. Proverbial apostasy imagery; render literally. Dogs/pigs carry ritual-uncleanness associations in Indonesian Islamic culture generally, which reinforces rather than undermines the passage’s force.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: pengejek
Transliteration: pengejek
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Certainty of Christ’s Return
2 Peter 3:3. Those who deride the Parousia on grounds of apparent delay.
One Day As Thousand Years
Approved rendering: satu hari sama seperti seribu tahun
Transliteration: satu hari sama seperti seribu tahun
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μία ἡμέρα…ὡς χίλια ἔτη
Category: Patience of God’s Timing
2 Peter 3:8. Answers the scoffers’ delay-argument by locating the difference in God’s relationship to time, not in uncertainty about the promise.
Repentance
Approved rendering: pertobatan
Transliteration: pertobatan
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Patience of God’s Timing
2 Peter 3:9. Anchor to Spirit-enabled, Christ-oriented turning resulting directly in salvation (cf. 3:15); distinguish from Islamic tawbah evaluated within a deeds-and-mercy framework at judgment.
New Heavens And New Earth
Approved rendering: langit yang baru dan bumi yang baru
Transliteration: langit yang baru dan bumi yang baru
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 3:13. Anchor to the specific Isaiah-to-Revelation redemptive-historical thread, not a generic apocalyptic-renewal trope shared broadly across Indonesian religious traditions.
Righteousness Dwells
Approved rendering: tempat kebenaran berdiam
Transliteration: tempat kebenaran berdiam
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: δικαιοσύνη κατοικεῖ
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 3:13. Uses baseline kebenaran; the new creation’s defining moral character — righteousness permanently at home.
Twist Distort
Approved rendering: memutarbalikkan
Transliteration: memutarbalikkan
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: στρεβλόω
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 3:16. The mechanism by which false teachers turn Scripture, including Paul’s letters, toward destructive ends.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: nubuat
Transliteration: nubuat
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφητεία
Category: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1:20, 1:21, 3:2; distinctively biblical-Indonesian term, low Islamic-vocabulary overlap on its own (risk arises from surrounding phrases, not this word).
Servant
Approved rendering: hamba
Transliteration: hamba
Doctrine: Christian Identity and Humility
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Christian Identity
2 Peter 1:1. Peter’s self-designation preceding his apostolic title, modeling humility. Standard, well-established Alkitab TB rendering; warm cross-tradition resonance with hamba Allah / ‘abd Allah, a genuine point of common ground rather than collision.
Virtue
Approved rendering: kebajikan
Transliteration: kebajikan
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 1:3, 1:5. Moral excellence; first link in the virtue chain.
Self Control
Approved rendering: penguasaan diri
Transliteration: penguasaan diri
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 1:6. Standard term in the virtue chain.
Perseverance
Approved rendering: ketekunan
Transliteration: ketekunan
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 1:6. Standard term in the virtue chain.
Brotherly Kindness
Approved rendering: kasih akan saudara
Transliteration: kasih akan saudara
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 1:7. Standard term in the virtue chain.
Tent Body
Approved rendering: kemah / tubuh
Transliteration: kemah / tubuh
Doctrine: Christian Identity and Humility
Original: σκήνωμα
Category: Christian Identity
2 Peter 1:13-14. Figurative for the mortal body.
Departure
Approved rendering: kepergian
Transliteration: kepergian
Doctrine: Christian Identity and Humility
Original: ἔξοδος
Category: Certainty of Christ’s Return
2 Peter 1:15. Peter’s approaching death as purposeful departure, not annihilation.
Myths
Approved rendering: dongeng
Transliteration: dongeng
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: cerita (too neutral, loses the contrast with verified eyewitness testimony)
Original: μῦθος
Category: Reliability of Scripture
2 Peter 1:16. Contrast term with eyewitness testimony; must not be softened to a neutral ‘story.‘
Eyewitness
Approved rendering: saksi mata
Transliteration: saksi mata
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἐπόπτης
Category: Reliability of Scripture
2 Peter 1:16. Firsthand observer of the Transfiguration; supports rather than threatens the reliability-of-Scripture doctrine.
Well Pleased
Approved rendering: berkenan
Transliteration: berkenan
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: εὐδοκέω
Category: Christology
2 Peter 1:17. Standard, well-attested rendering.
Voice
Approved rendering: suara
Transliteration: suara
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: φωνή
Category: Reliability of Scripture
2 Peter 1:18. God’s audible speech from heaven, historically located and personally heard.
Heaven
Approved rendering: surga
Transliteration: surga
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: οὐρανός
Category: God
2 Peter 1:18. Source of the divine voice; standard vocabulary.
Lamp
Approved rendering: pelita
Transliteration: pelita
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: λύχνος
Category: Reliability of Scripture
2 Peter 1:19. Standard, well-established Bible-Indonesian image.
Dark Place
Approved rendering: tempat yang gelap
Transliteration: tempat yang gelap
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: αὐχμηρὸς τόπος
Category: Reliability of Scripture
2 Peter 1:19. The present fallen age, in which Scripture is the only reliable light.
Rise Dawn
Approved rendering: terbit
Transliteration: terbit
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: ἀνατέλλω
Category: Certainty of Christ’s Return
2 Peter 1:19. The dawning of eschatological clarity and hope.
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: binatang yang tidak berakal
Transliteration: binatang yang tidak berakal
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:12. Insulting comparison; minimal risk.
Balaam
Approved rendering: Bileam
Transliteration: bileam
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:15-16. Established Alkitab TB form; minimal name-recognition overlap in mainstream Indonesian Islamic tradition.
Waterless Springs
Approved rendering: mata air yang tidak berair / kabut
Transliteration: mata air yang tidak berair / kabut
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι / ὁμίχλαι
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:17. Vivid images of false teachers’ empty promises.
Great Swelling Words
Approved rendering: kata-kata bombastis yang kosong
Transliteration: kata-kata bombastis yang kosong
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Original: ὑπέρογκα κενότητος
Category: False Teachers and Their Judgment
2 Peter 2:18. Bombastic, hollow speech appealing to fleshly desire.
Reminder
Approved rendering: peringatan
Transliteration: peringatan
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ὑπόμνησις
Category: Reliability of Scripture
2 Peter 3:1. Peter’s stated purpose: not new revelation, but reminder of already-received teaching.
Fell Asleep
Approved rendering: telah meninggal
Transliteration: telah meninggal
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: tertidur (overly literal, obscures the euphemism)
Original: κοιμάομαι
Category: Certainty of Christ’s Return
2 Peter 3:4. Euphemism for the death of ‘the fathers,’ cited by scoffers as evidence against an imminent return.
Thief
Approved rendering: pencuri
Transliteration: pencuri
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Original: κλέπτης
Category: Certainty of Christ’s Return
2 Peter 3:10. Suddenness/unpredictability of the Day of the Lord’s arrival; a warning against complacency, not date-calculation.
Elements
Approved rendering: unsur-unsur alam
Transliteration: unsur-unsur alam
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Original: στοιχεῖα
Category: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
2 Peter 3:10, 3:12. The fundamental fabric of the cosmos, dissolved at the Day of the Lord.
Spotless And Blameless
Approved rendering: tak bercacat dan tak bercela
Transliteration: tak bercacat dan tak bercela
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 3:14. Ethical goal in light of the coming Day; echoes sacrificial-purity language applied to moral character.
Hard To Understand
Approved rendering: sulit dipahami
Transliteration: sulit dipahami
Doctrine: Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Original: δυσνόητα
Category: Reliability of Scripture
2 Peter 3:16. Peter’s own admission that some of Paul’s writings are difficult.
Steadfastness
Approved rendering: keteguhan
Transliteration: keteguhan
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Original: στηριγμός
Category: Growing in Christian Virtue
2 Peter 3:17. Doctrinal and moral stability grounded in true knowledge.
Referenced passages