Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Galatians (English–Indonesian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of Galatians. Terms already established in the baseline Romans Language Package (translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json) are marked (baseline — reused exactly); their Indonesian rendering, risk tier, and rejected alternatives MUST NOT be altered. Terms new to this Language Package are marked (new) and are proposed here for addition to translation memory pending theologian sign-off on Critical/High items.
Legend
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low (per baseline risk_definitions)
- Status: baseline — reused exactly | new — proposed addition
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused from Romans (Galatians occurrences)
| Term (EN) | Greek/Root | Indonesian | Risk | Doctrine | Status | Key Galatians Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Injil | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | baseline — reused | 1:6-9, 11; 2:2, 5, 7, 14; 3:8 | Anchor to the specific NT proclamation of Christ crucified/risen, never a generic label; see new term another gospel below. |
| grace | χάρις | anugerah | High | Law and Grace | baseline — reused | 1:3, 6, 15; 2:9, 21; 5:4; 6:18 | Central pivot of the whole letter’s law/grace antithesis; never rahmat or pahala. |
| faith | πίστις | iman | High | Justification by Faith | baseline — reused | 1:23; 2:16, 20; 3:2-26; 5:5-6, 22 | Object must always be recoverable (faith in Christ specifically); never generic religious assent. |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | kebenaran | High/Critical | Justification by Faith | baseline — reused | 2:21; 3:6, 21; 5:5 | Forensic standing, not moral performance; disambiguate from kebenaran Injil (“truth of the gospel,” see Part B). |
| justification | δικαιόω / δικαίωσις | pembenaran / dibenarkan | Critical | Justification by Faith | baseline — reused | 2:16-17; 3:8, 11, 24; 5:4 | The letter’s thesis verb (2:16); no Islamic soteriological equivalent; mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | rasul | Critical | Paul’s Apostleship | baseline — reused | 1:1, 17, 19 | Mandatory translator note distinguishing NT office from Islam’s closed line of messenger-prophets ending in Muhammad; especially urgent given 1:1’s emphatic self-defense. |
| called / calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | yang dipanggil / panggilan | Medium | Divine Calling | baseline — reused | 1:6, 15; 5:8, 13 | Context-sensitive: 1:6 = call to gospel-grace; 1:15 = call to apostolic ministry. |
| holy_spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα | Roh Kudus / Roh | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | baseline — reused | 3:2-5, 14; 4:6, 29; 5:5, 16-25; 6:1, 8 | Distinguish from Islamic Ruh al-Qudus (identified with Gabriel); central to ch. 5 flesh/Spirit contrast. |
| father | πατήρ | Bapa | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | baseline — reused | 1:1, 3, 4; 4:2, 6 | Relational/adoptive, not physical-procreative; mandatory note per baseline. |
| abba | Ἀββά | Abba | High | Adoption and Sonship | baseline — reused | 4:6 | Render identically to Romans 8:15 for cross-document consistency. |
| law | νόμος | Hukum Taurat | High (elevated from baseline’s Medium for this curriculum — see note) | Law and Grace / The Law’s Purpose | baseline — reused, tier elevated | 2:16, 19, 21; 3:2-24; 4:4-5, 21; 5:3-4, 14, 18, 23; 6:2, 13 | Never syariat. Baseline tier is Medium for general Romans usage; elevated to High here because Galatians makes the law/grace antithesis its sustained central argument rather than a supporting point. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | dosa | Medium | Justification by Faith | baseline — reused | 1:4; 2:17; 3:19, 22 | Relational offense, not mere legal infraction. |
| gentiles | ἔθνη | bangsa-bangsa lain | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | baseline — reused | 1:16; 2:2, 8-9, 12, 14-15; 3:8, 14 | Never orang kafir. |
| covenant | διαθήκη | perjanjian | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | baseline — reused | 3:15, 17; 4:24 | Distinguish from janji (promise, new term, Part B) — covenant is the binding relationship, promise is its pledged content. |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Yesus | Critical | Crucified with Christ | baseline — reused | throughout | Never Nabi Isa. |
| god | θεός | Allah | High | (multiple) | baseline — reused | throughout | Term itself not the risk; surrounding vocabulary (rasul, sunat, wahyu) is. |
| son_of_god | υἱὸς θεοῦ | Anak Allah | Critical | Adoption and Sonship / Crucified with Christ | baseline — reused | 2:20; 4:4 | Mandatory theologian-reviewed note every occurrence; eternal relational Sonship, not physical procreation. |
| incarnation | ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο | Firman yang menjadi manusia | Critical | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (fulfillment) | baseline — reused | 4:4 | Apply to “God sent forth his Son, born of woman.” |
| israel | Ἰσραήλ | Israel | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | baseline — reused | 6:16 (“Israel of God”) | Theological usage distinct from contemporary political sensitivity. |
| glory | δόξα | kemuliaan | Medium | (doxological) | baseline — reused | 1:5 | Standard usage in the letter’s opening doxology. |
| exhort | παρακαλέω (implied paraenetic register) | menasihati | Low | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | baseline — reused | 6:1-2 (paraenetic tone) | Register consistency with baseline’s Romans paraenesis. |
| imputed_righteousness | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | kebenaran yang diperhitungkan | Critical | Justification by Faith / Abrahamic Covenant | baseline — reused | 3:6 (quoting Genesis 15:6) | Identical citation to Romans 4:3; never “pahala yang dikumpulkan.” |
| resurrection | (implied, 1:1 “raised him from the dead”) | kebangkitan | High | Crucified with Christ | baseline — reused | 1:1 | Christ’s specific historical resurrection, distinct from generic Islamic end-times resurrection. |
Part B — New Terms Introduced by Galatians
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Indonesian | Risk | Doctrine | Key Refs | Rendering Risk / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | erga nomou | perbuatan Hukum Taurat | Critical | Law and Grace | 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10 | The negative pole of the letter’s central antithesis; sits at the exact fault line with Islamic amal/syariat-based standing before God. Mandatory theologian review and translator note every occurrence. |
| another gospel | ἕτερον/ἄλλο εὐαγγέλιον | heteron/allo euangelion | Injil lain / bukan Injil sama sekali | Critical | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:6-9 | Paul denies rival message even qualifies as gospel; Greek wordplay (heteron vs. allo) must not collapse into one flat phrase. |
| revelation | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | penyataan | Critical | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:12, 16 | NEVER wahyu — although Alkitab TB uses wahyu as the title of the book of Revelation, using it here as a common noun for personal revelatory experience would assimilate Paul’s commissioning into the Quranic wahyu-to-a-final-prophet paradigm. Must be reviewed alongside rasul. |
| accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα | anathema | terkutuk | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:8-9 | Full covenantal-curse force; not mere disapproval. |
| curse (of the law) | κατάρα | katara | kutuk | Critical | The Law’s Purpose / Crucified with Christ | 3:10, 13 | Substitutionary curse-bearing atonement language; avoid conflation with folk-magic “kutukan.” |
| redeem / redemption | ἐξαγοράζω | exagorazō | menebus | Critical | Law and Grace / Adoption | 3:13; 4:5 | Ransom/purchase metaphor grounded in substitutionary death; not generic “rescue.” |
| promise | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | janji | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14-22, 29; 4:23, 28 | Distinguish from perjanjian (covenant, Part A) — promise is the pledged content, covenant the binding relationship. |
| seed / offspring (of Abraham) | σπέρμα | sperma | keturunan | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16, 19, 29 | Singular/plural argument at 3:16 not carried by Indonesian noun morphology; requires translator note. |
| guardian / tutor (of the law) | παιδαγωγός | paidagōgos | penuntun | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24-25 | Reject wali — same syncretistic risk baseline already flags for saints (Sufi guardian-saints). |
| mediator | μεσίτης | mesitēs | pengantara | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:19-20 | No Islamic structural parallel for a divine-human covenant mediator; flag for theologian review wherever applied Christologically. |
| heir / inheritance | κληρονόμος / κληρονομία | klēronomos / klēronomia | ahli waris / warisan | High | Adoption and Sonship | 3:29; 4:1, 7, 30 | Eschatological covenant inheritance, not merely secular bequest. |
| circumcision | περιτομή | peritomē | sunat | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3-12; 5:2-6, 11; 6:12-15 | Direct collision with Indonesian Islamic sunat/khitan as religious-identity marker; mandatory distinguishing note every occurrence. |
| truth of the gospel | ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | alētheia tou euangeliou | kebenaran Injil | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:5, 14 | Disambiguate from kebenaran = righteousness (Part A); risk of readers conflating “truthfulness of the message” with “righteousness the gospel confers.” |
| false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | pseudadelphoi | saudara-saudara palsu | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:4 | Internal threat to gospel purity. |
| hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις | hypokrisis | kemunafikan | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:13 | Compatible shared moral vocabulary with Islamic munafik; native speaker review recommended to keep Paul’s specific rebuke in view. |
| in Christ | ἐν Χριστῷ | en Christō | di dalam Kristus | High | Crucified with Christ | 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26-28; 5:6 | Union/identity, not registered-religion status. |
| crucified with Christ | συσταυρόω | synestaurōmai | disalibkan bersama dengan Kristus | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:19-20 | No Islamic parallel (crucifixion denied, Quran 4:157); mandatory theologian review and note every occurrence. |
| gave himself (for me/us) | παραδίδωμι + ἑαυτόν | paradidōmi | menyerahkan diri | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 1:4; 2:20 | Substitutionary atonement language; historical, once-for-all, not generic sacrificial devotion. |
| nullify / set aside | ἀθετέω | atheteō | meniadakan | High | Law and Grace | 2:21 | Stronger than “mengabaikan” (neglect); a covenantal-legal annulment claim. |
| died in vain | δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν | dōrean apethanen | mati dengan sia-sia | High | Law and Grace / Crucified with Christ | 2:21 | Idiomatic “in vain,” not literal “as a free gift,” despite shared root with grace-vocabulary. |
| sinner(s) | ἁμαρτωλός | hamartōlos | orang berdosa | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:15, 17 | Anchor relationally, consistent with baseline sin note. |
| transgressor | παραβάτης | parabatēs | pelanggar | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:18 | Specific legal-boundary violation, distinct from general orang berdosa. |
| servant / minister | διάκονος | diakonos | pelayan | Low | (rhetorical) | 2:17 | Standard term; no significant collision at this occurrence. |
| certainly not! | μὴ γένοιτο | mē genoito | sekali-kali tidak! | Low | (rhetorical idiom) | 2:17 | Preserve full rhetorical repudiation force. |
| elemental spirits of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | stoicheia tou kosmou | roh-roh dunia / dasar-dasar dunia | High | Freedom in Christ / Law’s Purpose | 4:3, 9 | Genuine cultural resonance with Indonesian animist/traditional spirit-belief; note required against implying an ongoing populated spirit-world requiring appeasement. |
| fullness of time | τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | to plērōma tou chronou | genapnya waktu | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise / Providence | 4:4 | Ties Incarnation to sovereign redemptive timetable. |
| slave / son (status contrast) | δοῦλος / υἱός | doulos / huios | hamba / anak | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:1-7, 21-31 | Legal inheritance-rights contrast, not mere emotional family-belonging contrast. |
| freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | kemerdekaan | Critical | Freedom in Christ | 5:1, 13 | Distinguish theological freedom from (a) Indonesian national-political independence resonance and (b) libertine license. |
| yoke of slavery | ζυγὸς δουλείας | zygos douleias | kuk perbudakan | High | Freedom in Christ | 5:1 | Not a rejection of the law’s original goodness, only of law-as-righteousness. |
| faith working through love | πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | iman yang bekerja oleh kasih | High | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | Describes fruit/expression of faith, not an added condition for justification. |
| flesh (moral sense) | σάρξ | sarx | daging | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:13, 16-24; 6:8 | Must be distinguished from the neutral physical sense at 2:20; 4:13-14; consistent glossing required across chapters. |
| fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | karpos tou pneumatos | buah Roh | High | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | Singular “buah” preserves unified organic character, not nine separately earned virtues. |
| works of the flesh | τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | ta erga tēs sarkos | perbuatan daging | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19-21 | Deliberate echo/contrast with “works of the law”; sorcery item (φαρμακεία) needs occult-practice clarity given live Indonesian folk-magic vocabulary. |
| led by the Spirit | Πνεύματι ἄγεσθε | pneumati agesthe | dipimpin oleh Roh | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:18, 25 | Personal divine guidance, distinguished from Islamic Ruh al-Qudus/Gabriel. |
| bear one another’s burdens | βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη | bastazete ta barē | menanggung beban seorang akan yang lain | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | Distinguish from 6:5’s “each bears his own load” (different Greek noun, φορτίον). |
| restore (gently) | καταρτίζετε | katartizete | memulihkan dengan lembut | Low | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:1 | Gentle, skilled restoration, not harsh correction. |
| sow / reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | speirō / therizō | menabur / menuai | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit (practical outworking) | 6:7-9 | Anchor to personal God’s governance, not impersonal karma-like causation. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | ciptaan baru | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | Definitive, already-accomplished transformation grounded in cross/resurrection; not contingent on any ritual marker. |
| cross of Christ | σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ | stauros tou Christou | salib Kristus | High | Crucified with Christ | 6:12, 14 | Presupposes historicity of crucifixion, denied in mainstream Islamic teaching (Quran 4:157). |
| boast | καυχάομαι | kauchaomai | bermegah | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:13-14 | Contrast misplaced boasting (externals) vs. rightly placed boasting (the cross). |
| marks of Jesus | τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | ta stigmata tou Iēsou | tanda-tanda (bekas luka) Yesus | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (authenticity) | 6:17 | Suffering-scars as authenticating credential, contrasted with ritual-mark emphasis of opponents. |
| zealous / zeal | ζηλωτής / ζῆλος | zēlōtēs / zēlos | sangat giat | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (biographical) | 1:14 | Sincere but misdirected pre-conversion zeal. |
| Judaism | Ἰουδαϊσμός | Ioudaismos | agama Yahudi | Medium | (biographical/background) | 1:13-14 | Historical-descriptive framing of Paul’s former life, not commentary on contemporary Judaism. |
| Jews (ethnonym) | Ἰουδαῖοι | Ioudaioi | orang Yahudi | Medium | Justification by Faith (2:15 setup) | 2:15 | Anchor to first-century ethnic-covenantal identity. |
Part C — Proper Names (Low Risk, Standard Indonesian Bible Forms)
| Name (EN) | Indonesian | Risk | Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abraham | Abraham | Low | 3:6-29; 4:22 | Shared patriarchal veneration in Islamic tradition (Ibrahim); note distinct covenant-promise content when teaching, though the name itself is low-risk. |
| Hagar | Hagar | Low | 4:24-25 | Allegorical figure; present allegory as Paul’s typological argument, not ethnic-lineage commentary. |
| Sarah | Sara | Low | 4:22-31 | — |
| Ishmael | Ismael | Medium | 4:22-31 (implied) | Ancestral figure in Islamic tradition; handle allegory carefully per ch. 4 notes above. |
| Isaac | Ishak | Low | 4:22-31 | — |
| Cephas / Peter | Kefas / Petrus | Low | 1:18; 2:7-14 | Standard dual naming as in source text. |
| Barnabas | Barnabas | Low | 2:1, 9, 13 | — |
| Titus | Titus | Low | 2:1, 3 | — |
| James | Yakobus | Low | 1:19; 2:9, 12 | — |
| Jerusalem | Yerusalem | Low | 1:17-18; 2:1; 4:25-26 | Distinguish literal city (1:17-18; 2:1) from allegorical “Jerusalem above” (4:26). |
| Antioch | Antiokhia | Low | 2:11 | — |
| Arabia | Arabia | Low | 1:17 | — |
| Syria / Cilicia | Siria / Kilikia | Low | 1:21 | — |
| Sinai | Sinai | Low | 4:24-25 | — |
Cross-Reference to Baseline Escalation Rules
All Critical and High risk terms in Part B are subject to the same escalation rules already established in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md for Romans:
- Mandatory human theologian review for every Critical-risk segment.
- Mandatory contextual framing note wherever a Critical-risk term appears (extending the baseline’s required-note list to include: sunat [circumcision], penyataan [revelation], disalibkan bersama Kristus [crucified with Christ], menyerahkan diri [gave himself], ciptaan baru [new creation], kemerdekaan [freedom, theological sense], daging [flesh, moral sense], kutuk/menebus [curse/redeem]).
- New forbidden substitution to add to the existing list: wali must never be used for παιδαγωγός (guardian/tutor) in Galatians 3:24-25, for the same reason it is already forbidden for saints — consistent avoidance across the whole Language Package.
- New forbidden substitution: wahyu must never be used as a common noun for ἀποκάλυψις (revelation) in Galatians 1:12, 16, despite being the established title of the book of Revelation elsewhere in Alkitab TB.
This glossary is the Galatians-specific extension of, and must be loaded alongside, the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json for all Phase 2 translation operations.
Critical Risk Terms
Justification
Approved rendering: pembenaran
Transliteration: pembenaran
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:16 is the thesis-statement verse of the entire letter, repeating the verb ‘dibenarkan’ three times; theologian review is even more mandatory here than in Romans.
Apostle
Approved rendering: rasul
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1 opens the letter with the most emphatic defense of this office anywhere in Paul’s writings (‘not from men nor through man’), making the baseline’s mandatory distinguishing note especially urgent here.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: Roh Kudus
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 5:16-25 makes the Spirit’s personal agency the counterpart to the flesh in the letter’s central ethical antithesis; distinguish from the Islamic Ruh al-Qudus, generally identified with the angel Gabriel.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: Bapa
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:6 pairs this directly with ‘Abba,’ intensifying the intimacy claim; mandatory relational/adoptive framing note applies with full force.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: Yesus
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa, Isa al-Masih
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never use Nabi Isa or Isa al-Masih. Galatians’ entire argument (crucifixion, resurrection, substitutionary self-giving) presupposes historical events mainstream Islamic teaching denies (Quran 4:157).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: Anak Allah
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:20 (‘faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me’) and 4:4 make this the most intimate and redemptive-historical Sonship statement in the letter; mandatory theologian-reviewed note every occurrence given the Quran’s explicit denial (Surah Al-Ikhlas).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Firman yang menjadi manusia
Transliteration: Firman yang menjadi manusia
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: inkarnasi
Original: ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:4 (‘God sent forth his Son, born of woman’) is the letter’s own incarnation text, directly parallel to Romans 1:3; apply the same descriptive-phrase framing rather than the loanword inkarnasi.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: pahala yang dikumpulkan
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:6 quotes Genesis 15:6 identically to Romans 4:3; never render as pahala yang dikumpulkan (accumulated merit).
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: Tuhan
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:3, 6:14, and 6:18 all invoke ‘our Lord Jesus Christ’; context must establish exclusive, supreme divine Lordship, not ‘a lord’ among others.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: perbuatan Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: erga nomou
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: amal shalih, perbuatan syariat
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Law
New term for Galatians. The negative pole of the letter’s central antithesis (2:16; 3:2, 5, 10). Sits at the exact fault line with the Islamic framework of amal (deeds) and syariat as the basis for standing before God; must always be anchored to Hukum Taurat and paired with a translator note distinguishing this from Islamic amal shalih reasoning.
Another Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil lain / bukan Injil sama sekali
Transliteration: heteron euangelion / allo euangelion
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: Injil lain (used identically for both v.6 and v.7, flattening Paul’s wordplay)
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / ἄλλο εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
New term for Galatians. Paul’s deliberate wordplay (1:6-7) denies the rival message even qualifies as gospel. Render heteron as ‘Injil lain’ (v.6) and allo, negated, as ‘bukan Injil sama sekali’ (v.7); never collapse both into one flat phrase.
Revelation
Approved rendering: penyataan
Transliteration: apokalypsis
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: wahyu
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
New term for Galatians. NEVER use wahyu as a common noun here: although wahyu is the established Alkitab TB title for the book of Revelation, using it for Paul’s personal revelatory experience (1:12, 16) would assimilate his commissioning into the Quranic wahyu-to-a-final-prophet paradigm. Must be reviewed jointly with rasul at 1:1-17.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: kutuk
Transliteration: katara
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: kutukan (folk-magic sense), nasib buruk
Original: κατάρα
Category: Atonement
New term for Galatians. The covenant curse (3:10, citing Deuteronomy 27:26) that Christ absorbs by becoming a curse himself (3:13). Substitutionary, covenant-curse-bearing atonement language foreign to Islamic soteriology; must not conflate with Indonesian folk-magic kutukan concepts.
Redemption
Approved rendering: menebus
Transliteration: exagorazō
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: membebaskan
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Atonement
New term for Galatians. A purchase/ransom metaphor grounded in Christ’s substitutionary death (3:13; 4:5), not generic ‘rescue.’ BIS’s weaker ‘membebaskan’ drops the ransom force and must not be adopted.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: sunat
Transliteration: peritomē
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: khitan as primary rendering (retained only as a cross-reference term inside translator notes, never as the running text rendering)
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians. Collides directly with the near-universal Indonesian Islamic rite of sunat/khitan, a marker of religious-communal identity. Every occurrence (2:3-12; 5:2-6, 11; 6:12-15) requires a translator note relocating the discussion to the Genesis 17 covenant sign and the Acts 15 Jerusalem council controversy, not a contemporary interfaith-conversion question.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: disalibkan bersama dengan Kristus
Transliteration: synestaurōmai
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: συσταυρόω
Category: Atonement
New term for Galatians. Union with Christ specifically in his death, with ongoing present effect (2:19-20). No Islamic parallel since mainstream Islamic teaching denies the crucifixion occurred (Quran 4:157); must never be read as a metaphor for generic self-denial or ascetic devotion.
Gave Himself
Approved rendering: menyerahkan diri-Nya bagi aku/kita
Transliteration: paradidōmi heauton
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: παραδίδωμι ἑαυτόν
Category: Atonement
New term for Galatians. Christ’s voluntary self-surrender to death as substitutionary/representative act (1:4; 2:20). No parallel in Islamic theology, which has no doctrine of a divine-human mediator dying vicariously for sin.
Freedom
Approved rendering: kemerdekaan
Transliteration: eleutheria
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
New term for Galatians. Kemerdekaan carries an overwhelming Indonesian national-political resonance (Hari Kemerdekaan, 17 August) and a second risk of being misread as libertine license (5:13 explicitly forecloses this). Mandatory translator note distinguishing theological freedom from both senses every occurrence (5:1, 13).
Flesh
Approved rendering: daging
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ
Category: Flesh and Spirit
New term for Galatians. In its morally loaded sense (5:13, 16-24; 6:8), the corrupted, self-oriented human nature opposed to the Spirit, distinct from the neutral ‘physical body’ sense used elsewhere in the same letter (2:20; 4:13-14). Requires a running gloss convention across chapters, not a single upfront note.
New Creation
Approved rendering: ciptaan baru
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: manusia baru (BIS; a distinct Pauline phrase reserved for kainos anthropos elsewhere, e.g. Ephesians 4:24, and must not bleed across into this term)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
New term for Galatians. 6:15’s climactic answer to the circumcision controversy: a definitive, already-accomplished transformation grounded in the cross/resurrection, never contingent on any ritual boundary marker.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: kabar baik, kabar, berita
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Galatians this term is under direct attack by a rival message (1:6-9); every occurrence must be anchored to the specific, singular proclamation of Christ crucified and risen that Paul defends throughout the letter, never conflated with the Quranic ‘Injil’ believed given to Isa, and never diluted toward BIS/FAYH-style generic ‘kabar/berita.‘
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians sustains the grace/law-works antithesis more continuously than any other Pauline letter (1:6, 15; 2:9, 21; 5:4; 6:18). BIS’s rendering of charis as ‘rahmat’ at Galatians 2:21 is a documented landscape risk this pipeline must never echo.
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians uses faith as the sole positive pole of the letter’s central antithesis (2:16; 3:2-26); object must remain recoverable as Christ specifically, never generic assent akin to the Islamic six pillars of iman.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran
Transliteration: kebenaran
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must be actively disambiguated in Galatians from the new compound term ‘kebenaran Injil’ (truth of the gospel, 2:5, 14), which uses the same root for a different sense; this is the one letter in this Language Package where both senses appear within a few verses of each other.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Render identically to Romans 8:15 per the baseline’s Theological Consistency Rules; Galatians 4:6 doubles Abba with ho Patēr as Paul’s own bilingual intensification.
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: Hukum Taurat
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: syariat
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
Inherited from Romans package, but TIER ELEVATED from the baseline’s Medium (Romans) to High for this Language Package: Galatians sustains the law/grace antithesis as its central, continuous argument (2:16-21; 3:2-24; 4:4-5, 21; 5:3-4, 14, 18, 23; 6:2, 13) rather than as one supporting point among many. Never render as syariat; never adopt BIS’s looser ‘hukum agama Yahudi.‘
Covenant
Approved rendering: perjanjian
Transliteration: perjanjian
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. In Galatians 3:15, 17 and 4:24, must be kept distinct from the new term ‘janji’ (promise) — covenant is the overarching binding relationship, promise is its pledged content.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: Allah
Doctrine: (multiple — see Sonship, Incarnation, Grace)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The term itself carries established Indonesian Christian usage since the 17th century; the risk lies in surrounding vocabulary (rasul, sunat, penyataan), per baseline rationale.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: kebangkitan
Transliteration: kebangkitan
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν (implied, cf. 1:1)
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1 grounds Paul’s apostolic commissioning in God’s raising Christ from the dead; distinguish Christ’s specific historical resurrection from the generic Islamic end-times resurrection expectation.
Adoption
Approved rendering: pengangkatan sebagai anak
Transliteration: pengangkatan sebagai anak
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:5 is one of only two occurrences of huiothesia in Paul’s letters (with Romans 8:15, 23; 9:4); apply baseline’s mandatory legal/relational (not physical-procreative) framing throughout chapter 4.
Anathema
Approved rendering: terkutuk
Transliteration: anathema
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: tidak disetujui
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Salvation
New term for Galatians. Paul’s double pronouncement (1:8-9) that anyone preaching a different gospel is accursed; must retain full covenantal-curse force, not mere disapproval.
Promise
Approved rendering: janji
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians. Must be kept distinct from perjanjian (covenant): janji names the pledged content (blessing/seed/inheritance), perjanjian the overarching binding relationship. Conflating the two blurs Paul’s promise-precedes-law argument (3:15-29).
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: keturunan
Transliteration: sperma
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians, extending the baseline seed_of_david pattern. The singular/plural argument at 3:16 depends on a grammatical distinction Indonesian keturunan cannot carry (no number inflection); a translator note explaining the Greek singular is mandatory at 3:16.
Guardian
Approved rendering: penuntun
Transliteration: paidagōgos
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: wali, pengawas
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
New term for Galatians. Explicitly reject wali: the baseline already forbids wali for saints due to Sufi guardian-saint (wali songo) associations; using it here for a different but adjacent ‘guardian’ sense risks the same syncretistic resonance.
Mediator
Approved rendering: pengantara
Transliteration: mesitēs
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians. Refers to Moses’ role in giving the law (3:19-20). No structural Islamic parallel for a divine-human covenant mediator; flag for theologian review wherever this term is applied Christologically in later curriculum materials.
Heir Inheritance
Approved rendering: ahli waris / warisan
Transliteration: klēronomos / klēronomia
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος / κληρονομία
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians. Must be kept distinct from ordinary secular inheritance-law vocabulary by context; the inheritance in view (3:29; 4:1, 7, 30) is the promised, ultimately eschatological covenant blessing.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: kebenaran Injil
Transliteration: alētheia tou euangeliou
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Salvation
New term for Galatians. Because baseline kebenaran already carries the separate sense ‘righteousness,’ this phrase (2:5, 14) could be misread as ‘the righteousness the gospel confers’ rather than ‘the truthfulness of the gospel message.’ Pair with a clarifying gloss (Injil yang benar dan tidak dipalsukan) where needed.
In Christ
Approved rendering: di dalam Kristus
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Salvation
New term for Galatians. Union/identity language (2:4, 17; 3:14, 26-28; 5:6), never merely proximity or influence, and must not be collapsed into official registered-religion (agama) status.
Nullify
Approved rendering: meniadakan
Transliteration: atheteō
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: mengabaikan
Original: ἀθετέω
Category: Salvation
New term for Galatians. Stronger than ‘mengabaikan’ (to overlook); Paul’s point at 2:21 is that returning to law-righteousness would functionally cancel God’s grace altogether.
Died In Vain
Approved rendering: mati dengan sia-sia
Transliteration: dōrean apethanen
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: mati sebagai hadiah (overly literal rendering that loses the idiomatic sense)
Original: δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν
Category: Salvation
New term for Galatians. Idiomatic ‘in vain,’ not ‘freely given,’ despite shared root with grace-vocabulary (2:21); the letter’s closing logical capstone binding justification, grace, faith, and the cross into one argument.
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: roh-roh dunia / dasar-dasar dunia
Transliteration: stoicheia tou kosmou
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Freedom
New term for Galatians. Indonesia’s traditional/animist substrate gives ‘roh-roh dunia’ real cultural resonance (4:3, 9); note required clarifying Paul describes bondage from which Christ liberates, not an ongoing populated spirit-world requiring appeasement.
Slave Son Contrast
Approved rendering: hamba / anak
Transliteration: doulos / huios
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: δοῦλος / υἱός
Category: Salvation
New term for Galatians. Household-legal status contrast (4:1-7; 4:21-31): a slave has no inheritance right, a son does. Must keep the legal-status contrast sharp, not flatten into a merely emotional family-belonging contrast; pair anak with ahli waris/warisan wherever the legal point is made.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: kuk perbudakan
Transliteration: zygos douleias
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
New term for Galatians. Returning to law-righteousness as re-entering slavery (5:1); must not be read as a blanket rejection of the Mosaic Law’s original goodness, only of the law wrongly imposed as a means of righteousness.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: iman yang bekerja oleh kasih
Transliteration: pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: iman dan perbuatan (would reintroduce a works-based qualifier)
Original: πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
New term for Galatians. Describes the fruit and expression of already-justifying faith (5:6), not an additional condition for justification; risk of being heard as ‘faith plus saving works,’ directly undermining 2:16.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: buah Roh
Transliteration: karpos tou pneumatos
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: buah-buah Roh (plural, rejected)
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Flesh and Spirit
New term for Galatians. The deliberate Greek singular (5:22-23) must be preserved as one unified organic yield, not nine separately achievable virtues, which would reintroduce works-righteousness through the back door.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: perbuatan daging
Transliteration: ta erga tēs sarkos
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
New term for Galatians. Deliberately echoes/contrasts ‘works of the law’ (5:19-21). The pharmakeia (sorcery) list item should render as sihir/ilmu gaib with clarity that it names occult practice, not folk medicine, given live Indonesian folk-magic vocabulary.
Led By The Spirit
Approved rendering: dipimpin oleh Roh
Transliteration: Pneumati agesthe
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: Πνεύματι ἄγεσθε
Category: Flesh and Spirit
New term for Galatians. Ongoing Spirit-directed life (5:18, 25), the alternative to being ‘under the law’; the Spirit’s personal guiding agency must be distinguished from the Islamic Ruh al-Qudus/Gabriel.
Cross Of Christ
Approved rendering: salib Kristus
Transliteration: stauros tou Christou
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Atonement
New term for Galatians. The ground of Paul’s boasting (6:14), contrasted with the agitators’ boast in circumcision numbers (6:13); presupposes the historicity of the crucifixion, denied in mainstream Islamic teaching (Quran 4:157).
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: yang dipanggil
Transliteration: yang dipanggil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive in Galatians: 1:6 = call into gospel grace; 5:8, 13 = call to freedom/service.
Calling
Approved rendering: panggilan
Transliteration: panggilan
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:15 applies this to Paul’s own apostolic commissioning from the womb, distinct from the salvation-calling sense of 1:6.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Anchor relationally (offense against a personal God), not merely as legal infraction.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: bangsa-bangsa lain
Transliteration: bangsa-bangsa lain
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: orang kafir
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Galatians 2 and 3’s argument that Gentile believers need not be circumcised; never render as orang kafir.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 6:16 (‘the Israel of God’) applies the covenant name to the believing community; keep theological usage distinct from contemporary political sensitivity.
Glory
Approved rendering: kemuliaan
Transliteration: kemuliaan
Doctrine: (doxological)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard usage in the letter’s opening doxology (Galatians 1:5).
Church
Approved rendering: jemaat
Transliteration: jemaat
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: gereja
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:2, 13, 22 refer to ‘the church(es)’; prefer jemaat (the gathered people) over gereja (building/institution).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: Kerajaan Allah
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 5:21 warns that those who practice the works of the flesh ‘will not inherit the kingdom of God’; distinguish from an earthly political kerajaan.
Peace
Approved rendering: damai sejahtera
Transliteration: damai sejahtera
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:3’s greeting ‘grace to you and peace’ pairs anugerah and damai sejahtera; not merely the greeting-word salam or the absence of conflict.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: saudara-saudara palsu
Transliteration: pseudadelphoi
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
New term for Galatians. Names the internal threat to gospel purity at 2:4, distinct from open outsiders.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: kemunafikan
Transliteration: hypokrisis
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Ethics
New term for Galatians. Peter’s situational inconsistency at Antioch (2:13). Broadly compatible with the Islamic ethical category munafik, but native speaker review is recommended to keep this as Paul’s specific, situational rebuke rather than a totalizing false-believer claim.
Sinner
Approved rendering: orang berdosa
Transliteration: hamartōlos
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
New term for Galatians. Built on baseline root dosa (2:15, 17); anchor relationally, consistent with baseline’s sin entry.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: pelanggar
Transliteration: parabatēs
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Sin
New term for Galatians. Specific boundary-violation nuance (2:18), distinct from the more general orang berdosa.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: genapnya waktu / pada waktu yang telah ditentukan Allah
Transliteration: to plērōma tou chronou
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: takdir-adjacent phrasing
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: God
New term for Galatians. Ties the Incarnation (4:4) to God’s sovereign redemptive timetable; never render with fate/takdir-adjacent vocabulary.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: menanggung beban seorang akan yang lain
Transliteration: bastazete ta barē
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βαστάζετε τὰ βάρη
Category: Ethics
New term for Galatians. Communal responsibility for restoring a fallen believer (6:2); must be distinguished from 6:5’s ‘each will bear his own load’ (a different Greek noun, phortion, for individual responsibility) — the two statements are complementary, not contradictory.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: menabur / menuai
Transliteration: speirō / therizō
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Ethics
New term for Galatians. Agricultural imagery for the moral-spiritual consequence principle (6:7-9); should not be read through a karma-like framework of impersonal cosmic cause-and-effect, given Hindu-Buddhist-influenced folk concepts of karma in Indonesia. Anchor to the personal God who governs the outcome.
Boast
Approved rendering: bermegah
Transliteration: kauchaomai
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Ethics
New term for Galatians. Paul uses the same verb for both misplaced boasting in externals (6:13) and rightly placed boasting in the cross alone (6:14); preserve the deliberate contrast.
Judaism
Approved rendering: agama Yahudi
Transliteration: Ioudaismos
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians. Paul’s former way of life (1:13-14); must be handled with historical-descriptive framing, not as commentary on contemporary Judaism.
Jews Ethnonym
Approved rendering: orang Yahudi
Transliteration: Ioudaioi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: Ἰουδαῖοι
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians. Anchor to first-century ethnic-covenantal identity (2:15); must not be confused with the modern political category ‘Israel/Israeli.‘
Ishmael
Approved rendering: Ismael
Transliteration: Ismaēl
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἰσμαήλ
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians (proper name). Used allegorically (4:22-31) to represent law-bound slavery. Ishmael is also the ancestral figure through whom Islamic tradition traces Arab/Muslim descent; present the allegory as Paul’s typological argument, never as commentary on contemporary ethnic-religious lineage.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: menasihati
Transliteration: menasihati
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: παρακαλέω (implied paraenetic register)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Matches the paraenetic register of Galatians 6:1-2’s practical exhortation section.
Servant Minister
Approved rendering: pelayan
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church
New term for Galatians. Rhetorical use at 2:17; no significant vocabulary collision.
Certainly Not
Approved rendering: sekali-kali tidak!
Transliteration: mē genoito
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: tentu tidak (weaker rhetorical force)
Original: μὴ γένοιτο
Category: Rhetoric
New term for Galatians. Established idiomatic rendering; must preserve full rhetorical repudiation force, not soften into a mild ‘tidak.‘
Restore Gently
Approved rendering: memulihkan dengan lembut
Transliteration: katartizete
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: καταρτίζετε
Category: Ethics
New term for Galatians. Gentle, skilled restoration (6:1), not harsh correction.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: tanda-tanda (bekas luka) Yesus
Transliteration: ta stigmata tou Iēsou
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Apostleship
New term for Galatians. Paul’s suffering-scars as authenticating credential (6:17), in ironic contrast to the opponents’ emphasis on the mark of circumcision.
Zealous
Approved rendering: sangat giat
Transliteration: zēlōtēs / zēlos
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ζηλωτής / ζῆλος
Category: Apostleship
New term for Galatians. Paul’s pre-conversion zeal (1:14), sincere but catastrophically misdirected; useful pastoral bridge for readers from other zealous religious backgrounds.
Abraham
Approved rendering: Abraham
Transliteration: Abraam
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians (proper name). Islamic tradition also venerates Abraham (Ibrahim) as patriarch and ‘friend of God,’ but not specifically as recipient of the messianic-seed promise Paul argues for (3:6-29; 4:22); a contextual note on the specific covenant-promise content is recommended when teaching.
Hagar
Approved rendering: Hagar
Transliteration: Hagar
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἁγάρ
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians (proper name). The slave woman whose son Paul uses allegorically to represent the law-bound old covenant (4:24-25).
Sarah
Approved rendering: Sara
Transliteration: Sarra
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Σάρρα
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians (proper name). Standard Alkitab TB form; represents the promise and the free, heavenly Jerusalem (4:22-31).
Isaac
Approved rendering: Ishak
Transliteration: Isaak
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἰσαάκ
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians (proper name). Standard Alkitab TB form; Abraham’s promise-born son, representing believers born according to the promise (4:22-31).
Sinai
Approved rendering: Sinai
Transliteration: Sina
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Σινᾶ
Category: Covenant
New term for Galatians (proper name). The mountain of the law-giving covenant, allegorically linked to slavery under the law (4:24-25).
Cephas Peter
Approved rendering: Kefas / Petrus
Transliteration: Kēphas / Petros
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
New term for Galatians (proper name). Standard dual naming as in source text (1:18; 2:7-14); central to the Antioch confrontation narrative.
Barnabas
Approved rendering: Barnabas
Transliteration: Barnabas
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
New term for Galatians (proper name), 2:1, 9, 13.
Titus
Approved rendering: Titus
Transliteration: Titos
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
New term for Galatians (proper name), 2:1, 3.
James
Approved rendering: Yakobus
Transliteration: Iakōbos
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
New term for Galatians (proper name), 1:19; 2:9, 12.
Jerusalem
Approved rendering: Yerusalem
Transliteration: Ierousalēm
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
New term for Galatians (proper name). Distinguish the literal city (1:17-18; 2:1) from the allegorical ‘Jerusalem above’ (4:26).
Antioch
Approved rendering: Antiokhia
Transliteration: Antiocheia
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
New term for Galatians (proper name), 2:11, site of the Cephas confrontation.
Arabia
Approved rendering: Arabia
Transliteration: Arabia
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
New term for Galatians (proper name), 1:17.
Syria Cilicia
Approved rendering: Siria / Kilikia
Transliteration: Syria / Kilikia
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
New term for Galatians (proper name), 1:21.
Referenced passages