Core Glossary
Core Glossary — James 1–5 (English → Indonesian)
This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. Terms marked Reused carry forward the exact baseline Indonesian rendering, risk tier, and rejected alternatives with no changes. Terms marked New are proposed additions for this curriculum’s extended translation memory, pending Phase 1 confirmation. Risk tiers follow the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework defined in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly
| # | English Term | Indonesian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Status | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | faith | iman | High | Faith and Works | Reused | Anchor to personal trust in Christ, not bare cognitive assent (cf. James 2:19). |
| 2 | grace | anugerah | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God (4:6) | Reused | Never pahala; James 4:6 quotes the same grace-to-the-humble principle as Romans 11:5-6. |
| 3 | sin | dosa | Medium | Confession and Restoration; Trials | Reused | Continuous usage across 1:14-15, 2:9, 4:17, 5:15-16, 5:20. |
| 4 | law (Mosaic) | Hukum Taurat | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | Reused | Never syariat. James 2:9-11 quotes the Decalogue directly. |
| 5 | justification / justified | pembenaran / dibenarkan | Critical | Faith and Works | Reused | James 2:21, 2:24, 2:25. Requires the Romans 4 reconciling note at every occurrence — see Part C below. |
| 6 | righteousness | kebenaran | Critical | Faith and Works | Reused | James 2:23 quotes Genesis 15:6 directly. |
| 7 | imputed righteousness | kebenaran yang diperhitungkan | Critical | Faith and Works | Reused | Identical Genesis 15:6 citation as Romans 4:3/22 — the single most important cross-reference in this curriculum. |
| 8 | salvation / save | keselamatan / menyelamatkan | Critical | Faith and Works; Prayer and Healing | Reused | James 2:14 (rhetorical); James 5:15, 5:20 use the same σῴζω root in a physical healing sense — dual-sense caution required (see Part C). |
| 9 | prophet | nabi | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | Reused | James 5:10. Same closed-prophetic-line caution as baseline. |
| 10 | church | jemaat | Medium | Prayer and Healing | Reused | James 5:14, “elders of the jemaat.” |
| 11 | Lord | Tuhan | High/Critical | Patience and the Lord’s Return | Reused | James 5:7-8, “the coming of the Lord” — must anchor to the same exclusive Yesus of Romans 10:9. |
| 12 | God | Allah | High | (all doctrines) | Reused | No change; risk lies in surrounding vocabulary, as per baseline note. |
| 13 | Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | (contrast term, James 2:26) | Reused | James 2:26 uses generic πνεῦμα (life-spirit), NOT Roh Kudus — must not be conflated (see Part C). |
| 14 | Jesus | Yesus | Critical | Patience and the Lord’s Return | Reused | Never Nabi Isa. |
| 15 | election | pemilihan | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | Reused | James 2:5, “God has chosen [ἐξελέξατο] the poor of the world.” Never takdir. |
Part B — New Terms for the James Curriculum
| # | English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Indonesian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | works (deeds) | ἔργα | erga | perbuatan | Critical | Faith and Works | amal, amal saleh | Amal is rejected as the single highest-priority forbidden substitution in this entire Language Package: it imports the Islamic deeds-weighed-at-judgment (mizan) merit framework directly into James’s argument. Perbuatan keeps works as the evidence, not the ground, of genuine faith. Requires theologian review at every occurrence. |
| 17 | dead faith | πίστις νεκρά | pistis nekra | iman yang mati | High | Faith and Works | — | James 2:17, 20, 26. Must be taught as describing a counterfeit faith-claim, not a category of genuine but “weaker” faith. |
| 18 | friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ | philos theou | sahabat Allah | High | Faith and Works | — | Abraham/Ibrahim is also “Khalilullah” (friend of Allah) in Islamic tradition. Shared honorific title; theological basis (grace credited, then demonstrated) must be taught distinctly. |
| 19 | perfected (of faith) | ἐτελειώθη (τελειόω) | eteleiōthē | disempurnakan | High | Faith and Works | pahala yang menyempurnakan iman | Faith reaching its intended mature expression through action, not faith supplemented by separately-earned merit. |
| 20 | trial / temptation | πειρασμός | peirasmos | pencobaan | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | — | Spans both “external trial producing endurance” (1:2-4) and “internal temptation to sin” (1:13-14); disambiguate by context every occurrence. |
| 21 | testing / genuineness | δοκίμιον | dokimion | ujian | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | — | James 1:3. |
| 22 | endurance / steadfastness | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | ketekunan | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | — | Distinguish from ch. 5’s μακροθυμία/kesabaran (patience toward people/circumstances while awaiting the Lord’s return). |
| 23 | crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς | stephanos tēs zōēs | mahkota kehidupan | Medium-High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | — | A reward for endurance, not a payment earning salvation; must not be conflated with the Critical-risk keselamatan doctrine. |
| 24 | wisdom | σοφία | sophia | hikmat | Medium | Wisdom from Above | — | Established term. |
| 25 | wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν | sophia anōthen | hikmat dari atas | Medium | Wisdom from Above | — | James 3:15, 17. |
| 26 | earthly / demonic wisdom | ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης | epigeios, psychikē, daimoniōdēs | hikmat duniawi, hikmat manusiawi, hikmat dari setan | Medium | Wisdom from Above | — | James 3:15. |
| 27 | double-minded | δίψυχος | dipsychos | mendua hati | Medium | Wisdom from Above | — | James 1:8, 4:8. |
| 28 | favoritism / partiality | προσωπολημψία | prosōpolēmpsia | memandang muka | High | Favoritism and the Poor | orang kafir-adjacent framing (avoided) | James 2:1, 9. Established Bible idiom; apply consistently with ch.3’s ἀδιάκριτος (“impartial”). |
| 29 | royal law | νόμος βασιλικός | nomos basilikos | hukum utama | High | Favoritism and the Poor | — | The summary/supreme expression of Hukum Taurat, centered on love — not a separate law system. |
| 30 | law of liberty | νόμος τῆς ἐλευθερίας | nomos tēs eleutherias | hukum yang memerdekakan | High | Favoritism and the Poor | — | James 1:25, 2:12. Freedom to obey from a transformed heart, not freedom achieved by obedience. |
| 31 | mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | belas kasihan | High | Favoritism and the Poor | rahmat | Rahmat rejected as the specific, dominant Islamic divine-attribute name (Ar-Rahman, Ar-Rahim). James 2:13, “mercy triumphs over judgment.” |
| 32 | tongue (speech) | γλῶσσα | glōssa | lidah | Medium | Taming the Tongue | — | Central term of the doctrine; James 3:1-12. |
| 33 | bridle / control | χαλιναγωγέω | chalinagōgeō | mengendalikan | Low | Taming the Tongue | — | James 1:26, 3:2. |
| 34 | religion (practice) | θρησκεία | thrēskeia | ibadah | High | Taming the Tongue (1:26-27) | — | Redefines away from ritual observance toward compassion and moral integrity; carries the same ritual-obligation risk baseline flags for “Separation unto God’s Service.” |
| 35 | likeness of God | καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ | kath’ homoiōsin theou | keserupaan dengan Allah | High | Taming the Tongue (3:9) | — | Relational/moral resemblance, not physical/metaphysical identity; sensitivity comparable to Sonship/Incarnation cautions in the baseline. |
| 36 | world (system) | κόσμος | kosmos | dunia | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | — | The value-system opposed to God, not creation itself. |
| 37 | friendship | φιλία | philia | persahabatan | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | — | James 4:4. |
| 38 | submit (to God) | ὑποτάσσω | hypotassō | tunduklah / serahkanlah dirimu | Medium-High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | — | Shares root sense with “islam” (submission); frame as flowing from grace already received (4:6), not a self-standing act of merit. |
| 39 | devil | διάβολος | diabolos | Iblis | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | — | Shared proper name with the Quranic devil-figure; referent substantially compatible. |
| 40 | patience (long-suffering) | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | kesabaran / bersabarlah | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | — | James 5:7-10. Distinguish from ch.1’s ketekunan. |
| 41 | the coming of the Lord | παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου | parousia tou kyriou | kedatangan Tuhan | Critical | Patience and the Lord’s Return | — | Distinguish from the general Islamic Yaumul Qiyamah expectation and specifically from the hadith tradition of Nabi Isa’s future descent as a subordinate prophetic figure, not the divine Lord/Judge of Romans 10:9. |
| 42 | Judge | κριτής | kritēs | Hakim | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | — | James 5:9, Christ as imminent eschatological Judge. |
| 43 | oath / swear | ὅρκος / ὀμνύω | horkos / omnyō | sumpah / bersumpah | Low | Taming the Tongue (5:12) | — | James’s plain-speech ethic, not a polemic against all oath-taking as such. |
| 44 | elders (of the church) | πρεσβύτεροι | presbyteroi | penatua | Medium | Prayer and Healing | — | Recognized congregational leadership office, distinct from ulama/kyai or tetua adat. |
| 45 | anointing with oil | ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ | aleiphō elaiō | mengoles/meminyaki dengan minyak | High | Prayer and Healing | — | Symbolic act accompanying faith-filled prayer, not an independently efficacious ritual object; distinguish from folk-magical minyak berkat practices. |
| 46 | pray for one another | εὔχεσθε ὑπὲρ ἀλλήλων | euchesthe hyper allēlōn | saling mendoakan | High | Prayer and Healing | doa syafaat | Doa syafaat forbidden here: reserved in the baseline exclusively for Christ’s/the Spirit’s mediatorial intercession, and directly collides with the Islamic doctrine of shafa’a. |
| 47 | prayer of a righteous person | δέησις δικαίου | deēsis dikaiou | doa orang benar | Medium | Prayer and Healing | — | James 5:16. |
| 48 | confess (sins) | ἐξομολογέω | exomologeō | mengaku(i) dosa | High | Confession and Restoration | — | Mutual, horizontal confession among believers, distinct from priest-mediated sacramental confession. |
| 49 | wander / go astray | πλανάω | planaō | sesat | Medium | Confession and Restoration | — | James 5:19. |
| 50 | turn back / restore | ἐπιστρέφω | epistrephō | membawa kembali / memulihkan | Medium | Confession and Restoration | — | James 5:19-20. |
| 51 | messengers (human, not angels) | ἄγγελοι | angeloi | pengintai / utusan | High | Faith and Works (2:25) | malaikat | Context-sensitive: refers to the two human Israelite spies (Joshua 2), not supernatural angels. Malaikat is a forbidden substitution here specifically. |
| 52 | spirit (life-breath, generic) | πνεῦμα | pneuma | roh (bukan Roh Kudus) | High | Faith and Works (2:26) | Roh Kudus (in this verse only) | Generic animating life-spirit, not the Holy Spirit; must not be conflated with the Critical-risk baseline term. |
| 53 | slave / servant (of God) | δοῦλος | doulos | hamba | Medium | (introductory, 1:1) | — | Shared vocabulary with Islamic “hamba Allah” self-designation; always retain “and of the Lord Jesus Christ” for Christian specificity. |
| 54 | desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία | epithymia | hawa nafsu / keinginan | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith; Worldliness | — | James 1:14-15, 4:1-2. Internal origin of sin. |
Part C — Cross-Cutting Theological Notes Required in Phase 2
The following notes must accompany the listed terms at every occurrence, per the Escalation Rules established in the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md:
- ἔργα / perbuatan (Critical): Never amal. Every occurrence in James 2:14-26 requires the theologian note: “perbuatan is the fruit and evidence of genuine iman, not a separate merit-earning track weighed against divine mercy.”
- δικαιόω / dibenarkan (Critical), James 2:21 & 2:24: Requires the Romans 4 reconciling note distinguishing justification before God (forensic ground, by faith apart from works, already secured) from justification before observers (evidentiary vindication, shown through works) at every occurrence.
- σῴζω / menyelamatkan (Critical) in James 5:15, 5:20: Requires a note distinguishing physical healing/restoration (the primary sense here) from eternal salvation (the baseline Critical-risk doctrine), so neither sense wrongly absorbs the theological weight of the other.
- πνεῦμα / roh in James 2:26: Requires an explicit note that this is NOT Roh Kudus.
- παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου / kedatangan Tuhan (Critical), James 5:7-8: Requires a theologian note distinguishing Christ’s bodily return as divine Lord and Judge from both the general Islamic Yaumul Qiyamah expectation and the specific hadith tradition of Nabi Isa’s subordinate future role.
- εὔχεσθε ὑπὲρ ἀλλήλων / saling mendoakan, James 5:16: Must never be rendered with doa syafaat.
- ἔλεος / belas kasihan, James 2:13: Recommended theologian review given proximity to the Critical-risk salvation/judgment doctrines and the specific avoidance of rahmat.
Part D — Proper Names (Established Forms)
| English | Indonesian | Note |
|---|---|---|
| James (author) | Yakobus | Distinct established NT form from OT “Yakub” (Jacob), though same Greek root Ἰάκωβος. |
| Abraham | Abraham | Reused from baseline pattern (David = Daud). |
| Isaac | Ishak | Established form. |
| Rahab | Rahab | Established form. |
| Elijah | Elia | Established form. |
| Job | Ayub | Established form; James 5:11 references Job’s patience/ketekunan. |
Critical Risk Terms
Justification
Approved rendering: pembenaran
Transliteration: pembenaran
Doctrine: Salvation (Romans); Faith and Works (James, core passage)
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. CRITICAL for James: the verb form dibenarkan appears in James 2:21, 2:24, 2:25 in an evidentiary sense (Abraham/Rahab’s faith vindicated before observers through works), not the forensic-ground sense of Romans 3:28/4:5 (justified by faith apart from works, before God). Every occurrence requires the mandatory Romans 4 reconciling note distinguishing ‘justified before God’ from ‘justified before observers,’ or readers will perceive either an unresolved contradiction with Romans or a collapse into Islamic deeds-and-mercy soteriology.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran
Transliteration: kebenaran
Doctrine: Salvation (Romans); Faith and Works (James 2:23)
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. James 2:23 quotes Genesis 15:6 identically to Romans 4:3/22; must be taught alongside Romans 4 so the two citations reinforce, rather than compete with, one another.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Transliteration: kebenaran yang diperhitungkan
Doctrine: Salvation (Romans); Faith and Works (James 2:23)
Rejected alternatives: pahala yang dikumpulkan
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. The single most important cross-reference in the entire James curriculum: James 2:23’s citation of Genesis 15:6 is identical to Romans 4:3/22. This status was credited to Abraham decades before the Genesis 22 act of obedience cited in James 2:21 — proof that his ‘justification by works’ cannot mean earning this credited status.
Salvation
Approved rendering: keselamatan
Transliteration: keselamatan
Doctrine: Salvation (Romans); Faith and Works / Prayer and Healing (James)
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged (verb form: menyelamatkan). James 2:14 uses the verb rhetorically re: a workless faith-claim’s saving power. James 5:15 and 5:20 use the identical sozo root in a PHYSICAL HEALING / temporal-restoration sense — a dual-sense caution distinct from, and requiring separate teaching from, the eternal-salvation doctrine.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: Tuhan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (Romans, High); Patience and the Lord’s Return (James, elevated to Critical)
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Risk tier elevated to Critical within this curriculum specifically because James 5:7-8’s ‘the coming of the Lord’ (kedatangan Tuhan) sits at the sharpest Christological collision point in the book. Every occurrence in James (1:1, 2:1, 5:7-8, 5:14-15) must anchor to the same exclusive, supreme Yesus confessed as Tuhan in Romans 10:9, never a generic religious-lord title.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: Roh Kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification (Romans); contrast term for James 2:26
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. In the James curriculum this term functions primarily as a disambiguation anchor: James 2:26’s generic pneuma (life-breath) must never be conflated with, or capitalized as, Roh Kudus. See spirit_lifebreath entry below.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (Romans); Patience and the Lord’s Return (James)
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Never Nabi Isa. Named explicitly in James 1:1 and 2:1; underlies the exclusive Lord who returns bodily in James 5:7-8, not a subordinate hadith-tradition prophetic figure.
Works
Approved rendering: perbuatan
Transliteration: perbuatan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: amal, amal saleh
The single highest-priority forbidden substitution in this entire Language Package. Amal/amal saleh invoke the Islamic deeds-weighed-on-the-mizan-against-mercy soteriological framework, exactly reversing James’s argument in 2:14-26. Perbuatan keeps works as the fruit and evidence of a living iman, never a separate merit-earning track. Requires theologian-reviewed teaching note at every occurrence.
Coming Of The Lord
Approved rendering: kedatangan Tuhan
Transliteration: kedatangan Tuhan
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8 (parousia tou kyriou). The technical New Testament term for Christ’s future, bodily, glorious return as Lord and Judge. Requires a theologian-reviewed note distinguishing this from (a) the general Islamic Yaumul Qiyamah expectation and (b) the specific hadith tradition of Nabi Isa’s future descent as a subordinate prophetic figure who dies a natural death, not the divine Lord and Judge returning in his own glory. Must always anchor to the same exclusive Yesus confessed as Tuhan in Romans 10:9.
Prayer Of Faith
Approved rendering: doa yang penuh iman (menyembuhkan)
Transliteration: doa yang penuh iman (menyembuhkan)
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15 (euchē tēs pisteōs / sōzō). Refers primarily to physical restoration to health, not eternal salvation — yet uses the identical sozo verb root behind the Critical-risk keselamatan doctrine. Requires a note distinguishing physical healing from eternal salvation in this specific verse, so readers do not collapse this into a guaranteed-healing formula nor wrongly import the full eternal-salvation doctrinal weight into a statement about physical restoration.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith (Romans); Faith and Works (James)
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Iman is the established Bible term but is also the foundational Islamic concept of the six pillars of faith. James 2:14-26 requires distinguishing a merely verbal, claimed iman (2:14), a bare cognitive assent shared even by demons (2:19), and the fuller relational trust exemplified by Abraham (2:23) — every occurrence in the core passage must be flagged for which sense is active.
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Grace (Romans); Worldliness versus Friendship with God (James 4:6)
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. James 4:6 quotes the same Proverbs 3:34 grace-to-the-humble principle Paul uses in Romans 11:5-6; apply the identical forbidden-substitution rule (never pahala) and the identical contrast-with-pride framing.
Prophet
Approved rendering: nabi
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture (Romans); Patience and the Lord’s Return (James 5:10)
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. James 5:10 cites the Old Testament prophets as models of patient suffering; the same closed-prophetic-line caution (Islam’s khatam an-nabiyyin) applies as in the Romans baseline.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (Romans); all nine James doctrines
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. As in the baseline, the risk lies in surrounding vocabulary (nabi, ibadah, memandang muka, doa syafaat, amal) rather than in Allah itself.
Election
Approved rendering: pemilihan
Transliteration: pemilihan
Doctrine: Effectual Calling (Romans, Medium); Favoritism and the Poor (James, elevated to High)
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Risk tier elevated to High within this curriculum because James 2:5 (‘God has chosen the poor of the world’) directly reinforces the Favoritism and the Poor doctrine’s core reversal argument. Never takdir (impersonal fixed decree/fate).
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: iman yang mati
Transliteration: iman yang mati
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:17, 2:20, 2:26. Must be taught as describing a counterfeit or merely verbal faith-claim, never as a category of genuine but ‘weaker’ faith. Render ‘mati’ identically at all three occurrences.
Demonstrate Faith
Approved rendering: tunjukkanlah / perlihatkanlah
Transliteration: tunjukkanlah / perlihatkanlah
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:18. An epistemological claim (works reveal faith’s genuineness), not a soteriological one (works produce faith’s saving power). Teaching note required distinguishing ‘demonstration’ from ‘ground.‘
Perfected Faith
Approved rendering: disempurnakan
Transliteration: disempurnakan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: pahala yang menyempurnakan iman
James 2:22 (teleioo). Faith reaching its intended mature expression through action, not faith made valid/acceptable by adding separately-earned meritorious deeds — the latter must be explicitly rejected as an Islamic amal-based reading.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: sahabat Allah
Transliteration: sahabat Allah
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:23. Abraham/Ibrahim is also titled Khalilullah (‘friend of Allah’) in Islamic tradition — a genuine shared honorific. Theological basis differs: in James this status flows from faith already credited as righteousness by grace, then demonstrated through obedience, not from unaided submission earning divine favor. Requires theologian note.
God Is One
Approved rendering: Allah itu esa
Transliteration: Allah itu esa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:19. Functionally the same bare monotheistic proposition affirmed in the Islamic shahada/tawhid. James uses this point of agreement to argue that correct propositional monotheism alone — assent even demons share — is insufficient without a faith producing perbuatan. Requires theologian note preventing this verse from being misread as commending propositional tawhid as sufficient for salvation.
Cognitive Belief
Approved rendering: percaya
Transliteration: percaya
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:19. Deliberately the weaker sense of pisteuo (mere cognitive assent), contrasted with the fuller iman discussed elsewhere in the passage. Must be distinguished in context from the fuller relational trust of James 2:23.
Doer Of The Word
Approved rendering: pelaku firman / pendengar saja
Transliteration: pelaku firman / pendengar saja
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 1:22-25. The conceptual seed of the entire Faith and Works doctrine; carries the same risk of being flattened into a deeds-earn-standing framework if not anchored to faith as the root and hearing/doing as one integrated response. Cross-reference explicitly with James 2:14-26 in teaching materials.
Trial
Approved rendering: pencobaan
Transliteration: pencobaan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
James 1:2-4, 1:12 (external trial producing endurance) and 1:13-14 (internal temptation to sin, which does not come from God). Indonesian pencobaan spans the same two senses as Greek peirasmos; a disambiguating context note is required at every occurrence, not a lexical split.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: mahkota kehidupan
Transliteration: mahkota kehidupan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
James 1:12. Eschatological reward for enduring trial with love for God. Teaching note required: this reward-language must not be taught as perbuatan/endurance earning keselamatan; it is a distinct reward within an already-secured relationship with God, parallel to but not identical with the Critical-risk salvation-by-grace doctrine.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: memandang muka
Transliteration: memandang muka
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:1, 2:9. Established Indonesian Bible idiom paralleling OT impartial-judgment language. Social favoritism toward the wealthy/influential is a live dynamic in Indonesian religious communities (patronage around religious teachers and donors); teaching should draw out this contemporary application explicitly.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: hukum utama
Transliteration: hukum utama
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: hukum kerajaan
James 2:8. The love-of-neighbor command (Leviticus 19:18) as the summary/supreme expression of covenant law. Hukum kerajaan was rejected because it wrongly suggests a separate legal code tied to Kerajaan Allah rather than a summary of Hukum Taurat. Must be taught as one expression, not a competing law.
Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: hukum yang memerdekakan
Transliteration: hukum yang memerdekakan
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
James 1:25, 2:12. The moral law as it functions for the redeemed — a liberating standard lived from a transformed heart, not an external condemning code. Freedom to obey from a transformed heart, not freedom achieved by obedience; must not suggest a law-based righteousness contrary to Romans.
Mercy
Approved rendering: belas kasihan
Transliteration: belas kasihan
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: rahmat
James 2:13, ‘mercy triumphs over judgment.’ Rahmat rejected because it is the specific, dominant Islamic divine-attribute name (Ar-Rahman, Ar-Rahim) invoked in every recitation of the Quran’s opening. Belas kasihan keeps this as active, relational compassion between believers and of God’s character. Theologian review recommended given proximity to the Critical-risk salvation/judgment doctrines.
Religion
Approved rendering: ibadah
Transliteration: ibadah
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 1:26-27 (thrēskeia). Ibadah strongly connotes formal, ritual religious obligation in Indonesian usage, analogous to Islamic ritual worship practice — the same risk the baseline flags for ‘Separation unto God’s Service.’ No safer alternative exists at this register; requires a mandatory redefinition note making clear James is redefining, not endorsing, ritual-observance religion, toward controlled speech, compassion, and moral purity.
Likeness Of God
Approved rendering: menurut keserupaan dengan Allah
Transliteration: menurut keserupaan dengan Allah
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 3:9. The theological ground for the prohibition against cursing others. This language sits near the same sensitivities the baseline registry raises for Incarnation/Sonship, since Islamic tanzih theology is cautious about any creaturely likeness to a transcendent God. Note required: this is relational/moral resemblance (dominion, rationality, moral capacity), never physical or metaphysical identity.
Submit
Approved rendering: tunduklah / serahkanlah dirimu
Transliteration: tunduklah / serahkanlah dirimu
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:7 (hypotasso). Shares root sense with ‘islam’ (submission) itself — a genuine point of shared vocabulary and even shared value, but the theological basis here follows from grace already received (4:6), not a self-standing act securing divine favor independent of Christ. Requires a clarifying note anchoring submission to prior grace at every occurrence.
Anointing With Oil
Approved rendering: mengoles / meminyaki dengan minyak
Transliteration: mengoles / meminyaki dengan minyak
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14. A physical, symbolic act accompanying faith-filled prayer offered ‘in the name of the Lord.’ Ritual anointing/blessing with oil has parallels in Indonesian folk-religious and syncretistic practice (minyak berkat, protective/healing oils in some traditional and folk-Islamic practice). Teaching note required distinguishing this as symbolic act accompanying trust-filled prayer, not an independently efficacious ritual/magical object.
Pray For One Another
Approved rendering: saling mendoakan
Transliteration: saling mendoakan
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: doa syafaat
James 5:16 (euchesthe hyper allelon). Mutual, reciprocal intercessory prayer among believers. Must NEVER be rendered doa syafaat, reserved exclusively in the Romans baseline for Christ’s/the Spirit’s mediatorial intercession and directly colliding with the Islamic doctrine of shafa’a (chiefly Muhammad’s future intercession at judgment).
Confess Sins
Approved rendering: mengaku(i) dosa seorang kepada yang lain
Transliteration: mengaku(i) dosa seorang kepada yang lain
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
James 5:16 (exomologeo). Mutual, horizontal confession within the believing community, for the purpose of healing prayer, not a sacramental, priest-mediated confession to a single authority, nor a purely private, vertical-only model.
Spirit Lifebreath
Approved rendering: roh (bukan Roh Kudus)
Transliteration: roh (bukan roh kudus)
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: Roh Kudus (forbidden in this verse only)
James 2:26 (pneuma, generic life-breath). Must be rendered with lower-case, generic ‘roh’ and explicitly distinguished from Roh Kudus (the baseline’s Critical-risk term for the third Person of the Trinity). Conflating the two would wrongly suggest ‘faith without works lacks the Holy Spirit,’ which is not the body/breath analogy James draws.
Messengers
Approved rendering: pengintai / utusan
Transliteration: pengintai / utusan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: malaikat
James 2:25 (angeloi). Refers to the two human Israelite spies of Joshua 2, NOT supernatural angels — a different referent than most NT occurrences of this Greek word. Malaikat is a forbidden substitution here specifically; flag for native-speaker review at every occurrence of angelos to confirm the human-messenger sense is intended.
Medium Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability (Romans); Trials and the Testing of Faith / Confession and Restoration (James)
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Continuous usage across James 1:14-15 (desire gives birth to dosa), 2:9, 4:17, 5:15-16, and 5:20 (covering a multitude of dosa).
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: hukum taurat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy (Romans); Favoritism and the Poor (James)
Rejected alternatives: syariat
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. Never syariat. James 2:9-11 quotes the Decalogue directly; James 2:8 and 2:12 introduce hukum utama (royal law) and hukum yang memerdekakan (law of liberty) as the summary/liberating expression of this same Hukum Taurat, not competing legal systems.
Church
Approved rendering: jemaat
Transliteration: jemaat
Doctrine: Church as God’s People (Romans); Prayer and Healing (James 5:14)
Rejected alternatives: gereja
Inherited from Romans package, rendering unchanged. James 5:14, ‘elders of the jemaat’ (penatua jemaat), the recognized congregational body summoned to pray over the sick.
Faith And Works Cooperation
Approved rendering: bekerja sama dengan
Transliteration: bekerja sama dengan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:22 (synergeo). Must not be read as ‘faith and works jointly earning merit before God’; the cooperation described is internal to one living faith, not a merit partnership analogous to amal.
Scripture Fulfilled
Approved rendering: Kitab Suci itu digenapi
Transliteration: kitab suci itu digenapi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:23. Standard fulfillment-of-Scripture citation formula; connects to the Romans baseline’s Fulfillment of Prophecy doctrine category.
Offered Up
Approved rendering: mempersembahkan
Transliteration: mempersembahkan
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:21. Standard sacrificial-offering vocabulary describing Abraham’s costly act of obedience on Isaac’s behalf (Genesis 22).
Implanted Word
Approved rendering: firman kebenaran / firman yang tertanam
Transliteration: firman kebenaran / firman yang tertanam
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 1:18, 1:21. The gospel message, truthful and internally rooted; the new-birth (apekyesen) framing should be retained rather than softened into a general moral-teaching idea.
Testing
Approved rendering: ujian
Transliteration: ujian
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
James 1:3 (dokimion). The process/proven genuineness resulting from testing faith; the purpose of trials is to prove and produce genuine faith, not to determine merit before God.
Endurance
Approved rendering: ketekunan
Transliteration: ketekunan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
James 1:3-4 (hypomone). Standardize as ketekunan throughout chapter 1. Distinguish from chapter 5’s makrothymia/kesabaran (patience toward people/circumstances while awaiting the Lord’s return).
Complete Mature
Approved rendering: sempurna
Transliteration: sempurna
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
James 1:4, 1:17, 1:25 (teleios). Note required distinguishing relational/moral maturity from an unattainable standard of flawlessness, to avoid despair or false self-achieved confidence.
Desire
Approved rendering: hawa nafsu / keinginan
Transliteration: hawa nafsu / keinginan
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith; Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 1:14-15 (internal origin of sin/dosa) and 4:1-2 (root cause of interpersonal conflict and wrongly motivated prayer).
Wisdom
Approved rendering: hikmat
Transliteration: hikmat
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
James 1:5. Practical, God-given skill for righteous living, not mere intellectual knowledge; established, well-understood term in Indonesian Christian usage with comparatively low syncretism risk.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: hikmat dari atas
Transliteration: hikmat dari atas
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
James 3:15, 3:17. Wisdom originating from God/heaven, known by moral fruit rather than mere cleverness — the doctrinal center of chapter 3.
Earthly Demonic Wisdom
Approved rendering: hikmat duniawi, hikmat manusiawi (bukan dari Roh), hikmat dari setan
Transliteration: hikmat duniawi, hikmat manusiawi (bukan dari roh), hikmat dari setan
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
James 3:15. The three-fold counterfeit wisdom deliberately escalates from merely worldly to actively demonic in origin; render the escalation clearly rather than collapsing it into a single ‘bad wisdom’ phrase.
Wisdom Fruit
Approved rendering: murni, membawa damai, lembut hati, mudah menerima nasihat, penuh belas kasihan dan buah-buah yang baik, tidak memandang muka, tulus (tidak bermuka dua)
Transliteration: murni, membawa damai, lembut hati, mudah menerima nasihat, penuh belas kasihan dan buah-buah yang baik, tidak memandang muka, tulus (tidak bermuka dua)
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
James 3:17. The seven-fold fruit answering 3:13’s ‘who is wise?’ The adiakritos (‘impartial’) term deliberately echoes chapter 2’s memandang muka vocabulary; render consistently with the Favoritism doctrine’s key term.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: mendua hati
Transliteration: mendua hati
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
James 1:8, 4:8. Inward division between trust in God and doubt; the opposite of the single-hearted trust required to receive wisdom from God.
Poor And Rich
Approved rendering: orang miskin / orang kaya / rendah
Transliteration: orang miskin / orang kaya / rendah
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
James 1:9-11, 2:2-6. God has chosen ‘the poor of the world’ to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom; standard descriptive vocabulary carrying significant doctrinal weight through the surrounding argument.
Judgment
Approved rendering: penghakiman
Transliteration: penghakiman
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:13 (krisis). The alternative to mercy for the merciless; standard theological term.
Tongue
Approved rendering: lidah
Transliteration: lidah
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 3:1-12. The central term of the doctrine; a small member with disproportionate power to bless or destroy. Teaching should draw the full force of 3:6-8’s warnings about ‘a world of unrighteousness.‘
Teacher
Approved rendering: guru / pengajar
Transliteration: guru / pengajar
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 3:1 (didaskalos). Keep as a general Christian-community teaching role, distinct from ustad/kyai (Islamic religious-teacher titles).
Hell
Approved rendering: neraka
Transliteration: neraka
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 3:6 (geenna). The tongue’s destructive power described as ‘set on fire by hell.’ Standard term broadly shared across Indonesian religious usage, compatible in core meaning with the Islamic neraka jahannam; comparable low-friction status to the baseline’s treatment of ‘sin.‘
Foolish Person
Approved rendering: hai manusia yang bebal / dangkal
Transliteration: hai manusia yang bebal / dangkal
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:20 (anthrōpe kene). Sharp rhetorical diatribe-style rebuke. Register note: strong but not vulgar; must match formal Indonesian Bible diatribe tone, not colloquial insult vocabulary.
Demons
Approved rendering: setan-setan / roh-roh jahat
Transliteration: setan-setan / roh-roh jahat
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:19. Malevolent supernatural beings who hold correct monotheistic belief and shudder; used to show the insufficiency of bare correct belief. Standard, broadly shared vocabulary.
World
Approved rendering: dunia
Transliteration: dunia
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4 (kosmos). Humanity organized in a value-system hostile to God, not the created order itself.
Friendship
Approved rendering: persahabatan
Transliteration: persahabatan
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4 (philia). ‘Friendship with the world is enmity with God’ — an exclusive-loyalty statement echoing the exclusivity language flagged for Lordship of Christ in the Romans package.
Humble And Proud
Approved rendering: rendah hati / sombong
Transliteration: rendah hati / sombong
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:6, 4:10. The condition for receiving grace is humility, not achievement.
Devil
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: Iblis
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:7 (diabolos). ‘Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.’ Iblis is also the specific Quranic proper name for the devil who refused to bow before Adam; the referent substantially overlaps (a personal, rebellious spiritual adversary), comparable low-friction status to the baseline’s treatment of ‘sin.‘
Patience
Approved rendering: kesabaran / bersabarlah
Transliteration: kesabaran / bersabarlah
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7, 5:8, 5:10 (makrothymia). Patient forbearance toward people and circumstances while awaiting the Lord’s coming, illustrated by the farmer awaiting harvest. Distinguish from chapter 1’s hypomone/ketekunan (endurance under trial).
Judge
Approved rendering: Hakim
Transliteration: Hakim
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:9 (kritēs). ‘The Judge is standing at the door’ — Christ himself as imminent eschatological Judge; must retain his own supreme judicial authority, never a subordinate role.
Withheld Wages
Approved rendering: upah / menahan dengan curang
Transliteration: upah / menahan dengan curang
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
James 5:4. Concrete indictment of the rich for economic oppression of laborers; continuous with 1:9-11 and 2:1-6’s concern for the poor.
Elders
Approved rendering: penatua jemaat
Transliteration: penatua jemaat
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14. Recognized leaders of the local congregation called to pray over the sick; keep as a recognized church leadership office, distinct from ulama/kyai (Islamic religious-authority titles) or tetua adat (customary community elders).
Prayer Of Righteous
Approved rendering: doa orang benar sangat berkuasa
Transliteration: doa orang benar sangat berkuasa
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
James 5:16-18 (deēsis dikaiou energoumenē). Grounds confidence in intercessory prayer in the pray-er’s righteous standing before God, illustrated by Elijah; reuses the baseline kebenaran root (‘benar’).
Wander
Approved rendering: sesat
Transliteration: sesat
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
James 5:19 (planao). Moral/spiritual straying from the truth; names the condition Confession and Restoration addresses.
Restore
Approved rendering: membawa (dia) kembali / memulihkan
Transliteration: membawa (dia) kembali / memulihkan
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
James 5:19-20 (epistrepho). The restorative action of a fellow believer toward one who has strayed; communal responsibility for one another’s spiritual well-being.
Cover Sins
Approved rendering: menutupi banyak dosa
Transliteration: menutupi banyak dosa
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
James 5:20. God’s forgiving response to a restored sinner; closing statement of the book, reusing the baseline dosa (sin) term.
Soul
Approved rendering: jiwa
Transliteration: jiwa
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
James 5:20 (psychē). ‘Will save his soul from death’ — echoes sozo’s dual sense again; in this context leans toward ultimate/eternal deliverance from spiritual death rather than physical healing.
Servant
Approved rendering: hamba
Transliteration: hamba
Doctrine: Faith and Works (introductory)
James 1:1 (doulos). ‘Hamba Allah’ is also common Muslim self-designation. The shared vocabulary is generally acceptable, comparable to the baseline’s treatment of ‘sin,’ but the phrase must always retain ‘and of the Lord Jesus Christ’ (dan Yesus Kristus) to keep the specifically Christian, Christ-centered identity clear.
Abraham
Approved rendering: Abraham
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:21-23. Abraham/Ibrahim is also venerated in Islamic tradition as Khalilullah (‘friend of Allah’) and builder of the Kaaba — genuine shared reverence. James’s specific argument (faith already credited as righteousness, later demonstrated through costly obedience) is distinctly Christian and must not be flattened into a generic shared-patriarch appeal.
Rahab
Approved rendering: Rahab, perempuan sundal itu
Transliteration: Rahab, perempuan sundal itu
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:25. A named, morally disreputable Gentile woman whose faith-driven act of hospitality (Joshua 2) was likewise credited as righteous obedience, deliberately paired with the honored patriarch Abraham against any works-based social hierarchy of righteousness.
Low Risk Terms
Altar
Approved rendering: mezbah
Transliteration: mezbah
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:21. Standard, well-established Indonesian Bible term for the Genesis 22 sacrificial site.
Self Control Of Speech
Approved rendering: mengendalikan
Transliteration: mengendalikan
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 1:26, 3:2 (chalinagogeo). Horse-taming/bridle imagery applied to speech discipline; standard vocabulary.
Unstained
Approved rendering: tidak bercacat / tidak tercemar
Transliteration: tidak bercacat / tidak tercemar
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 1:27 (aspilos). Moral purity, unstained by worldly corruption; standard, low-risk descriptive vocabulary.
Orphans And Widows
Approved rendering: anak-anak yatim / para janda
Transliteration: anak-anak yatim / para janda
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 1:27. Socially vulnerable persons without a protecting family structure; standard, established Indonesian Bible terms anticipating the Favoritism and the Poor doctrine.
Oath
Approved rendering: sumpah / bersumpah
Transliteration: sumpah / bersumpah
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
James 5:12. James’s plain-speech ethic (‘let your yes be yes’), not a polemic against all oath-taking as such. Swearing oaths, including ‘demi Allah,’ remains common Indonesian speech practice across religious communities.
Enmity
Approved rendering: permusuhan
Transliteration: permusuhan
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4 (echthra). Active hostility; the stark binary opposite of friendship with God.
Arrogance
Approved rendering: kesombongan
Transliteration: kesombongan
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:16 (alazoneia). Prideful self-assertion about the future, ignoring dependence on God’s will.
Conflicts
Approved rendering: perkelahian / percederaan
Transliteration: perkelahian / percederaan
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:1 (polemoi/machai). Interpersonal and communal conflict traced to unchecked desire; continuous with chapter 1’s account of sin’s internal origin.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: Tuhan semesta alam
Transliteration: Tuhan semesta alam
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:4 (kyrios Sabaoth). Names God as the champion of oppressed laborers whose withheld wages ‘cry out.’ Established Indonesian Bible rendering.
Isaac
Approved rendering: Ishak
Transliteration: Ishak
Doctrine: Faith and Works
James 2:21. Abraham’s son, offered on the altar in Genesis 22. Established Indonesian Bible proper-name form.
Elijah
Approved rendering: Elia
Transliteration: Elia
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
James 5:16-18. The prophet whose effective, righteous prayer is cited as the model for confident intercessory prayer. Established Indonesian Bible proper-name form.
Job
Approved rendering: Ayub
Transliteration: Ayub
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:11. Referenced as a model of patient endurance (hypomone) under suffering. Established Indonesian Bible proper-name form.
James Author
Approved rendering: Yakobus
Transliteration: Yakobus
Doctrine: Faith and Works (introductory)
James 1:1. The author’s self-designation, ‘a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ.’ Distinct established New Testament form from the Old Testament ‘Yakub’ (Jacob), though from the same Greek root Iakōbos.
Referenced passages