Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Jude (English → Indonesian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the whole of Jude 1:1–25. Terms already present in the baseline Romans Language Package are marked “Reused (Romans TM)” and MUST use the exact recorded Indonesian rendering; no alternative may be substituted. Terms newly surfaced by Jude are marked “New (Jude)” and are proposed here for addition to the shared translation memory, pending the same theologian-review process the baseline defines for Critical/High terms.
Reused Terms (Exact Match Required, from baseline translation_memory.json)
| English Term | Indonesian Rendering | Risk (Baseline) | Doctrine (Jude) | Jude Reference(s) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | iman | High | Contending for the Faith | 1:3, 1:20 | Also carries secondary sense “the faith” (body of doctrine) in Jude — keep both senses recoverable in context. |
| saints | orang-orang kudus | Medium | Contending for the Faith | 1:3 | Standard reuse. |
| grace | anugerah | High | Contending for the Faith (grace vs. license) | 1:4 | Key grace-vs-license contrast passage; treat with the same care as Romans grace-vs-merit passages. |
| Lord | Tuhan | High/Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers; Doxology | 1:4, 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Paired with new term “Penguasa” (δεσπότης) in 1:4, intensifying the Lordship claim. |
| apostle | rasul | Critical | (background authority for the letter) | 1:17 | Retain required translator note distinguishing NT office from the Islamic closed prophetic line. |
| called | yang dipanggil | Medium | Divine Calling | 1:1 | Standard reuse. |
| salvation | keselamatan | Critical | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers; Mercy and Rescue | 1:3, 1:5 (verb form), 1:23 (verb form) | Retain deeds-vs-mercy contrast framing from baseline. |
| Holy Spirit | Roh Kudus | Critical | Kept by God; contrast with false teachers | 1:19, 1:20 | Retain required distinguishing note versus Islamic Ruh al-Qudus/Gabriel. |
| glory | kemuliaan | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:8 (“glorious ones”), 1:24, 1:25 | Standard reuse. |
| holy | kudus | Medium | Contending for the Faith; Doxology | 1:3, 1:14, 1:20 | Standard reuse. |
| Moses | Musa | (Low, per baseline name conventions) | OT Warnings as Types | 1:9 | Established transliteration. |
| Jesus / Christ | Yesus / Kristus | Critical | (throughout) | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Established transliteration; never substitute Islamic prophetic framing. |
| Amen | Amin | (Low, established form) | Doxology | 1:25 | Established transliteration. |
| sin | dosa | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:15 (as “orang-orang berdosa”), 1:23 | Standard reuse. |
New Terms Surfaced in Jude (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory)
| English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Indonesian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Jude Reference(s) | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| contend for the faith | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ…πίστει / epagōnizesthai tē pistei | berjuang mempertahankan iman | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | The curriculum’s defining doctrinal phrase. Must convey active, effortful struggle, not passive assent. |
| the faith once delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ / hapax paradotheisē | yang telah disampaikan sekali untuk selamanya | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Superficially parallels Islamic hadith-transmission chains and Quranic-finality claims, but asserts the opposite: a closed, already-complete deposit needing no further prophetic supplementation. Requires theologian-reviewed note on every occurrence. |
| ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής, ἀσέβεια / asebēs, asebeia | orang fasik / kefasikan | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:15 (x5), 1:18 | ”Fasik” is the established Indonesian Bible term but also names the Quranic category of a sinning-but-still-Muslim transgressor (fāsiq). Jude’s ἀσεβής denotes final, decisive, judged opposition to God — not a remediable in-community lapse. Requires distinguishing note. |
| Master / Sovereign (of Christ) | δεσπότης / despotēs | Penguasa | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Ascribes total, non-negotiable sovereign ownership to Christ, paired with κύριος; intensifies the same tawhid-adjacent sensitivity flagged for “Lord” in the baseline. |
| sensuality / licentiousness | ἀσέλγεια / aselgeia | kecabulan | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers (grace perverted) | 1:4 | Must be paired tightly with “anugerah” to preserve the grace-vs-license contrast Jude is making. |
| devil | διάβολος / diabolos | Iblis | Critical | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | 1:9 | ”Iblis” is the established Indonesian Bible term but also the specific Quranic jinn who refused to prostrate to Adam — a wholly different fall-narrative than the biblical fallen-angel background of Jude 6. Requires theologian-reviewed note every occurrence. |
| angel(s) (fallen) | ἄγγελος / angelos | malaikat | Critical | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | 1:6 | Direct doctrinal collision: mainstream Islamic angelology holds angels cannot sin/rebel. Jude 6 asserts angels who sinned and are now bound for judgment. Requires theologian-reviewed note every occurrence. |
| archangel Michael | ἀρχάγγελος Μιχαήλ / archangelos Michaēl | Mikhael, penghulu malaikat | High | OT Warnings as Types (Angels) | 1:9 | The name Mikail is shared with Islamic tradition (one of four major archangels), but the specific narrative (dispute with the devil over Moses’ body) has no Quranic counterpart and must be taught as distinctly biblical/intertestamental. |
| Enoch’s prophecy (non-canonical citation) | Ἑνώχ…προεφήτευσεν / Henōch… proephēteusen | Henokh…bernubuat | High | Inspiration of Scripture (background to core doctrines) | 1:14 | Jude affirms a specific true statement attributed to Enoch (from the non-canonical book of 1 Enoch) without canonizing that whole book as Scripture. Requires theologian note distinguishing this from both a “new prophet” claim and from Islamic prophetic-succession framing. |
| blaspheme / blasphemy | βλασφημέω, βλασφημία / blasphēmeō, blasphēmia | menghujat, hujat | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8, 1:9, 1:10 | Legally and socially sensitive term in the Indonesian context (blasphemy-law history); use precisely so the doctrinal point (reckless irreverence toward the holy) is clear without inviting unintended legal/social readings of the passage. |
| judgment / condemnation | κρίσις, κρίμα / krisis, krima | penghakiman, hukuman | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15 | Must not be softened into a deeds-weighing framework; Jude presents an already-decreed, certain judgment (cf. 1:4’s “marked out long ago”). |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα / Sodoma kai Gomorra | Sodom dan Gomora | Medium-High | OT Warnings as Types (Sodom) | 1:7 | Shared reference point with the Quranic account of the people of Lut, but the NT’s specific point (a preview of eternal fire and final judgment) must not flatten into a generic shared morality tale. |
| strange flesh / sexual immorality (Sodom) | σαρκὸς ἑτέρας / sarkos heteras | hawa nafsu yang tidak wajar | High | OT Warnings as Types (Sodom) | 1:7 | Culturally and legally sensitive subject matter; render clearly without euphemistic softening that would blunt the doctrinal warning; native-speaker and theologian review recommended. |
| kept / preserved (by God / of judgment) | τηρέω / tēreō | memelihara, dipelihara, ditahan | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless; Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21 | Recurring motif verb across the whole letter, used both of God preserving believers and of God reserving the fallen/judged for punishment; central to two of the six curriculum doctrines. |
| guard / keep from stumbling | φυλάσσω / phylassō | menjaga | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Climactic doxological instance of the “kept” motif; distinct Greek verb from τηρέω — preserve some lexical distinction in teaching notes while keeping the unified doctrinal motif clear. |
| blameless | ἄμωμος / amōmos | tidak bercacat | Medium-High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Core anchor term for this doctrine; originally a sacrificial-animal term repurposed for believers’ final standing. |
| mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | belas kasihan | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:2, 1:21, 1:22 | Deliberately distinguished from “rahmat” (flagged in the baseline as risky for “grace,” being a core Islamic divine attribute) and kept terminologically distinct from “anugerah” (grace/charis). |
| doubting / wavering | διακρίνομαι / diakrinomai | yang ragu-ragu, yang bimbang | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:22 | Anchor term distinguishing a compassion-deserving category of struggling believers from the hardened false teachers throughout the letter. |
| save (rescue from judgment) | σῴζω / sōzō | menyelamatkan | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Verb form tied to the baseline’s Critical “keselamatan” doctrine; must retain the eternal stakes, not read as merely social assistance. |
| Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Juruselamat | High | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Established Indonesian Bible term, directly tied to the baseline’s Critical “salvation” doctrine; must be used consistently across all future curricula referencing this term. |
| natural / soulish (lacking the Spirit) | ψυχικός / psychikos | manusia duniawi | High | (background to Kept by God / contrast with false teachers) | 1:19 | Established Indonesian rendering used at 1 Corinthians 2:14 for the same Greek term; the doctrine at stake (whether one has the Spirit at all) is a genuine believer/false-teacher marker. |
| eternal fire | πῦρ αἰώνιον / pyr aiōnion | api yang kekal | Medium | OT Warnings as Types (Sodom); Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:7, 1:23 | Standard judgment-image term. |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / zōē aiōnios | hidup yang kekal | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:21 | Standard, well-established term. |
| last time / last days | ἔσχατος χρόνος / eschatos chronos | zaman akhir | Medium | (background eschatology) | 1:18 | Retain distinctly Christian referent (Christ’s return, apostolic prediction) though the phrase overlaps with Indonesian Islamic eschatological vocabulary (akhir zaman). |
| Cain | Κάϊν / Kaïn | Kain | Low | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | Established transliteration; OT type of self-serving rejection of God’s way. |
| Balaam | Βαλαάμ / Balaam | Bileam | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | OT type of religious leadership corrupted by love of money — directly relevant to false-teacher motive. |
| Korah | Κόρε / Korē | Korah | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | OT type of rebellion against divinely established authority. |
| love feast | ἀγάπη (pl.) / agapē | perjamuan kasih | Medium | (ecclesiological background) | 1:12 | Specific early-church communal-meal practice; distinct from the abstract noun “love.” |
| scoffers / mockers | ἐμπαῖκτης / empaiktēs | pengejek | Medium | (eschatology background) | 1:18 | Fulfillment of apostolic end-times prediction. |
| woe | οὐαί / ouai | Celakalah | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:11 | Established prophetic judgment-oracle formula. |
| error / deception | πλάνη / planē | kesesatan | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11, 1:13 (wordplay: “wandering stars”) | Ties Balaam’s error to the false teachers’ directionless character. |
| rebellion / gainsaying | ἀντιλογία / antilogia | pemberontakan | Medium | OT Warnings as Types | 1:11 | Korah’s rebellion against divine authority. |
| grumblers / malcontents | γογγυστής, μεμψίμοιρος / gongystēs, mempsimoiros | pengomel, orang yang tidak pernah puas | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | Echoes Israel’s wilderness grumbling (tie to 1:5). |
| slave / servant (of Christ) | δοῦλος / doulos | hamba | Medium | (author’s self-identification) | 1:1 | Notable conceptual parallel to the Indonesian Islamic personal-name element “Abdullah” (hamba Allah); use as a bridge only when clearly anchored to submission specifically to Christ as Lord. |
| Jude / Judas (proper name) | Ἰούδας / Ioudas | Yudas | Medium-High | (author identification) | 1:1 | Indonesian, unlike English, does not distinguish “Jude” from “Judas” (Iscariot) by spelling; both render as “Yudas.” Teaching material should highlight “brother of James” to preempt reader confusion with Judas Iscariot. |
| majesty | μεγαλωσύνη / megalōsynē | kebesaran | Low | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Standard doxological term. |
| dominion / might | κράτος / kratos | kuasa | Low-Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Distinct Greek word from δύναμις (baseline’s “kuasa Allah”), but shares the Indonesian root “kuasa” — flag for cross-curriculum consistency review. |
| authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | otoritas | Low-Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Standard doxological term, kept distinct from κράτος’s “kuasa.” |
| build up (oneself) | ἐποικοδομέω / epoikodomeō | membangun diri | Low-Medium | (positive counter-instruction) | 1:20 | Positive contrast to the divisive false teachers. |
Cross-Reference Notes
- All terms marked Reused (Romans TM) must never deviate from the baseline
translation_memory.jsonrendering, per the hard rule of this pipeline. - All terms marked New (Jude) should, upon theologian review, be added to a future consolidated translation memory version (increment version number per the baseline’s update protocol) before Phase 2 segment translation of Jude begins.
- The τηρέω/φυλάσσω “kept” motif (1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21, 1:24) is the single most structurally important recurring term in Jude and should be flagged as a unit for consistency review across the whole letter, not treated as five unrelated occurrences.
- The ἔλεος (“mercy”) term is intentionally rendered distinctly from both “anugerah” (grace) and the rejected “rahmat,” preserving the three-way distinction the baseline’s grace/mercy discussion implies but does not fully spell out.
- The fivefold repetition of ἀσεβεῖς/ἀσέβεια in 1:15 and the paired δεσπότης/κύριος in 1:4 are flagged as passages requiring mandatory theologian review under the same escalation logic the baseline applies to Critical/High terms in Romans.
See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse context and citation of every term above.
Critical Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: rasul
Transliteration: rasul
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:17 appeals to prior apostolic teaching as the standard against the false teachers. Retain the baseline’s required translator note distinguishing the NT office from the Islamic doctrine of a closed prophetic line ending with Muhammad.
Salvation
Approved rendering: keselamatan
Transliteration: keselamatan
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:3 (‘common salvation,’ noun). The verb form (menyelamatkan) is also used at 1:5 (God saving Israel out of Egypt) and 1:23 (rescuing the wavering from the fire); it must retain the same eternal stakes as the noun and the baseline’s deeds-vs-mercy contrast framing.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Roh Kudus
Transliteration: Roh Kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:19 identifies lacking the Spirit as the decisive mark of the false teachers (‘not having the Spirit’); 1:20 commands ‘praying in the Holy Spirit’ as the believer’s contrasting mark. Retain the baseline’s required note distinguishing Roh Kudus from the Islamic Ruh al-Qudus, generally identified with the created angel Gabriel.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yesus
Transliteration: Yesus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Nabi Isa, Isa al-Masih
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Occurs throughout Jude (1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25) as part of ‘Jesus Christ.’ NEVER use Nabi Isa or the informal contextualized-tract rendering Isa al-Masih; both deny the specific NT confessional identity Jude presupposes.
Father
Approved rendering: Bapa
Transliteration: Bapa
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:1 describes believers as ‘beloved in God the Father’ (dikasihi dalam Allah Bapa). Retain the baseline’s required note that this is relational/adoptive language, not a claim about physical parentage.
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: berjuang mempertahankan iman
Transliteration: berjuang mempertahankan iman
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: membela iman, berpegang pada iman
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ…πίστει
Category: Faith
New (Jude 1:3). The curriculum’s defining phrase; must convey active, effortful struggle (Greek epagonizesthai, an athletic/judicial contest term), not passive assent or private opinion. ‘Membela iman’ (BIS-style, merely ‘defend’) is rejected as too weak.
Faith Once Delivered
Approved rendering: yang telah disampaikan sekali untuk selamanya
Transliteration: yang telah disampaikan sekali untuk selamanya
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ
Category: Faith
New (Jude 1:3). Superficially parallels both the Islamic hadith isnad (chain of transmission) and the Quran’s claim to a culminating, corrective revelation; Jude’s point runs the opposite direction, asserting a closed, already-complete deposit needing no further prophetic supplementation. Requires a theologian-reviewed note on every occurrence.
Devil
Approved rendering: Iblis
Transliteration: iblis
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Devil
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
New (Jude 1:9). ‘Iblis’ is the established Indonesian Bible term for the devil but is also the specific Quranic name for a disobedient jinn who refused to prostrate to Adam — an entirely different category of being and fall-narrative than the fallen angel presupposed by Jude 1:6. Requires a theologian-reviewed note every occurrence; never harmonize with the Quranic jinn narrative.
Fallen Angels
Approved rendering: malaikat
Transliteration: malaikat
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types: Angels
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Angelology
New (Jude 1:6). Direct doctrinal collision: mainstream Sunni Islamic angelology holds malaikat are created incapable of disobedience or sin. Jude 1:6 asserts angels who sinned and are now bound in eternal chains for judgment — a flat contradiction, not merely unfamiliar vocabulary. Never soften ‘sinned’ into a vaguer verb (e.g., melanggar, menyimpang). Requires a theologian-reviewed note every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: iman
Transliteration: iman
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). In Jude 1:3 and 1:20, iman carries the added sense ‘the faith’ (a fixed body of apostolic doctrine), not only personal trust; this secondary sense must remain recoverable from context alongside the primary sense of trust in Christ.
Grace
Approved rendering: anugerah
Transliteration: anugerah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmat, pahala
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:4 is a grace-vs-license contrast passage: false teachers twist anugerah into a pretext for kecabulan (sensuality). Keep the causal corruption explicit in translation, not merely two juxtaposed ideas.
Lord
Approved rendering: Tuhan
Transliteration: Tuhan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). In Jude 1:4 paired with the new term Penguasa (despotes) for an intensified double claim of Christ’s absolute lordship; also occurs at 1:5, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, and in the closing doxology at 1:25.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: Allah
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:25 names God as ‘the only God, our Savior’ (satu-satunya Allah, Juruselamat kita), a direct exclusivity claim; the risk, per baseline, lies in surrounding vocabulary, not in Allah itself.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: orang fasik / kefasikan
Transliteration: orang fasik / kefasikan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Judgment
New (Jude 1:4, 1:15 [fivefold], 1:18). ‘Fasik’ is the established Indonesian Bible term but also names the Quranic category fasiq, a deliberate sinner who remains within the believing community and may yet repent. Jude’s asebes denotes an already-settled, judged status with no remediable middle ground; requires a distinguishing note every occurrence.
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: Penguasa
Transliteration: penguasa
Doctrine: Lordship and Sovereignty of Christ
Rejected alternatives: tuan
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
New (Jude 1:4). Ascribes total, non-negotiable sovereign ownership to Christ, paired with kyrios (Tuhan); intensifies the same tawhid-adjacent sensitivity already flagged for ‘lord’ in the baseline. Must always appear paired with Tuhan in 1:4, never substituted for it or collapsed into a single title.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: kecabulan
Transliteration: kecabulan
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
New (Jude 1:4). Must be paired tightly with anugerah (grace) so the sentence reads as a corruption/contrast, not two unrelated ideas — grace perverted into license is the doctrinal point.
Kyriotes Authority
Approved rendering: kekuasaan (yang sah)
Transliteration: kekuasaan yang sah
Doctrine: Lordship and Sovereignty of Christ
Original: κυριότης
Category: Christology
New (Jude 1:8). The false teachers reject this legitimate divine authority, echoing 1:4’s denial of despotes/kyrios; conceptually tied to the Critical-risk Lordship of Christ doctrine.
Blaspheme
Approved rendering: menghujat / hujat
Transliteration: menghujat / hujat
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: βλασφημέω / βλασφημία
Category: Judgment
New (Jude 1:8, 1:9, 1:10). Legally and socially sensitive in the Indonesian context given the history of blasphemy law (UU Penodaan Agama); use precisely so the doctrinal point (reckless irreverence toward the holy) is clear without inviting unintended legal/social readings of the passage itself.
Archangel Michael
Approved rendering: Mikhael, penghulu malaikat
Transliteration: mikhael, penghulu malaikat
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Devil
Original: ἀρχάγγελος Μιχαήλ
Category: Angelology
New (Jude 1:9). The name Mikail is shared with Islamic tradition (one of four major archangels), but this specific narrative (a dispute with the devil over Moses’ body, drawn from Jewish apocryphal tradition) has no Quranic counterpart and must be taught as distinctly biblical/intertestamental, not conflated with the Islamic Mikail’s differently defined role.
Enoch Prophecy
Approved rendering: Henokh…bernubuat
Transliteration: henokh…bernubuat
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture
Original: Ἑνώχ…προεφήτευσεν
Category: Scripture
New (Jude 1:14). Jude affirms a specific true statement attributed to Enoch (from the non-canonical book of 1 Enoch) without canonizing that whole book as Scripture — a nuance easily lost if presented as an undifferentiated ‘prophet’ citation. Must not be conflated with the closed, linear prophetic-succession framework of Islamic tradition. Requires theologian review.
Judgment
Approved rendering: penghakiman / hukuman
Transliteration: penghakiman / hukuman
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: κρίσις / κρίμα
Category: Judgment
New (Jude 1:4, 1:6, 1:9, 1:15). Must not be softened into a deeds-weighing framework; Jude presents an already-decreed, certain judgment (cf. 1:4’s ‘marked out long ago’). Pair with time-markers already present in the text (e.g., ‘sejak dahulu telah ditentukan’) rather than translating in isolation.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sodom dan Gomora
Transliteration: sodom dan gomora
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types: Sodom
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Old Testament Types
New (Jude 1:7). The Quran also names the people of Lut (Sodom) as an example of judgment on sexual sin, so the underlying narrative is not unfamiliar; the risk is flattening Jude’s specific point — a preview of eternal fire and final judgment, not merely a past historical catastrophe — into a shared generic morality tale both traditions already accept.
Strange Flesh
Approved rendering: hawa nafsu yang tidak wajar
Transliteration: hawa nafsu yang tidak wajar
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types: Sodom
Original: σαρκὸς ἑτέρας
Category: Old Testament Types
New (Jude 1:7). Culturally and legally sensitive subject matter in the Indonesian context; render literally and clearly without euphemistic softening that would blunt the doctrinal warning, using established, non-inflammatory Indonesian Bible vocabulary. Native-speaker and theologian review recommended.
Kept Preserved
Approved rendering: memelihara / dipelihara / ditahan
Transliteration: memelihara / dipelihara / ditahan
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: τηρέω
Category: Preservation
New (Jude 1:1, 1:6, 1:13, 1:21). Renders teteo, the single most structurally important recurring motif in Jude, used both of God preserving believers and of God reserving the fallen/judged for punishment. Requires consistent lexical treatment across all four occurrences so readers recognize it as one theological thread.
Guard From Stumbling
Approved rendering: menjaga
Transliteration: menjaga
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Preservation
New (Jude 1:24). Renders phylasso, a distinct Greek verb from teteo though overlapping in sense; the climactic doxological instance of the ‘kept’ motif. Preserve slight lexical distinction from memelihara while keeping the unified doctrinal motif clear in teaching notes.
Blameless
Approved rendering: tidak bercacat
Transliteration: tidak bercacat
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Preservation
New (Jude 1:24). Originally a term for unblemished sacrificial animals, repurposed for believers’ final standing before God; the doctrinal climax of the ‘Kept’ motif. Gloss with a brief note recovering the sacrificial background at first occurrence.
Mercy
Approved rendering: belas kasihan
Transliteration: belas kasihan
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: rahmat
Original: ἔλεος / ἐλεᾶτε
Category: Mercy
New (Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22). Deliberately distinguished from rahmat (already flagged in the baseline as risky for grace, being a core Islamic divine attribute bound up with a deeds-and-mercy judgment framework) and kept terminologically distinct from anugerah (grace).
Savior
Approved rendering: Juruselamat
Transliteration: juruselamat
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Doxology
New (Jude 1:25). Established Indonesian Bible term, directly tied to the baseline’s Critical-risk salvation doctrine (keselamatan); must be used consistently across all future curricula referencing this term.
Natural Soulish
Approved rendering: manusia duniawi
Transliteration: manusia duniawi
Doctrine: Presence of the Holy Spirit as Mark of True Faith
Original: ψυχικός
Category: Sanctification
New (Jude 1:19). Established Indonesian rendering used at 1 Corinthians 2:14 for the same Greek term (psychikos); consistency across the whole Indonesian Bible-translation tradition should be maintained. The doctrine at stake (whether one has the Spirit at all) is a core marker distinguishing genuine faith from false profession.
Jude Judas
Approved rendering: Yudas
Transliteration: yudas
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Love
Original: Ἰούδας
Category: Identity
New (Jude 1:1). Standard Indonesian Bible usage (Alkitab TB) renders both ‘Jude’ and ‘Judas’ identically as Yudas, unlike English, which distinguishes them by spelling. Teaching material must highlight ‘brother of James’ immediately to preempt confusion with Judas Iscariot.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Transliteration: kristus
Doctrine: Lordship and Sovereignty of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isa al-Masih
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New entry for this curriculum (the baseline treats ‘Kristus’ only implicitly within its ‘jesus’ term notes, not as a separate key). In Jude, Christos occurs only as part of the combined name-title ‘Jesus Christ’ (1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25); rendered with the established proper-name transliteration Kristus per Alkitab TB usage. Should the messianic office itself require discussion, reuse the baseline’s Mesias term instead.
Medium Risk Terms
Saints
Approved rendering: orang-orang kudus
Transliteration: orang-orang kudus
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: wali
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:3 identifies the whole believing community entrusted with the once-delivered faith, not a venerated spiritual elite.
Holy
Approved rendering: kudus
Transliteration: kudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: suci
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Modifies both ‘the faith’ (Jude 1:3, and the superlative ‘most holy faith’ at 1:20) and the angelic ‘holy myriads’ accompanying the Lord’s coming (1:14).
Called
Approved rendering: yang dipanggil
Transliteration: yang dipanggil
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:1 identifies believers’ fundamental identity as God’s called ones, alongside ‘loved’ (dikasihi) and ‘kept’ (dipelihara).
Calling
Approved rendering: panggilan
Transliteration: panggilan
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly) for cross-curriculum consistency. Not directly quoted in Jude’s Greek text but retained for teaching material addressing the Divine Calling and Love doctrine.
Glory
Approved rendering: kemuliaan
Transliteration: kemuliaan
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Appears at Jude 1:8 (‘glorious ones,’ a related but distinct term, see glorious_ones below), 1:24 (presented before his glory), and 1:25 (doxological ascription).
Sin
Approved rendering: dosa
Transliteration: dosa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:15 pairs ‘sinners’ (orang-orang berdosa) with the more emphatic ‘ungodly’ (fasik) to intensify the judgment theme; also underlies the ‘stained garment’ imagery of 1:23.
Peace
Approved rendering: damai sejahtera
Transliteration: damai sejahtera
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). Jude 1:2’s greeting adds ‘mercy’ and ‘love’ to the more typical ‘grace and peace’ pairing; damai sejahtera here retains the baseline’s relational, covenantal sense, not merely the absence of conflict.
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly), retained here for teaching-material use. The word ‘Israel’ does not literally appear in the Greek of Jude 1:5 (‘the people’ brought out of Egypt), but the doctrine ‘OT Warnings as Types: Israel’ requires this proper name for background instruction.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: kuasa Allah
Transliteration: kuasa Allah
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly) for cross-curriculum consistency only. Not directly quoted in Jude; flagged because Jude 1:25’s kratos (kuasa) is a distinct Greek word sharing the same Indonesian root and must not be silently conflated with this baseline dynamis theou term in teaching material.
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: makhluk-makhluk mulia
Transliteration: makhluk-makhluk mulia
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: δόξαι
Category: Angelology
New (Jude 1:8). Majestic/authoritative beings, likely angelic powers, slandered by the false teachers; distinct from doxa (kemuliaan) itself.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: api yang kekal
Transliteration: api yang kekal
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types: Sodom
Original: πῦρ αἰώνιον
Category: Judgment
New (Jude 1:7, 1:23). Standard judgment-image term reused at both occurrences; keep consistent between them, and keep in the same clause as menyelamatkan at 1:23 so the rescue is unmistakably eschatological.
Wavering
Approved rendering: yang ragu-ragu / yang bimbang
Transliteration: yang ragu-ragu / yang bimbang
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: διακρίνομαι
Category: Mercy
New (Jude 1:22). Doctrinal anchor term distinguishing a category of struggling, uncertain believers deserving compassionate mercy from the hardened false teachers throughout the letter.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: hidup yang kekal
Transliteration: hidup yang kekal
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
New (Jude 1:21). Standard, well-established term; the goal toward which believers are kept and shown mercy.
Last Time
Approved rendering: zaman akhir
Transliteration: zaman akhir
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture
Original: ἔσχατος χρόνος
Category: Eschatology
New (Jude 1:18). ‘Akhir zaman’ overlaps with Indonesian Islamic eschatological vocabulary; retain the passage’s distinctly Christian referent (Christ’s return, the apostolic prophetic warning) by anchoring to ‘yang telah dikatakan oleh rasul-rasul’ in the same sentence.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: pengejek
Transliteration: pengejek
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of Scripture
Original: ἐμπαῖκτης
Category: Eschatology
New (Jude 1:18). Mockers who deride and ridicule, especially concerning divine promises; fulfillment of a specific apostolic end-times prediction.
Balaam
Approved rendering: Bileam
Transliteration: bileam
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: Old Testament Types
New (Jude 1:11). OT type of religious leadership corrupted by love of money — directly relevant to the false teachers’ financial motive; ‘kesesatan Bileam karena upah’ ties error to profit-seeking.
Korah
Approved rendering: Korah
Transliteration: korah
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Κόρε
Category: Old Testament Types
New (Jude 1:11). OT type of open rebellion against divinely established leadership, resulting in destruction; third of the triad of named OT examples in this verse.
Error Deception
Approved rendering: kesesatan
Transliteration: kesesatan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: πλάνη
Category: Old Testament Types
New (Jude 1:11, echoed in wordplay as ‘wandering stars’ at 1:13). Ties Balaam’s corrupted way to the false teachers’ directionless character.
Rebellion
Approved rendering: pemberontakan
Transliteration: pemberontakan
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀντιλογία
Category: Old Testament Types
New (Jude 1:11). Korah’s gainsaying/rebellion against divinely established authority.
Love Feast
Approved rendering: perjamuan kasih
Transliteration: perjamuan kasih
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Love
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
New (Jude 1:12). A specific early-church communal-meal practice, distinct from the abstract noun ‘love’ (kasih) itself; the false teachers infiltrate this intimate gathering.
Deny
Approved rendering: menyangkal
Transliteration: menyangkal
Doctrine: Lordship and Sovereignty of Christ
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Christology
New (Jude 1:4). The false teachers’ immoral lifestyle amounts to a practical denial of Christ’s lordship, even while professing him; preserve the theological point of conduct-as-denial.
Love Of God
Approved rendering: kasih Allah
Transliteration: kasih allah
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Love
Original: ἀγάπη θεοῦ
Category: God
New (Jude 1:21). Believers are commanded to actively remain within the sphere of God’s own settled, ongoing love, not generate or earn it themselves.
Slave Servant
Approved rendering: hamba
Transliteration: hamba
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Love
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Identity
New (Jude 1:1). Jude’s self-identification as belonging wholly to Christ as despotes/kyrios. Notable conceptual parallel to the Indonesian Islamic personal-name element ‘Abdullah’ (hamba Allah); usable as a bridge only when clearly anchored to submission specifically to Christ as Lord in the same clause.
Dominion Kratos
Approved rendering: kuasa
Transliteration: kuasa
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: κράτος
Category: Doxology
New (Jude 1:25). Distinct Greek word (kratos) from dynamis (the baseline’s ‘kuasa Allah’), but shares the Indonesian root ‘kuasa’; flagged for cross-curriculum consistency review so the two are not doctrinally conflated.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: otoritas
Transliteration: otoritas
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Doxology
New (Jude 1:25). Kept lexically distinct from kratos’s ‘kuasa’ to preserve the fourfold doxological structure of the closing ascription.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: nubuat
Transliteration: nubuat
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (copied exactly). The verb form bernubuat is used of Enoch’s prophecy in Jude 1:14; see the new enoch_prophecy term below for the doctrinal framing this specific citation requires.
Cain
Approved rendering: Kain
Transliteration: kain
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Κάϊν
Category: Old Testament Types
New (Jude 1:11). Established transliteration; OT type of self-serving rejection of God’s way leading to violence against a brother. Must be presented as a settled negative example, not a merely flawed figure who might yet have repented.
Grumblers
Approved rendering: pengomel, orang yang tidak pernah puas
Transliteration: pengomel, orang yang tidak pernah puas
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: γογγυστής / μεμψίμοιρος
Category: Judgment
New (Jude 1:16). Chronic complainers, dissatisfied with their lot; echoes Israel’s wilderness grumbling, tying back to Jude 1:5’s OT warning.
Woe
Approved rendering: Celakalah
Transliteration: celakalah
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
New (Jude 1:11). Established prophetic judgment-oracle formula pronounced directly against the false teachers.
Beloved
Approved rendering: saudara-saudara yang kekasih
Transliteration: saudara-saudara yang kekasih
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Love
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Church
New (Jude 1:17, 1:20). Direct pastoral address contrasting the audience (‘beloved’) with ‘these’ (the false teachers) throughout the letter.
Moses
Approved rendering: Musa
Transliteration: musa
Doctrine: OT Warnings as Types: Angels
Original: Μωϋσῆς
Category: Old Testament Types
New (Jude 1:9). Established transliteration per baseline proper-name conventions; the OT lawgiver whose body is the subject of Michael and the devil’s dispute.
Majesty
Approved rendering: kebesaran
Transliteration: kebesaran
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: Doxology
New (Jude 1:25). Part of the fourfold doxological ascription (glory, majesty, dominion, authority); standard doxological term.
Build Up
Approved rendering: membangun diri
Transliteration: membangun diri
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἐποικοδομέω
Category: Sanctification
New (Jude 1:20). Positive counter-instruction to believers, contrasting the divisive false teachers; believers are to actively build spiritual maturity upon the ‘most holy faith.‘
Amen
Approved rendering: Amin
Transliteration: amin
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Doxology
New addition to this curriculum’s translation memory (established transliteration per baseline conventions, though not previously logged as its own baseline TM entry). Closes the doxology at Jude 1:25.
Love General
Approved rendering: kasih
Transliteration: kasih
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Love
New (Jude 1:2). Part of the unusually rich threefold greeting (mercy, peace, and love) in place of the more typical ‘grace and peace’ opening; low syncretism risk as a standalone term, distinct from love_of_god’s more specific relational-sphere sense in 1:21.
Referenced passages