Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Acts 1–28
Per-Term Translation Requirements for Indonesian
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json for the Acts curriculum. Section A lists baseline terms reused exactly as recorded (no changes permitted). Section B lists new terms introduced by Acts, organized by curriculum doctrine, each assigned a risk tier consistent with the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework. All new High/Critical terms in Section B must be added to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 translation begins, per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Modification Permitted)
| English Term | Indonesian Rendering | Risk (baseline) | Key Acts Passages | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Allah | High | throughout | |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | throughout | Never Nabi Isa |
| Lord | Tuhan | High/Critical | 2:21,36; 4:33; 10:36; 16:31 | ”Jesus is Lord”-type confessions retain unqualified exclusivity |
| Christ / Messiah | Kristus / Mesias | Critical | 2:36; 3:18; 9:22; 17:3; 18:5,28 | Distinguish from Quranic Isa al-Masih |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | throughout (esp. ch.1-2,4-5,8,10,13,19) | Distinguish from Ruh al-Qudus/Gabriel |
| Father | Bapa | Critical | 1:4,7; 2:33 | Relational/adoptive, not physical procreation |
| apostle | rasul | Critical | 1:2,25-26; 2:37,42-43; 4:33,35-37; 5:2,12,18,29,34,40; 6:6; 8:1,14,18; 9:27; 11:1; 14:4,14; 15:2,4,6,22-23,33; 16:4 | Distinguish from closed Islamic prophetic-messenger line |
| prophet | nabi | High | 2:16,30; 3:18,21,24-25; 7:37,42,48,52; 8:28,30,34; 10:43; 11:27; 13:1,6,15,20,27,40; 15:15,32; 21:9-10; 24:14; 26:22,27; 28:23 | OT redemptive-historical anchor, not Islamic closed prophetic line |
| prophecy | nubuat / bernubuat | Low | 2:17-18; 19:6; 21:9-10 | |
| grace | anugerah | High | 4:33; 6:8; 11:23; 13:43; 14:3,26; 15:11,40; 18:27; 20:24,32 | Never rahmat/pahala |
| faith | iman | High | 3:16; 6:5,7; 11:24; 13:8; 14:9,22,27; 15:9; 16:5; 20:21; 24:24; 26:18 | Anchor to trust in the crucified-risen Christ |
| salvation / saved | keselamatan / diselamatkan | Critical | 2:21,40,47; 4:9,12; 11:14; 13:26,47; 15:1,11; 16:17,30-31; 27:20,31,34; 28:28 | Deeds-and-mercy framework must never substitute |
| justification | pembenaran | Critical | 13:38-39 | Direct doctrinal anchor for “Justification apart from the Law” |
| righteousness | kebenaran | Critical | 10:35; 13:10; 17:31; 24:25 | Forensic/relational standing, not merely “truth” |
| resurrection | kebangkitan | Critical/High | 1:22; 2:24,31-32; 3:15,26; 4:2,10,33; 5:30; 9:40 (Tabitha, distinguish); 10:40-41; 13:30,33-34,37; 17:18,31-32; 23:6,8; 24:15,21; 26:8,23 | Christ’s specific historical resurrection; distinguish from generic Islamic end-times resurrection and from Tabitha’s temporary restoration |
| law (Mosaic) | Hukum Taurat | High | 6:13; 7:53; 13:15,39; 15:5,24; 18:13,15; 21:20,24,28; 23:29; 24:14; 25:8; 28:23 | Never syariat |
| sin | dosa | Medium | 2:38; 3:19; 5:31; 7:60; 10:43; 13:38; 22:16; 26:18 | |
| gentiles | bangsa-bangsa lain | Medium | 9:15; 10:45; 11:1,18; 13:46-48; 14:27; 15:3,7,12,14,19,23; 18:6; 21:19,21,25; 22:21; 26:17,20,23; 28:28 | Never orang kafir |
| glory | kemuliaan | High | 7:2,55; 12:23; 22:11 | |
| power of God | kuasa Allah | Medium | 1:8; 3:12; 4:7,33; 6:8; 8:10,19; 10:38; 19:8,11 | |
| covenant | perjanjian | High | 3:25; 7:8 | |
| election | pemilihan | High | 9:15 (chosen instrument, extended); 15:7 | Never takdir |
| providence | pemeliharaan Allah | Medium | 27:23-25,44 | Never takdir |
| mission | pekabaran Injil | Medium | throughout missionary journeys (13-20) | Never misi |
| David | Daud | Medium | 1:16; 2:25,29,34; 4:25; 7:45; 13:22,34,36; 15:16 | |
| Israel | Israel | Medium | 1:6; 2:36; 4:10,27; 5:21,31; 7:23,37,42; 9:15; 10:36; 13:16-17,23-24; 21:28; 28:20 | |
| church | jemaat | Medium | 2:47; 5:11; 7:38; 8:1,3; 9:31; 11:22,26; 12:1,5; 13:1; 14:23,27; 15:3-4,22,41; 16:5; 18:22; 20:17,28 | |
| kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | 1:3,6; 8:12; 14:22; 19:8; 20:25; 28:23,31 | |
| gospel | Injil | High | 8:25,35,40; 13:32; 14:7,15,21; 15:7; 16:10; 20:24 | Anchor to Christ crucified/risen, not a lost/corrupted Isa-scripture |
| calling / called | panggilan / yang dipanggil | High | 2:39; 13:2; 16:10 | Context-sensitive per baseline note |
| fellowship | persekutuan | Low | 2:42 | |
| thanksgiving | ucapan syukur | Low | 27:35; 28:15 | |
| saints | orang-orang kudus | Medium/High | 9:13,32,41 | Never wali |
| holy | kudus | Medium/High | throughout (Roh Kudus and related) | Never suci |
| exhort | menasihati | Low | 2:40; 11:23; 14:22; 15:32; 16:40; 20:1-2 | |
| seed of David | keturunan Daud | Medium | 2:30; 13:23 |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Acts, Organized by Curriculum Doctrine
1. The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pentecost | Pentakosta | Pentakosta | Medium | 2:1; 20:16 | Established loanword; risk is audience unfamiliarity with the Shavuot/harvest-feast OT background, not doctrinal collision |
| other tongues / tongues (real languages) | bahasa lain | bahasa lain | High | 2:4,6,8,11 | Must be distinguished, with translator note, from the contemporary charismatic “bahasa roh”/glossolalia debate live in Indonesian Pentecostalism; Acts 2’s tongues were known human languages |
| tongues of fire | lidah-lidah api | lidah-lidah api | Medium | 2:3 | Visual sign; risk of over-literalizing as the Spirit’s essential form |
| filled with the Holy Spirit | dipenuhi (dengan) Roh Kudus | dipenuhi Roh Kudus | Critical | 2:4; 4:8,31; 6:3,5; 7:55; 9:17; 11:24; 13:9,52 | Inherits Roh Kudus’s Critical status; distinguish repeatable “fillings” from the singular Pentecost inauguration |
| gift of the Holy Spirit (indwelling) | karunia Roh Kudus | karunia Roh Kudus | Critical | 2:38; 10:45; 11:17 | Distinguish from spiritual_gifts (karunia rohani, baseline Medium) — this is the Spirit’s own Person given, not merely enablements |
| baptized with the Holy Spirit | dibaptis dengan Roh Kudus | dibaptis dengan Roh Kudus | Critical | 1:5; 11:16 | Distinct from, though fulfilled alongside, water baptism |
| pour out the Spirit | mencurahkan Roh | mencurahkan Roh | High | 2:17-18 | Personal divine Person given, not an impersonal force dispensed |
| last days | hari-hari terakhir | hari-hari terakhir | Medium | 2:17 | Distinguish inaugurated NT “last days” (began at Pentecost) from a future-only “akhir zaman” framing |
| visions / dreams | penglihatan / mimpi | penglihatan / mimpi | Low | 2:17; 9:10; 10:3,17,19; 16:9-10; 18:9 | Distinguish from occult divination (see roh tenung, below) |
2. The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unclean / common (food/people) | tidak tahir / najis | tidak tahir / najis | High | 10:14-15,28; 11:8-9 | MUST NOT use “haram” — that imports Islamic halal/haram legal category into a text whose point is the abolition of the Jewish/Gentile food boundary |
| God shows no partiality | Allah tidak memandang bulu | — | High | 10:34; 15:9 | Direct expression of baseline Universal Scope of the Gospel |
| God-fearer | orang yang takut akan Allah | — | Medium | 10:2,22,35; 13:16,26 | Intermediate Gentile-sympathizer category; distinguish from full proselytes |
| proselyte | proselit / penganut agama Yahudi | prosēlytos | Medium | 2:10; 6:5; 13:43 | Distinguish from Gentiles who become Christians without first becoming Jewish converts |
| Christian(s) | orang Kristen | Christianoi | Medium | 11:26; 26:28 | Distinguish living, Spirit-filled identity in Christ from mere registered religious-community (agama) membership |
| Samaritans (as bridge people) | orang Samaria | — | Low | 1:8; 8:1,5,9,14,25; 9:31 | Ethnic-religious “between” group bridging the Jew/Gentile mission |
| synagogue | sinagoge / rumah ibadat orang Yahudi | synagōgē | Low/Medium | throughout | Distinguish from jemaat/church (baseline Medium) — this is the Jewish assembly-place, not the Christian congregation |
3. Repentance and Baptism
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repent / repentance | bertobat / pertobatan | metanoia | Critical | 2:38; 3:19; 5:31; 8:22; 11:18; 13:24; 17:30; 19:4; 20:21; 26:20 | Collision with Islamic tawbah (deeds-and-mercy repentance); must anchor to a decisive, Christ-directed turning resulting in baptism and the Spirit’s gift, not a repeatable moral resolution independent of the finished atoning work |
| baptize / baptism | membaptis / dibaptis / baptisan | baptisma | Critical | 2:38,41; 8:12-13,36-38; 9:18; 10:47-48; 16:15,33; 18:8; 19:3-5; 22:16 | No Islamic sacramental equivalent (wudhu/ghusl are ritual purification, not conversion-rites); anchor to union with Christ’s death/resurrection and public identification with his name; flag Trinitarian-formula sensitivity for Phase 2 (do not editorialize) |
| in/on the name of Jesus Christ | dalam/atas nama Yesus Kristus | epi tō onomati | Critical | 2:38; 8:16; 10:48; 19:5; 22:16 | Baptismal-formula language; render plainly, flag for theologian review rather than resolving denominational baptismal-formula debates |
| forgiveness of sins | pengampunan dosa | aphesis hamartiōn | High | 2:38; 5:31; 10:43; 13:38; 26:18 | Distinguish from Islamic maghfirah (mercy-and-deeds forgiveness); anchor to Christ’s atoning death/resurrection |
| John’s baptism (contrast) | baptisan Yohanes | baptisma Iōannou | Medium | 18:25; 19:3-4 | Preparatory, repentance-only rite, fulfilled and superseded by Christian baptism into Jesus’s name with the Spirit |
| household salvation | engkau dan seisi rumahmu | — | Medium | 16:31,34 | Collective offer language; does not bypass personal faith of each household member |
4. The Church as Community
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| all things in common | mempunyai segala sesuatu kepunyaan bersama | koina | Medium | 2:44-45; 4:32-35 | Voluntary sharing, not a permanent enforced-communism mandate (cf. Ananias/Sapphira, ch.5) |
| breaking of bread | memecah-mecahkan roti | klasis tou artou | Medium | 2:42,46; 20:7,11; 27:35 | Context-dependent: ordinary shared meal or Lord’s-Supper resonance; judge per occurrence |
| elder (church office) | penatua | presbyteros | Medium | 11:30; 14:23; 15:2,4,6,22-23; 16:4; 20:17; 21:18 | Distinguish from generic cultural “tetua adat” (customary elder), which carries no ecclesial authority |
| overseer / bishop | penilik jemaat | episkopos | Medium | 20:28 | Denominational-polity sensitivity (episcopal vs. presbyterian government); render plainly, flag for native speaker review rather than resolving the polity question |
| shepherd (the church) | menggembalakan (jemaat) | poimainein | Medium | 20:28 | Pastoral-care metaphor |
| ministry / service (table-service office) | pelayanan / diaken | diakonia | Medium | 6:1-4 | Forerunner of the later formal “deacon” office; avoid over-formalizing beyond what the text states |
| added [to the church] | ditambahkan | prostithēmi | Low | 2:41,47; 5:14; 11:24 | Church growth as divine addition, not mere human recruitment |
5. Apostolic Authority and Miracles
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| signs and wonders / miracles | tanda dan mujizat | sēmeia kai terata / dynameis | High | 2:19,22,43; 4:16,22,30; 5:12; 6:8; 8:6,13; 14:3; 15:12; 19:11 | ”Mujizat” collides with the Islamic doctrine of mu’jizat (prophet-authenticating miracle, esp. Muhammad’s); every occurrence needs a note anchoring the term to authentication of the resurrection gospel, not a generic prophetic-authentication pattern |
| laying on of hands | penumpangan tangan | epithesis cheirōn | Medium (High at 8:17-19) | 6:6; 8:17-19; 9:17; 13:3; 19:6; 28:8 | Commissioning/impartation gesture; at 8:17-19 requires a note distinguishing Spirit-given impartation through prayer from purchasable magical technique |
| boldness | keberanian | parrēsia | Medium | 4:13,29,31; 9:27-28; 14:3; 19:8; 28:31 | Spirit-given confidence in proclamation, not natural bravado |
| no other name / exclusivity of salvation | tidak ada keselamatan di dalam siapa pun yang lain | — | Critical | 4:12 | Direct extension of baseline salvation; mandatory theologian review; evangelism-sensitivity framing per baseline Evangelism doctrine (witness, not inducement) |
6. Persecution and Bold Witness
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| witness / testify | saksi / bersaksi | martys / martyreō | High | 1:8,22; 2:32,40; 3:15; 4:33; 5:32; 10:39,41; 13:31; 22:15,20; 23:11; 26:16 | Structural spine of Acts (1:8); etymological link to “martyr,” realized in Stephen and James |
| stoning (mob violence, not legal punishment) | dilempari (dengan) batu | lithazō | High | 7:58-59; 14:19 | Avoid “dirajam” (specific Islamic legal-penal term for stoning, rajam); use neutral descriptive phrasing for mob violence against a witness |
| great fear (upon the church) | ketakutan yang besar | phobos megas | Medium | 5:5,11; 19:17 | Reverent sobering fear of a holy God, not terror of an arbitrary power |
| Sanhedrin / Council | Mahkamah Agama | synedrion | Medium | 4:15; 5:21,27,34,41; 6:12,15; 22:30; 23:1,6,15,20,28; 24:20 | Distinguish from any modern Islamic or civil “mahkamah” institution |
| angel of the Lord | malaikat Tuhan | angelos Kyriou | High | 5:19; 8:26; 10:3; 12:7,23; 27:23 | Distinguish from Islamic angelology (Jibril as revelation-bearer); NT angels are created, ministering spirits serving God’s redemptive mission |
7. Conversion of Paul
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the Way | Jalan Tuhan / “Jalan itu” | hē hodos | High | 9:2; 19:9,23; 22:4; 24:14,22 | Risk of syncretistic reading in Indonesia’s plural “spiritual path” vocabulary (kejawen, As-Sirat al-Mustaqim); anchor specifically to the way of salvation through the crucified-risen Lord |
| chosen instrument | alat pilihan | skeuos eklogēs | Medium | 9:15 | Extends baseline election/pemilihan; personal, purposive choosing, never takdir |
| light from heaven / voice from heaven | cahaya dari langit / suara | phōs / phōnē | Medium | 9:3-4; 22:6-7; 26:13-14 | Theophanic, Christ-initiated conversion event |
| turn from the power of Satan to God | berbalik dari kuasa Iblis kepada Allah | — | High | 26:18 | See Iblis entry below; conversion as decisive transfer of allegiance |
| zealous for God (pre-conversion) | giat/rajin bagi Allah | zēlōtēs | Low | 22:3; 26:5,9-11 | Contrast zeal-without-saving-faith with obedience_of_faith (baseline High) |
8. Justification apart from the Law
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| justified apart from the Law | dibenarkan lepas dari Hukum Taurat | dikaioutai | Critical | 13:38-39 | Direct narrative anchor of the named curriculum doctrine; extends baseline pembenaran (Critical); mandatory theologian review |
| circumcision (soteriological controversy) | sunat | peritomē | High | 15:1,5,24; 16:3; 21:21 | Anchor to the Acts 15 salvation-condition controversy; distinguish from ordinary Indonesian-Islamic khitan practice, which carries no comparable salvation-stakes |
| the yoke (of the Law) | kuk Hukum Taurat | zygos | High | 15:10 | Reinforces Justification apart from the Law; connects to baseline law/Hukum Taurat |
| saved through grace, just as they are | diselamatkan oleh anugerah Tuhan Yesus, sama seperti mereka | — | Critical | 15:11 | Direct fusion of baseline grace and salvation doctrines applied to Jew/Gentile equality |
| the Council’s decree (abstain from certain things) | menjauhkan diri dari | apechesthai | Medium | 15:20,29 | Pastoral accommodation, not a re-imposition of law-as-salvation-condition |
| set apart / sent (commissioning) | dikhususkan / diutus | aphorizō | Medium | 13:2-3 | Connects to baseline calling; missionary sending, not prophetic-succession framing |
9. The Great Commission Fulfilled
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to the end of the earth | sampai ke ujung bumi | heōs eschatou tēs gēs | Medium | 1:8 | Structural outline verse for the whole book |
| unhindered | dengan tidak ada yang menghalangi-halangi / dengan leluasa | akōlytōs | Medium | 28:31 | Triumphant closing term; literary bookend to 1:8 and 11:17 |
| ”who was I to hinder God?“ | siapakah aku, sehingga aku dapat menghalangi Allah? | kōlyō | Medium | 11:17 | Same verb root as 28:31’s “unhindered” — flag literary connection for teaching |
| preaching the kingdom of God (climactic) | memberitakan Kerajaan Allah | kēryssōn tēn basileian | Medium | 28:23,31 | Extends baseline kingdom_of_god; climactic summary of the gospel’s advance from Jerusalem to Rome |
Cross-Cutting Christological & General Theological Terms (Not Tied to a Single Doctrine Above)
| Term | Indonesian | Transliteration | Risk | Passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| crucifixion / crucified | disalibkan / menyalibkan | stauroō | Critical | 2:23,36; 4:10; 5:30; 10:39; 13:28-29 | Direct contradiction of Quran 4:157’s denial of the crucifixion; must never be softened, hedged, or reframed as “seeming”; requires mandatory theologian review at every occurrence |
| Son of Man | Anak Manusia | ho huios tou anthrōpou | Critical | 7:56 | Daniel 7 exalted divine-human title; must not be flattened to “merely a human being”; reinforces baseline Deity/Sonship of Christ doctrines |
| his Servant / the Holy and Righteous One | Hamba-Nya / Yang Kudus dan Benar | ho pais / ho hagios kai dikaios | High | 3:13-14,26; 4:27,30 | Isaianic Servant title; affirms full humanity alongside full deity |
| God’s determined plan and foreknowledge | rencana Allah yang telah ditetapkan-Nya dan diketahui-Nya sebelumnya | hōrismenē boulē kai prognōsis | High | 2:23; 4:28; 20:27 | Never takdir (impersonal fatalistic decree); a personal purpose that still holds human agents morally accountable |
| Hades / realm of the dead | dunia orang mati | Hadēs | Medium | 2:27,31 | Not to be equated with “neraka” (hell/final punishment) |
| sorcery / magic | sihir / ilmu sihir | mageia | High | 8:9,11; 13:6,8; 19:19 | Contrast the Spirit’s freely-given power with manipulative, transactional occult power (relevant to Indonesian dukun/pawang practices) |
| spirit of divination | roh tenung / roh ramal | pneuma pythōna | High | 16:16 | Distinguish demonically empowered divination from genuine Spirit-given prophecy |
| Satan / the devil | Iblis | Satanas / diabolos | High | 5:3; 13:10; 26:18 | Islamic Iblis is narratively distinct (a jinn who refused to bow to Adam) though functionally comparable; anchor to the biblical adversary defeated through Christ |
| idols / gods (false) | berhala / dewa-dewa | eidōlon / theoi | Medium | 7:41; 14:11-15; 15:20; 17:16,23; 19:26,35 | Relevant to animist/syncretistic Indonesian backgrounds; contrast with Allah, the one true God |
| Unknown God | Allah yang Tidak Dikenal | Agnōstos Theos | Medium | 17:23 | Apologetic bridge-term; must be immediately anchored to the God now revealed in the risen Christ, not left open-ended |
| eunuch | sida-sida | eunouchos | Low | 8:27,34,36,38-39 | Established Indonesian Bible term; marks gospel’s reach to the socially excluded |
| Nazirite vow / vow | nazar | euchē | Low | 18:18; 21:23-24,26 | Shared Arabic-origin vocabulary with Islamic usage; low risk if content-specified as carrying no salvific weight |
| Roman citizenship | kewargaan Roma | politeia Rhōmaia | Low | 16:37-38; 22:25-28; 23:27 | Legal/civic term, minimal doctrinal risk |
| appeal to Caesar | naik banding kepada Kaisar | epikaleomai Kaisara | Low | 25:11-12,21 | Legal-procedural term |
Notes for Phase 2 Loading
- All Section A terms must be loaded from the existing baseline
translation_memory.jsonwithout modification. - All Section B High/Critical terms must be written into an updated
translation_memory.json(version incremented) andbible_term_registry.jsonbefore any Phase 2 segment translation of Acts begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - Terms flagged [HIGH — avoid specific alternative] in this glossary (mujizat-context care, “haram” prohibition for unclean/common, “dirajam” prohibition for mob-stoning, “takdir” prohibition for God’s plan/election/providence) must be added to the FORBIDDEN/CAUTION substitution list enforced at validation.
- Denominationally sensitive terms (baptismal formula at 2:38/19:5, “bahasa lain” vs. “bahasa roh,” elder/overseer polity at 20:17,28) must be rendered plainly from the text and flagged for human theologian or native-speaker review rather than resolved by translation choice.
Critical Risk Terms
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: Never use Nabi Isa, the Islamic framing of Jesus as a prophet who, per mainstream Islamic teaching, was not crucified (Quran 4:157). Yesus preserves full confessional identity as the crucified and risen Lord and Son of God. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Yesus throughout Acts, including the climactic confession at 2:36.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesias
Transliteration: Mesias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: The Quran also names Jesus ‘Al-Masih’ (Isa al-Masih), but as a great prophet, not the divine incarnate Son who died and rose for sin. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Kristus/Mesias throughout Acts (2:36; 3:18; 9:22; 17:3; 18:5,28).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: Roh Kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: Islamic theology has its own ‘Ruh al-Qudus’ (Holy Spirit), but this typically identifies the angel Gabriel, a created being, not a divine Person of the Trinity. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Roh Kudus throughout Acts (esp. chs. 1-2, 4-5, 8, 10, 13, 19); every filled/gift/baptism-with-the-Spirit compound below inherits this Critical status.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: Bapa
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
CRITICAL: Islamic theology treats parent-child language applied to Allah as approaching blasphemy. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Bapa at Acts 1:4,7; 2:33.
Apostle
Approved rendering: rasul
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
CRITICAL: Rasul is the established Indonesian Bible term but is also the specific Islamic title for the closed line of messenger-prophets culminating in Muhammad. Inherited from Romans package. Governs rasul throughout Acts (1:2,25-26; 2:37,42-43; 4:33,35-37; 5:2,12,18,29,34,40; 6:6; 8:1,14,18; 9:27; 11:1; 14:4,14; 15:2,4,6,22-23,33; 16:4) — the highest-frequency title in the book.
Salvation
Approved rendering: keselamatan
Transliteration: keselamatan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: Distinguish from Islamic soteriology’s submission-plus-deeds-weighed-against-mercy framework. Inherited from Romans package. Governs keselamatan/diselamatkan throughout Acts (2:21,40,47; 4:9,12; 11:14; 13:26,47; 15:1,11; 16:17,30-31; 27:20,31,34; 28:28).
Justification
Approved rendering: pembenaran
Transliteration: pembenaran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: The forensic declaration of right standing has no equivalent in Islamic soteriology. Inherited from Romans package. Governs pembenaran at Acts 13:38-39, the direct narrative anchor of this curriculum’s named doctrine ‘Justification apart from the Law’ — mandatory theologian review.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: Anak Allah
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: The Quran explicitly and repeatedly denies that Allah has a son. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Anak Allah at Acts 9:20 (Saul’s first public proclamation after conversion) and 13:33 (Psalm 2 citation) — every occurrence requires a theologian-reviewed note on eternal, relational Sonship, not physical procreation.
Repentance
Approved rendering: bertobat / pertobatan
Transliteration: bertobat / pertobatan
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: Islam’s tawbah is a repeatable turning from sin sought through Allah’s mercy within a deeds-and-mercy framework. NT repentance in Acts (2:38; 3:19; 5:31; 8:22; 11:18; 13:24; 17:30; 19:4; 20:21; 26:20) is a decisive, Spirit-enabled turning inseparably bound to faith in the crucified-and-risen Lord, resulting in baptism and the gift of the Spirit — not an independent moral resolution. Every occurrence requires a theologian-reviewed note.
Baptism
Approved rendering: membaptis / dibaptis / baptisan
Transliteration: membaptis / dibaptis / baptisan
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: Islamic ritual purification (wudhu, ghusl) has no conversion-rite equivalent. Governs Acts 2:38,41; 8:12-13,36-38; 9:18; 10:47-48; 16:15,33; 18:8; 19:3-5; 22:16. Anchor to union with Christ’s death/resurrection and public identification with his name. Render Trinitarian-vs-‘Jesus name only’ baptismal-formula passages (2:38; 19:5) plainly; flag for theologian review rather than resolving the denominational debate in translation.
In The Name Of Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: dalam/atas nama Yesus Kristus
Transliteration: dalam/atas nama Yesus Kristus
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. A Semitic-idiom formula invoking Christ’s authority (Acts 2:38; 8:16; 10:48; 19:5). Render plainly as the text states; do not adjudicate the Trinitarian-formula debate live among some Indonesian Pentecostal/Oneness streams.
Filled With Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: dipenuhi (dengan) Roh Kudus
Transliteration: dipenuhi Roh Kudus
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: ἐπλήσθησαν Πνεύματος Ἁγίου
Category: God
NEW TERM. Inherits Roh Kudus’s Critical status. Governs Acts 2:4; 4:8,31; 6:3,5; 7:55; 9:17; 11:24; 13:9,52. Distinguish the singular, inaugurating Pentecost event (2:4) from the repeatable fillings that follow. Must not be flattened to vague ‘inspiration’ compatible with folk-religious spirit-possession (kerasukan) framing.
Gift Of Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: karunia Roh Kudus
Transliteration: karunia Roh Kudus
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: ἡ δωρεὰ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:38; 10:45; 11:17. Must be distinguished from spiritual_gifts (karunia rohani, Medium) — this is the Spirit’s own indwelling Person given, not merely enablements for service.
Baptized With Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: dibaptis dengan Roh Kudus
Transliteration: dibaptis dengan Roh Kudus
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: βαπτισθήσεσθε ἐν Πνεύματι Ἁγίῳ
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 1:5; 11:16. Distinct from, though fulfilled alongside, water baptism (Acts 2:38).
No Other Name
Approved rendering: tidak ada keselamatan di dalam siapa pun yang lain
Transliteration: tidak ada keselamatan di dalam siapa pun yang lain
Doctrine: Exclusivity of Salvation
Original: οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἄλλῳ οὐδενὶ ἡ σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: Governs Acts 4:12, the single most exclusivist salvation-claim statement in Acts. Must retain unqualified exclusivity; never soften to ‘one way among several.’ All surrounding proclamation/application framing must remain witness-oriented, never inducement-oriented, per Indonesia’s legal/social sensitivity around evangelism.
Justified Apart From Law
Approved rendering: dibenarkan lepas dari Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: dibenarkan lepas dari Hukum Taurat
Doctrine: Justification apart from the Law
Original: ἐν τούτῳ πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων δικαιοῦται
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: Governs Acts 13:38-39, the direct narrative anchor of this curriculum’s named doctrine, extending baseline pembenaran. No equivalent concept exists in Islamic soteriology’s deeds-and-mercy judgment framework. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Saved Through Grace Just As They Are
Approved rendering: diselamatkan oleh anugerah Tuhan Yesus, sama seperti mereka
Transliteration: diselamatkan oleh anugerah Tuhan Yesus
Doctrine: Justification apart from the Law
Original: σωθῆναι καθ’ ὃν τρόπον κἀκεῖνοι
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: Governs Acts 15:11. Direct fusion of grace (anugerah) and salvation (keselamatan) doctrines applied to Jew/Gentile equality; must never be softened toward a deeds-and-mercy framework.
Crucifixion
Approved rendering: disalibkan / menyalibkan
Transliteration: disalibkan
Doctrine: Crucifixion of Christ
Original: σταυρόω / προσπήξαντες
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: Direct contradiction of Quran 4:157’s denial that Jesus was crucified. Governs Acts 2:23,36; 4:10; 5:30; 10:39; 13:28-29. Must be translated as unambiguous, plain historical fact at every occurrence, never softened, hedged, or reframed as ‘seeming’ or ‘appearing.’ Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia
Transliteration: Anak Manusia
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: Governs Acts 7:56. Exalted, divine-human eschatological title from Daniel 7:13-14. Must not be flattened to the ordinary Indonesian sense of ‘a human being/mortal’; requires a theologian-reviewed note reinforcing Deity of Christ and Sonship of Christ, not a demotion to ‘merely human.‘
High Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Allah has been the established Indonesian Christian term since the earliest Malay-language Bible translations of the 17th century, predating and distinct from the later Malaysian legal dispute restricting the word to Muslim-only use. The term itself is not the risk; the risk lies in the surrounding vocabulary (rasul, nabi, syafaat) that carries specific, contested Quranic doctrinal content. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Allah throughout Acts (e.g. 2:22-24,36; 4:24; 10:34-38; 17:24-31).
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: Tuhan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Tuhan is a broad, generic word for ‘lord/god’ across Indonesian religious usage; context must make clear this is a claim of exclusive, supreme divine Lordship. Inherited from Romans package. In Acts governs 2:21,36; 4:12; 10:36; 16:31; must never be qualified or demoted (see cult/sect screening notes in 05_translation_landscape.md re: Watchtower-style renderings).
Prophet
Approved rendering: nabi
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Nabi is shared vocabulary with Islam’s doctrine of a closed line of prophets ending with Muhammad. Inherited from Romans package. Governs nabi throughout Acts (2:16,30; 3:18,21,24-25; 7:37,42,48,52; 8:28,30,34; 10:43; 11:27; 13:1,6,15,20,27,40; 15:15,32; 21:9-10; 24:14; 26:22,27; 28:23).
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Unmerited favor from God toward sinners, never rahmat or pahala. Inherited from Romans package. Governs anugerah throughout Acts (4:33; 6:8; 11:23; 13:43; 14:3,26; 15:11,40; 18:27; 20:24,32); Acts 15:11 makes explicit what Romans develops at length — Jew and Gentile are saved identically by grace, not law-observance.
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Iman is the established Bible term but also the foundational Islamic six-pillars concept. Inherited from Romans package. Governs iman throughout Acts (3:16; 6:5,7; 11:24; 13:8; 14:9,22,27; 15:9; 16:5; 20:21; 24:24; 26:18); always anchor to trust in the crucified-risen Christ specifically proclaimed in the surrounding sermon.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran
Transliteration: kebenaran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Right standing before God received by faith, not merely ‘truth.’ Inherited from Romans package. Governs kebenaran at Acts 10:35; 13:10; 17:31; 24:25 — at 24:25 must retain the forensic/relational sense before Felix, not collapse into mere factual truth.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: kebangkitan
Transliteration: kebangkitan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Governs kebangkitan throughout Acts (1:22; 2:24,31-32; 3:15,26; 4:2,10,33; 5:30; 10:40-41; 13:30,33-34,37; 17:18,31-32; 23:6,8; 24:15,21; 26:8,23). Must be distinguished from Tabitha’s temporary restoration to mortal life (9:40), a different category, and from Islam’s generic future-only resurrection affirmation.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kuasa Allah
Transliteration: kuasa Allah
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Governs kuasa Allah throughout Acts (1:8; 3:12; 4:7,33; 6:8; 8:10,19; 10:38; 19:8,11); connects to signs_and_wonders below.
Covenant
Approved rendering: perjanjian
Transliteration: perjanjian
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Governs perjanjian at Acts 3:25; 7:8.
Election
Approved rendering: pemilihan
Transliteration: pemilihan
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Never takdir (impersonal Islamic divine decree/fate). Inherited from Romans package. Governs pemilihan at Acts 9:15 (Saul as chosen instrument, extended below) and 15:7 (God’s choosing among the Gentiles).
Providence
Approved rendering: pemeliharaan Allah
Transliteration: pemeliharaan Allah
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Original: πρόνοια
Category: God
Never takdir. Inherited from Romans package. Governs pemeliharaan Allah in the shipwreck voyage narrative (Acts 27:23-25,44).
Glory
Approved rendering: kemuliaan
Transliteration: kemuliaan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Governs kemuliaan at Acts 7:2,55 (Stephen’s vision), 12:23, 22:11.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ketaatan iman
Transliteration: ketaatan iman
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ketaatan syariat
Original: ὑπακούω τῇ πίστει
Category: Faith
Never ketaatan syariat. Inherited from Romans package. Governs ketaatan iman at Acts 6:7 (‘a great many priests were becoming obedient to the faith’) — contrast Paul’s pre-conversion zeal-without-faith (zealous_for_god, below).
Called
Approved rendering: yang dipanggil
Transliteration: yang dipanggil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Acts 2:39 (effectual calling to salvation, extended to those ‘far off’) and 13:2 (missionary commissioning); never takdir-adjacent fatalistic framing.
Calling
Approved rendering: panggilan
Transliteration: panggilan
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Governs panggilan at Acts 16:10.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar baik
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Injil is also the Quranic name for a scripture Muslims believe was given to Isa and later lost or corrupted. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Injil throughout Acts (8:25,35,40; 13:32; 14:7,15,21; 15:7; 16:10; 20:24); anchor to Christ crucified/risen, never a lost/corrupted Isa-scripture.
Pour Out The Spirit
Approved rendering: mencurahkan Roh(-Ku)
Transliteration: mencurahkan Roh
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματός μου
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:17-18. Must be taught as a personal divine Person being given, not an impersonal force poured like water into a vessel (a risk given Indonesian folk-animist ‘curah’ vocabulary for spiritual force).
Tongues Other Tongues
Approved rendering: bahasa lain
Transliteration: bahasa lain
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: ἑτέραις γλώσσαις
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:4,6,8,11. Indonesia has a large charismatic/Pentecostal population for whom ‘bahasa roh’ (private glossolalia, 1 Cor 12-14) is a live, sometimes contested practice. Every occurrence requires a note that Acts 2’s tongues were known human languages understood by the hearers (2:6,11) — never silently conflate with ‘bahasa roh.‘
Unclean Or Common
Approved rendering: tidak tahir / najis
Transliteration: tidak tahir / najis
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: haram
Original: κοινὸν ἢ ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Church
NEW TERM. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ‘haram’ — that imports the Islamic halal/haram legal category into a text whose entire point is the abolition of the Jewish/Gentile ritual-purity boundary marker. Governs Acts 10:14-15,28; 11:8-9.
God Shows No Partiality
Approved rendering: Allah tidak memandang bulu
Transliteration: Allah tidak memandang bulu
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Original: οὐκ ἔστιν προσωπολήμπτης ὁ Θεός
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 10:34-35; 15:9. Fixed choice for this curriculum’s translation memory (TB1’s ‘Allah tidak membedakan orang’ is an acceptable variant but this phrase is the fixed rendering for consistency). Must retain full unqualified impartiality in a society organized around agama (registered-religion) identity categories.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: pengampunan dosa
Transliteration: pengampunan dosa
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: ἄφεσις τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:38; 5:31; 10:43; 13:38; 26:18. Distinguish from Islamic maghfirah (mercy-and-deeds forgiveness weighed at judgment); anchor to Christ’s atoning death and resurrection just proclaimed.
Signs And Wonders
Approved rendering: tanda dan mujizat
Transliteration: tanda dan mujizat
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Miracles
Original: σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα
Category: God
NEW TERM. ‘Mujizat’ collides with the Islamic doctrine of mu’jizat (a prophet-authenticating miracle especially associated with Muhammad); too entrenched in Indonesian Bible usage to substitute, so every occurrence (Acts 2:19,22,43; 4:16,22,30; 5:12; 6:8; 8:6,13; 14:3; 15:12; 19:11) needs a note anchoring the term to God’s authentication of the resurrection gospel specifically, not a generic prophetic-authentication pattern.
Witness
Approved rendering: saksi / bersaksi
Transliteration: saksi
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Original: μάρτυς / μαρτυρέω
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Structural spine of Acts (1:8). Governs Acts 1:8,22; 2:32,40; 3:15; 4:33; 5:32; 10:39,41; 13:31; 22:15,20; 23:11; 26:16. Etymological link to ‘martyr,’ realized narratively in Stephen and James; maintain strict consistency across all 1:8-echoing passages.
Stoning
Approved rendering: dilempari (dengan) batu
Transliteration: dilempari batu
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Rejected alternatives: dirajam
Original: λιθοβολέω / λιθάζω
Category: Church
NEW TERM. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ‘dirajam’ (the specific Islamic hudud legal-penalty term for stoning, historically tied to adultery) — this is mob violence against an innocent witness, not judicial punishment. Governs Acts 7:58-59; 14:19.
Angel Of The Lord
Approved rendering: malaikat Tuhan
Transliteration: malaikat Tuhan
Doctrine: Angelic Ministry
Original: ἄγγελος Κυρίου
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 5:19; 8:26; 10:3; 12:7,23; 27:23. Islam has a robust angelology (Jibril/Gabriel as revelation-bearer to Muhammad); anchor every occurrence to the NT’s more limited role for angels as created, ministering spirits serving God’s redemptive mission, not conflated with Islamic angelic revelation doctrine or the Ruh al-Qudus/Gabriel identification flagged for holy_spirit.
The Way
Approved rendering: Jalan Tuhan / “Jalan itu”
Transliteration: Jalan Tuhan
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: ἡ ὁδός
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 9:2; 19:9,23; 22:4; 24:14,22. Earliest self-designation of the Christian movement. Indonesia’s plural ‘spiritual path’ vocabulary (Javanese kejawen paths, Islam’s As-Sirat al-Mustaqim) creates syncretism risk; every occurrence must anchor to the exclusive way of salvation through the crucified-risen Lord Jesus.
Turn From Satan To God
Approved rendering: berbalik dari kuasa Iblis kepada Allah
Transliteration: berbalik dari kuasa Iblis kepada Allah
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: ἐπιστρέψαι ἀπὸ τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ Σατανᾶ ἐπὶ τὸν Θεόν
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 26:18. Conversion as a decisive transfer of allegiance from a personal, malevolent power to God; see satan_devil below regarding Iblis.
Circumcision Controversy
Approved rendering: sunat
Transliteration: sunat
Doctrine: Justification apart from the Law
Rejected alternatives: khitan-as-equivalent-framing
Original: περιτομή / περιτέμνεσθαι
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 15:1,5,24; 16:3; 21:21. Must be anchored to the Acts 15 salvation-condition controversy and clearly distinguished from ordinary Indonesian-Islamic khitan, a recommended but non-salvific cultural practice there; readers must not assume equivalent stakes.
Yoke Of The Law
Approved rendering: kuk Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: kuk Hukum Taurat
Doctrine: Justification apart from the Law
Original: ζυγός
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 15:10. Reinforces Justification apart from the Law; connects to Hukum Taurat (never syariat).
Servant And Righteous One
Approved rendering: Hamba-Nya / Yang Kudus dan Benar
Transliteration: Hamba-Nya
Doctrine: Servant and Righteous One Christology
Original: ὁ παῖς αὐτοῦ / ὁ ἅγιος καὶ δίκαιος
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 3:13-14,26; 4:27,30. Isaianic Suffering Servant titles applied to Jesus; must affirm humble, obedient humanity alongside exalted deity — both must be preserved, since affirming only humanity would align with, rather than contest, Islam’s affirmation of Jesus’s prophethood without deity.
Gods Determined Plan And Foreknowledge
Approved rendering: rencana Allah yang telah ditetapkan-Nya dan yang telah diketahui-Nya sebelumnya
Transliteration: rencana Allah yang telah ditetapkan-Nya
Doctrine: Divine Providence and God’s Sovereign Plan
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Original: ἡ ὡρισμένη βουλὴ καὶ πρόγνωσις τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW TERM. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never takdir (impersonal Islamic divine decree/fate, qadar). Governs Acts 2:23; 4:27-28; 20:27. A personal purpose concerning the cross that still holds the human agents (Herod, Pilate, the crowds) morally accountable, unlike a fatalistic reading of qadar.
Sorcery Magic
Approved rendering: sihir / ilmu sihir
Transliteration: sihir
Doctrine: Spiritual Conflict and the Occult
Original: μαγεία / μαγεύω
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 8:9,11; 13:6,8; 19:19. Significant risk given Indonesian dukun/pawang folk-magical practice; every occurrence must contrast the Spirit’s freely-given, relational power with manipulative, transactional, demonic occult power.
Divination Spirit
Approved rendering: roh tenung / roh ramal
Transliteration: roh tenung
Doctrine: Spiritual Conflict and the Occult
Original: πνεῦμα πύθωνα
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 16:16. Distinguish clearly from genuine Spirit-given prophecy (nubuat) as demonic in origin; highly relevant to Indonesian fortune-telling/spiritist consultation practices.
Satan Devil
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: Iblis
Doctrine: Spiritual Conflict and the Occult
Original: Σατανᾶς / διάβολος
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 5:3; 13:10; 26:18. Islam’s Iblis is a jinn who refused to bow to Adam — narratively distinct though functionally comparable. Every occurrence should carry a note anchoring Iblis to the biblical adversary defeated through Christ’s death and resurrection, not assuming full narrative equivalence with the Quranic account.
Medium Risk Terms
Mission
Approved rendering: pekabaran Injil
Transliteration: pekabaran Injil
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: misi
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Never default to misi (colonial-era Dutch missionary-society connotation). Inherited from Romans package. Governs the missionary-journey narratives (chs. 13-20) and Acts 1:8’s structural outline.
David
Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Governs Daud at Acts 1:16; 2:25,29,34; 4:25; 7:45; 13:22,34,36; 15:16.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Governs Israel at Acts 1:6; 2:36; 4:10,27; 5:21,31; 7:23,37,42; 9:15; 10:36; 13:16-17,23-24; 21:28; 28:20.
Church
Approved rendering: jemaat
Transliteration: jemaat
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: gereja
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Governs jemaat throughout Acts (2:47; 5:11; 7:38; 8:1,3; 9:31; 11:22,26; 12:1,5; 13:1; 14:23,27; 15:3-4,22,41; 16:5; 18:22; 20:17,28); distinguish from synagogue (below), the Jewish assembly-place.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: Kerajaan Allah
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Governs Kerajaan Allah at Acts 1:3,6; 8:12; 14:22; 19:8; 20:25; 28:23,31, including the book’s climactic closing verse.
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: Hukum Taurat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: syariat
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Never syariat. Inherited from Romans package. Governs Hukum Taurat throughout Acts (6:13; 7:53; 13:15,39; 15:5,24; 18:13,15; 21:20,24,28; 23:29; 24:14; 25:8; 28:23); central to the Jerusalem Council controversy (ch. 15).
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Governs dosa throughout Acts (2:38; 3:19; 5:31; 7:60; 10:43; 13:38; 22:16; 26:18).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: bangsa-bangsa lain
Transliteration: bangsa-bangsa lain
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: orang kafir
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Never orang kafir. Inherited from Romans package. Governs bangsa-bangsa lain throughout Acts, especially the central Gentile-inclusion narrative of chs. 10-15 (9:15; 10:45; 11:1,18; 13:46-48; 14:27; 15:3,7,12,14,19,23; 18:6; 21:19,21,25; 22:21; 26:17,20,23; 28:28).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: karunia rohani
Transliteration: karunia rohani
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept distinct from gift_of_holy_spirit (below) — karunia rohani names enablements the Spirit distributes for service, not the Spirit’s own indwelling Person given as a gift.
Holy
Approved rendering: kudus
Transliteration: kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Never suci (ritual purity). Inherited from Romans package. Governs kudus throughout Acts wherever Roh Kudus and related holiness vocabulary occurs.
Saints
Approved rendering: orang-orang kudus
Transliteration: orang-orang kudus
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Never wali (Islamic Sufi saints). Inherited from Romans package. Governs orang-orang kudus at Acts 9:13,32,41.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: keturunan Daud
Transliteration: keturunan Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Governs keturunan Daud at Acts 2:30; 13:23.
Pentecost
Approved rendering: Pentakosta
Transliteration: Pentakosta
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: Πεντηκοστή
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Established loanword in Alkitab TB. Governs Acts 2:1; 20:16. Risk is audience unfamiliarity with the Shavuot/harvest-feast OT background, not doctrinal collision; supply the background in teaching notes.
Tongues Of Fire
Approved rendering: lidah-lidah api
Transliteration: lidah-lidah api
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:3. Visible sign of the Spirit’s personal empowerment; risk of over-literalizing as the Spirit’s essential form.
Last Days
Approved rendering: hari-hari terakhir
Transliteration: hari-hari terakhir
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: ἐν ταῖς ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:17. Islamic eschatology has its own robust ‘akhir zaman’ concept; note that NT ‘last days’ already began at Pentecost, not a future-only countdown.
God Fearer
Approved rendering: orang yang takut akan Allah
Transliteration: orang yang takut akan Allah
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Original: φοβούμενος τὸν Θεόν
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 10:2,22,35; 13:16,26. Gentile sympathizer, uncircumcised; distinguish from proselyte (below).
Proselyte
Approved rendering: proselit / penganut agama Yahudi
Transliteration: proselit
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Original: προσήλυτος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:10; 6:5; 13:43. Full Gentile convert to Judaism including circumcision; distinguish from Gentiles who become Christians directly.
Christian
Approved rendering: orang Kristen
Transliteration: orang Kristen
Doctrine: Christian Identity and the Church as God’s People
Original: Χριστιανός
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 11:26; 26:28. ‘Orang Kristen’ already functions as a registered agama category in Indonesia; distinguish the NT’s living, Spirit-filled identity in Christ from mere administrative religious-community membership.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: sinagoge / rumah ibadat orang Yahudi
Transliteration: sinagoge
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Recurring throughout the missionary journeys. Distinguish from jemaat (church) — this is the Jewish assembly-place, not the Christian congregation.
Johns Baptism
Approved rendering: baptisan Yohanes
Transliteration: baptisan Yohanes
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 18:25; 19:3-4. Preparatory, repentance-only rite, qualitatively distinct from and superseded by Christian baptism into Jesus’s name with the Spirit’s gift (19:1-6).
Household Salvation
Approved rendering: engkau dan seisi rumahmu
Transliteration: engkau dan seisi rumahmu
Doctrine: Repentance and Baptism
Original: ὁ οἶκός σου
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 16:31,34. Collective offer language; must not be misread as automatic, faith-independent salvation — every household member is described as hearing the word and being baptized individually.
All Things In Common
Approved rendering: mempunyai segala sesuatu kepunyaan bersama
Transliteration: mempunyai segala sesuatu kepunyaan bersama
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: εἶχον ἅπαντα κοινά
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:44-45; 4:32-35. Voluntary sharing, not a permanent enforced-communism mandate (contrast Ananias and Sapphira, ch. 5, which presupposes ongoing private ownership).
Breaking Of Bread
Approved rendering: memecah-mecahkan roti
Transliteration: memecah-mecahkan roti
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:42,46; 20:7,11; 27:35. Context-dependent: judge per occurrence whether an ordinary shared meal or Lord’s-Supper resonance is intended.
Elder
Approved rendering: penatua
Transliteration: penatua
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 11:30; 14:23; 15:2,4,6,22-23; 16:4; 20:17; 21:18. Distinguish from generic Indonesian cultural ‘tetua adat’ (customary elder), which carries no ecclesial authority.
Overseer
Approved rendering: penilik jemaat
Transliteration: penilik jemaat
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Rejected alternatives: uskup
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 20:28, used interchangeably with ‘elder’ in the same passage. Do not render as ‘uskup’ (bishop), which would resolve the episcopal-vs-presbyterian polity question the text itself does not resolve; render plainly and flag for native speaker review.
Shepherd The Church
Approved rendering: menggembalakan jemaat
Transliteration: menggembalakan jemaat
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: ποιμαίνειν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 20:28. Pastoral-care metaphor: caring for, protecting, and feeding the congregation.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: pelayanan
Transliteration: pelayanan
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Rejected alternatives: diaken
Original: διακονία
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 6:1-4. Forerunner of the later formal ‘deacon’ office; avoid over-formalizing into ‘diaken’ beyond what the text explicitly states at this narrative stage.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: penumpangan tangan
Transliteration: penumpangan tangan
Doctrine: Apostolic Authority and Miracles
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 6:6; 8:17-19; 9:17; 13:3; 19:6; 28:8. Risk escalates to High specifically at 8:17-19 (Simon’s attempt to purchase this power), requiring a note distinguishing Spirit-given impartation through prayer from purchasable magical technique.
Boldness
Approved rendering: keberanian
Transliteration: keberanian
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Original: παρρησία
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 4:13,29,31; 9:27-28; 14:3; 19:8; 28:31. Spirit-given confidence in proclamation (4:31), not natural bravado.
Great Fear
Approved rendering: ketakutan yang besar
Transliteration: ketakutan yang besar
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Original: φόβος μέγας
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 5:5,11; 19:17. Reverent, sobering fear at God’s holiness within the covenant community, not terror of an arbitrary power.
Sanhedrin
Approved rendering: Mahkamah Agama
Transliteration: Mahkamah Agama
Doctrine: Persecution and Bold Witness
Original: συνέδριον
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 4:15; 5:21,27,34,41; 6:12,15; 22:30; 23:1,6,15,20,28; 24:20. Names the specific 1st-century Jewish ruling council; must not be confused with any modern Islamic or civil Indonesian religious court sharing a similar generic name.
Chosen Instrument
Approved rendering: alat pilihan
Transliteration: alat pilihan
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Rejected alternatives: takdir-framed destiny
Original: σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 9:15. Extends baseline election/pemilihan; a personal, purposive choosing of a specific person for a specific mission, never a takdir-style impersonal decree.
Light And Voice From Heaven
Approved rendering: cahaya dari langit … suara
Transliteration: cahaya dari langit
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: φῶς … φωνή
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 9:3-4; 22:6-7; 26:13-14. Theophanic, Christ-initiated conversion event, not gradual persuasion.
Councils Decree
Approved rendering: menjauhkan diri dari
Transliteration: menjauhkan diri dari
Doctrine: Justification apart from the Law
Original: ἀπέχεσθαι
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 15:20,29. Practical pastoral accommodation for Jewish-Gentile table fellowship, not a re-imposition of Torah-observance as a salvation-condition.
Set Apart Sent
Approved rendering: dikhususkan / diutus
Transliteration: dikhususkan
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀφορίσατε … ἀπέλυσαν
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 13:2-3. Antioch church’s Spirit-directed commissioning of Barnabas and Saul; connects to called/calling and to pekabaran Injil (never misi).
To The End Of The Earth
Approved rendering: sampai ke ujung bumi
Transliteration: sampai ke ujung bumi
Doctrine: The Great Commission Fulfilled
Original: ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 1:8, the book’s structural outline verse, bookended by 28:31.
Unhindered
Approved rendering: dengan tidak ada yang menghalangi-halangi / dengan leluasa
Transliteration: dengan leluasa
Doctrine: The Great Commission Fulfilled
Original: ἀκωλύτως
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 28:31, the book’s triumphant closing term. Literary bookend to 1:8 and 11:17’s ‘who was I to hinder God?‘
Who Was I To Hinder God
Approved rendering: siapakah aku, sehingga aku dapat menghalangi Allah?
Transliteration: siapakah aku, sehingga aku dapat menghalangi Allah?
Doctrine: The Great Commission Fulfilled
Original: τίς ἤμην ἐγὼ κωλῦσαι τὸν Θεόν
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 11:17. Same verb root as 28:31’s ‘unhindered’ — flag the literary connection for teaching purposes.
Preaching Kingdom Of God Climactic
Approved rendering: memberitakan Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: memberitakan Kerajaan Allah
Doctrine: The Great Commission Fulfilled
Original: κηρύσσων τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 28:23,31. Climactic summary of the gospel’s advance from Jerusalem to Rome; extends baseline Kerajaan Allah.
Hades
Approved rendering: dunia orang mati
Transliteration: dunia orang mati
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: neraka
Original: ᾍδης
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. Never ‘neraka’ (hell/final punishment). Governs Acts 2:27,31. Denotes the temporary realm of the dead prior to resurrection, not eternal punishment.
Idols False Gods
Approved rendering: berhala / dewa-dewa
Transliteration: berhala
Doctrine: Engagement with Idolatry and Religious Pluralism
Original: εἴδωλον / θεοί
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 7:41; 14:11-15; 15:20; 17:16,23; 19:26,35. Relevant to animist/syncretistic Indonesian backgrounds; contrast with Allah, the one true God.
Unknown God
Approved rendering: Allah yang Tidak Dikenal
Transliteration: Allah yang Tidak Dikenal
Doctrine: Engagement with Idolatry and Religious Pluralism
Original: Ἀγνώστῳ Θεῷ
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 17:23. Apologetic bridge-term; must be immediately anchored to the God now revealed specifically in the risen Christ (17:31), never left as an open deity-slot compatible with any tradition — a live risk given Indonesia’s Pancasila-framed generic-monotheism civic discourse.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: nubuat
Transliteration: nubuat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Governs nubuat/bernubuat throughout Acts (2:17-18; 19:6; 21:9-10); distinguish from demonically empowered divination (see divination_spirit, below).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: persekutuan
Transliteration: persekutuan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Governs persekutuan at Acts 2:42.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ucapan syukur
Transliteration: ucapan syukur
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Governs ucapan syukur at Acts 27:35; 28:15.
Exhort
Approved rendering: menasihati
Transliteration: menasihati
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Governs menasihati at Acts 2:40; 11:23; 14:22; 15:32; 16:40; 20:1-2.
Visions And Dreams
Approved rendering: penglihatan-penglihatan / mimpi-mimpi
Transliteration: penglihatan / mimpi
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit and Pentecost
Original: ὁράσεις καὶ ἐνύπνια
Category: God
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:17; 9:10; 10:3,17,19; 16:9-10; 18:9. Distinguish from demonically empowered divination (divination_spirit, below).
Samaritans
Approved rendering: orang Samaria
Transliteration: orang Samaria
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Original: Σαμαρῖται
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 1:8; 8:1,5,9,14,25; 9:31. Ethnic-religious bridge people between Jew and Gentile mission.
Added To The Church
Approved rendering: ditambahkan
Transliteration: ditambahkan
Doctrine: The Church as Community
Original: προσετέθησαν
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 2:41,47; 5:14; 11:24. Church growth framed as God’s own act of addition, not merely a human recruitment tally.
Zealous For God
Approved rendering: giat/rajin bagi Allah
Transliteration: giat bagi Allah
Doctrine: Conversion of Paul
Original: ζηλωτής
Category: Faith
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 22:3; 26:5,9-11. Contrast zeal-without-saving-faith with obedience_of_faith (ketaatan iman).
Eunuch
Approved rendering: sida-sida
Transliteration: sida-sida
Doctrine: The Gospel to Jews and Gentiles
Original: εὐνοῦχος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 8:27,34,36,38-39. Established Indonesian Bible term marking the gospel’s reach to the socially excluded.
Nazirite Vow
Approved rendering: nazar
Transliteration: nazar
Doctrine: Justification apart from the Law
Original: εὐχή
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 18:18; 21:23-24,26. Shared Arabic-origin loanword with Islamic usage; low collision risk, but flag that Paul’s vow carries no salvific weight, consistent with the Justification apart from the Law doctrine.
Roman Citizenship
Approved rendering: kewargaan Roma
Transliteration: kewargaan Roma
Doctrine: Legal and Civic Engagement
Original: πολιτεία Ῥωμαία
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 16:37-38; 22:25-28; 23:27. Legal/civic term with minimal doctrinal risk.
Appeal To Caesar
Approved rendering: naik banding kepada Kaisar
Transliteration: naik banding kepada Kaisar
Doctrine: Legal and Civic Engagement
Original: ἐπικαλέομαι Καίσαρα
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Governs Acts 25:11-12,21. Legal-procedural term with minimal doctrinal risk.
Referenced passages