Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English–Indonesian)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entire book of Mark, chapter 1 through chapter 16, plus the full verse-by-verse core-passage treatment of Mark 10:35-45. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reused and carry their baseline rendering and risk tier exactly, unchanged. New terms required for Mark are marked New and are proposed for addition to the Language Package’s translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in a subsequent Phase 1 step.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s definitions exactly (see doctrine_risk_registry.json):
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation risks significant theological confusion or syncretism; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision risk; automated review sufficient.
Glossary Table
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | First/Key Chapter(s) | Indonesian Rendering | Risk | Status | Doctrine | Grounded Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | 1, 16 | Injil | High | Reused | Gospel | Baseline note reused exactly: anchor to the specific NT proclamation of Christ crucified and risen, not the Quranic sense of a lost/corrupted scripture given to Isa. |
| 2 | Christ (proper-name form) | Χριστός (Christos) | 1 | Kristus | Medium | Reused (transliteration standard) | Messianic Promise | Fixed compound-name form (“Yesus Kristus”); distinct from the titular confession use (see #3). |
| 3 | Christ / Messiah (titular confession) | Χριστός (Christos) | 8, 14 | Mesias | Critical | Reused | Messianic Promise | Baseline note reused exactly: distinguish from the Quranic Isa al-Masih, a great prophet, not the divine incarnate Son who died and rose for sin. |
| 4 | Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ (huios theou) | 1, 3, 9, 14, 15 | Anak Allah | Critical | Reused | Sonship of Christ / Deity of Christ | Baseline note reused exactly: eternal, relational Sonship, not physical procreation, which the Quran explicitly denies of Allah. Brackets the Gospel at baptism (1:11), transfiguration (9:7), trial (14:61-62), and the centurion’s confession (15:39). |
| 5 | Beloved | ἀγαπητός (agapētos) | 1, 9 | terkasih | Medium | New | Sonship of Christ | Reinforces, rather than softens, the Critical-risk Sonship claim; must be read together with Anak Allah’s teaching note, not as a separate lower-stakes term. |
| 6 | Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον (Pneuma Hagion) | 1 | Roh Kudus | Critical | Reused | Sanctification / Trinity | Baseline note reused exactly: distinguish from the Islamic Ruh al-Qudus, typically identified with the angel Gabriel, a created being. |
| 7 | Repent | μετανοέω (metanoeō) | 1 | bertobat | High | New | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Islamic tawbah is repentance toward Allah for forgiveness via contrition and deeds weighed at judgment; must anchor repentance here to turning toward Jesus and his in-breaking kingdom specifically. |
| 8 | Baptism / to baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω (baptisma/baptizō) | 1, 10 | baptisan / membaptis | High | New | The Kingdom of God Breaking In / Necessity of the Cross | Must be distinguished from ritual washing practices (e.g., Islamic wudhu) and from its own metaphorical extension (10:38-39, suffering) which is a distinct sense requiring separate teaching. |
| 9 | Satan | Σατανᾶς (Satanas) | 1 | Iblis / Setan | Low-Medium | New | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Shared, broadly compatible vocabulary across Indonesian Muslim and Christian usage; avoid conflating with the broader Quranic jin category. |
| 10 | Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ (basileia tou theou) | 1, 4, 9, 10, 12 | Kerajaan Allah | Medium | Reused | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Baseline note reused exactly: distinguish God’s sovereign reign from an earthly political kerajaan. |
| 11 | At hand / has drawn near | ἐγγίζω (engizō) | 1 | sudah dekat | Medium | New | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Greek perfect tense signals a present, already-impacting nearness, not merely a someday-soon future event; needs a teaching note to preserve the in-breaking-now emphasis. |
| 12 | Authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | 1, 2, 11 | kuasa / otoritas | High | New | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Distinct from raw ability (dynamis); denotes Jesus’s recognized right to command sickness, sin, nature, and the Sabbath. Requires a translator note wherever exousia (not dynamis) is the operative Greek term. |
| 13 | Demon / unclean spirit | δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (daimonion/pneuma akatharton) | 1, 3, 5, 9 | roh jahat / setan | Medium | New | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Avoid the Quranic-specific jin category, which carries its own distinct cosmology of good and evil spirit-beings not equivalent to the biblical demonic. |
| 14 | Leprosy / leper | λέπρα / λεπρός (lepra/lepros) | 1 | kusta / orang kusta | Low | New | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Standard, non-controversial Indonesian Bible term. |
| 15 | Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (ho huios tou anthrōpou) | 2, 8, 10, 13, 14 | Anak Manusia | Critical | New | The Messianic Secret / Suffering Servant | No Islamic-theology equivalent title exists; the risk is flattening the Daniel 7:13-14 authoritative/apocalyptic sense into a bare idiom for “a human being,” losing the fused suffering-and-authority claim central to Mark’s Christology. |
| 16 | To forgive sins | ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας (aphienai hamartias) | 2 | mengampuni dosa | High | New | The Messianic Secret / Deity of Christ | Direct claim to a divine prerogative exercised by Jesus personally, not a human intermediary pronouncing forgiveness on God’s behalf; dosa reuses baseline term (Medium risk) but the compound claim here is High risk. |
| 17 | Sin(s) | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | 2, and throughout | dosa | Medium | Reused | Universal Human Accountability | Baseline note reused exactly: anchor to relational offense against a personal God, not a purely legal infraction. |
| 18 | Sabbath | σάββατον (sabbaton) | 2 | Sabat | Medium | New | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | No close Islamic institutional parallel; needs a teaching note so Jesus’s lordship over the Sabbath is not read as outright abolition of the institution. |
| 19 | Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | 2, 12 | Tuhan | Critical | Reused | Lordship of Christ | Baseline note reused exactly: context must establish exclusive, supreme divine Lordship, not “a lord” among others. |
| 20 | Blasphemy | βλασφημία (blasphēmia) | 3 | hujat / menghujat | High | New | The Messianic Secret / Deity of Christ | Blasphemy is a legally and socially loaded category in the contemporary Indonesian context; must be taught strictly within Mark’s specific sense (willful denial of the Spirit’s testimony to Jesus), not conflated with contemporary blasphemy-law disputes. |
| 21 | Apostle(s) | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | 3, 6 | rasul | Critical | Reused | Apostleship | Baseline note reused exactly: distinguish the NT office from the Islamic doctrine of a closed prophetic line culminating in Muhammad. |
| 22 | Will of God | θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ (thelēma tou theou) | 3 | kehendak Allah | Medium | New | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Must be read as personal and relational, consistent with the baseline’s providence/election notes, not impersonal decree (takdir). |
| 23 | Parable | παραβολή (parabolē) | 4 | perumpamaan | Low-Medium | New | The Messianic Secret | Standard, well-established Indonesian Bible term; main risk is pedagogical (teaching the veiling function, not only the illustrative function). |
| 24 | Mystery | μυστήριον (mystērion) | 4 | rahasia | High | New | The Messianic Secret / The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Must be distinguished from Islamic ghaib (permanently inaccessible divine knowledge); Mark’s mystery is a specific truth now disclosed to disciples, not a permanently hidden category. |
| 25 | Faith | πίστις (pistis) | 5, and throughout | iman | High | Reused | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Baseline note reused exactly: anchor to personal trust in Jesus specifically, not generic religious assent; this doctrine’s narrative anchor is the woman’s faith/Jairus’s fear contrast (ch.5). |
| 26 | Saved / healed / made well | σῴζω (sōzō) | 5, 10 | menyembuhkan / menyelamatkan (context-dependent) | High | New | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear / Salvation | Same root as baseline’s Critical-risk keselamatan; translators must determine per-occurrence whether physical healing or spiritual salvation is in view and must not dilute the Critical-risk theological weight carried elsewhere by keselamatan. |
| 27 | To send | ἀποστέλλω (apostellō) | 6 | mengutus | Medium | New | Apostleship | Verb form underlying rasul (Critical); ties the sending of the Twelve to delegation of Jesus’s own authority. |
| 28 | Prophet | προφήτης (prophētēs) | 6 | nabi | High | Reused | Inspiration of Scripture | Baseline note reused exactly: anchor to the OT redemptive-historical prophetic line, not the closed Islamic prophetic line culminating in Muhammad. |
| 29 | Tradition of the elders | παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων (paradosis tōn presbyterōn) | 7 | tradisi nenek moyang | Low-Medium | New | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Standard vocabulary; teach with care not to appear as a blanket dismissal of all inherited tradition. |
| 30 | Commandment of God | ἐντολή τοῦ θεοῦ (entolē tou theou) | 7 | perintah Allah | Low-Medium | New | Fulfillment of the Law | Standard vocabulary, contrasted with human tradition (#29) in the same passage. |
| 31 | Clean / unclean | καθαρός / κοινός (katharos/koinos) | 7 | tahir (bersih) / najis | High | New | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Must never be rendered with Islamic halal/haram legal-purity vocabulary, which imports a distinct legal framework; Jesus relocates defilement to the heart, superseding external, food-based purity systems. |
| 32 | Heart | καρδία (kardia) | 7 | hati | Low | New | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | Standard vocabulary; Indonesian hati already carries the broader will/moral-center sense matching biblical usage. |
| 33 | Cross | σταυρός (stauros) | 8, 15 | salib | Critical | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Mainstream Islamic theology (Quran 4:157) denies Jesus was crucified at all; every occurrence is a direct point of doctrinal contact with this specific denial and requires theologian-reviewed teaching support. |
| 34 | To suffer | πάσχω (paschō) | 8 | menderita | High | New | The Necessity of the Cross / Suffering Servant | δεῖ…παθεῖν (“must suffer”) establishes necessity, not contingency; directly collides with the same Quranic denial noted for salib. |
| 35 | To deny oneself | ἀπαρνέομαι (aparneomai) | 8 | menyangkal diri | Medium | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Distinguish this positive, costly discipleship sense from the negative sense of the same root used of Peter’s failure (ch.14). |
| 36 | To be rejected | ἀποδοκιμάζω (apodokimazō) | 8, 12 | ditolak | Medium | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Deliberate literary link to the “rejected stone” quotation in ch.12; teach the two occurrences together. |
| 37 | Transfigured | μεταμορφόω (metamorphoō) | 9 | berubah rupa | Medium | New | Sonship of Christ | A momentary unveiling of pre-existing divine glory, not a new incarnation or transformation into a different being; distinguish from avatar/transformation narratives in other traditions. |
| 38 | Unbelief | ἀπιστία (apistia) | 9 | ketidakpercayaan | Medium | New | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Must remain in clear semantic relationship to iman so the paradox “I believe; help my unbelief” stays intelligible. |
| 39 | Hell / Gehenna | γέεννα (geenna) | 9 | neraka | Medium-High | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Shared vocabulary across Indonesian Muslim and Christian usage (low lexical risk); doctrinal risk lies in the surrounding deeds-weighing framework of Islamic eschatology, which must be distinguished from a destiny secured by relationship to Jesus. |
| 40 | Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | 10 | hidup yang kekal | High | New | Salvation | Must not be reduced to an afterlife achievable through sufficient good deeds; taught alongside the Critical-risk baseline keselamatan framing. |
| 41 | Teacher | διδάσκαλος (didaskalos) | 10:35 | Guru | Low | New | The Messianic Secret | Correct but insufficient title, ironically used by James and John who do not yet grasp Jesus’s full identity. |
| 42 | Glory | δόξα (doxa) | 9, 10:37 | kemuliaan | Medium | Reused | Deity of Christ | Baseline term reused exactly; flagged for teaching note in 10:37 to surface the irony that Jesus’s glory is disclosed through the cross, not worldly enthronement. |
| 43 | Cup (metaphor for suffering) | ποτήριον (potērion) | 10:38-39, 14 | cawan | Medium | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Metaphorical sense (appointed suffering) must be distinguished from the literal vessel and from its different referent at the Last Supper (the cup of the new covenant). |
| 44 | Baptism (metaphor for suffering) | βάπτισμα (baptisma) | 10:38-39 | baptisan | High | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Figurative extension of #8; must not be confused with a literal second water rite. |
| 45 | Prepared (by God) | ἑτοιμάζω (hetoimazō) | 10:40 | telah disediakan | Medium | New | Providence | Must be understood as God’s own personal, purposive ordering, not impersonal fate (takdir), consistent with the baseline’s providence note. |
| 46 | To lord over / domineer | κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω (katakyrieuō/katexousiazō) | 10:42 | memerintah dengan sewenang-wenang / berkuasa secara memaksa | Medium | New | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Must retain the negative, self-serving connotation as the rebuked foil to Christlike authority; must not be rendered with the same neutral vocabulary used for legitimate governing authority. |
| 47 | Nations (generic, political sense) | ἔθνη (ethnē) | 10:42 | bangsa-bangsa | Medium | New | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Distinct from baseline’s bangsa-bangsa lain (Gentiles, the Jew/Gentile theological category); here a purely political/descriptive sense, not to be confused with the theological term. |
| 48 | Servant | διάκονος (diakonos) | 10:43 | pelayan | Medium | New | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Must retain the paradox that this lowly, service-oriented role is how kingdom greatness is defined — genuinely counter-cultural in an honor-shame-sensitive social context. |
| 49 | Slave | δοῦλος (doulos) | 10:44 | hamba | High | New | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Shared with Indonesian Islamic devotional vocabulary (hamba Allah); must be distinguished from the devotional posture toward Allah, since this verse models servanthood among people as the shape of kingdom greatness. |
| 50 | Life / soul (given up) | ψυχή (psychē) | 10:45 | nyawa | High | New | The Ransom for Many | Distinguish from jiwa (abstract soul) and roh (spirit); the specific sense is a life voluntarily laid down in death for others — doctrinally load-bearing, not merely figurative self-giving. |
| 51 | Ransom | λύτρον (lytron) | 10:45 | tebusan | Critical | New | The Ransom for Many | Islamic soteriology has no category for a substitutionary atoning death that ransoms sinners from bondage to sin; must never be conflated with rahmat (mercy) or pahala (merit), both explicitly rejected for parallel reasons elsewhere in this Language Package. |
| 52 | For / instead of (substitutionary) | ἀντί (anti) | 10:45 | bagi / ganti (embedded in “tebusan…bagi”) | High | New | The Ransom for Many | Must not drift toward a merely beneficiary sense; the substitutionary force (“in place of”) is essential to the ransom doctrine and must be preserved in the surrounding phrase. |
| 53 | Many | πολλῶν (pollōn) | 10:45 | banyak orang | Medium | New | The Ransom for Many | Echoes Isaiah 53’s Suffering Servant “many”; needs teaching note connecting this occurrence to Isaiah 53 for the Fulfillment of Prophecy doctrine. |
| 54 | Indignant | ἀγανακτέω (aganakteō) | 10:41 | marah / gusar | Low | New | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Ordinary vocabulary; no doctrinal collision. |
| 55 | Hosanna | ὡσαννά (hōsanna) | 11 | Hosana | Low | New | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Transliteration retained per the established convention for Amin/Haleluya. |
| 56 | Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ (huios Dauid) | 11, 12 | Anak Daud | Medium | New | Davidic Covenant | Related to baseline’s keturunan Daud but a distinct messianic-title use; teach alongside 12:35-37 where Jesus is shown to transcend, not merely fulfill, this descent-title as David’s Lord. |
| 57 | House of prayer | οἶκος προσευχῆς (oikos proseuchēs) | 11 | rumah doa | Low | New | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Standard vocabulary; contextual note that this accompanies an authoritative messianic action (temple cleansing). |
| 58 | Rejected stone | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν (lithos hon apedokimasan) | 12 | batu yang dibuang/ditolak | Medium | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Direct verbal echo of 8:31’s rejection language; teach the two together for narrative-theological coherence. |
| 59 | Caesar | Καῖσαρ (Kaisar) | 12 | Kaisar | Low-Medium | New | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | Standard rendering; brief teaching note on civic/divine distinction given contemporary Indonesian religion-and-state sensitivities. |
| 60 | The greatest commandment | ἡ πρώτη ἐντολή (hē prōtē entolē) | 12 | hukum yang terutama | Medium | New | Fulfillment of the Law | Relocates the Law’s center to love of God and neighbor (kasih), echoing ch.7’s heart-centered ethic. |
| 61 | Tribulation | θλῖψις (thlipsis) | 13 | kesengsaraan besar | Medium | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Extends the necessity-of-suffering theme to the whole created order at the end of the age. |
| 62 | The elect / chosen | ἐκλεκτοί (eklektoi) | 13 | orang-orang pilihan | High | New | Providence / Election | Must never be rendered with, or explained through, takdir (impersonal fate); reuse baseline’s pemilihan and pemeliharaan Allah grounded notes. |
| 63 | Body / blood (Lord’s Supper) | σῶμα / αἷμα (sōma/haima) | 14 | tubuh-Ku / darah-Ku | Critical | New | The Ransom for Many / The Necessity of the Cross | Institutes the ongoing memorial rite built entirely on Jesus’s atoning death, in direct doctrinal tension with the Quranic denial of the crucifixion; requires theologian review connecting explicitly to 10:45 and 8:31. |
| 64 | Covenant (New Covenant) | διαθήκη (diathēkē) | 14 | perjanjian | High | Reused | Davidic Covenant / The Ransom for Many | Baseline note reused exactly; extended here to the New Covenant inaugurated through Jesus’s blood at the Last Supper. |
| 65 | Handed over / betrayed | παραδίδωμι (paradidōmi) | 9, 10, 14 | menyerahkan / diserahkan | Medium-High | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Spans human treachery (Judas) and divine purpose (the passion predictions); must hold both together without collapsing into fatalism or exculpating betrayal. |
| 66 | Abba, Father | Ἀββά ὁ πατήρ (Abba ho patēr) | 14 | Abba / Bapa | High / Critical | Reused | Adoption / Sonship of Christ | Baseline notes reused exactly for both terms; here spoken by Jesus himself in Gethsemane, grounding his real human anguish in the Father-Son relationship. |
| 67 | High priest | ἀρχιερεύς (archiereus) | 14 | imam besar | Low-Medium | New | The Ransom for Many | Ironic narrative role: condemns the one whose death renders the priestly mediating system obsolete; teaching-note matter. |
| 68 | ”I am” (self-disclosure) | ἐγώ εἰμι (egō eimi) | 14 | ”Akulah Dia” | Critical | New | Deity of Christ / Sonship of Christ / Messianic Promise | The Gospel’s clearest, most direct self-disclosure, made under formal oath at the moment the Messianic Secret is deliberately lifted; must be rendered as an unambiguous affirmative claim. |
| 69 | To crucify | σταυρόω (stauroō) | 15 | menyalibkan | Critical | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Verb form of #33; the highest-density Critical-risk chapter in the Gospel, directly confronting the mainstream Islamic denial of the crucifixion. |
| 70 | King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων (basileus tōn Ioudaiōn) | 15 | Raja orang Yahudi | Medium | New | Davidic Covenant | Mocking title that is, per Mark’s irony, actually true; primary task is preserving the irony via teaching note. |
| 71 | ”My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανι (Elōi Elōi lema sabachthani) | 15 | Eloi, Eloi, lama sabakhtani / “Allahku, Allahku, mengapa Engkau meninggalkan Aku?” | High | New | The Necessity of the Cross | Aramaic transliteration retained alongside translation per established convention; conveys the depth of Jesus’s suffering and apparent abandonment. |
| 72 | Temple veil | καταπέτασμα (katapetasma) | 15 | tabir | Medium-High | New | The Necessity of the Cross / The Ransom for Many | Signals direct access to God opened by Christ’s death, displacing intermediary-access frameworks retained in many Indonesian religious traditions. |
| 73 | Risen / resurrection | ἀνίστημι / ἐγείρω (anistēmi/egeirō) | 16 | kebangkitan / telah bangkit | High | Reused | Resurrection of Christ | Baseline note reused exactly: distinguish Christ’s specific, historical, vindicating resurrection from Islam’s generic affirmation of a general resurrection at judgment. |
| 74 | Preach the gospel (Great Commission) | κηρύσσω τὸ εὐαγγέλιον (kēryssō to euangelion) | 16 | memberitakan Injil | High | Reused | Gospel / Mission to the Nations | Reuses baseline Injil and pekabaran Injil (mission) notes exactly; apply the Evangelism doctrine’s sensitivity note regarding Indonesia’s legal/social context around conversion. |
Notes on New Terms Requiring Language Package Update
The following terms are not present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and are recommended for formal addition, with the risk tiers assigned above, in the subsequent glossary-integration step of Phase 1: Anak Manusia (Son of Man), tebusan (ransom), hamba (slave, in this servanthood sense), pelayan (servant), nyawa (life/soul given up), bertobat (repent), baptisan/membaptis (baptism, both literal and metaphorical senses), otoritas/kuasa (authority, exousia-specific sense), rahasia (mystery), tahir/najis (clean/unclean), salib/menyalibkan (cross/to crucify), menderita (to suffer), neraka (hell/Gehenna), hidup yang kekal (eternal life), orang-orang pilihan (the elect, Markan occurrence), tubuh-Ku/darah-Ku (body/blood, Lord’s Supper), “Akulah Dia” (egō eimi self-disclosure), tabir (temple veil), and the supporting cast of Medium/Low risk narrative and cultural terms listed in rows 5, 9, 13-14, 18, 22-24, 27-32, 35-39, 43, 45-48, 54-61, 65, 67, 70-72 above.
All Critical- and High-risk new terms above require the same theologian-reviewed teaching-note treatment mandated by the baseline’s escalation rules before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: keselamatan
Transliteration: keselamatan
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in Mark to 10:26 (‘who then can be saved?’) and 13:13; must never be reduced to an afterlife achievable through wealth, deeds, or ritual observance, per Islamic deeds-and-mercy soteriology.
Apostle
Approved rendering: rasul
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in Mark to the appointment (3:13-19) and sending (6:7-13) of the Twelve; every occurrence needs a translator note distinguishing the NT church-founding office from Islam’s closed prophetic line culminating in Muhammad.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Anak Allah
Transliteration: Anak Allah
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark brackets the entire Gospel with this declaration at the baptism (1:11), transfiguration (9:7), trial (14:61-62), and the centurion’s confession (15:39). Every occurrence requires theologian-reviewed teaching support clarifying eternal, relational Sonship, not physical procreation, which the Quran explicitly denies of Allah.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Firman yang menjadi manusia
Transliteration: Firman yang menjadi manusia
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: inkarnasi
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to Mark 1:3’s OT-fulfillment background and to the whole Gospel’s assumption of Christ’s genuine humanity; retain the descriptive phrase over the loanword inkarnasi.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa
Inherited from Romans package. Never use Nabi Isa, the Islamic framing that, per mainstream Islamic teaching, denies the crucifixion (Quran 4:157). Yesus preserves full confessional identity throughout Mark’s Passion narrative (chs. 14-15).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: Roh Kudus
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Descends on Jesus at his baptism (1:10) and is invoked in the unforgivable-sin teaching (3:28-30); must be distinguished from the Islamic Ruh al-Qudus, typically identified with the angel Gabriel.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: Bapa
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Spoken by Jesus himself in Gethsemane (14:36, paired with Abba) and referenced at 13:32; every occurrence needs teaching support that this is relational/adoptive language, not physical parentage, which Islamic theology treats as approaching blasphemy.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Anak Manusia
Transliteration: Anak Manusia
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term. Jesus’s preferred self-designation, fusing a generic Semitic idiom for ‘a human being’ with Daniel 7:13-14’s apocalyptic authority-bearing figure (2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:62). No Islamic-theology equivalent title exists; the risk is flattening it into a bare idiom for ‘a human being,’ losing the fused suffering-and-authority claim. Every occurrence requires a theologian-reviewed teaching note anchoring it to Daniel 7 and relating it to, while distinguishing it from, Anak Allah.
Cross
Approved rendering: salib
Transliteration: salib
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός
Category: Atonement
New term. Both the literal execution device (ch. 15) and the metaphor for costly discipleship (8:34). Grounded specifically because mainstream Islamic theology (Quran 4:157) denies Jesus was crucified at all. Every occurrence requires theologian-reviewed teaching support.
Crucify
Approved rendering: menyalibkan
Transliteration: menyalibkan
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Atonement
New term. Verb form of ‘cross’, used repeatedly in ch. 15 (13-27). Chapter 15 is the highest-density Critical-risk chapter in the Gospel, directly confronting the mainstream Islamic denial of the crucifixion; every occurrence requires theologian-reviewed teaching support.
Ransom
Approved rendering: tebusan
Transliteration: tebusan
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Original: λύτρον
Category: Atonement
New term. Mark 10:45’s decisive word: Jesus’s death as a payment securing release for others held captive to sin. Islamic theology has no substitutionary-atonement category, both because mainstream teaching denies the crucifixion and because sin is addressed through submission and deeds weighed against mercy. Must never be conflated with rahmat or pahala, nor with the ordinary secular sense of a kidnap ransom. Every occurrence requires theologian-reviewed teaching support.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: hidup yang kekal
Transliteration: hidup yang kekal
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Salvation
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term. Mark 10:17-30’s object of the rich man’s question. Must not be reduced to an afterlife achievable through sufficient wealth, deeds, or ritual observance, directly relevant given Islamic soteriology’s deeds-and-mercy framework already Critical for keselamatan; Jesus’s own answer (humanly impossible, possible only through God) must be taught alongside his ransom-death (10:45).
Body Blood
Approved rendering: tubuh-Ku / darah-Ku
Transliteration: tubuh-Ku / darah-Ku
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper and the New Covenant
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου
Category: Atonement
New term. Institution of the Lord’s Supper (14:22-24), directly connecting to the ransom (10:45) and the coming crucifixion (ch. 15), in direct doctrinal tension with the Quranic denial of the crucifixion. Every occurrence requires theologian-reviewed teaching support.
Ego Eimi
Approved rendering: “Akulah Dia”
Transliteration: Akulah Dia
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
New term. Jesus’s direct affirmative self-disclosure under oath (14:61-62), the moment the Messianic Secret is deliberately lifted, simultaneously claiming Messiahship, divine Sonship, and Daniel 7 Son of Man authority. Must be rendered as an unambiguous affirmative claim, never softened toward an evasive answer (as in some cult/sect literature); requires theologian-reviewed teaching support.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Injil
Transliteration: injil
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabar baik
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Injil is the established Indonesian Bible term but also the Quranic name for a revelation Muslims believe was given to Isa and later lost or corrupted. Every use in Mark (esp. 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 16:15) must anchor to the specific proclamation of Christ crucified and risen recounted in this Gospel.
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Inherited from Romans package. Kept in force for Mark because the Ransom for Many and Eternal Life/Salvation doctrines depend on the same grace-versus-merit contrast already fixed here; never substitute rahmat or pahala.
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark this doctrine’s narrative anchor is the bleeding woman’s faith (5:34) contrasted with Jairus’s fear (5:36) and the father’s ‘I believe; help my unbelief’ (9:23-24). Must anchor to personal trust in Jesus specifically, not the Islamic six pillars of faith (rukun iman).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: kebangkitan
Transliteration: kebangkitan
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνίστημι / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in Mark to 16:1-8, the narrative resolution of every suffering/death/ransom claim in chs. 8-15; must distinguish Christ’s own specific, historical, vindicating resurrection from Islam’s generic affirmation of a future general resurrection.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: Tuhan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark, applied to Jesus’s lordship over the Sabbath (2:28) and over David himself (12:35-37, citing Psalm 110); context must establish exclusive, supreme divine Lordship, not ‘a lord’ among others.
Prophet
Approved rendering: nabi
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφήτης
Category: Scripture
Inherited from Romans package. Extended to Mark 6:4, 6:15 (crowds debating whether Jesus is ‘a prophet’) and 9:11-13 (Elijah); must anchor to the OT redemptive-historical line, never Islam’s closed prophetic line culminating in Muhammad.
Covenant
Approved rendering: perjanjian
Transliteration: perjanjian
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper and the New Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in Mark to 14:24, where Jesus’s blood inaugurates the New Covenant echoing Jeremiah 31:31-34; needs context to carry relational, God-initiated weight beyond the everyday word for ‘contract.‘
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. The risk in Mark lies in the surrounding vocabulary (rasul, nabi, Anak Allah, doa/syafaat-adjacent terms), not the word Allah itself, exactly as in the baseline.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Retained as the Aramaic transliteration at Mark 14:36, spoken by Jesus in his own moment of deepest anguish before the cross, alongside Bapa.
Repent
Approved rendering: bertobat
Transliteration: bertobat
Doctrine: Repentance and Conversion
Original: μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
New term. John’s and Jesus’s shared opening summons (1:4, 1:15). Islamic tawbah is repentance toward Allah for forgiveness of specific sins through contrition and deeds weighed at judgment; bertobat must be anchored specifically to turning toward Jesus and his in-breaking kingdom.
Baptism
Approved rendering: baptisan / membaptis
Transliteration: baptisan
Doctrine: Baptism
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Rites
New term. Covers both the literal water rite (1:4-11) and the metaphorical extension to suffering (10:38-39, repeated in 10:39). Must be distinguished from ritual washing practices such as Islamic wudhu, and the metaphorical sense must not imply Jesus underwent a second literal baptism.
Authority
Approved rendering: kuasa / otoritas
Transliteration: otoritas
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Miracles and Authority
New term. Exousia, distinct from raw ability (dynamis, see power_of_god); Jesus’s recognized right to command sickness, demons, sin, nature, and the Sabbath (1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 2:28, 11:28-33). Must not collapse into generic kuasa or folk-religious kuasa gaib (a dukun’s paranormal power); requires a translator note wherever exousia, not dynamis, is the operative term.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: mengampuni dosa
Transliteration: mengampuni dosa
Doctrine: Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας
Category: Christology
New term. Jesus’s direct claim and exercise of divine authority to forgive sins (2:1-12; cf. 11:25). Requires a note distinguishing this direct exercise of divine prerogative from a human intermediary merely pronouncing forgiveness on God’s behalf.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: hujat / menghujat
Transliteration: hujat
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
New term. Jesus’s unforgivable-sin teaching (3:28-30). Legally and socially loaded in the contemporary Indonesian context (Indonesia’s blasphemy laws); must be taught strictly within Mark’s narrow theological sense, not conflated with contemporary blasphemy-law disputes.
Mystery
Approved rendering: rahasia
Transliteration: rahasia
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
New term. ‘The mystery of the kingdom of God’ (4:11). Must be distinguished from Islamic ghaib (permanently inaccessible divine knowledge); Mark’s mystery is a specific truth now disclosed to disciples, not a permanently hidden category.
Saved Healed
Approved rendering: menyembuhkan / menyelamatkan
Transliteration: menyelamatkan
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
New term. Sōzō spans physical healing (5:23, 28, 34) and ultimate spiritual salvation (10:26), sharing its root with the Critical-risk keselamatan. Translators must decide per-occurrence which sense is in view and must not let the healing sense dilute the Critical-risk theological weight keselamatan carries elsewhere.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: tahir (bersih) / najis
Transliteration: najis
Doctrine: Purity and Defilement
Rejected alternatives: halal, haram
Original: καθαρός / κοινός
Category: Purity
New term pair. Jesus relocates defilement to the heart’s moral condition (7:2-23), superseding external food-based purity systems. Must never be rendered with Islamic halal/haram legal-purity vocabulary, which imports a distinct legal framework with its own authorities.
Suffer
Approved rendering: menderita
Transliteration: menderita
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: πάσχω
Category: Atonement
New term. Governed by dei…pathein (‘must suffer’, 8:31), establishing suffering as divinely necessary, not contingent. Grounded in the same doctrinal collision as salib: directly against the Quranic denial that Jesus suffered a crucifixion death at all. Must retain the full force of ‘must suffer,’ never softened toward vague hardship.
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: hamba
Transliteration: hamba
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
New term. Jesus’s escalation from diakonos to doulos (10:44). Hamba is widely used in Indonesian Islamic devotional vocabulary (hamba Allah, every human’s proper posture before Allah); a translator note is required distinguishing ‘being a slave to all people’ (this verse’s point) from the devotional sense of being Allah’s servant.
Life Soul Given
Approved rendering: nyawa
Transliteration: nyawa
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ψυχή
Category: Atonement
New term. Psychē, what is surrendered as the ransom (10:45). Nyawa must be distinguished from jiwa (abstract soul) and roh (spirit); this specific sense — a life voluntarily laid down in death — is doctrinally load-bearing and must not be softened into figurative self-giving.
For Instead Of
Approved rendering: bagi / ganti
Transliteration: bagi
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: ἀντί
Category: Atonement
New term. Anti specifies substitution, not mere benefit (10:45). In the fixed phrase ‘tebusan bagi banyak orang’ this must not drift toward a merely beneficiary sense; the teaching note accompanying tebusan must explicitly cover this substitutionary force.
Elect Chosen
Approved rendering: orang-orang pilihan
Transliteration: orang-orang pilihan
Doctrine: Election and Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
New term. God’s sovereign protective care for his chosen people amid tribulation (13:20, 22, 27). Must never be rendered with, or explained through, takdir; this is personal, purposive divine choosing.
Handed Over Betrayed
Approved rendering: menyerahkan / diserahkan
Transliteration: diserahkan
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Atonement
New term. Spans human treachery (Judas) and divine purpose in the passion predictions (9:31; 10:33; 14:18-44). Must hold both together without collapsing into fatalism or exculpating betrayal.
Cry Of Abandonment
Approved rendering: Eloi, Eloi, lama sabakhtani / “Allahku, Allahku, mengapa Engkau meninggalkan Aku?”
Transliteration: Eloi, Eloi, lama sabakhtani
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανι
Category: Atonement
New term. Jesus’s cry quoting Psalm 22:1 (15:34). Aramaic transliteration retained alongside translation per established convention (cf. Abba, Hosanna); conveys the depth of Jesus’s suffering and apparent abandonment.
Temple Veil
Approved rendering: tabir
Transliteration: tabir
Doctrine: The Temple and Access to God
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Atonement
New term. Torn in two at the moment of Jesus’s death (15:38), signaling direct access to God without an ongoing human priestly intermediary. Requires a teaching note since many Indonesian religious and folk-religious frameworks retain some form of mediated sacred access this text directly displaces.
Proclaim Gospel
Approved rendering: memberitakan Injil
Transliteration: memberitakan Injil
Doctrine: The Great Commission and Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: misi
Original: κηρύξατε τὸ εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Mission
New term. The unrestricted missionary mandate (16:15, traditional longer ending). Reuses baseline Injil and pekabaran Injil notes; apply the Evangelism doctrine’s sensitivity note regarding Indonesia’s legal/social context around religious conversion.
Suffering Servant Title
Approved rendering: Hamba yang Menderita
Transliteration: Hamba yang Menderita
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
New constructed teaching term (Isaiah 53 doctrinal title). No fixed Indonesian Bible compound exists distinct from ordinary hamba/menderita; must be explicitly cross-referenced to Isaiah 53 every time it is used and fenced off from the generic devotional hamba Allah sense flagged for slave_doulos at 10:44.
Messianic Secret Phrase
Approved rendering: rahasia jati diri Mesias
Transliteration: rahasia jati diri Mesias
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
New constructed teaching term for Mark’s whole-book narrative-theological device (1:34, 44; 3:12; 4:11; 8:29-30; 9:9; 14:61-62). No single Greek term exists to transliterate; must be explicitly distinguished from both rahasia Kerajaan Allah (4:11) and Islamic ghaib in teaching use.
Medium Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: kemuliaan
Transliteration: kemuliaan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark, momentarily unveiled at the transfiguration (9:2-8) and ironically invoked by James and John at 10:37; flag a teaching note there surfacing that Jesus’s glory is disclosed through the cross, not worldly enthronement.
Law
Approved rendering: Hukum Taurat
Transliteration: Hukum Taurat
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Rejected alternatives: syariat
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark’s Sabbath controversies (2:23-28; 3:1-6) and purity teaching (ch. 7); never use syariat, the specific Islamic legal category.
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Mark 2:1-12 (forgiveness of the paralytic) and 7:21-23 (defilement from the heart); anchor to relational offense against a personal God, not a purely legal infraction.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: bangsa-bangsa lain
Transliteration: bangsa-bangsa lain
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: orang kafir
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to the Gerasene demoniac (5:1-20), the Syrophoenician woman (7:24-30), and the centurion’s confession (15:39); never use orang kafir. Distinct from the generic political sense of ethnē at 10:42 (see nations_generic, new term below).
Election
Approved rendering: pemilihan
Transliteration: pemilihan
Doctrine: Election and Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 13:20, 22, 27 (the elect); never use takdir (impersonal decree/fate).
Providence
Approved rendering: pemeliharaan Allah
Transliteration: pemeliharaan Allah
Doctrine: Election and Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 10:40’s ‘prepared’ language (see prepared_by_god, new term below) and the whole Olivet Discourse; never use takdir.
Mission
Approved rendering: pekabaran Injil
Transliteration: pekabaran Injil
Doctrine: The Great Commission and Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: misi
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 13:10 and 16:15; prefer over misi given its colonial-era Dutch missionary-society connotation, and apply Indonesia’s legal/social sensitivity around religious conversion.
David
Approved rendering: Daud
Transliteration: Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Kingship
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 10:47-48, 11:9-10, 12:35-37; established Indonesian Bible proper-name form.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Background term for Mark’s Jewish setting; established form.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: keturunan Daud
Transliteration: keturunan Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Kingship
Inherited from Romans package. Distinct from Mark’s titular ‘Anak Daud’ (Son of David, new term below); this term conveys genealogical/incarnational descent, that term a messianic-title confession.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Kerajaan Allah
Transliteration: Kerajaan Allah
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Mark’s programmatic announcement (1:15) and parables (ch. 4) develop this term’s ‘already/not yet’ tension; distinguish from an earthly political kerajaan or khilafah-style religio-political order.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kuasa Allah
Transliteration: kuasa Allah
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Inherited from Romans package. Kept distinct in Mark from exousia/otoritas (new term below), which denotes Jesus’s recognized right to command, not merely raw ability (dynamis).
Church
Approved rendering: jemaat
Transliteration: jemaat
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: gereja
Inherited from Romans package. Referenced comparatively regarding the community Jesus’s teaching in Mark anticipates; must not be conflated with Kerajaan Allah itself.
Christ Name Form
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: Kristus
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός (in the fixed compound name Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ)
Category: Christology
New term. The fixed compound proper-name form (‘Yesus Kristus’), as opposed to the titular confession ‘the Christ’ (see baseline messiah/Mesias, retained separately). Must be kept distinct from the Critical-risk titular use.
Beloved
Approved rendering: terkasih
Transliteration: terkasih
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
New term. Used of Jesus by the Father’s voice at the baptism (1:11) and transfiguration (9:7); reinforces, rather than softens, the Critical-risk Anak Allah claim and must be taught alongside that term’s note.
Satan
Approved rendering: Iblis / Setan
Transliteration: Iblis
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: jin
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New term. The personal adversary tempting Jesus (1:13) and opposing his mission throughout (e.g., 3:22-26, 8:33). Shared, broadly compatible vocabulary across Indonesian Muslim and Christian usage; avoid conflating with the broader Quranic jin category, which carries its own distinct cosmology.
At Hand
Approved rendering: sudah dekat
Transliteration: sudah dekat
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἐγγίζω (perfect: ἤγγικεν)
Category: Kingdom
New term. Mark 1:15’s programmatic announcement; the Greek perfect tense signals present, already-impacting nearness, easily flattened into a purely future expectation. Requires a teaching note preserving the in-breaking-now emphasis.
Demon Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: roh jahat / setan
Transliteration: roh jahat
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: jin
Original: δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New term. Personal, malevolent spiritual beings cast out by Jesus (1:23-27, 34, 39; 3:22; 5:1-20; 9:14-29). Avoid the Quranic-specific jin category, which carries its own distinct cosmology of good and evil jinn not equivalent to the biblical demonic.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Sabat
Transliteration: Sabat
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term. Mosaic day of rest, subordinated to Jesus’s authority (2:23-28; 3:1-6). No close Islamic institutional parallel (Friday congregational prayer is not a theological rest-day sabbath); needs a teaching note so it is not read as outright abolition.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: kehendak Allah
Transliteration: kehendak Allah
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Original: θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: God
New term. Jesus redefines true kinship around obedience to God’s will (3:35). Must be read as personal and relational, never impersonal decree (takdir).
Parable
Approved rendering: perumpamaan
Transliteration: perumpamaan
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term. Standard, well-established Indonesian Bible term (4:2 and throughout); the main risk is pedagogical (teaching the deliberate veiling function of parables, not merely their illustrative function).
Send
Approved rendering: mengutus
Transliteration: mengutus
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀποστέλλω
Category: Church
New term. The verb underlying the Critical-risk noun rasul; Jesus sends the Twelve with his own authority (6:7). Teaching should tie the sending to delegation of Jesus’s own authority, not merely dispatching messengers.
Tradition Of The Elders
Approved rendering: tradisi nenek moyang
Transliteration: tradisi nenek moyang
Doctrine: Purity and Defilement
Original: παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Covenant
New term. The accumulated body of oral legal interpretation Jesus contrasts with God’s actual commandment (7:3-13). Standard vocabulary; teach without appearing as a blanket dismissal of all inherited tradition.
Deny Oneself
Approved rendering: menyangkal diri
Transliteration: menyangkal diri
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι
Category: Discipleship
New term. Costly, self-denying discipleship (8:34). Distinguish from the negative sense of the same root used of Peter’s denial of Jesus (14:30, 72).
Rejected
Approved rendering: ditolak
Transliteration: ditolak
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀποδοκιμάζω
Category: Atonement
New term. Names the specific form of the Son of Man’s suffering (8:31), echoed in the rejected-stone quotation (12:10-11). Teach the two occurrences together.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: berubah rupa
Transliteration: berubah rupa
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
New term. A momentary unveiling of Jesus’s pre-existing divine glory (9:2-8), not a new incarnation; distinguish via teaching note from avatar/transformation narratives in other Indonesian religious traditions.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: ketidakpercayaan
Transliteration: ketidakpercayaan
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
New term. The father’s paradoxical confession ‘I believe; help my unbelief’ (9:23-24). Must remain in clear semantic relationship to iman so the paradox stays intelligible.
Hell Gehenna
Approved rendering: neraka
Transliteration: neraka
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
New term. Jesus’s warnings against causing sin (9:43-47). Shared vocabulary across Indonesian Muslim and Christian usage (low lexical risk); doctrinal risk lies in the surrounding Islamic deeds-weighing eschatological framework, which must be distinguished from a destiny secured by relationship to Jesus.
Cup Suffering
Approved rendering: cawan
Transliteration: cawan
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Atonement
New term. Fixed OT-background metaphor for appointed suffering (10:38-39; 14:36). Must be distinguished from the literal vessel and from its different referent at the Last Supper (the cup of the new covenant, 14:23-24).
Prepared By God
Approved rendering: telah disediakan
Transliteration: telah disediakan
Doctrine: Election and Providence
Rejected alternatives: takdir
Original: ἑτοιμάζω
Category: Providence
New term. Jesus locates the assignment of honored kingdom positions in the Father’s sovereign prerogative (10:40). Must be rendered so the passive is clearly God’s own personal, purposive ordering, not takdir.
Lord Over Domineer
Approved rendering: memerintah dengan sewenang-wenang / berkuasa secara memaksa
Transliteration: memerintah dengan sewenang-wenang
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Discipleship
New term pair. Katakyrieuō/katexousiazō name the domineering pattern of worldly rulers, the direct foil to servant-leadership (10:42). Must retain the negative, self-serving connotation; must not be rendered with the same neutral vocabulary used for legitimate governing authority.
Nations Generic
Approved rendering: bangsa-bangsa
Transliteration: bangsa-bangsa
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
New term. Ethnē used descriptively of political rulers of the world generally (10:42), distinct from the baseline’s bangsa-bangsa lain (the ethnic Jew/Gentile theological category). Must not import that theological contrast into this verse.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: pelayan
Transliteration: pelayan
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
New term. Jesus’s positive redefinition of kingdom greatness (10:43). Must retain the paradox that this lowly role is how greatness is defined, a genuinely counter-cultural claim in an honor-shame-sensitive Indonesian social context.
Many
Approved rendering: banyak orang
Transliteration: banyak orang
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Atonement
New term. Echoes Isaiah 53:11-12’s Suffering Servant (10:45). Standard vocabulary; main risk is under-teaching the Isaiah 53 background so it is read as a bare quantifier.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Anak Daud
Transliteration: Anak Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Kingship
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
New term. A messianic title invoked by crowds (10:47-48; 11:9-10) distinct from the baseline’s keturunan Daud (genealogical statement). Teach alongside 12:35-37, where Jesus transcends, not merely fulfills, this title as David’s Lord.
Rejected Stone
Approved rendering: batu yang dibuang / ditolak
Transliteration: batu yang ditolak
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν
Category: Atonement
New term. Quoting Psalm 118:22 (12:10-11); a direct verbal echo of 8:31’s rejection language. Teach the two together for narrative-theological coherence.
Greatest Commandment
Approved rendering: hukum yang terutama
Transliteration: hukum yang terutama
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Original: ἡ πρώτη ἐντολή
Category: Covenant
New term. Jesus identifies love of God and neighbor as the Law’s true center (12:28-31), echoing chapter 7’s heart-centered ethic.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: kesengsaraan besar
Transliteration: kesengsaraan besar
Doctrine: Tribulation and the End Times
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
New term. Intense end-times suffering (13:19, 24), extending the necessity-of-suffering theme to the whole created order.
High Priest
Approved rendering: imam besar
Transliteration: imam besar
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper and the New Covenant
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Atonement
New term. Presides over Jesus’s trial (14:53-65); an ironic reversal that this figure condemns the one whose death renders the priestly mediating system obsolete.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Raja orang Yahudi
Transliteration: Raja orang Yahudi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Kingship
Original: βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
New term. A mocking title (15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26) that is, per Mark’s irony, actually true. Primary task is preserving the irony via teaching note, not lexical substitution.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: nubuat
Transliteration: nubuat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 1:2-3’s opening prophetic citations; low overlap risk with Islamic prophetic vocabulary compared to ‘prophet’ itself.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: kusta / orang kusta
Transliteration: kusta
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λέπρα / λεπρός
Category: Miracles and Authority
New term. Standard, non-controversial Indonesian Bible term (1:40-45); no significant syncretism risk.
Commandment Of God
Approved rendering: perintah Allah
Transliteration: perintah Allah
Doctrine: Purity and Defilement
Original: ἐντολή τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
New term. A specific divine instruction, distinct from human interpretive tradition (7:8-9). Standard vocabulary; minimal doctrinal risk.
Heart
Approved rendering: hati
Transliteration: hati
Doctrine: Purity and Defilement
Original: καρδία
Category: Discipleship
New term. The inner person as a whole — intellect, will, moral disposition (7:6, 19, 21-23). Indonesian hati already carries the broader will/moral-center sense matching biblical usage.
Teacher
Approved rendering: Guru
Transliteration: Guru
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: Διδάσκαλε
Category: Christology
New term. James and John’s address to Jesus (10:35), a correct but insufficient title ironically used by disciples who do not yet grasp his full identity.
Indignant
Approved rendering: marah / gusar
Transliteration: gusar
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἀγανακτέω
Category: Discipleship
New term. The ten disciples’ reaction to James and John’s request (10:41). Ordinary vocabulary, no doctrinal collision.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosana
Transliteration: Hosana
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Worship
New term. Transliterated Hebrew/Aramaic acclamation at the triumphal entry (11:9-10); retained per the established convention for Amin/Haleluya.
House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: rumah doa
Transliteration: rumah doa
Doctrine: The Temple and Access to God
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς
Category: Worship
New term. Quoting Isaiah 56:7 in the temple-cleansing rebuke (11:17); standard vocabulary, with a contextual note that this accompanies an authoritative messianic action.
Caesar
Approved rendering: Kaisar
Transliteration: Kaisar
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: Καῖσαρ
Category: Kingdom
New term. Jesus’s careful civic/divine distinction (12:14-17); standard rendering with a brief teaching note given contemporary Indonesian religion-and-state sensitivities.
Referenced passages