Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Matthew — English → Indonesian
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified across the full-book semantic analysis of Matthew (07_semantic_analysis.md), organized in two sections:
- Section A lists terms already established in the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.jsonand confirms they are reused exactly, with a note on any additional Matthean nuance. - Section B lists new terms introduced by Matthew’s distinctive vocabulary and narrative material, proposed for addition to the translation memory and doctrine risk registry ahead of Phase 2.
Risk tiers and definitions follow the baseline exactly (Critical/High/Medium/Low). All Indonesian renderings follow Alkitab Terjemahan Baru (TB) convention consistent with the baseline’s register instructions.
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Change)
| English Term | Indonesian (baseline, reused as-is) | Baseline Risk | Matthew-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | Injil | High | Anchored throughout to Jesus’ own proclamation of the Kingdom (4:23, 9:35, 24:14, 26:13), not a generic scripture-name |
| Grace | anugerah | High | Illustrated narratively by the laborers-in-the-vineyard parable (20:1-16) |
| Faith | iman | High | Illustrated across many healing narratives (8:10, 9:22, 15:28) and Peter’s “little faith” (14:31) |
| Righteousness | kebenaran | High/Critical | Central Matthean ethical-forensic term; see “Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees” doctrine (5:6, 5:10, 5:20, 6:33) |
| Salvation | keselamatan | Critical | Tied to Jesus’ name itself (“he will save his people from their sins,” 1:21) |
| Apostle | rasul | Critical | Commissioning of the Twelve (ch. 10); teaching note required every occurrence |
| Called / Calling | yang dipanggil / panggilan | Medium/High | Extended sense in Matthew: call to discipleship (4:21) and the “many called, few chosen” distinction (22:14) |
| Holy | kudus | High | — |
| Saints | orang-orang kudus | High | Not prominent as a standalone term in Matthew; retained for consistency |
| Sanctification | pengudusan | High | — |
| Adoption | pengangkatan sebagai anak | High | Underlies “called sons of God” (5:9) and “your Father in heaven” address throughout Sermon on the Mount |
| Resurrection | kebangkitan | Critical | Matthew’s distinctive empty-tomb apologetic detail (guards, seal, bribe, ch. 28) reinforces this doctrine’s historical grounding |
| Lord | Tuhan | Critical | ”Lord of the Sabbath” (12:8); “Lord, Lord” confession test (7:21-23) |
| Son of God | Anak Allah | Critical | The single most recurrent Critical term in Matthew: 1:23 (Immanuel), 3:17, 4:3/6, 8:29, 14:33, 16:16, 17:5, 26:63, 27:40/43/54 |
| Incarnation | Firman yang menjadi manusia | Critical | Underlies 1:18-23 birth narrative |
| Peace | damai sejahtera | Medium | ”Peacemakers” (5:9) |
| Church | jemaat | Medium | Elevated to High-adjacent sensitivity in the church-discipline procedure of ch. 18 |
| Kingdom of God | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | The occasional variant phrase alongside Matthew’s usual “Kingdom of Heaven” (6:33, 12:28, 19:24, 21:31, 21:43) — same referent, different idiom |
| Law | Hukum Taurat | Medium | Central to the antitheses (5:17-48) and the “yoke” teaching (11:29-30) |
| Sin | dosa | Medium | ”He will save his people from their sins” (1:21); “forgiveness of sins” (26:28) |
| Gentiles | bangsa-bangsa lain | Medium | Present in genealogy (Ruth, Rahab implied) and the Canaanite woman’s faith (15:21-28) |
| Glory | kemuliaan | Medium | Transfiguration (17:1-8); Son of Man “coming in his glory” (25:31) |
| Obedience of Faith | ketaatan iman | High | Not a verbatim Matthean phrase but its content underlies “teaching them to obey” (28:20) |
| Power of God | kuasa Allah | Medium | Distinguish from the new exousia (“authority”) entry below — see Section B |
| Messiah | Mesias | Critical | Peter’s confession (16:16); trial charge (26:63) |
| Prophet | nabi | High | OT prophets cited throughout fulfillment formulas; John the Baptist (11:9); “so persecuted the prophets before you” (5:12) |
| Prophecy | nubuat | Low | Fulfillment-formula citations throughout |
| Covenant | perjanjian | High | ”Blood of the covenant” (26:28) |
| Election | pemilihan | Medium | ”Many called, few chosen” (22:14) |
| Intercession | doa syafaat | Critical | Not prominent as a standalone term in Matthew; retained for consistency across the curriculum |
| Providence | pemeliharaan Allah | Medium | ”Your heavenly Father knows…” (6:26-32) |
| Mission | pekabaran Injil | Medium | Underlies the Great Commission (28:19-20) rather than “misi” |
| David | Daud | Medium | Genealogy (ch. 1); “Son of David” title (see Section B) |
| Israel | Israel | Medium | ”Lost sheep of the house of Israel” (10:6, 15:24) |
| Jesus | Yesus | Critical | Never Nabi Isa |
| God | Allah | High | — |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | Conception (1:18-20); baptism (3:16); Great Commission formula (28:19) |
| Father | Bapa | Critical | Central to the Lord’s Prayer (ch. 6) and Sermon on the Mount address throughout |
| Abba | Abba | High | Not used in Matthew (Markan/Pauline); retained for cross-curriculum consistency only |
| Exhort | menasihati | Low | — |
| Seed of David | keturunan Daud | Medium | Genealogical descent (1:1, 1:6) — distinct from the title-use “Anak Daud,” see Section B |
| Imputed Righteousness | kebenaran yang diperhitungkan | Critical | Not a distinct Matthean phrase; retained for cross-curriculum consistency |
Section B — New Terms Introduced in Matthew
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Indonesian Rendering | Transliteration | Doctrine Risk | Category / Doctrine | Primary Passages | Rendering Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Heaven | βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν (basileia tōn ouranōn) | Kerajaan Surga | kerajaan surga | High | The Kingdom of Heaven | 3:2; 4:17; 5:3,10; 13:11-52; 18:1-4; 25:1 (32 occurrences) | Surga is the everyday Indonesian word for heaven/paradise, directly overlapping with the Islamic concept of surga (Jannah) — a deeds-and-mercy-weighed afterlife reward. Every occurrence needs framing that this names God’s present-and-future reign inaugurated now in Christ, not a deferred paradise entered through accumulated merit. Must be taught as synonymous with baseline “Kerajaan Allah,” not a second, different kingdom |
| Blessed (Beatitude formula) | μακάριος (makarios) | Berbahagialah | berbahagialah | Medium | The Kingdom of Heaven / Discipleship | 5:3-12; 11:6; 16:17 | TB-established formula; risk is flattening into ordinary worldly happiness rather than a divine pronouncement of kingdom-favor |
| Son of David (title) | υἱὸς Δαυίδ (huios Dauid) | Anak Daud | anak daud | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah / Son of David | 1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:42-45 | Distinct from baseline “seed of David” (keturunan Daud, physical lineage); this is a direct messianic address/title. Ties to Critical messianic_promise and High davidic_covenant baseline doctrines |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (huios tou anthrōpou) | Anak Manusia | anak manusia | Critical | Jesus as the Promised Messiah / Deity of Christ | 8:20; 9:6; 12:8; 16:13,27-28; 17:9,22; 20:28; 24:27,30,37,39,44; 25:31; 26:64 | Combines full, genuine humanity with a veiled claim to the divine authority and eschatological judgeship of Daniel 7:13-14’s “one like a son of man.” Must never be reduced to “merely human” without the accompanying authority/judgment claim explained; every Critical-risk occurrence needs theologian review |
| Immanuel (“God with us”) | Ἐμμανουήλ (Emmanouēl) | Imanuel | imanuel | Critical | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy / Incarnation / Deity of Christ | 1:23; (thematic echo) 28:20 | Directly asserts God’s personal incarnate presence in Jesus — the most direct possible collision point with Islamic tanzih theology (God’s absolute transcendence). Requires theologian-reviewed teaching note every occurrence |
| Virgin (of Mary) | παρθένος (parthenos) | anak dara | anak dara | Critical | Incarnation | 1:23 | TB’s Isaiah-quotation term. Islam affirms Mary’s virginity but denies Jesus’ deity; note must clarify the virgin conception is the sign accompanying, not equivalent to, the doctrine of Incarnation |
| Worship (of Jesus) | προσκυνέω (proskyneō) | menyembah | menyembah | Critical | Deity of Christ | 2:2,11; 4:9-10; 8:2; 9:18; 14:33; 15:25; 20:20; 28:9,17 | Every instance directed at Jesus is an implicit or explicit deity claim; must be distinguished in teaching notes from mere royal courtesy or respectful bowing |
| Fulfilled (fulfillment formula) | πληρόω (plēroō) | digenapi / menggenapi | digenapi | Medium | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy | 1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 26:54,56; 27:9 | Matthew’s characteristic redactional formula (“that it might be fulfilled”), used ~16 times; must be anchored to redemptive-historical fulfillment, not read through the lens of Islamic prophetic succession |
| Authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | kuasa / otoritas | kuasa | High | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 7:29; 8:9; 9:6,8; 10:1; 21:23-27; 28:18 | Distinct from baseline dynamis theou (“kuasa Allah,” raw power); exousia is delegated right/warrant to command. Indonesian “kuasa” often covers both Greek words, risking loss of the specific authority-claim nuance; note that Jesus’ exousia is inherent, not merely prophetically delegated as in Islamic prophetology |
| Repent / Repentance | μετανοέω / μετάνοια (metanoeō / metanoia) | bertobat / pertobatan | bertobat | High | The Kingdom of Heaven / Discipleship | 3:2,8; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41 | Shares vocabulary with the Islamic concept of tobat (turning from sin toward Allah); must be anchored to the specific in-breaking of the Kingdom through Christ, not generic moral turning |
| Baptize / Baptism | βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα (baptizō / baptisma) | membaptis / baptisan | membaptis | Medium | The Great Commission | 3:6,11,13-16; 28:19 | Distinctively Christian rite with low direct Islamic-vocabulary overlap; note the progression from John’s preparatory baptism of repentance to the Trinitarian baptismal formula of 28:19 |
| Disciple | μαθητής (mathētēs) | murid | murid | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | throughout (e.g. 5:1; 10:1; 28:19) | Also the generic Indonesian word for “student/pupil”; must convey committed, life-altering allegiance, not classroom attendance |
| Make disciples | μαθητεύω (mathēteuō) | menjadikan murid | menjadikan murid | High | The Great Commission | 28:19 | Central Great Commission command; carries real Indonesian legal/social sensitivity around religious conversion — must be framed as witness/proclamation and instruction, never inducement-based targeting |
| All nations | πάντα τὰ ἔθνη (panta ta ethnē) | semua bangsa | semua bangsa | Medium | The Great Commission | 24:14; 28:19 | Broader than baseline “Gentiles” (bangsa-bangsa lain, non-Jews); includes Jew and Gentile alike — must not be conflated with the Jew/Gentile distinction term |
| Ransom | λύτρον (lytron) | tebusan | tebusan | Critical | Jesus as the Promised Messiah / Atonement | 20:28 | Substitutionary-payment atonement concept with no counterpart in Islamic soteriology (which denies the crucifixion and lacks a substitutionary-death category); requires theologian review |
| Forgiveness (of sins, via blood/covenant) | ἄφεσις (ἁμαρτιῶν) (aphesis hamartiōn) | pengampunan (dosa) | pengampunan | High | Atonement / Salvation | 6:12,14-15; 9:6; 18:21-35; 26:28 | Shares vocabulary broadly with Islamic maghfirah (divine forgiveness); must be anchored here specifically to Christ’s sacrificial blood and the new covenant (26:28), not general divine mercy overlooking sin |
| Blasphemy (against the Holy Spirit) | βλασφημία (blasphēmia) | menghujat / hujat | menghujat | Critical | The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching / Holy Spirit | 12:31-32 | The one unforgivable sin; must be distinguished from the superficially similar Islamic category of shirk (associating partners with Allah) — different theological grounds and content |
| Bind and loose | δέω / λύω (deō / lyō) | mengikat / melepaskan | mengikat, melepaskan | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 16:19; 18:18 | Church’s Spirit-guided doctrinal/disciplinary authority; must not be read as a legal fatwa-issuing authority (comparable to Islamic ulama rulings) or as human power over salvation apart from Christ’s finished work |
| Keys of the kingdom | κλεῖς τῆς βασιλείας (kleis tēs basileias) | kunci Kerajaan Surga | kunci kerajaan surga | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 16:19 | Symbol of delegated gospel-proclaiming authority to Peter and the church; must not be read as exclusive clerical gatekeeping power over individual salvation |
| Woe | οὐαί (ouai) | celakalah | celakalah | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 11:21; 23:13-29 | Prophetic judgment-pronouncement; standard vocabulary, moderate rhetorical intensity to preserve in translation |
| Hypocrite | ὑποκριτής (hypokritēs) | orang munafik | orang munafik | High | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 6:2,5,16; 7:5; 15:7; 23:13-29 | Munafik is also a specific Quranic category (surah Al-Munafiqun) naming those who feign faith while inwardly disbelieving; must be anchored to Jesus’ critique of externally performed piety, not imported into the specific Quranic doctrinal category |
| Little faith / doubt | ὀλιγόπιστος / διστάζω (oligopistos / distazō) | kurang percaya / bimbang | kurang percaya | Medium | Faith | 6:30; 8:26; 14:31; 16:8; 17:20 | Illustrates faith as a relationship that can waver under pressure, reinforcing baseline “iman” as personal trust rather than fixed propositional assent |
| Abomination of desolation | βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως (bdelygma tēs erēmōseōs) | Pembinasa keji | pembinasa keji | Medium | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24:15 | TB-established rendering; requires OT Daniel background note; low direct syncretism risk but needs eschatological-timing teaching care |
| Coming (Parousia, of the Son of Man) | παρουσία (parousia) | kedatangan | kedatangan | High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24:3,27,37,39 | Must be distinguished from the Islamic doctrine of Nuzul Isa (the return of Isa al-Masih as an end-times sign, not the divine universal judge) |
| Eternal (life / punishment) | αἰώνιος (aiōnios) | kekal | kekal | High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 19:16,29; 25:41,46 | Paired directly with “eternal punishment” at 25:46 in a final-judgment context; requires care against a deeds-weighing framework for either outcome |
| End of the age | συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος (synteleia tou aiōnos) | akhir zaman | akhir zaman | Medium | Judgment and the End of the Age | 13:39-40,49; 24:3; 28:20 | Standard eschatological term; forms a deliberate literary frame with Immanuel (1:23) at 28:20 |
| Talent (parable) | τάλαντον (talanton) | talenta | talenta | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 25:14-30 | Common secular Indonesian usage as “skill/gift” derives from this parable; must retain stewardship-before-God framing, not reduce to secular self-actualization |
| Cross (take up one’s cross) | σταυρός (stauros) | salib | salib | High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 10:38; 16:24 | Presupposes the historical crucifixion the Quran denies (Q4:157); every discipleship use reinforces this historical claim and should be flagged accordingly |
| Deny himself | ἀπαρνέομαι (aparneomai) | menyangkal diri | menyangkal diri | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 16:24 | Radical self-renunciation in following Christ; standard vocabulary, contextual risk only |
| Mysteries of the kingdom | μυστήριον (mystērion) | rahasia Kerajaan Surga | rahasia kerajaan surga | Medium | The Kingdom of Heaven | 13:11 | Previously hidden truth now disclosed through Jesus’ teaching; low syncretism risk |
| Cornerstone / rejected stone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας (kephalē gōnias) | batu penjuru | batu penjuru | Medium | Fulfillment of OT Prophecy | 21:42 | Psalm 118:22 citation applied to Jesus’ rejection and vindication; standard TB idiom |
| The Father’s will (Gethsemane) | θέλημα (thelēma) | kehendak | kehendak | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah / Atonement | 26:39,42 | Christ’s voluntary, intra-Trinitarian submission to a shared redemptive purpose; must be distinguished from the creature-to-Creator submission that is the root meaning of islam (“submission”) |
| Authority to forgive sins (combined exousia + aphesis) | ἐξουσίαν ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας (exousian aphienai hamartias) | kuasa mengampuni dosa | kuasa mengampuni dosa | Critical | Deity of Christ / Salvation | 9:6 | An explicit divine-prerogative claim recognized as such by Jesus’ own opponents (“this man blasphemes,” 9:3); requires theologian review at the same level as other Critical Christological terms |
| All authority in heaven and on earth | πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς (pasa exousia en ouranō kai epi gēs) | segala kuasa di sorga dan di bumi | segala kuasa di sorga dan di bumi | Critical | The Great Commission / Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 28:18 | The Gospel’s climactic, universal, cosmic authority claim grounding the Great Commission; higher risk tier than the ordinary High-risk exousia entries elsewhere given its unqualified universal scope |
| Trinitarian baptismal formula | εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος (eis to onoma tou Patros kai tou Huiou kai tou Hagiou Pneumatos) | dalam nama Bapa, dan Anak, dan Roh Kudus | dalam nama bapa, anak, roh kudus | Critical | The Great Commission | 28:19 | The NT’s most concentrated, explicit Trinitarian statement; directly and maximally confronts the Islamic doctrine of tawhid and the Quranic rejection of shirk (associating partners with Allah). Single highest-priority theologian-review phrase in the book alongside 16:16 and 1:23 |
| ”Called sons of God” (believers’ adoptive sonship) | υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται (huioi theou klēthēsontai) | disebut anak-anak Allah | disebut anak-anak allah | High | Discipleship / Adoption into God’s Family | 5:9 | Must be sharply distinguished from Anak Allah (Critical) as applied to Christ’s unique eternal Sonship; this is the same category as baseline “adoption” (pengangkatan sebagai anak), not shared deity |
| Reward (wage, not merit) | μισθός (misthos) | upah | upah | High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 5:12; 6:1-18; 10:41-42 | TB deliberately uses “upah” (wage), never pahala (merit toward salvation, already rejected in the baseline “grace” entry); must be taught as God’s gracious response to disciples already kingdom-secured by grace, not merit that earns entry |
| Tell it to the church (discipline procedure) | εἰπὲ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ (eipe tē ekklēsia) | katakanlah kepada jemaat | katakanlah kepada jemaat | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 18:15-17 | Elevates baseline “jemaat” (Medium) to High-risk sensitivity specifically in the disciplinary-procedure context, given the added weight of corporate authority over an individual member |
Summary Statistics
| Category | Count |
|---|---|
| Baseline terms reused exactly (Section A) | 40 |
| New terms introduced in Matthew (Section B) | 33 |
| New terms rated Critical | 8 |
| New terms rated High | 13 |
| New terms rated Medium | 12 |
| New terms rated Low | 0 |
Recommendation for Phase 1 Step 2 (Doctrine Risk Registry update): All 8 new Critical-risk terms (Kingdom of Heaven at High not Critical — note corrected count below), Son of Man, Immanuel, Virgin (of Mary), Worship, Ransom, Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, Authority to forgive sins, All authority in heaven and on earth, and the Trinitarian baptismal formula, should be added to an extended doctrine_risk_registry.json and bible_term_registry.json for Matthew, following the exact schema and risk-definition conventions of the Romans baseline, before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
End of Core Glossary. See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter sourcing of every entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran
Transliteration: kebenaran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Right standing before God received by faith; also the ordinary Indonesian word for ‘truth,’ so context must disambiguate. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: uniquely holds forensic/relational AND ethical-conduct senses together (5:6,10,20; 6:33); requires a double distinction from BOTH Pharisaic external legalism AND an Islamic deeds-weighing framework, elevated here to Critical given the doctrine ‘Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees.‘
Justification
Approved rendering: pembenaran
Transliteration: pembenaran
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
The forensic declaration of right standing has no equivalent in Islamic soteriology’s deeds-and-mercy framework. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: appears at 12:37 (‘by your words you will be justified’); requires the same deliberate teaching support as in Romans.
Salvation
Approved rendering: keselamatan
Transliteration: keselamatan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Categorically distinct from Islamic soteriology’s submission-plus-deeds-weighed-against-mercy framework. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: uniquely embedded in Jesus’ own name from the book’s first chapter (‘he will save his people from their sins,’ 1:21), intensifying rather than merely repeating the baseline Critical framing.
Apostle
Approved rendering: rasul
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Rasul is also the specific Islamic title for the closed line of messenger-prophets culminating in Muhammad. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: the formal commissioning and naming of the Twelve (ch. 10) raises this above the baseline term-level default; every occurrence needs the distinguishing note.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: kebangkitan
Transliteration: kebangkitan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Islam affirms a general resurrection but denies Jesus was crucified at all (Q4:157). Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: the distinctive empty-tomb apologetic (guards, seal, bribed cover-story, 27:62-66; 28:11-15) reinforces the event’s historical, bodily nature against denial.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: Tuhan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
A broad, generic word for ‘lord/god’ across Indonesian religious usage; context must establish exclusive, supreme divine Lordship. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ (12:8) and the ‘Lord, Lord’ confession test (7:21-23) both require this exclusive sense.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: Anak Allah
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
The Quran explicitly and repeatedly denies Allah has a son (Surah Al-Ikhlas). Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: the single most recurrent Critical term in the book (1:23 via Immanuel; 3:17; 4:3,6; 8:29; 14:33; 16:16; 17:5; 26:63; 27:40,43,54) — theologian-reviewed note required at every occurrence.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Firman yang menjadi manusia
Transliteration: Firman yang menjadi manusia
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: inkarnasi
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (cf. Matt 1:18-23)
Category: Christology
Islamic tanzih rejects God taking on physical/human form. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies the birth narrative (1:18-23) and its Immanuel citation, the book’s foundational Incarnation passage.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesias
Transliteration: Mesias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
The Quran’s Isa al-Masih is a great prophet, not the divine incarnate Son. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: central at Peter’s confession (16:16) and the trial charge (26:63); every occurrence needs the distinguishing note.
Intercession
Approved rendering: doa syafaat
Transliteration: doa syafaat
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἔντευξις (concept)
Category: Faith
Syafaat is specifically the Islamic doctrine of Muhammad’s intercession at judgment day. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: not a prominent standalone term; retained for cross-curriculum consistency, never left to imply Islamic shafa’a.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Never use Nabi Isa, the Islamic prophetic framing denying the crucifixion. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: the name itself is tied to the salvation mission from 1:21 (‘he will save his people from their sins’).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: Roh Kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: Christology
Islam’s Ruh al-Qudus generally names the angel Gabriel, a created being, not a divine Person. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: active at the conception (1:18-20), the baptism (3:16), and the Trinitarian baptismal formula (28:19).
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: Bapa
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: Christology
Islamic theology treats parent-child language applied to Allah as approaching blasphemy. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: central to the Lord’s Prayer (ch. 6) and the Sermon’s repeated ‘your Father in heaven’ address throughout.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: pahala yang dikumpulkan
Original: ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην (concept)
Category: Salvation
Righteousness credited by God, not earned; pahala yang dikumpulkan rejected as reflecting the deeds-weighing framework. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: not a distinct Matthean phrase; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia
Transliteration: anak manusia
Doctrine: The Son of Man and His Divine Authority
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. Combines full humanity with the divine authority and eschatological judgeship of Daniel 7:13-14 (8:20; 9:6; 12:8; 16:13,27-28; 17:9,22; 20:28; 24:27,30,37,39,44; 25:31; 26:64). Must never be reduced to ‘merely human’ self-reference without the accompanying authority/judgment claim explained; requires the same theologian-review weight as Son of God passages.
Immanuel
Approved rendering: Imanuel
Transliteration: imanuel
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Virgin Conception
Original: Ἐμμανουήλ
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. ‘God with us’ (1:23), with a deliberate thematic echo at 28:20. The single most direct possible collision point with Islamic tanzih theology, which holds God’s incarnate presence in a human being to be inconceivable. Theologian-reviewed teaching note required every occurrence.
Virgin
Approved rendering: anak dara
Transliteration: anak dara
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Virgin Conception
Rejected alternatives: gadis
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. TB’s Isaiah-quotation term (1:23); ‘gadis’ (young woman) is rejected because it softens/loses the virginity claim. Islam affirms Mary’s virginity but denies Jesus’ deity entirely; must clarify the virgin conception is the sign accompanying, not equivalent to, the Incarnation doctrine.
Worship
Approved rendering: menyembah
Transliteration: menyembah
Doctrine: Worship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: menghormati
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. Every instance directed at Jesus (2:2,11; 4:9-10; 8:2; 9:18; 14:33; 15:25; 20:20; 28:9,17) is an implicit or explicit deity claim. Menghormati (mere respectful courtesy) is explicitly rejected — informal contextualized materials sometimes soften worship of Jesus into prophetic respect; that substitution is forbidden. Must be distinguished from mere royal courtesy and from the identical proskynēsis Jesus refuses from Satan (4:9-10).
Ransom
Approved rendering: tebusan
Transliteration: tebusan
Doctrine: Atonement through Christ’s Ransom Death
Original: λύτρον
Category: Atonement
NEW term for Matthew. Substitutionary payment applied to Christ’s death (20:28, ‘a ransom for many’). Has no counterpart in Islamic soteriology, which denies the crucifixion occurred at all (Q4:157) and lacks a substitutionary-death category entirely; requires theologian review.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: menghujat / hujat
Transliteration: menghujat
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία (τοῦ Πνεύματος)
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. The one unforgivable sin (12:31-32): deliberate, willful attribution of the Spirit’s clearly divine work to an evil source. Must be distinguished from the superficially similar Islamic category of shirk (associating partners with Allah) — entirely different theological grounds; conflating the two by structural analogy is forbidden.
Authority To Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: kuasa mengampuni dosa
Transliteration: kuasa mengampuni dosa
Doctrine: The Son of Man and His Divine Authority
Original: ἐξουσίαν ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. An explicit divine-prerogative claim (9:6); Jesus’ opponents present rightly recognize it as such (‘this man blasphemes,’ 9:3). Requires the same theologian-review weight as other Critical Christological terms.
All Authority In Heaven And Earth
Approved rendering: segala kuasa di sorga dan di bumi
Transliteration: segala kuasa di sorga dan di bumi
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: πᾶσα ἐξουσία ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. The Gospel’s climactic, universal, cosmic authority claim grounding the Great Commission (28:18). Higher risk than the ordinary High-risk ‘authority’ entries given its unqualified universal scope — a direct claim to the total divine sovereignty Islamic theology reserves for Allah alone. No softening or qualification permitted.
Trinitarian Baptismal Formula
Approved rendering: dalam nama Bapa, dan Anak, dan Roh Kudus
Transliteration: dalam nama bapa, anak, roh kudus
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Rejected alternatives: dalam nama Allah, Firman-Nya, dan Roh-Nya
Original: εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. The NT’s most explicit, concentrated Trinitarian formula (28:19), naming three distinct Persons under one ‘name.’ Directly and maximally confronts tawhid and the Quranic rejection of shirk. The tawhid-compatible paraphrase ‘dalam nama Allah, Firman-Nya, dan Roh-Nya,’ documented in circulation among informal contextualized materials, is explicitly rejected. Render verbatim per TB convention; never abbreviate or paraphrase. Single highest-priority theologian-review phrase in the book, alongside 16:16 and 1:23.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar baik
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Injil is the established Indonesian Bible term but is also the Quranic name for a revelation Muslims believe was given to Isa and later lost or corrupted; every use must be anchored to the specific proclamation of Christ crucified and risen, not left as a generic scripture-label. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: anchored throughout to Jesus’ own proclamation of ‘the gospel of the kingdom’ (4:23; 9:35; 24:14; 26:13), not a generic label for ‘a scripture given to Isa.‘
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Rahmat (Allah’s mercy/compassion) and pahala (merit weighed at judgment) both bind favor to deeds; anugerah keeps a gift given apart from merit. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: illustrated narratively by the laborers-in-the-vineyard parable (20:1-16), Matthew’s primary defeat of a merit-accounting framework.
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Iman is the established Bible term but also names the six pillars of Islamic faith (rukun iman); must anchor to personal trust in Christ specifically. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: illustrated across healing narratives (8:10; 9:22; 15:28) and Peter’s wavering ‘little faith’ (14:31), reinforcing iman as a relationship that can grow or falter, not fixed propositional assent.
Adoption
Approved rendering: pengangkatan sebagai anak
Transliteration: pengangkatan sebagai anak
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία (concept) / τέκνα θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Full legal son-status with inheritance rights; must be kept distinct from claims about physical parentage. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies ‘disebut anak-anak Allah’ (5:9) and the Sermon’s repeated ‘Bapamu yang di sorga’ address; must stay sharply distinct from Anak Allah as applied to Christ.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ketaatan iman
Transliteration: ketaatan iman
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ketaatan syariat
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως (concept)
Category: Faith
Obedience flowing from faith, not legal-code compliance as the basis of standing before God. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: its content underlies the Great Commission’s ‘teaching them to obey’ (28:20).
Prophet
Approved rendering: nabi
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Shared vocabulary with Islam’s closed prophetic line ending in Muhammad. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: cited throughout the fulfillment formulas and applied to John the Baptist (11:9); every reference must be tied to a named OT figure, never left generic.
Covenant
Approved rendering: perjanjian
Transliteration: perjanjian
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
A relational, binding bond initiated by God, not merely a contract. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: climactic at the Last Supper’s institution words, ‘my blood of the covenant’ (26:28), combined directly with atonement and forgiveness of sins.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: Christology
The established Indonesian Christian term since the 17th century; risk lies in surrounding vocabulary (rasul, nabi, syafaat, menghujat), not the term itself. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: surrounding vocabulary carries the specific contested doctrinal content.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: Christology
Aramaic term of intimacy preserved in Romans 8:15. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: not used directly in Matthew (Markan/Pauline); retained for cross-curriculum consistency only.
Kingdom Of Heaven
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Surga
Transliteration: kerajaan surga
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Original: βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Matthew. Surga is the everyday Indonesian word for heaven/paradise, directly overlapping with the Islamic concept of surga (Jannah) — a deeds-and-mercy-weighed afterlife reward entered after judgment. Every occurrence (3:2; 4:17; 5:3-12; 13:1-52; 18:1-4; 25:1-46 — 32 total) needs framing that this names God’s reign breaking into history now through Christ, not a deferred paradise reached by merit. Must be taught as synonymous with baseline Kerajaan Allah, not a second kingdom.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Anak Daud
Transliteration: anak daud
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. A direct messianic title/address invoking the Davidic covenant promise (1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15; 22:41-45), distinct from the lineage term keturunan Daud. Requires explicit OT covenant background teaching, since Islamic tradition venerates Daud as a prophet-king without this specific royal-messianic promise.
Authority
Approved rendering: kuasa / otoritas
Transliteration: kuasa
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW term for Matthew. Delegated right/warrant to command (exousia), distinct from baseline kuasa Allah (raw power, dynamis) (7:29; 8:9; 9:6,8; 10:1; 21:23-27; 28:18). Use kuasa in primary running text; reserve otoritas for explanatory teaching notes. Jesus’ exousia is inherent to his own person, not delegated prophetic authority as in Islamic prophetology.
Repentance
Approved rendering: bertobat / pertobatan
Transliteration: bertobat
Doctrine: Repentance and the In-Breaking Kingdom
Original: μετανοέω / μετάνοια
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Matthew. Shares vocabulary with the Islamic concept of tobat (3:2,8; 4:17; 11:20-21; 12:41); must be anchored specifically to the in-breaking Kingdom through Christ’s proclamation, not generic moral turning.
Make Disciples
Approved rendering: menjadikan murid
Transliteration: menjadikan murid
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: μαθητεύω
Category: Church
NEW term for Matthew. The Great Commission’s central command (28:19); carries real Indonesian legal/social sensitivity around religious conversion. Must be framed as witness, proclamation, and instruction, never inducement-based targeting of those registered under a different official religion.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: pengampunan (dosa)
Transliteration: pengampunan
Doctrine: Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις (ἁμαρτιῶν)
Category: Atonement
NEW term for Matthew. Release from sin’s guilt and penalty, secured through Christ’s sacrificial blood and the new covenant (6:12,14-15; 9:6; 18:21-35; 26:28). Shares vocabulary broadly with Islamic maghfirah; must be anchored specifically to Christ’s blood and the new covenant, not general divine mercy overlooking sin apart from atonement.
Bind And Loose
Approved rendering: mengikat / melepaskan
Transliteration: mengikat, melepaskan
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: δέω / λύω
Category: Church
NEW term for Matthew. Authoritative declaration, ratified in heaven, of what is prohibited/permitted (16:19; 18:18), granted to Peter and the gathered church. Must not be read as a legal fatwa-issuing authority comparable to Islamic ulama rulings, nor as human power over an individual’s salvation apart from Christ’s finished work.
Keys Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: kunci Kerajaan Surga
Transliteration: kunci kerajaan surga
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: κλεῖς τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Church
NEW term for Matthew. Symbol of delegated gospel-proclaiming authority granted to Peter (16:19). Must not be read as exclusive clerical gatekeeping power over an individual’s salvation, but as authority to proclaim and steward gospel access.
Hypocrite
Approved rendering: orang munafik
Transliteration: orang munafik
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ὑποκριτής
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Matthew. Munafik is also a specific Quranic category (Surah Al-Munafiqun) naming those who feign faith while inwardly disbelieving (6:2,5,16; 7:5; 15:7; 23:13-29). Must be anchored to Jesus’ critique of externally performed piety, never imported into the distinct Quranic doctrinal category. No safer alternative exists in standard Indonesian Bible vocabulary; the fencing note is the necessary safeguard.
Coming Parousia
Approved rendering: kedatangan
Transliteration: kedatangan
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW term for Matthew. The technical NT term for Christ’s future glorious, universal-judgment return (24:3,27,37,39). Must be distinguished from the Islamic doctrine of Nuzul Isa (the return of Isa al-Masih as an end-times sign who dies a natural death, not the divine universal judge of all humanity).
Eternal
Approved rendering: kekal
Transliteration: kekal
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW term for Matthew. The everlasting, binary final outcome of the last judgment — life or punishment, paired directly at 25:46 (also 19:16,29). Requires careful framing against a deeds-weighing outcome for either destiny; both destinies hinge on relationship with Christ, not an independent moral ledger.
Cross
Approved rendering: salib
Transliteration: salib
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Matthew. The instrument of crucifixion, used metaphorically for radical self-denial (10:38; 16:24). Presupposes the historical crucifixion the Quran denies occurred (Q4:157); every discipleship use reinforces this historical claim and should be flagged accordingly.
The Fathers Will
Approved rendering: kehendak
Transliteration: kehendak
Doctrine: Atonement through Christ’s Ransom Death
Original: θέλημα
Category: Atonement
NEW term for Matthew. Christ’s voluntary, intra-Trinitarian submission to the Father’s shared redemptive purpose in Gethsemane (26:39,42). Must be distinguished from the creature-to-Creator submission that is the root meaning of islam (‘submission’); this is the eternal Son’s voluntary, salvific self-giving within the Godhead, not a creature obeying an external command.
Called Sons Of God
Approved rendering: disebut anak-anak Allah
Transliteration: disebut anak-anak allah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται
Category: Salvation
NEW term for Matthew. Believers’ derivative, adoptive sonship granted by God’s gracious naming (5:9). Must be sharply distinguished from Anak Allah as applied to Christ’s unique eternal Sonship; this is the same category as the baseline ‘adoption’ doctrine, not a claim of shared deity.
Reward
Approved rendering: upah
Transliteration: upah
Doctrine: Reward as Grace, Not Merit
Rejected alternatives: pahala
Original: μισθός
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Matthew. A laborer’s wage, used of God’s gracious response to faithful discipleship, not earned merit (5:12; 6:1-18; 10:41-42; 20:1-16). Pahala (merit toward salvation in Islamic soteriology) is explicitly forbidden as a substitute or explanatory gloss; illustrated concretely by the laborers-in-the-vineyard parable’s equal wage regardless of hours worked.
Tell It To The Church
Approved rendering: katakanlah kepada jemaat
Transliteration: katakanlah kepada jemaat
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: εἰπὲ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ
Category: Church
NEW term for Matthew. The formal, corporate step in the church discipline process (18:15-17). Elevates the baseline ‘jemaat’ (Medium) to High-risk sensitivity specifically in this disciplinary-procedure context, given the added weight of corporate authority exercised over an individual member.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: yang dipanggil
Transliteration: yang dipanggil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive across apostleship, sainthood, and effectual-calling senses. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: extends to the call to discipleship (4:21) and the sobering ‘many are called, but few are chosen’ (22:14).
Calling
Approved rendering: panggilan
Transliteration: panggilan
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Noun form for the act/state of being called. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: low direct standalone occurrence; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Holy
Approved rendering: kudus
Transliteration: kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Kudus conveys moral/relational holiness; suci leans toward ritual purity. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies ‘Bapa yang di sorga’ address and ‘Roh Kudus’ throughout.
Saints
Approved rendering: orang-orang kudus
Transliteration: orang-orang kudus
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Wali carries strong association with Islamic Sufi saints venerated at Indonesian pilgrimage sites. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: not a prominent standalone term (a few resurrected ‘saints’ appear at 27:52); retained for consistency.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: pengudusan
Transliteration: pengudusan
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies the Sermon’s ethical demands (5:48) as fruit of Kingdom life, not self-directed moral improvement.
Peace
Approved rendering: damai sejahtera
Transliteration: damai sejahtera
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη / εἰρηνοποιός
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God through justification, not mere absence of conflict. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: Matthew adds the active ‘peacemakers’ beatitude (5:9) — those who create reconciliation, not merely avoid conflict.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: karunia rohani
Transliteration: karunia rohani
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Original: χαρίσματα (concept)
Category: Church
Spirit-given enablements for service. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: not a prominent standalone term, though the talents parable (25:14-30) develops an adjacent stewardship-of-gifts theme; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Church
Approved rendering: jemaat
Transliteration: jemaat
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: gereja
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Jemaat (the gathered congregation) is preferred over gereja for the body of believers. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: first occurrence at 16:18 (‘I will build my church’); elevated to High-adjacent sensitivity in the ch. 18 discipline procedure — see ‘tell_it_to_the_church’ entry below.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: Kerajaan Allah
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
God’s sovereign reign; distinguish from an earthly political kerajaan. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: the occasional variant phrase alongside Matthew’s usual ‘Kingdom of Heaven’ (6:33; 12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43) — same referent, two idioms; see ‘kingdom_of_heaven’ entry below.
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: Hukum Taurat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: syariat
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
The Mosaic Law, anchored to Taurat; never syariat. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: central to the six antitheses (5:21-48) and the ‘yoke’ teaching (11:29-30).
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Moral transgression against a personal God, anchored to relational offense. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: tied directly to Jesus’ own name and mission (1:21) through the Last Supper’s institution words (26:28).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: bangsa-bangsa lain
Transliteration: bangsa-bangsa lain
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: orang kafir
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Non-Jews; never orang kafir. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: present in the genealogy’s Gentile women and the Canaanite woman’s faith (15:21-28); distinct from the broader ‘all nations’ term below.
Glory
Approved rendering: kemuliaan
Transliteration: kemuliaan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
God’s radiant honor and majesty. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: displayed at the Transfiguration (17:1-8) and the Son of Man’s future ‘coming in his glory’ (25:31).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kuasa Allah
Transliteration: kuasa Allah
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: Christology
God’s own power to save. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: must be kept distinct from the new ‘authority’ (exousia) entry below — kuasa Allah names raw divine might, not delegated warrant-to-command.
Election
Approved rendering: pemilihan
Transliteration: pemilihan
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
God’s sovereign personal choice, not takdir. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies ‘many are called, but few are chosen’ (22:14).
Providence
Approved rendering: pemeliharaan Allah
Transliteration: pemeliharaan Allah
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Original: πρόνοια (concept)
Category: Christology
God’s personal, purposive care; never takdir. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies ‘your heavenly Father knows what you need’ (6:26-32).
Mission
Approved rendering: pekabaran Injil
Transliteration: pekabaran Injil
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: misi
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω (concept)
Category: Church
Misi carries colonial-era Dutch missionary-society connotation. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies the Great Commission (28:19-20).
David
Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Established Indonesian Bible proper-name form. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: opens the genealogy (1:1,6) and underlies the recurring ‘Son of David’ title — see ‘son_of_david’ entry below.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Proper name; established form. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: ‘the lost sheep of the house of Israel’ (10:6; 15:24).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: keturunan Daud
Transliteration: keturunan Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ (concept)
Category: Covenant
Conveys physical lineage and fulfillment of the Davidic covenant promise. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies the genealogy (1:1,6); distinct from the title-use ‘Anak Daud’ (see ‘son_of_david’ entry below), which is a direct messianic address, not a lineage statement.
Blessed
Approved rendering: Berbahagialah
Transliteration: berbahagialah
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: bahagia, senang
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Matthew. The Beatitude formula (5:3-12; 11:6; 16:17). TB-established; risk is flattening into ordinary worldly happiness (bahagia/senang) rather than an eschatological, divinely-pronounced verdict of kingdom-favor. Must not be interchanged with the ordinary blessing-formula (Diberkatilah) used elsewhere in TB for a different Hebrew idiom.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: digenapi / menggenapi
Transliteration: digenapi
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: πληρόω
Category: Covenant
NEW term for Matthew. Matthew’s characteristic redactional formula (‘that it might be fulfilled’), used ~16 times (1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 26:54,56; 27:9). Standardize a single fixed formula rendering; do not vary for stylistic freshness. Must be anchored to historical redemptive-historical fulfillment, never read through the lens of Islamic prophetic succession culminating in Muhammad.
Baptism
Approved rendering: membaptis / baptisan
Transliteration: membaptis
Doctrine: Baptism
Original: βαπτίζω / βάπτισμα
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Matthew. Distinctively Christian rite (3:6,11,13-16; 28:19); low direct Islamic-vocabulary overlap. Trace the progression from John’s preparatory baptism of repentance to the Trinitarian baptismal formula of 28:19.
Disciple
Approved rendering: murid
Transliteration: murid
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: μαθητής
Category: Church
NEW term for Matthew. Also the generic Indonesian word for ‘student/pupil’ (also used of santri in Qur’anic-school contexts); must convey costly, life-altering allegiance, not classroom attendance (throughout, e.g. 5:1; 10:1; 28:19).
All Nations
Approved rendering: semua bangsa
Transliteration: semua bangsa
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Church
NEW term for Matthew. Every people group, Jew and Gentile alike, as the scope of the Great Commission (24:14; 28:19). Broader than baseline ‘bangsa-bangsa lain’ (Gentiles specifically); must not be conflated with that narrower term.
Woe
Approved rendering: celakalah
Transliteration: celakalah
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Matthew. Prophetic pronouncement of coming judgment/lament (11:21; 23:13-29, sevenfold). Standard prophetic vocabulary; moderate rhetorical intensity to preserve.
Little Faith
Approved rendering: kurang percaya / bimbang
Transliteration: kurang percaya
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ὀλιγόπιστος / διστάζω
Category: Faith
NEW term for Matthew. Wavering, insufficient trust under pressure, not outright unbelief (6:30; 8:26; 14:31; 16:8; 17:20). Reinforces iman as personal, relational trust that can waver, distinct from the Islamic iman framework of fixed propositional assent.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: Pembinasa keji
Transliteration: pembinasa keji
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
NEW term for Matthew. Quoting Daniel, a sacrilegious act of desecration signaling coming catastrophe (24:15). TB-established rendering; requires OT Daniel background note; low direct syncretism risk but needs eschatological-timing teaching care.
End Of The Age
Approved rendering: akhir zaman
Transliteration: akhir zaman
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος
Category: Eschatology
NEW term for Matthew. The eschatological culmination of the present age at final judgment (13:39-40,49; 24:3; 28:20). Forms a deliberate literary inclusio with Immanuel (1:23) at 28:20 (‘I am with you always, to the end of the age’).
Talent
Approved rendering: talenta
Transliteration: talenta
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: τάλαντον
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Matthew. A large sum of money entrusted for stewardship (25:14-30). Common secular Indonesian usage of talenta as ‘skill/gift’ derives from this parable; must retain the stewardship-before-God framing, not reduce it to secular self-actualization language.
Deny Himself
Approved rendering: menyangkal diri
Transliteration: menyangkal diri
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι
Category: Discipleship
NEW term for Matthew. Radical self-renunciation in following Christ (16:24). Standard vocabulary; risk is contextual (avoiding a merit-earning-asceticism reading), not lexical.
Mysteries Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: rahasia Kerajaan Surga
Transliteration: rahasia kerajaan surga
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
NEW term for Matthew. Previously hidden divine truths disclosed through Jesus’ parabolic teaching (13:11). Low syncretism risk; teaching note should emphasize disclosure through Christ specifically, not esoteric secret knowledge available to an initiated elite.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: batu penjuru
Transliteration: batu penjuru
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Covenant
NEW term for Matthew. Psalm 118:22’s rejected-stone-become-foundation image, applied to Jesus’ rejection and vindication (21:42). Standard TB idiom, ties Fulfillment of Prophecy directly to the Passion narrative.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ucapan syukur
Transliteration: ucapan syukur
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Standard term shared broadly with Indonesian religious usage; no significant doctrinal risk. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: appears at the feeding miracles (14:19; 15:36) and the Last Supper (26:27).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: persekutuan
Transliteration: persekutuan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία (concept)
Category: Church
Shared participation in Christ. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: not a prominent standalone term; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: nubuat
Transliteration: nubuat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Less Islamic vocabulary overlap than ‘prophet’ itself. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: underlies the ~16 fulfillment-formula citations across the book.
Exhort
Approved rendering: menasihati
Transliteration: menasihati
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Context-sensitive: entreaty vs. encouragement. Inherited from Romans package. Matthew: low-frequency, low-risk term.
Referenced passages