Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke 1–24 (English–Indonesian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the whole of Luke, citing the chapters where each term is load-bearing. Terms marked [Baseline] are fixed exactly as recorded in the Romans translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json and MUST NOT be altered. Terms marked [New] are introduced fresh for the Luke curriculum and require Phase 2 addition to translation memory with the risk tier recorded here.
Section 1 — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans → Luke), Renderings Fixed
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Indonesian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Luke Chapters Citing | Contextual Note for Luke |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel / good news | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | Injil | High | Gospel | 4, 2 (verb form) | Must retain specific NT proclamation of Christ crucified/risen, not generic “good news” |
| Grace | χάρις (charis) | anugerah | High | Grace | 1 (1:30; 2:40, 52) | Never rendered “rahmat”; reserve rahmat for eleos (mercy) only, see New Terms |
| Faith | πίστις (pistis) | iman | High | Faith | 5, 7, 8, 17, 18, 22 | Object of faith (Jesus, his word) must remain recoverable from context |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | kebenaran | High | Salvation | 18, 23 (dikaios root) | Forensic/relational standing, not “truth” in ordinary sense |
| Justification | δικαίωσις / δικαιόω (dikaiōsis/dikaioō) | pembenaran / dibenarkan | Critical | Salvation | 18 (18:14) | Direct narrative illustration of the baseline Critical doctrine; cross-reference Romans teaching |
| Salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | keselamatan | Critical | Salvation | 1, 2, 7, 8, 17, 18, 19 | Must retain present-tense “today” arrival; not deeds-and-mercy framework |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | rasul | Critical | Apostleship | 6, 9, 22 | Standing note distinguishing NT office from closed Islamic prophetic line |
| Called / Calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | yang dipanggil / panggilan | Medium/High | Divine Calling | 5, 9, 14 | Context-sensitive: disciples called to follow, to apostleship, to the banquet |
| Holy | ἅγιος (hagios) | kudus | High | Sanctification | throughout (Roh Kudus contexts) | Moral/relational set-apartness |
| Sanctification | ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos) | pengudusan | High | Sanctification | (implicit; developed more in Acts/Epistles) | Reserve for ongoing Spirit-work, not ritual purification |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις (anastasis) | kebangkitan | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 9, 20, 24 | Ch.20 = general resurrection doctrine; Ch.24 = Christ’s specific historical resurrection |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | Tuhan | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1, 2, 19, 20 | Exclusive supreme lordship, not “a lord” among others |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ (huios theou) | Anak Allah | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 1, 3, 4, 8, 22 | Eternal relational Sonship, never physical procreation |
| Incarnation | ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο | Firman yang menjadi manusia | Critical | Incarnation | 1, 2 | Underlies the nativity and overshadowing narratives |
| Peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | damai sejahtera | Medium | Peace with God | 2 | Messianic/eschatological peace, not mere calm |
| Church | ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia) | jemaat | Medium | Church as God’s People | (minimal in Luke; developed in Acts) | Not used extensively in the Gospel itself |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ (basileia tou theou) | Kerajaan Allah | Medium→High (Luke) | Kingdom Present/Future | 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21 | Central Lukan theme; risk elevated given curriculum’s “present and future” emphasis |
| Law (Mosaic) | νόμος (nomos) | Hukum Taurat | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 16, 24 | Never “syariat” |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | dosa | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 1, 5, 7 | Relational offense, ground for pengampunan dosa |
| Gentiles / nations | ἔθνη (ethnē) | bangsa-bangsa lain | Medium→High (Luke) | Unity of Jews/Gentiles; Universal Scope | 2, 13, 21, 24 | Never “orang kafir”; central to Jesus as Savior for All Nations doctrine |
| Glory | δόξα (doxa) | kemuliaan | Medium→High (Luke) | Deity of Christ | 2, 9, 17, 21 | Visible divine self-disclosure; elevated at Transfiguration and Second Coming |
| Power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ (dynamis theou) | kuasa Allah | Medium/High | Power of God for Salvation | 1, 4, 8, 22, 24 | Jesus’s own intrinsic power, not invoked/borrowed |
| Messiah / Christ | Χριστός (Christos) | Mesias / Kristus | Critical | Messianic Promise | 2, 3, 4, 9, 19, 20, 22 | ”Mesias” when explaining the title; “Kristus” as established proper-title form; both Critical |
| Prophet | προφήτης (prophētēs) | nabi | High | Inspiration of Scripture | 4, 7, 16, 24 | Anchor to OT redemptive-historical line, not closed Islamic prophetic succession |
| Prophecy | προφητεία (prophēteia) | nubuat | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1, 4 | Lower collision risk than “prophet” itself |
| Covenant | διαθήκη (diathēkē) | perjanjian | High | Davidic Covenant / New Covenant | 1, 22 | Ch.22 adds atoning-blood referent; elevate to Critical in that context |
| David | Δαυίδ (Dauid) | Daud | Medium/High | Davidic Covenant | 1, 2, 3, 18, 20 | Messianic royal-line fulfillment, not merely a venerated prophet-king |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ (Israēl) | Israel | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 1, 2 | Established form |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | Yesus | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Never “Nabi Isa” |
| God | θεός (theos) | Allah | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout | Risk lies in surrounding vocabulary, not the term itself |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | Roh Kudus | Critical | Sanctification / Holy Spirit’s Work | 1, 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 24 | Distinguish from Ruh al-Qudus = angel Gabriel in Islamic theology |
| Father (of God) | πατήρ (patēr) | Bapa | Critical | Adoption / Prayer | 2, 11, 22, 23 | Relational/adoptive, never physical parentage |
| Exhort | παρακαλέω (parakaleō) | menasihati | Low | Mutual Edification | (minimal direct use in Luke) | Context-sensitive per baseline |
Section 2 — New Terms Introduced in Luke (proposed for Translation Memory v2)
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Indonesian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Luke Chapters Citing | Risk Notes (grounded reason) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω (metanoia/metanoeō) | pertobatan / bertobat | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 24 | Shares vocabulary with Islamic tawbah (tobat); must anchor to Spirit-enabled turning toward a finished atoning work, not human-initiated merit toward Allah’s mercy |
| Forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν (aphesis hamartiōn) | pengampunan dosa | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 1, 3, 4, 5, 17, 23, 24 | Islamic maghfirah is granted via mercy-and-deeds weighing, not a mediator’s atoning death; every Critical occurrence needs anchoring note |
| Release/liberty (captives) | ἄφεσις (aphesis, “release” sense) | pembebasan | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4 | Same Greek word as “forgiveness” above; Indonesian needs two different words, obscuring Luke’s deliberate wordplay — requires translator note |
| Poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | orang miskin | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4, 6, 14 | Must be taught as materially and spiritually real, not only spiritualized |
| Acceptable/favorable year of the Lord | ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν (eniauton Kyriou dekton) | tahun rahmat Tuhan | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4 | Uses “rahmat” (legitimately, for the eleos/dektos semantic family, not charis); core-passage decision point requiring mandatory theologian review and distinguishing note vs. Islamic deeds-and-mercy rahmat doctrine |
| Mercy (God’s compassionate favor) | ἔλεος (eleos) | rahmat / belas kasihan | High | Jesus’ Compassion; Kingdom Present and Future | 1, 18 | Distinct from charis/anugerah; legitimately shares vocabulary with Islamic rahmat in general sense, but must climax in the specifically Christian claim of an incarnate, atoning Son |
| Spirit of the Lord | Πνεῦμα Κυρίου (Pneuma Kyriou) | Roh Tuhan | Critical | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 4 | Same referent as Roh Kudus; same distinguishing note applies every occurrence |
| Anointed | χρίω (chriō) | mengurapi / diurapi | High | Messianic Promise | 4 | Etymological root of Mesias/Kristus; must be tied to Jesus’s specific messianic self-claim |
| Synagogue | συναγωγή (synagōgē) | rumah ibadat | Low | — | 4, 6, 13 | Standard institutional term |
| Sabbath | σάββατον (sabbaton) | hari Sabat | Medium | — | 4, 6, 13, 14 | Distinguish covenant-marker from ritual-obligation categories |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (huios tou anthrōpou) | Anak Manusia | High | Sonship of Christ (Christological title) | 5, 6, 9, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24 | Risk of being heard as generic “ibn Adam” (a human being) rather than the exalted Danielic authority-and-glory title |
| Table fellowship with sinners | συνανάκειμαι (synanakeimai) | makan bersama-sama dengan orang berdosa | Medium/High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5, 7, 15, 19 | Doctrinally central recurring motif; consistent warm rendering required |
| Unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | roh najis / roh jahat | High | — | 4, 8, 9, 11 | Collision risk with Indonesian folk-Islamic/animist jinn and exorcism (ruqyah) practices; anchor to Jesus’s own inherent authority |
| Neighbor | πλησίον (plēsion) | sesama manusia | Low | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 10 | Redefined by the Good Samaritan across ethnic/religious lines |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | hidup yang kekal | High | Salvation (extension) | 10, 18 | Must be distinguished from Islamic deeds-weighed jannah attainment |
| Blessed / Woe | μακάριος / οὐαί | berbahagialah / celakalah | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 6 | Rich/poor reversal must not be softened |
| Compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι (splagchnizomai) | (hati-Nya) tergerak oleh belas kasihan | Medium/High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship | 7, 10, 15 | Consistency of warm rendering required across recurrences |
| Your faith has saved/healed you | ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε (sōzō formula) | imanmu telah menyelamatkan engkau | Critical | Faith; Salvation | 7, 8, 17, 18 | Dual healing/salvation sense of sōzō; both senses must be preserved without one crowding out the other |
| Parable | παραβολή (parabolē) | perumpamaan | Low | — | 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20 | Standard genre term |
| Mystery (of the kingdom) | μυστήριον (mystērion) | rahasia | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 8 | Revealed-but-not-exhaustive truth, not esoteric/mystical secret knowledge |
| Transfiguration | μεταμορφόω (metamorphoō) | berubah rupa | High | Deity of Christ | 9 | Visible disclosure of divine glory; theologian review required |
| Cross / cross-bearing | σταυρός (stauros) | salib / memikul salibnya | High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 14, 23 | Must retain literal link to Jesus’s own crucifixion, not become a generic “burden” metaphor |
| Kingdom has come near | ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | Kerajaan Allah sudah dekat | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 10, 11 | Preserve “already” dimension without collapsing into purely future or purely political reading |
| Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | (12:10) | menghujat Roh Kudus | Critical | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 12 | Highest-severity Roh Kudus occurrence; standing distinguishing note mandatory |
| Mammon | μαμωνᾶς (mamōnas) | Mamon | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 12, 16 | Wealth personified as rival master; low collision, high catechetical relevance |
| Kingdom is in your midst | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν (entos hymōn) | di tengah-tengah kamu | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 17 | Genuinely ambiguous Greek; translation-critical decision point requiring mandatory theologian review |
| Abraham’s bosom | κόλπος Ἀβραάμ (kolpos Abraam) | pangkuan Abraham | Medium/High | Repentance and Forgiveness (afterlife stakes) | 16 | Must not be conflated with Islamic barzakh intermediate-state doctrine |
| Seek and save the lost | ζητέω…σῴζω…ἀπολωλός | mencari dan menyelamatkan orang yang hilang | Critical | Salvation; Jesus as Savior for All | 15, 19 | Paired thesis-statement verse with 4:18-21; identical enforcement rigor recommended |
| New covenant (in his blood) | καινὴ διαθήκη ἐν τῷ αἵματι | perjanjian baru…dalam darah-Nya | Critical | New Covenant / Atonement | 22 | No Islamic equivalent to a mediator’s atoning-blood covenant; highest theologian-review priority |
| Crucify / cross (the event) | σταυρόω / σταυρός (stauroō/stauros) | menyalibkan / disalibkan / salib | Critical | Crucifixion of Christ | 23 | Direct historical-doctrinal negation in mainstream Islamic teaching (Quran 4:157); maximal theologian-review priority |
| Paradise | παράδεισος (paradeisos) | Firdaus | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 23 | Collides with Quranic Jannat al-Firdaus, attained by deeds/mercy; here granted purely by grace with zero works — top-priority contrast to teach explicitly |
| Flesh and bones (bodily resurrection) | σάρκα καὶ ὀστέα (sarka kai ostea) | daging dan tulang | High | Resurrection of Christ | 24 | Textual safeguard against spiritualized-only resurrection; supports Critical resurrection doctrine against Quran 4:157-158 |
| Great Commission verse (repentance/forgiveness to all nations) | μετάνοια…ἄφεσις…πάντα τὰ ἔθνη | pertobatan untuk pengampunan dosa…kepada segala bangsa | Critical | Evangelism; Universal Scope of the Gospel | 24 | Composite thesis-bookend verse with 4:18-21 and 19:10; identical rigor recommended |
| Power from on high | δύναμιν ἐξ ὕψους (dynamin ex hypsous) | kuasa dari tempat yang tinggi | High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 24 | Directly anticipates Roh Kudus’s coming; standing distinguishing note applies |
| Ascension | ἀνελήμφθη / ἀνάλημψις (anelēmphthē/analēmpsis) | Ia terangkat ke sorga / kenaikan-Nya ke sorga | Critical | Resurrection and Exaltation of Christ | 24 | Collides with Islamic ar-rafʿ doctrine (Isa raised instead of dying); Luke’s ascension presupposes a completed death and bodily resurrection Islam denies occurred at all |
| Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | Juruselamat | Critical | Salvation; Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 2 | No Islamic equivalent figure whose own death/life accomplishes others’ forgiveness |
| Redemption | λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις (lytrōsis/apolytrōsis) | penebusan | High | Salvation (ransom motif) | 1, 2, 21 | No substitutionary-ransom concept in Islamic soteriology |
| Virgin | παρθένος (parthenos) | perawan | Medium | Incarnation | 1 | Point of partial agreement with Quran 19 (Mary’s virginity affirmed); divergence is in the conclusion drawn (unique divine Sonship vs. honored prophet) |
| Overshadow | ἐπισκιάζω (episkiazō) | menaungi | Critical | Incarnation; Sonship of Christ | 1 | Explicit safeguard against physical-procreation reading of the Son of God’s conception |
| Justified (narrative) | δεδικαιωμένος (dedikaiōmenos) | dibenarkan | Critical | Justification (narrative illustration) | 18 | Direct narrative embodiment of baseline Critical justification doctrine; cross-reference required |
| Today (salvation-now motif) | σήμερον (sēmeron) | hari ini | High | Kingdom Present and Future; Salvation | 2, 4, 19, 23 | Present-tense arrival of salvation must be consistent across all four occurrences |
| Cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας (kephalē gōnias) | batu penjuru | Medium | Messianic Promise | 20 | Psalm 118 messianic rejection-and-vindication imagery |
| Render to Caesar | (idiom, 20:25) | berikanlah kepada Kaisar…kepada Allah | Medium | — | 20 | Government/authority sensitivity, same class as Romans 13 flag; native-speaker review |
| Times of the Gentiles | καιροὶ ἐθνῶν (kairoi ethnōn) | zaman bangsa-bangsa lain | Medium | Universal Scope of the Gospel | 21 | Eschatological periodization; avoid contemporary political readings |
| Son of Man coming in glory | (21:27, Danielic) | Anak Manusia datang…dengan kuasa dan kemuliaan yang besar | Critical | Second Coming of Christ (new doctrine) | 17, 21 | Collides with Islamic nuzul Isa doctrine of Isa’s very differently-framed end-times return |
| Opened the Scriptures / burning hearts | διανοίγω (dianoigō) | membuka pikiran…hati berkobar-kobar | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 24 | Christ’s own resurrection-testimony to OT unity (Law, Prophets, Psalms) |
Notes for Phase 2 Integration
- All Section 1 terms must be loaded from the existing
translation_memory.jsonwithout modification; this glossary only documents their Lukan citation context. - All Section 2 terms are recommended additions to
translation_memory.jsonv2 andbible_term_registry.json, each requiring the same fields as the existing baseline entries (translation, transliteration, doctrine_risk, doctrine, alternatives_rejected, notes) before Phase 2 segment translation begins. - Six items are flagged as requiring the highest priority theologian review given their unusually direct and specific collision with mainstream Indonesian Islamic doctrine: tahun rahmat Tuhan (Luke 4:19), perjanjian baru…dalam darah-Nya (22:20), menyalibkan/salib (ch.23 crucifixion narrative), Firdaus (23:43), Ia terangkat ke sorga (24:51), and Anak Manusia datang…dengan kemuliaan (Second Coming, 17/21). These should be prioritized for Step 2 (doctrine risk registry extension) ahead of other new terms.
- Paired thesis-statement verses requiring identical, consistent Indonesian phrasing across all curriculum materials: Luke 4:18-21, Luke 19:10, and Luke 24:47.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran
Transliteration: kebenaran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from High to Critical for this curriculum per the Luke bible_term_registry.json extension. The cognate adjective dikaios appears in the centurion’s confession at the cross (23:47), an outside witness to Jesus’s righteousness/innocence.
Justification
Approved rendering: pembenaran
Transliteration: pembenaran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 18:14 narrates this forensic verdict directly (‘dibenarkan’) in the Pharisee/tax collector parable — the clearest narrative illustration in the Gospels of the doctrine given full Critical treatment in Romans. Cross-reference required in Phase 2.
Salvation
Approved rendering: keselamatan
Transliteration: keselamatan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must retain the present-tense ‘today’ arrival of salvation (2:11; 19:9) rather than a deferred, deeds-and-mercy judgment framework as in Islamic soteriology.
Apostle
Approved rendering: rasul
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 6:13 narrates the founding moment of this office (naming of the Twelve); every occurrence needs the standing note distinguishing the NT office from the closed Islamic prophetic line ending in Muhammad.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: kebangkitan
Transliteration: kebangkitan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 20:27-40 treats the general future resurrection; Luke 24 treats Christ’s own specific historical resurrection, with 24:39 (‘daging dan tulang’) as the key safeguard against a spiritualized-only reading.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: Tuhan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Jesus at birth (‘Kristus, Tuhan’, 2:11), the triumphal entry (19:38), and the Psalm 110 debate (20:41-44).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: Anak Allah
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Appears at the annunciation (1:32, 35), temptation (4:3, 9), Gerasene demoniac’s testimony (8:28), and trial (22:70). Luke 3:38’s creational ‘son of God’ (Adam) must never be conflated with Jesus’s unique eternal Sonship.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Firman yang menjadi manusia
Transliteration: Firman yang menjadi manusia
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: inkarnasi
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Luke’s nativity narrative (chs. 1-2), especially the virginal conception effected by the Spirit ‘menaungi’ (overshadowing) Mary (1:35).
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesias
Transliteration: Mesias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s confession (‘Kristus dari Allah,’ 9:20) is the narrative turning point of Luke’s Gospel; the trial scene (22:67) is the densest concentration of Christological titles in the book.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never rendered Nabi Isa. Yesus preserves full confessional identity as the crucified, risen, and ascended Lord and Son of God throughout Luke.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The risk lies in surrounding vocabulary (rasul, nabi, Firdaus) that carries specific, contested Quranic doctrinal content, not in the term Allah itself.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: Roh Kudus
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Especially prominent in Luke’s infancy narrative (1:15, 35, 41, 67), the Nazareth anointing (4:1, 14, 18, quoting ‘Roh Tuhan’), the Lord’s Prayer teaching (11:13), the unforgivable-sin warning (12:10), and ‘kuasa dari tempat yang tinggi’ (24:49). Every occurrence needs the standing note distinguishing this divine Trinitarian Person from Islam’s Ruh al-Qudus (generally the angel Gabriel).
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: Bapa
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to Critical for this curriculum given the doctrine of Prayer and Dependence on God. Central to the Lord’s Prayer (11:2), the boy Jesus in the temple (2:49), and Gethsemane/the cross (22:42; 23:34, 46).
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: pengampunan dosa
Transliteration: pengampunan dosa
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Repentance
New term for Luke. Occurs at 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 17:3-4; 24:47. Islamic maghfirah is granted through Allah’s mercy weighed against deeds, not secured through a mediator’s atoning death; every occurrence needs an anchoring note tying forgiveness to Christ’s finished work.
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: tahun rahmat Tuhan
Transliteration: tahun rahmat Tuhan
Doctrine: Inauguration of the Jubilee / The Acceptable Year of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: tahun Tuhan yang berkenan
Original: ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν
Category: Kingdom
CRITICAL — highest-priority decision point in the whole curriculum. Luke 4:19, the climactic phrase of the core passage. Retains the established Alkitab TB rendering, legitimately drawing on the eleos/dektos semantic family rather than charis, but rahmat is also Islam’s core attribute-name for Allah’s deeds-and-mercy favor. Requires mandatory theologian review and a standing teaching note every occurrence distinguishing Christ’s historically-inaugurated, freely-given saving favor from that judgment framework.
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Roh Tuhan
Transliteration: Roh Tuhan
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: Πνεῦμα Κυρίου
Category: God
New term for Luke, core passage 4:18 (quoting Isaiah 61:1). Same divine referent as Roh Kudus; must never be treated as a separate or lesser spiritual referent. Every occurrence needs the same standing note distinguishing this divine, personal Spirit from Islam’s Ruh al-Qudus.
Faith Has Saved You
Approved rendering: imanmu telah menyelamatkan engkau
Transliteration: imanmu telah menyelamatkan engkau
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε
Category: Faith
New term for Luke, the sōzō-formula recurring at 7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42. Must not be reduced merely to physical healing, losing the deeper salvation claim, nor should the salvation sense crowd out the genuine physical referent where present.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: menghujat Roh Kudus
Transliteration: menghujat Roh Kudus
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημήσαντι εἰς τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα
Category: God
New term for Luke, 12:10. The single unforgivable-sin category in the book; the standing Roh Kudus distinguishing note must accompany this passage with special care given its unique severity.
Seek And Save Lost
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia datang untuk mencari dan menyelamatkan orang yang hilang
Transliteration: Anak Manusia datang untuk mencari dan menyelamatkan orang yang hilang
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ζητέω…σῴζω…τὸ ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
New term for Luke, 19:10. Draws together Anak Manusia, keselamatan, and the lost-and-found motif of ch.15. Paired thesis-statement verse with 4:18-21 and 24:47; recommend identical enforcement rigor and consistent phrasing wherever cited.
New Covenant Blood
Approved rendering: perjanjian baru…dalam darah-Ku
Transliteration: perjanjian baru dalam darah-Ku
Doctrine: New Covenant and Atonement
Original: ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη ἐν τῷ αἵματί μου
Category: Covenant
New term for Luke, 22:20. No equivalent in Islamic theology for a mediator’s atoning blood establishing a covenant; requires the highest level of theologian review in the entire curriculum.
Crucifixion
Approved rendering: menyalibkan / disalibkan / salib
Transliteration: menyalibkan / disalibkan / salib
Doctrine: Crucifixion of Christ
Original: σταυρόω / σταυρός
Category: Christology
New term for Luke, ch.23. Mainstream Islamic teaching (Quran 4:157) denies the crucifixion occurred at all; a direct historical-doctrinal negation, not merely a vocabulary risk. Maximal theologian-review priority.
Paradise
Approved rendering: Firdaus
Transliteration: Firdaus
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: sorga (generic/unspecified afterlife term)
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
New term for Luke, 23:43. Collides with Quranic Jannat al-Firdaus, attained by a lifetime of deeds/mercy — here granted immediately, purely by grace, to a dying criminal with zero accompanying works. One of the highest-priority contrast-teaching terms in the entire curriculum.
Great Commission Verse
Approved rendering: pertobatan untuk pengampunan dosa…kepada segala bangsa
Transliteration: pertobatan untuk pengampunan dosa kepada segala bangsa
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People (Jew and Gentile, Rich and Poor)
Original: μετάνοιαν εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν…εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Salvation
New term for Luke, 24:47. Combines repentance, forgiveness, and universal Gentile scope in a single verse; direct sequel and confirmation of the core passage’s Jubilee announcement. Paired thesis-bookend with 4:18-21 and 19:10.
Ascension
Approved rendering: Ia terangkat ke sorga / kenaikan-Nya ke sorga
Transliteration: Ia terangkat ke sorga
Doctrine: Ascension of Christ
Original: ἀνελήμφθη / ἀνάλημψις
Category: Christology
New term for Luke, 24:51 (cf. 9:51). Collides with Islamic ar-rafʿ (Isa raised instead of dying); Luke’s ascension presupposes a completed death and bodily resurrection Islam denies occurred. Requires an explicit teaching note distinguishing the two sequences.
Savior
Approved rendering: Juruselamat
Transliteration: Juruselamat
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term for Luke, 2:11. Islam has no analogous figure whose own death and life accomplish others’ forgiveness; every occurrence requires a note that Juruselamat names a person and an accomplished act of rescue.
Overshadow
Approved rendering: menaungi
Transliteration: menaungi
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ἐπισκιάσει
Category: Christology
New term for Luke, 1:35. The theological safeguard against any reading of the incarnation as physical procreation; must always appear with the same teaching note attached to Anak Allah — a unique divine, non-physical act, explicitly not ‘Allah beranak’ which the Quran denies.
Son Of Man Coming Glory
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia datang…dengan kuasa dan kemuliaan yang besar
Transliteration: Anak Manusia datang dengan kuasa dan kemuliaan yang besar
Doctrine: Second Coming of Christ
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενος…μετὰ δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης πολλῆς
Category: Eschatology
New term for Luke, 17:24-30; 21:27. Islamic eschatology’s nuzul Isa doctrine is categorically different — Christ returns in his own inherent, co-equal divine glory and authority as universal judge and king, not as a righteous servant who dies a natural death.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar baik
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly; in Luke the cognate verb euangelizomai names Jesus’s Isaiah-quoting self-announcement (4:18) and the angel’s nativity announcement (2:10). Established Indonesian translations (Alkitab TB) render the Isaiah 61 quotation itself as ‘kabar baik’ rather than ‘Injil’, reserving Injil for the specific apostolic proclamation of Christ crucified and risen — consistent with, not a contradiction of, the baseline rule.
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Luke 1:30 (‘found favor with God’) and 2:40, 52. Never rendered rahmat; rahmat in this package is reserved exclusively for the distinct Greek term eleos (mercy), see the new ‘mercy’ entry below.
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in the sōzō-formula ‘imanmu telah menyelamatkan engkau’ (7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42). Object of faith (Jesus specifically) must remain recoverable from context, not read as generic Islamic iman assent.
Called
Approved rendering: yang dipanggil
Transliteration: yang dipanggil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to High for this curriculum. Applies to the calling of the disciples to follow (5:1-11; 5:27-28), the Twelve to apostleship (6:13), and the invited guests at the kingdom banquet (14:16-24).
Calling
Approved rendering: panggilan
Transliteration: panggilan
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to High. Must convey a sovereign, personal summons, not an impersonal fate/destiny (takdir).
Holy
Approved rendering: kudus
Transliteration: kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to High. Primarily encountered in Luke through the phrase Roh Kudus (Holy Spirit).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pengudusan
Transliteration: pengudusan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated to High. Developed only implicitly in Luke through discipleship and Spirit-empowerment themes; fuller development occurs in Acts.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: Kerajaan Allah
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to High because ‘The Kingdom of God Present and Future’ is a named core doctrine spanning many passages (4:43; 8:1; 10:9-11; 11:20; 13:18-21; 17:20-21; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16-18, 29-30). Must preserve the already/not-yet tension without collapsing into a political/territorial kerajaan.
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: Hukum Taurat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: syariat
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Appears in the ‘Law and the Prophets’ formula (16:29, 31; 24:44). Never rendered syariat.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to High. Grounds the compound doctrine ‘pengampunan dosa’ recurring throughout Luke (1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 24:47).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: bangsa-bangsa lain
Transliteration: bangsa-bangsa lain
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: orang kafir
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to High given the core doctrine ‘Jesus as Savior for All Nations’. Central to Simeon’s prophecy (2:32), 13:29, ‘zaman bangsa-bangsa lain’ (21:24), and the Great Commission’s ‘segala bangsa’ (24:47). Never rendered orang kafir.
Glory
Approved rendering: kemuliaan
Transliteration: kemuliaan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to High. Appears at the nativity (2:9), the Transfiguration (9:32), and the Son of Man’s future coming ‘dengan kuasa dan kemuliaan yang besar’ (21:27).
Prophet
Approved rendering: nabi
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Isaiah (4:17), John the Baptist (1:76; 7:26; 20:6), and Jesus himself as popularly perceived (7:16; 9:8, 19; 24:19) — Jesus’s own identity must never be flattened into merely ‘a prophet’ among others in a closed Islamic succession.
Covenant
Approved rendering: perjanjian
Transliteration: perjanjian
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke 1:72 names God’s covenant faithfulness to the fathers; in 22:20 applied to ‘perjanjian baru…dalam darah-Ku’, which elevates that specific occurrence to Critical (see new_covenant_blood entry) since no Islamic equivalent exists for a mediator’s atoning-blood covenant.
David
Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Medium to High given Luke’s sustained Davidic-covenant Christology (1:27, 32, 69; 2:4, 11; 3:31; 18:38-39; 20:41-44).
Repentance
Approved rendering: pertobatan / bertobat
Transliteration: pertobatan / bertobat
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance
New term for Luke. Shares vocabulary with Islamic tawbah, the believer’s turning back to Allah in sorrow for sin, sought and granted through mercy weighed within a deeds-and-judgment framework. Every occurrence (3:3, 8; 5:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10; 24:47) must anchor repentance to the Spirit-enabled response to a finished, substitutionary atoning work already accomplished in Christ.
Release Liberty
Approved rendering: pembebasan
Transliteration: pembebasan
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Kingdom
New term for Luke, core passage 4:18. Same Greek word (aphesis) Luke uses elsewhere for ‘forgiveness of sins’; Indonesian requires two different words, obscuring the deliberate wordplay. Mandatory translator note restoring the connection in teaching materials.
Mercy
Approved rendering: rahmat / belas kasihan
Transliteration: rahmat / belas kasihan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: anugerah (reserved exclusively for charis)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Compassion
New term for Luke, translating eleos (distinct from charis/anugerah). Occurs in the Magnificat/Benedictus (1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78) and the blind beggar’s cry (18:38-39). Legitimately shares vocabulary with Islamic rahmat in a general sense, but every occurrence should be taught as climaxing in the specifically Christian claim that this mercy is embodied in the sending of a divine, incarnate, atoning Son.
Anointed
Approved rendering: mengurapi / telah mengurapi aku
Transliteration: mengurapi
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: χρίω
Category: Christology
New term for Luke, core passage 4:18. Etymological root of Mesias/Kristus; must be anchored to Jesus’s specific messianic self-claim, not read as generic religious commissioning or blessing.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia
Transliteration: Anak Manusia
Doctrine: Son of Man (Christological Title)
Rejected alternatives: anak Adam / manusia biasa (generic humanity reading)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term for Luke. First occurs at 5:24 (authority to forgive sins); recurs through 21:27; 22:69; 24:7. Risks being heard as equivalent to the idiom ‘son of Adam’ (simply ‘a human being’), collapsing Daniel 7’s exalted, authority-bearing title into a generic humanity-affirmation.
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: makan bersama-sama dengan orang berdosa
Transliteration: makan bersama-sama dengan orang berdosa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: συνανάκειμαι
Category: Compassion
New term for Luke. Recurs at 5:29-30; 7:36-50; 15:1-2; 19:1-10. Not primarily a lexical-collision risk but a doctrinally load-bearing recurring motif requiring consistent, warm rendering.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: roh najis / roh jahat
Transliteration: roh najis / roh jahat
Doctrine: Jesus’s Authority Over Unclean Spirits
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Authority
New term for Luke. Recurs at 4:33-36, 41; 8:26-39; 9:37-43; 11:14-26. Indonesia’s folk-Islamic/animist substrate (jin, roh halus, dukun/ruqyah) creates risk that Jesus’s exorcisms will be read as ritual counter-power rather than his own inherent divine authority.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: hidup yang kekal
Transliteration: hidup yang kekal
Doctrine: Eternal Life
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term for Luke, 10:25; 18:18, 30. Must be distinguished from the Islamic doctrine of jannah attained through a deeds-weighing judgment; bound up with mercy flowing from relationship, not a single righteous act.
Compassion
Approved rendering: hati-Nya sangat tergerak oleh belas kasihan
Transliteration: hati-Nya sangat tergerak oleh belas kasihan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
New term for Luke, translating splagchnizomai (7:13; 10:33; 15:20). Core to the doctrine of Jesus’ Compassion; must be rendered warmly and consistently every recurrence, since compassion functions as the engine, not merely the accompaniment, of Jesus’s ministry.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: berubah rupa
Transliteration: berubah rupa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
New term for Luke, 9:29-35. A visible, not merely verbal, disclosure of Jesus’s inherent divine glory; requires the same theologian-review flag as other Sonship/deity passages.
Cross Bearing
Approved rendering: salib / memikul salibnya
Transliteration: salib / memikul salibnya
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: salib sebagai metafora kesulitan umum (generic hardship metaphor)
Original: σταυρός (discipleship usage)
Category: Discipleship
New term for Luke, 9:23; 14:27. Must retain the literal link to Jesus’s own crucifixion (ch.23), a connection theologically loaded given Islam’s denial that Jesus was crucified at all.
Kingdom Has Come Near
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah sudah dekat
Transliteration: Kerajaan Allah sudah dekat
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
New term for Luke, 10:9, 11; cf. 11:20. Must preserve the ‘already’ dimension without collapsing it into either a purely future eschatological hope or a political/territorial claim.
Kingdom In Your Midst
Approved rendering: di tengah-tengah kamu
Transliteration: di tengah-tengah kamu
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: di dalam kamu (individualistic/mystical reading)
Original: ἐντὸς ὑμῶν
Category: Kingdom
New term for Luke, 17:21 (entos hymōn). A genuinely ambiguous Greek phrase; ‘di tengah-tengah kamu’ (Jesus’s own embodied presence) is recommended over ‘di dalam kamu’ (an inward, individualistic reading disconnected from Jesus’s embodied kingship). Mandatory theologian review as a translation-critical decision point.
Flesh And Bones
Approved rendering: daging dan tulang
Transliteration: daging dan tulang
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: σάρκα καὶ ὀστέα
Category: Eschatology
New term for Luke, 24:39. Luke’s own textual safeguard against a spiritualized-only resurrection; must be preserved literally and emphatically.
Power From On High
Approved rendering: kuasa dari tempat yang tinggi
Transliteration: kuasa dari tempat yang tinggi
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: δύναμιν ἐξ ὕψους
Category: God
New term for Luke, 24:49. Directly tied to the Holy Spirit’s coming; requires the standing Roh Kudus distinguishing note.
Redemption
Approved rendering: penebusan
Transliteration: penebusan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
New term for Luke, 1:68; 2:38; 21:28. Islamic soteriology has no substitutionary-ransom concept; must be anchored to a costly, decisive rescue accomplished by God himself in Christ.
Today Salvation Motif
Approved rendering: hari ini
Transliteration: hari ini
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σήμερον
Category: Salvation
New term for Luke, recurring at 2:11; 4:21 (core passage climax); 19:9; 23:43. Must be preserved as an emphatic, present-tense claim in every recurrence, contrasting with a deeds-weighed, judgment-day-only framework.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: damai sejahtera
Transliteration: damai sejahtera
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the angelic proclamation ‘damai sejahtera di bumi’ (2:14) as messianic/eschatological peace, not merely calm.
Church
Approved rendering: jemaat
Transliteration: jemaat
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: gereja
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not extensively used within Luke’s Gospel itself; relevant background for the community the Great Commission (24:47-49) anticipates gathering.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kuasa Allah
Transliteration: kuasa Allah
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, Jesus’s power is intrinsic and his own (‘power went out from him,’ 8:46), not invoked or borrowed — significant against a folk-religious backdrop where healing power is typically understood as invoked through an intermediary.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Appears in the Benedictus (1:68) and Simeon’s prophecy (2:32).
Poor
Approved rendering: orang miskin
Transliteration: orang miskin
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poverty and Justice
New term for Luke. Central to the core passage (4:18), Sermon on the Plain (6:20), and the banquet parable (14:13, 21). Must be taught as materially and spiritually real, not spiritualized into mere metaphor.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: hari Sabat
Transliteration: hari Sabat
Doctrine: Sabbath and Covenant Life
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term for Luke. Occurs in the core passage (4:16) and repeated controversy scenes (6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6). Must be distinguished from Islamic Jumu’ah (Friday congregational prayer), which lacks the same rest-commandment/covenant-sign significance.
Blessed Woe
Approved rendering: berbahagialah / celakalah
Transliteration: berbahagialah / celakalah
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: μακάριος / οὐαί
Category: Poverty and Justice
New term for Luke, Sermon on the Plain (6:20-26). The rich/poor reversal content must be preserved without softening.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: rahasia
Transliteration: rahasia
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
New term for Luke, 8:10. Must not be read as esoteric secret knowledge reserved for an initiated elite, a risk given some Indonesian folk-religious/tarekat associations with ‘rahasia ilahi’.
Mammon
Approved rendering: Mamon
Transliteration: Mamon
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Discipleship
New term for Luke, 12:31-34; 16:9-13. Standard transliterated term (Alkitab TB); wealth personified as a rival master.
Abrahams Bosom
Approved rendering: pangkuan Abraham
Transliteration: pangkuan Abraham
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: κόλπος Ἀβραάμ
Category: Eschatology
New term for Luke, 16:22-23. Must not be conflated with the Islamic doctrine of barzakh; a specifically Jewish/biblical afterlife image illustrating reversal-of-fortune and finality-of-decision.
Virgin
Approved rendering: perawan
Transliteration: perawan
Doctrine: Virgin Conception of Christ
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
New term for Luke, 1:27, 34. Partial agreement with Quran 19’s affirmation of Mary’s virginity; divergence lies in the conclusion drawn — unique divine Sonship (Luke) vs. honored prophet (Islam).
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: batu penjuru
Transliteration: batu penjuru
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology
New term for Luke, 20:17. Psalm 118 messianic rejection-and-vindication imagery, tying crucifixion and resurrection/exaltation together.
Render To Caesar
Approved rendering: berikanlah kepada Kaisar apa yang wajib kamu berikan kepada Kaisar dan kepada Allah apa yang wajib kamu berikan kepada Allah
Transliteration: berikanlah kepada Kaisar…kepada Allah
Doctrine: Civic Authority
Original: ἀπόδοτε τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τῷ θεῷ
Category: Civic Authority
New term for Luke, 20:25. Flagged for the same class of sensitivity as the Romans baseline’s government/authority passages; native-speaker review, avoiding any reading that could be taken as political instruction.
Times Of Gentiles
Approved rendering: zaman bangsa-bangsa lain
Transliteration: zaman bangsa-bangsa lain
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: καιροὶ ἐθνῶν
Category: Church
New term for Luke, 21:24. Eschatological periodization language requiring care not to be read as endorsing any specific contemporary political arrangement.
Opened Scriptures Burning Hearts
Approved rendering: membuka pikiran mereka…hati kami berkobar-kobar
Transliteration: membuka pikiran…hati berkobar-kobar
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: διανοίγω
Category: Covenant
New term for Luke, 24:32, 45. Christ’s own resurrection self-testimony that the whole OT (Law, Prophets, Psalms) points to him — an experiential, not merely intellectual, encounter with fulfillment.
Murid
Approved rendering: murid
Transliteration: murid
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
New term for Luke, added per 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md recommendation. The operative word for ‘disciple’ throughout Luke (5:1-11, 27-28; 6:13-16; 9:23, 57-62; 14:25-33; 18:28-30). The term itself is religiously generic (any teacher’s student, including a guru’s murid in pesantren or Javanese mystical contexts) and is not itself risky, but discipleship passages describing costly renunciation must not be softened into generic guru-murid devotion.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: nubuat
Transliteration: nubuat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Lower collision risk than ‘prophet’ itself; relevant to the Benedictus (1:67-79).
Exhort
Approved rendering: menasihati
Transliteration: menasihati
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Minimal direct occurrence within Luke’s narrative itself; retained for consistency across the wider curriculum corpus.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: rumah ibadat
Transliteration: rumah ibadat
Doctrine: Sabbath and Covenant Life
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Worship
New term for Luke. Setting of the core passage (4:16) and recurring Sabbath-controversy scenes (6:6; 13:10). Standard, low-collision institutional term.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: sesama manusia
Transliteration: sesama manusia
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πλησίον
Category: Discipleship
New term for Luke, 10:29-37. Deliberately redefined by the Good Samaritan parable to cross ethnic and religious boundary lines.
Parable
Approved rendering: perumpamaan
Transliteration: perumpamaan
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term for Luke. Well-established, low-collision genre term recurring throughout chs. 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20.
Referenced passages