Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Philemon (English → Indonesian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering Philemon 1:1-25 in full. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [Baseline — reused exactly] and MUST NOT be altered. New terms introduced by this curriculum are marked [New — Philemon] and are proposed here for addition to translation memory pending theologian/native-speaker review per risk tier.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation creates significant theological confusion/syncretism risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision; automated review sufficient.
Table 1 — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Deviation Permitted)
| English term | Greek | Indonesian (baseline) | Risk | Verse(s) in Philemon | Baseline doctrine anchor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | Allah | Critical | 1:3, 1:4 | God |
| Holy Spirit (contrast term only — plain πνεῦμα in Phlm 1:25 is NOT this term) | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | Roh Kudus | Critical | (contrast reference only) | Sanctification |
| Father | πατήρ | Bapa | Critical | 1:3 | Adoption into God’s Family |
| Lord | κύριος | Tuhan | High | 1:3, 1:5, 1:16, 1:20 | Lordship of Christ |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Yesus | Critical | 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:9, 1:23, 1:25 | Lordship of Christ |
| Christ | Χριστός | Kristus | Critical | 1:1, 1:3, 1:8, 1:9, 1:20, 1:23, 1:25 | (transliteration standard) |
| Paul | Παῦλος | Paulus | Low | 1:1, 1:9, 1:19 | (transliteration standard) |
| grace | χάρις | anugerah | High | 1:3, 1:25 | Grace |
| peace | εἰρήνη | damai sejahtera | Medium | 1:3 | Peace with God |
| faith | πίστις | iman | High | 1:5 | Faith |
| saints | ἅγιοι | orang-orang kudus | Medium | 1:5, 1:7 | Sainthood |
| fellowship | κοινωνία | persekutuan | Low | 1:6 | Christian Fellowship |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστῶ | ucapan syukur | Low | 1:4 | Thanksgiving |
| church | ἐκκλησία | jemaat | Medium | 1:2 | Church as God’s People |
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Injil | High | 1:13 | Gospel |
| exhort/appeal (root form) | παρακαλέω | menasihati (encouragement) / memohon (entreaty) | High | 1:9, 1:10 | Mutual Edification / Obedience of Faith (contextual) |
| obedience (of faith, compound) — cf. plain ὑπακοή below | ὑπακοὴ πίστεως | ketaatan iman | High | (conceptual anchor for 1:21) | Obedience of Faith |
| imputed righteousness (conceptual anchor for ἐλλογάω) | ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην | kebenaran yang diperhitungkan | Critical | (conceptual anchor for 1:18) | Salvation |
Table 2 — New Terms Introduced by Philemon (Proposed for Translation Memory)
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Indonesian rendering | Risk | Verse(s) | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wrong (verb) | ἀδικέω / adikeō | bersalah kepada / merugikan | Medium | 1:18 | Names real wrongdoing honestly; forgiveness doctrine here does not minimize actual offense. |
| owe / debt | ὀφείλω / opheilō | berhutang | Low-Medium | 1:18 | Financial/moral debt metaphor underlying the forgiveness argument. |
| charge to one’s account | ἐλλογάω / ellogaō | bebankan / tanggungkan kepadaku | High | 1:18 | Conceptual (not lexical) parallel to imputed righteousness’s accounting metaphor; flag for theologian review; do not conflate root with λογίζομαι. |
| repay | ἀποτίνω / apotinō | akan membayarnya | Low | 1:19 | Standard restitution term. |
| owe besides | προσοφείλω / prosopheilō | berhutang lagi (bahkan dirimu sendiri) | Medium | 1:19 | Rhetorical reversal: Philemon’s own spiritual debt to Paul. |
| separated | χωρίζω / chōrizō | berpisah | Low-Medium | 1:15 | Tactful passive voice avoiding direct blame; possible providential framing. |
| send back | ἀναπέμπω / anapempō | kukirim kembali | Medium | 1:12 | Legally/socially loaded act of returning a slave to his master. |
| receive / welcome | προσλαμβάνω / proslambanō | terimalah dia | Medium | 1:17 | The concrete act that enacts reconciliation. |
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Indonesian rendering | Risk | Verse(s) | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| brother | ἀδελφός / adelphos | saudara | Medium | 1:1, 1:7, 1:20 | Newly registered; must convey genuine spiritual kinship, not polite address. |
| sister | ἀδελφή / adelphē | saudari | Medium | 1:2 | Same register as “saudara.” |
| beloved | ἀγαπητός / agapētos | (yang) kekasih | Low-Medium | 1:1, 1:16 | Applied to both Philemon and Onesimus, flattening social distinction. |
| beloved brother | ἀδελφὸς ἀγαπητός | saudara yang kekasih | Medium | 1:16 | Climactic reclassification of Onesimus’s status; core textual anchor for this doctrine. |
| partner | κοινωνός / koinōnos | rekan | Medium | 1:17 | Distinct from the noun κοινωνία (persekutuan); names the person as full partner. |
| fellow worker | συνεργός / synergos | rekan sekerja | Low | 1:1, 1:24 | Standard ministry-partnership term. |
| fellow soldier | συστρατιώτης / systratiōtēs | rekan seperjuangan | Low | 1:2 | Military metaphor; “perjuangan” is secular/general in Indonesian, no jihad-specific overlap. |
| fellow prisoner | συναιχμάλωτος / synaichmalōtos | sesama tahanan | Low-Medium | 1:23 | Keep consistent with δέσμιος/tahanan vocabulary. |
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Indonesian rendering | Risk | Verse(s) | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| slave / bondservant | δοῦλος / doulos | hamba | Critical | 1:16 | Central term for this doctrine. “Hamba” is embedded in Indonesian Christian usage as an honorific spiritual term (“hamba Tuhan”) and shares vocabulary with Islamic “hamba Allah” (submitted servant of Allah); risk that readers hear only the honorific-spiritual sense and miss Onesimus’s real, literal, legally-enforceable slave status, which is precisely what gives the verse its force. Every occurrence requires a translator/teaching note. “Budak” (harsher, explicitly chattel-slave term) considered and recorded as a teaching-note alternative for emphasizing literalness, but “hamba” retained as primary per Alkitab TB convention. |
| useless / useful | ἄχρηστος / ἄχρηστος — εὔχρηστος / euchrēstos | tidak berguna … sangat berguna | High | 1:11 | Wordplay on Onesimus’s name (“Useful”) lost in Indonesian; requires footnote explaining the pun to preserve doctrinal force. |
| may I have benefit/profit | ὀνίναμαι (ὀναίμην) / oninamai | biarlah aku memperoleh manfaat darimu | High | 1:20 | Second Onesimus-name wordplay; requires footnote, same issue as ἄχρηστος/εὔχρηστος above. |
| forever / permanently | αἰώνιος / aiōnios | untuk selama-lamanya | Medium | 1:15 | Describes permanence of restored relationship; avoid over-reading as the full eschatological “eternal life” category, though the overtone is present. |
| serve / minister | διακονέω / diakoneō | melayani | Low-Medium | 1:13 | Onesimus’s transformed usefulness expressed as gospel service; keep distinct from formal “deacon” office language. |
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Indonesian rendering | Risk | Verse(s) | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I appeal / I entreat | παρακαλῶ / parakalō | aku memohon | High | 1:9, 1:10 | Distinct sense of παρακαλέω from the baseline’s “exhort” (menasihati/encouragement); this is human-to-human advocacy on behalf of a third party. Must be visibly distinguished from the baseline’s Critical-risk doa syafaat (prayer-intercession before God) — different doctrinal category, same English word “intercession” used loosely in curriculum title. Translator note required. |
| comfort / encouragement (noun) | παράκλησις / paraklēsis | penghiburan | Medium | 1:7 | Same root family as παρακαλῶ but distinct comfort-sense (contrast with appeal-sense in 1:9-10); flag dual meaning for translator awareness. |
| old man / ambassador (textual variant) | πρεσβύτης / πρεσβευτής | orang tua (primary); “utusan” (ambassador) recorded as significant variant reading | Medium | 1:9 | Genuine textual crux; ambassador reading resonates strongly with the “appeal/intercession” doctrine (cf. 2 Cor 5:20’s “ambassadors for Christ”). Teaching note should record both readings. |
| prayer | προσευχή / proseuchē | doa | Medium | 1:4, 1:6 (implied), 1:22 | Distinguish plain prayer from doa syafaat (formal intercession); Philemon’s “intercession” doctrine is primarily embodied in παρακαλῶ appeal language, not in προσευχή itself. |
| hope | ἐλπίζω / elpizō | berharap | Low | 1:22 | Confident expectation tied to the hoped-for reunion. |
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Indonesian rendering | Risk | Verse(s) | Notes / rejected alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| consent / decision | γνώμη / gnōmē | persetujuanmu | Medium | 1:14 | Names Philemon’s own free will as the required basis for the outcome, not Paul’s authority. |
| compulsion / necessity | ἀνάγκη / anankē | paksaan | High | 1:14 | Paired contrast term (see next row); central to this doctrine. |
| voluntary / free will | ἑκούσιον / hekousion | sukarela | High | 1:14 | Direct structural parallel to the baseline’s grace-versus-merit/law contrast (grace ≠ pahala; ketaatan iman ≠ ketaatan syariat). Translator note required connecting this pairing explicitly to that established baseline distinction. |
| confident / trusting | πείθω (πεποιθώς) / peithō | yakin akan | Medium | 1:21 | Confident trust in a fellow believer’s grace-formed character; keep distinct from the formal term iman (reserved for trust in Christ). |
| obedience | ὑπακοή / hypakoē | ketaatan | High | 1:21 | Same root family as baseline’s ketaatan iman; here in its plain, unqualified sense — Philemon’s expected free response to Paul’s grace-based appeal, explicitly not legal compliance extracted by apostolic authority (which Paul renounced in 1:8-9). Teaching note connecting to baseline’s ketaatan syariat rejection is required. |
| I wish / desire | βούλομαι / boulomai | aku ingin sekali | Low | 1:13 | Paul’s personal preference, subordinated to Philemon’s free choice. |
| boldness / authority to command | παρρησία / parrēsia | keberanian | Medium | 1:8 | The authority Paul deliberately sets aside in favor of appeal. |
| command (verb) | ἐπιτάσσω / epitassō | memerintahkan | Low | 1:8 | The authoritative mode explicitly forgone. |
| what is fitting/due | ἀνῆκον / anēkon | apa yang wajib/patut | Low | 1:8 | Names the obligation-based appeal option also forgone in favor of love. |
| grace-word echo (verb) | χαρίζομαι / charizomai | dikaruniakan / dikembalikan kepadamu | Medium | 1:22 | Shares root with χάρις/anugerah; reinforces grace vocabulary through the letter’s close. |
General / Supporting Vocabulary (Low-Medium Risk, Full-Book Coverage)
| English gloss | Greek / translit. | Indonesian rendering | Risk | Verse(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| prisoner (of Christ) | δέσμιος / desmios | tahanan (Kristus Yesus) | Medium | 1:1, 1:9 | Gospel-suffering identity, not criminal guilt; anchor every occurrence to “for Christ’s sake.” |
| chains / bonds | δεσμοί / desmoi | belenggu / dalam penjara | Low | 1:10, 1:13 | Same root as δέσμιος. |
| child (spiritual) | τέκνον / teknon | anakku | Low | 1:10 | Paul’s affectionate term for Onesimus. |
| beget (spiritually) | γεννάω / gennaō | kulahirkan (secara rohani) | Medium | 1:10 | Figurative spiritual fathering; must not be conflated with the baseline’s Critical-risk divine Fatherhood/adoption vocabulary. |
| heart / inward parts | σπλάγχνα / splanchna | hati | Medium | 1:7, 1:12, 1:20 | Recurring image across the letter; keep rendering consistent at every occurrence. |
| refresh / give rest | ἀναπαύω / anapauō | menyegarkan / melegakan | Low-Medium | 1:7, 1:20 | Paired with σπλάγχνα each time it occurs. |
| house church | κατ’ οἶκόν ἐκκλησία | jemaat yang ada di rumahmu | Medium | 1:2 | Reuses baseline jemaat exactly. |
| remembrance/mention | μνεία / mneia | mengingat/menyebut namamu | Low | 1:4 | Standard epistolary term. |
| full knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις / epignōsis | pengenalan penuh | Low | 1:6 | Standard term. |
| good / good deed | ἀγαθόν / agathon | kebaikan | Low | 1:6, 1:14 | Standard moral term. |
| joy | χαρά / chara | sukacita | Low | 1:7 | Standard term. |
| love | ἀγάπη / agapē | kasih | Low-Medium | 1:5, 1:9 | Standard, well-established Christian term; ensure gospel-shaped sense, not generic affection. |
| lodging/hospitality | ξενία / xenia | tempat menumpang | Low | 1:22 | Hospitality request. |
| greet | ἀσπάζομαι / aspazomai | mengirim salam | Low | 1:23 | ”Salam” fully secularized in Indonesian Bible tradition; no Islamic-greeting confusion risk in this usage. |
| spirit (human, not Holy Spirit) | πνεῦμα / pneuma | rohmu | Medium | 1:25 | Explicit flag: do NOT render as “Roh Kudus”; this is the recipients’ own human spirit in a standard Pauline benediction formula. |
| proper name: Onesimus | Ὀνήσιμος / Onēsimos | Onesimus | Low (name) / High (wordplay context) | 1:10 | Name means “useful”; the wordplay built on it in 1:11 and 1:20 is High risk and requires footnoting — see above. |
| retain / keep back | κατέχω / katechō | menahannya | Low | 1:13 | Option Paul deliberately forgoes. |
Summary Risk Counts (New Terms Introduced by Philemon)
| Risk tier | Count of new terms | Review routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 1 (δοῦλος / hamba) | Human theologian — every occurrence |
| High | 8 (παρακαλῶ, ἐλλογάω, ἄχρηστος/εὔχρηστος, ὀνίναμαι, ἀνάγκη, ἑκούσιον, ὑπακοή, plus wordplay footnote requirement generally) | Human theologian |
| Medium | ~24 | Native speaker review |
| Low | ~20 | Automated review sufficient |
Critical routing note: δοῦλος (hamba) in Philemon 1:16 is assessed as Critical — not merely High — because the term sits at the intersection of (a) the curriculum’s named doctrine “Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power,” (b) a documented dual-register collision with both Indonesian Christian honorific usage (“hamba Tuhan”) and Islamic submitted-servant usage (“hamba Allah”), and (c) the letter’s entire persuasive strategy depending on the reader recognizing Onesimus’s literal legal slave status. This mirrors the baseline’s own standard for Critical assignment (e.g., justification, salvation, son_of_god) — a term whose mistranslation or under-explanation would not merely reduce clarity but would destroy the passage’s specific doctrinal argument.
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. All baseline term renderings are reused exactly. New terms above are proposed for addition to translation memory (version increment) pending Phase 2 Step 17 doctrinal fidelity review.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: Allah
Doctrine: God
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. In Philemon, God is named as the source of grace/peace (1:3) and the Father of Jesus Christ; risk lies in surrounding relational vocabulary (Bapa, hamba, anak), not in this term itself.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: Bapa
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs in Philemon 1:3’s grace-and-peace formula. Must be kept sharply distinct from Paul’s figurative ‘spiritual fathering’ of Onesimus (1:10, see spiritually_beget below), which is pastoral language, not divine Fatherhood language.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Never use Nabi Isa. Occurs throughout the letter’s salutation, appeal, and closing (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:9, 1:23, 1:25).
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: Kristus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Mesias (reserved for the baseline’s distinct Messianic-Promise doctrine term)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New — Philemon. Not a standalone baseline translation_memory entry, but consistent with the baseline’s established Indonesian Bible-translation proper-name form ‘Kristus,’ distinct from ‘Mesias.’ Occurs as part of Paul’s self-description ‘tahanan Kristus Yesus’ (1:1, 1:9) and in the closing benediction (1:25). Every occurrence sits alongside baseline Critical-risk sonship/deity vocabulary presupposed throughout the letter.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: Roh Kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Does NOT occur lexically in Philemon; included strictly as the mandatory contrast anchor for 1:25’s plain, unqualified ‘your spirit’ (see human_spirit below), so translators do not mistakenly upgrade that ordinary closing formula into a Trinitarian reference.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: pahala yang dikumpulkan
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην (conceptual anchor for ἐλλογάω, Philemon 1:18)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Included in this curriculum strictly as the conceptual (not lexical) anchor for Philemon 1:18’s ἐλλογάω debt-transfer image (see charge_to_account below). Never conflate the two Greek roots when writing teaching notes; the connection is illustrative only.
Intercession
Approved rendering: doa syafaat
Transliteration: doa syafaat
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Does NOT occur lexically in Philemon; included strictly as the mandatory contrast anchor for this curriculum’s doctrine title ‘Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another.’ Paul’s appeal to Philemon (parakalō, see appeal_entreaty below) and his ordinary prayer (proseuchē, see prayer below) must never be rendered with, or taught alongside as equivalent to, this term.
Slave
Approved rendering: hamba
Transliteration: hamba
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Rejected alternatives: budak
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Slavery and Social Status
New — Philemon. CRITICAL: hamba is embedded in Indonesian Christian usage as an honorific spiritual term (‘hamba Tuhan’) and overlaps with Islamic ‘hamba Allah’ (submitted servant of Allah). Every occurrence in 1:16 requires a translator/teaching note clarifying that this names Onesimus’s real, legally-enforceable chattel-slave status, not a devotional metaphor — the fact that gives ‘no longer as a slave but… a beloved brother’ its force. ‘Budak’ is recorded only as a teaching-note alternative for emphasizing literalness, never as the primary rendering.
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: Tuhan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs in Philemon 1:3, 1:5, 1:16 (‘no longer as a slave… but a brother, beloved… both in the flesh and in the Lord’), and 1:20 (‘let me benefit from you in the Lord’). Context must retain exclusive, supreme Lordship, not a generic devotional title, especially in these intimate relational uses.
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Frames the letter’s opening (1:3) and closing (1:25) and underwrites the letter’s entire persuasive strategy — reception of Onesimus offered freely, not extracted by compulsion. Must not be absorbed into rahmat or pahala.
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs in the thanksgiving (1:5), ‘your faith toward the Lord Jesus.’ Must remain anchored to personal trust in Christ specifically, not generic religious assent paralleling the Islamic six pillars of faith (rukun iman).
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar baik
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs in 1:13, ‘chains for the gospel.’ Must remain anchored to the specific NT proclamation of Christ crucified and risen that occasioned Paul’s imprisonment, not read as the Quranic ‘scripture once given to Isa.‘
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ketaatan iman
Transliteration: ketaatan iman
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ketaatan syariat
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Included as the conceptual bridge connecting Philemon 1:21’s plain hypakoē (see obedience below) to the established Romans doctrine and its explicit rejection of ketaatan syariat.
Useless Useful
Approved rendering: tidak berguna … sangat berguna
Transliteration: achrēstos / euchrēstos
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ἄχρηστος / εὔχρηστος
Category: Slavery and Social Status
New — Philemon. Pun on Onesimus’s name (‘Useful’) at 1:11; untranslatable into Indonesian and requires a mandatory footnote explaining the wordplay, since no surveyed Indonesian Bible version supplies one.
Benefit Wordplay
Approved rendering: biarlah aku memperoleh manfaat darimu
Transliteration: oninamai (onaimēn)
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ὀνίναμαι (ὀναίμην)
Category: Slavery and Social Status
New — Philemon. Second Onesimus-name wordplay at 1:20; same footnoting requirement as useless_useful above.
Onesimus Name
Approved rendering: Onesimus
Transliteration: Onēsimos
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: Ὀνήσιμος
Category: Slavery and Social Status
New — Philemon. Proper name meaning ‘useful, profitable’; transliterate the name unchanged, but the wordplay it anchors (1:11, 1:20) is High risk and invisible to Indonesian readers without an explicit footnote.
Charge To Account
Approved rendering: bebankan / tanggungkan kepadaku
Transliteration: ellogaō
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Rejected alternatives: pengampunan (as a standalone doctrinal-anchor noun)
Original: ἐλλογάω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
New — Philemon. Commercial-ledger term (1:18); conceptually (not lexically) parallel to the baseline’s Critical-risk imputed-righteousness image. Flag for theologian review; teaching note must connect the two images without conflating their distinct Greek roots.
Beloved Brother
Approved rendering: saudara yang kekasih
Transliteration: adelphos agapētos
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀδελφὸς ἀγαπητός
Category: Christian Brotherhood
New — Philemon. The letter’s climactic reclassification of Onesimus (1:16); this is the core textual anchor for this doctrine and must retain full family-level belonging, not a merely symbolic courteous gesture.
Appeal Entreaty
Approved rendering: aku memohon
Transliteration: parakalō / parakaleō
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Rejected alternatives: doa syafaat
Original: παρακαλῶ (παρακαλέω)
Category: Intercession and Appeal
New — Philemon. Paul’s defining verb (1:9-10): human-to-human advocacy on behalf of a third party, deliberately chosen over command. Must be visibly distinguished from the Critical-risk baseline term doa syafaat (Islamic-associated, judgment-day, Muhammad-specific intercession); this curriculum’s own doctrine title elevates the risk of accidental conflation.
Compulsion Necessity
Approved rendering: paksaan
Transliteration: anankē
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἀνάγκη
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. Half of the contrastive pair (1:14) naming the letter’s entire ethical logic; must always be translated together with voluntary_free_will below, never independently.
Voluntary Free Will
Approved rendering: sukarela
Transliteration: hekousion
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἑκούσιον
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. Direct structural parallel to the baseline’s grace/works contrast (anugerah ≠ pahala; ketaatan iman ≠ ketaatan syariat). Must never be read as merely optional or incidental; the fixed pairing with compulsion_necessity is the letter’s doctrinal core.
Obedience
Approved rendering: ketaatan
Transliteration: hypakoē
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Rejected alternatives: ketaatan syariat
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. Same root family as the baseline’s ketaatan iman (1:21). Must be taught alongside, and clearly distinguished from, the baseline’s explicit rejection of ketaatan syariat; risk of being read through Indonesia’s culture of religious-authority deference rather than as grace-produced free response.
Medium Risk Terms
Saints
Approved rendering: orang-orang kudus
Transliteration: orang-orang kudus
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs in 1:5 and 1:7 (the saints’ hearts refreshed by Philemon). Must not be read as a venerated elite comparable to wali (Sufi saints honored at Indonesian pilgrimage sites).
Church
Approved rendering: jemaat
Transliteration: jemaat
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: gereja
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. In Philemon, always in the compound ‘jemaat yang ada di rumahmu’ (the house church, 1:2) — see house_church below.
Peace
Approved rendering: damai sejahtera
Transliteration: damai sejahtera
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs in the opening greeting (1:3). Must be distinguished from the everyday greeting-word ‘salam’ or mere absence of conflict.
Serve
Approved rendering: melayani
Transliteration: melayani
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: διακονέω
Category: Slavery and Social Status
New — Philemon. Onesimus’s transformed usefulness as gospel service (1:13); keep distinct from the formal ecclesial ‘deacon’ office.
Forever Permanently
Approved rendering: untuk selama-lamanya
Transliteration: aiōnios
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: αἰώνιος
Category: Slavery and Social Status
New — Philemon. Describes the permanence of the restored relationship (1:15); do not over-read as the full eschatological ‘eternal life’ category, though an eternity-tinged overtone is present.
Wrong Verb
Approved rendering: bersalah kepada / merugikan
Transliteration: adikeō
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀδικέω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
New — Philemon. Names Onesimus’s real wrongdoing (1:18) honestly; forgiveness in this letter does not minimize actual offense.
Owe Debt
Approved rendering: berhutang
Transliteration: opheilō
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ὀφείλω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
New — Philemon. Introduces the debt/forgiveness metaphor of 1:18-19.
Owe Besides
Approved rendering: berhutang lagi, bahkan dirimu sendiri
Transliteration: prosopheilō
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: προσοφείλω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
New — Philemon. Rhetorical reversal (1:19): Philemon’s own far greater spiritual debt to Paul.
Separated
Approved rendering: berpisah
Transliteration: chōrizō
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: χωρίζω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
New — Philemon. Tactful passive voice (1:15) avoiding direct blame; preserve this diplomatic tact in Indonesian phrasing.
Send Back
Approved rendering: kukirim kembali
Transliteration: anapempō
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀναπέμπω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
New — Philemon. Legally/socially loaded act of returning a slave (1:12); must not read as a casual sending.
Receive Welcome
Approved rendering: terimalah dia
Transliteration: proslambanō
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: προσλαμβάνω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
New — Philemon. The concrete act of reconciliation requested (1:17): full acceptance as an honored equal, not mere tolerance.
Brother
Approved rendering: saudara
Transliteration: adelphos
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀδελφός
Category: Christian Brotherhood
New — Philemon. Genuine spiritual kinship (1:1, 1:20); must not be read as mere polite address, common in everyday Indonesian correspondence.
Sister
Approved rendering: saudari
Transliteration: adelphē
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀδελφή
Category: Christian Brotherhood
New — Philemon. Applied to Apphia (1:2); same register requirement as saudara.
Beloved
Approved rendering: (yang) kekasih
Transliteration: agapētos
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christian Brotherhood
New — Philemon. Applied identically to both Philemon (1:1) and Onesimus (1:16), deliberately flattening social distinction; must use the exact same Indonesian phrase for both figures.
Partner
Approved rendering: rekan
Transliteration: koinōnos
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: κοινωνός
Category: Christian Brotherhood
New — Philemon. Names Paul’s own partnership with Philemon as the model for receiving Onesimus (1:17); distinct from the noun koinōnia (persekutuan); must not be flattened into a generic ‘friend.‘
Fellow Prisoner
Approved rendering: sesama tahanan
Transliteration: synaichmalōtos
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: συναιχμάλωτος
Category: Church
New — Philemon. Closing greeting (1:23); keep consistent with the desmios/tahanan vocabulary used of Paul himself.
Comfort Encouragement
Approved rendering: penghiburan
Transliteration: paraklēsis
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Intercession and Appeal
New — Philemon. Comfort received from Philemon’s love for the saints (1:7); a distinct sense from the entreaty-sense of the same root family used in 1:9-10 (appeal_entreaty above) — the two senses must not be rendered identically.
Ambassador Elder Variant
Approved rendering: orang tua
Transliteration: presbytēs / presbeutēs
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: πρεσβύτης / πρεσβευτής
Category: Intercession and Appeal
New — Philemon. Genuine textual/interpretive crux at 1:9: ‘old man’ (majority reading, primary rendering, following Alkitab TB) versus ‘ambassador’ (a significant variant, ‘utusan,’ echoing 2 Cor 5:20). The ambassador variant must be recorded in teaching notes as relevant to the intercession doctrine, without altering the primary text rendering.
Prayer
Approved rendering: doa
Transliteration: proseuchē
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Rejected alternatives: doa syafaat
Original: προσευχή
Category: Intercession and Appeal
New — Philemon. Paul’s ordinary practice of prayer (1:4, 1:22); risk elevated above a routine Low rating specifically because this curriculum’s doctrine title creates overlap risk with both doa syafaat and appeal_entreaty. Must be explicitly distinguished from both.
Consent Decision
Approved rendering: persetujuanmu
Transliteration: gnōmē
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: γνώμη
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. Philemon’s own considered will (1:14), which Paul insists must produce the outcome, not Paul’s imposed authority.
Confident Trusting
Approved rendering: yakin akan
Transliteration: peithō (pepoithōs)
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: πείθω (πεποιθώς)
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. Confident trust in Philemon’s grace-formed character (1:21); keep distinct from the formal term iman, reserved for trust in Christ specifically.
Boldness Authority
Approved rendering: keberanian
Transliteration: parrēsia
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: παρρησία
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. Paul’s authority-based right to command, deliberately set aside (1:8); must not be softened into mere general courage.
Prisoner Of Christ
Approved rendering: tahanan (Kristus Yesus)
Transliteration: desmios
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: δέσμιος
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Paul’s self-identification as Christ’s prisoner (1:1, 1:9); every occurrence must be anchored to ‘for Christ’s sake,’ never read as criminal guilt.
Spiritually Beget
Approved rendering: kulahirkan (secara rohani)
Transliteration: gennaō
Doctrine: Spiritual Fatherhood and Family
Original: γεννάω
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Paul’s claim of spiritual fatherhood over Onesimus (1:10); must be clearly figurative/pastoral and kept distinct from the baseline’s Critical-risk divine Fatherhood/adoption vocabulary (Bapa, pengangkatan sebagai anak), which concerns God’s own fatherhood specifically.
Heart Inward Parts
Approved rendering: hati
Transliteration: splanchna
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: σπλάγχνα
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Recurring image (1:7, 1:12, 1:20); rendering must remain consistent at every occurrence to preserve the letter’s literary thread.
Refresh Give Rest
Approved rendering: menyegarkan / melegakan
Transliteration: anapauō
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: ἀναπαύω
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Paired with heart_inward_parts at each occurrence (1:7, 1:20); keep rendering consistent across both instances.
House Church
Approved rendering: jemaat yang ada di rumahmu
Transliteration: kat’ oikon ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: κατ’ οἶκόν ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
New — Philemon. Reuses baseline ekklēsia = jemaat exactly (1:2); situates Philemon’s private response within a whole worshiping community’s awareness.
Love
Approved rendering: kasih
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
New — Philemon. Stated ground of Paul’s appeal (1:5, 1:9); well-established Christian term, but must be read as gospel-shaped, self-giving love consistent with baseline Romans usage, not generic affection.
Human Spirit
Approved rendering: rohmu
Transliteration: pneuma
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Rejected alternatives: Roh Kudus
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: God
New — Philemon. Plain human spirit of the recipient(s) in the closing benediction (1:25) — NOT the Holy Spirit. Must be rendered lower-case and unqualified, never as, or paired with, ‘kudus.‘
Grace Word Echo
Approved rendering: dikaruniakan / dikembalikan kepadamu
Transliteration: charizomai
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Salvation
New — Philemon. Paul’s hoped-for release (1:22), described in grace-rooted language sharing its root with charis/anugerah; teaching notes should preserve this visible root-connection even though the verb itself is rendered with a natural Indonesian phrase.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: persekutuan
Transliteration: persekutuan
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs in 1:6, ‘the fellowship of your faith.‘
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ucapan syukur
Transliteration: ucapan syukur
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστῶ
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Occurs in 1:4.
Exhort
Approved rendering: menasihati
Transliteration: menasihati
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package exactly. Reserved for the comfort/encouragement sense of the παρακαλῶ word family (cf. paraklēsis, 1:7). Philemon 1:9-10’s entreaty sense of the same root uses ‘memohon’ instead — see appeal_entreaty below; the two senses must not be rendered identically.
Repay
Approved rendering: aku akan membayarnya
Transliteration: apotinō
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀποτίνω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
New — Philemon. Paul’s personal restitution guarantee (1:19).
Fellow Worker
Approved rendering: rekan sekerja
Transliteration: synergos
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: συνεργός
Category: Church
New — Philemon. Applied to Philemon (1:1) and named companions (1:24).
Fellow Soldier
Approved rendering: rekan seperjuangan
Transliteration: systratiōtēs
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: συστρατιώτης
Category: Church
New — Philemon. Applied to Archippus (1:2); ‘perjuangan’ is a secular Indonesian struggle-word (e.g., national independence) with no jihad-specific overlap in this military-metaphor usage.
Hope
Approved rendering: berharap
Transliteration: elpizō
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: ἐλπίζω
Category: Intercession and Appeal
New — Philemon. Confident expectation of reunion (1:22), not mere wishful desire.
Desire Wish
Approved rendering: aku ingin sekali
Transliteration: boulomai
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: βούλομαι
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. Paul’s personal preference, subordinated to Philemon’s free choice (1:13).
Command Verb
Approved rendering: memerintahkan
Transliteration: epitassō
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἐπιτάσσω
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. The authoritative mode explicitly forgone (1:8).
What Is Fitting
Approved rendering: apa yang wajib / patut dilakukan
Transliteration: anēkon
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἀνῆκον
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. The obligation-based appeal option also forgone in favor of love (1:8).
Retain Keep Back
Approved rendering: menahannya
Transliteration: katechō
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: κατέχω
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
New — Philemon. The option of keeping Onesimus deliberately forgone to preserve Philemon’s freedom to choose (1:13).
Paul Name
Approved rendering: Paulus
Transliteration: Paulos
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Established Indonesian Bible-translation proper-name form (1:1, 1:9, 1:19), identical to baseline usage elsewhere.
Chains Bonds
Approved rendering: belenggu / dalam penjara
Transliteration: desmoi
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: δεσμοί
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Literal chains/imprisonment (1:10, 1:13), the setting of Onesimus’s conversion; same root family as prisoner_of_christ.
Spiritual Child
Approved rendering: anakku
Transliteration: teknon
Doctrine: Spiritual Fatherhood and Family
Original: τέκνον
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Paul’s affectionate term for Onesimus (1:10).
Remembrance Mention
Approved rendering: mengingat / menyebut namamu
Transliteration: mneia
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: μνεία
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Standard epistolary term (1:4).
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: pengenalan penuh
Transliteration: epignōsis
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Standard term (1:6).
Good Deed
Approved rendering: kebaikan
Transliteration: agathon
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: ἀγαθόν
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Standard moral vocabulary (1:6, 1:14).
Joy
Approved rendering: sukacita
Transliteration: chara
Doctrine: Epistolary/General
Original: χαρά
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Standard term (1:7).
Lodging Hospitality
Approved rendering: tempat menumpang
Transliteration: xenia
Doctrine: Christian Hospitality
Original: ξενία
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Hospitality request (1:22).
Greet
Approved rendering: mengirim salam
Transliteration: aspazomai
Doctrine: Christian Hospitality
Original: ἀσπάζομαι
Category: Epistolary/General
New — Philemon. Standard closing greeting formula (1:23); ‘salam’ is fully secularized in Indonesian Bible-translation tradition with no meaningful risk of confusion with Islamic greeting formulas here.
Referenced passages