Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Timothy (English–Ukrainian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering 2 Timothy chapters 1–4 in full. Terms already established in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json are marked [REUSED] and carry their baseline rendering unchanged; all others are marked [NEW] and carry a proposed rendering and risk tier for incorporation into an updated translation memory.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework: Critical and High require mandatory human theologian review; Medium requires native speaker review; Low requires automated review only.
Reused Baseline Terms Occurring in 2 Timothy
| English Term | Ukrainian (reused exactly) | Risk (baseline) | Key 2 Timothy Occurrences | 2 Timothy-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | Євангеліє | High | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 2:9 | Paired throughout with “suffering for the gospel” — the enduring-hardship dimension is more pronounced here than in Romans. |
| Grace | благодать | Critical | 1:2, 1:9, 2:1 | 1:9’s “grace given before times eternal” reinforces the baseline’s caution that grace not default to any one tradition’s mediating framework. |
| Faith | віра | High | 1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7 | Timothy’s inherited faith (1:5, mother/grandmother) is a positive, personal, non-institutional model; “faith” as a body of doctrine (“the faith,” 2:18, 3:8) is a distinct, contextual sense requiring disambiguation. |
| Salvation | спасіння | Critical | 2:10, 3:15 | Explicitly qualified by “through faith in Christ Jesus” (3:15) — qualifying clause must be preserved intact per baseline anchoring rule. |
| Apostle | апостол | Medium | 1:1, 1:11 | No new risk. |
| Called / Calling | покликаний / покликання | Medium | 1:9 (“holy calling”) | Reinforced by soldier-enlistment metaphor (2:4, στρατολογήσας) as a fresh, concrete image for the same doctrine. |
| Holy | святий | Medium | 1:9, 3:15, 3:17 | ”Sacred writings” (ἱερὰ γράμματα, related root) requires separate treatment — see New Terms table. |
| Righteousness | праведність | Critical/High | 2:22, 3:16, 4:8 | Combines with new compound “crown of righteousness” (4:8) — see New Terms table for the compound’s own distinct risk profile. |
| Resurrection | воскресіння | Medium | 2:8, 2:18 | 2:18’s false teaching (“resurrection already happened”) is a direct doctrinal collision case requiring explicit correction in exposition. |
| Lord | Господь | High | 1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22 | Very high frequency in this personal letter; baseline’s caution against creed-line flattening applies throughout, especially 4:8, 4:17-18’s personal testimony contexts. |
| Peace | мир | High | 1:2 | Standard greeting formula; no new risk beyond baseline. |
| Spiritual Gifts | духовні дари | Medium | (conceptually related to 1:6’s χάρισμα, singular) | See New Terms table for the singular ministry-gift sense, treated as a related but distinct entry. |
| Church | церква | Critical | (not directly named in 2 Timothy; ἐκκλησία does not occur in this book) | No direct occurrence; the related concept of “the household of God” is present only implicitly. Not required for this curriculum’s core terms but should remain available for cross-reference. |
| Kingdom of God | Царство Боже | High | 4:1, 4:18 (“his kingdom” / “his heavenly kingdom”) | Baseline’s тsardom/imperial-resonance caution applies at both occurrences; 4:18 adds ἐπουράνιος (“heavenly”) which should be rendered to reinforce the non-earthly-political point. |
| Sin | гріх | High | 3:6 | Occurs within the vice-catalogue context (3:1-9); baseline’s caution against narrowing “sin” to only atrocity/enemy conduct is directly relevant given the “last days” framing. |
| Glory | слава | Medium | 4:18 | Closing doxology; baseline’s “Слава Україні” patriotic-resonance caution applies directly — divine referent must be unmistakable. |
| Election | обрання | High | 2:10 (“the elect”) | Reinforces baseline caution against доля/фатум substitution. |
| David | Давид | Low | 2:8 | Standard proper name, reused exactly. |
| Israel | — | — | (not occurring in 2 Timothy) | No occurrence. |
| Jesus | Ісус | Critical | throughout | No deviation; Ukrainian-specific spelling (never Иисус) applies with full force throughout this book. |
| God | Бог | Critical | throughout | No deviation. |
| Holy Spirit | Святий Дух | Critical | 1:14 | Must be kept clearly distinct from the disposition-sense “spirit” (πνεῦμα) of 1:7 — see New Terms table; this is the reverse-direction risk of the baseline’s Galatians bare-pneuma caution. |
| Father | — | — | (not occurring directly in 2 Timothy) | No occurrence requiring treatment. |
| Exhort | закликати | Low | 4:2 (παρακάλεσον) | Context-sensitive per baseline note; here in the “encourage/build up” sense within the reprove-rebuke-exhort triad. |
| Seed of David | з насіння Давидового | Medium | 2:8 | Paired directly with resurrection in a compressed creedal formula; both halves must be kept together. |
New Terms Introduced by 2 Timothy
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Notes / Collision Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God-breathed / Inspiration | θεόπνευστος (theopneustos) | God-breathed | Divine origination of Scripture’s very substance, not merely inspiring content | ”God-breathed,” “inspired by God,” “given by inspiration of God” | богонатхненне | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | The single most load-bearing word in the book. Must not be weakened to a generic “inspiring/moving” sense. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| All / Every Scripture | πᾶσα γραφή (pasa graphē) | all/every writing | The whole canon collectively, or every individual scripture-passage | ”all Scripture,” “every Scripture” | усе Писання / кожне писання | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Collides with the Orthodox/Greek Catholic view of Scripture-plus-Передання (Holy Tradition) authority; must be taught explicitly, not softened or over-polemicized. |
| Sacred Writings | ἱερὰ γράμματα (hiera grammata) | sacred letters/writings | The OT scriptures as a body known from childhood | ”sacred writings,” “holy Scriptures” | святі писання | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Must be distinguished from the more general πᾶσα γραφή of the same passage; avoid narrowing to liturgical-excerpt exposure only. |
| Man of God | ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος (ho tou theou anthrōpos) | the God’s man | Any Scripture-formed minister, an OT-rooted title, not an elite spiritual figure | ”the man of God,” “God’s servant” | чоловік Божий / Божа людина | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine; The Charge to Preach the Word | Risk of collision with the venerated “holy elder” (старець) figure of Orthodox/Greek Catholic popular piety; this term applies to any minister formed by Scripture, not a spiritual elite. |
| Solemnly Charge | διαμαρτύρομαι (diamartyromai) | I solemnly testify/charge | A weighty, legal/covenantal formal charge, not a casual request | ”I charge,” “I solemnly charge/testify” | урочисто заклинаю / заповідаю перед | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | Must retain full legal-solemn force; a weak rendering would badly understate 4:1-2’s climactic command. |
| Appearing (of Christ) | ἐπιφάνεια (epiphaneia) | manifestation, visible appearing | Christ’s first (1:10) or future/second (4:1, 4:8) visible manifestation | ”appearing,” “manifestation,” “coming” | з’явлення / прихід | High | Assurance of Reward | Must be disambiguated between the already-accomplished first appearing (1:10) and the still-awaited second appearing (4:1, 4:8); conflating the two blurs the forward-looking hope of the doctrine. |
| Preach | κήρυξον / κηρύσσω (kēryssō) | to herald, proclaim officially | Authoritative public proclamation of a fixed message, not personal discourse | ”preach,” “proclaim,” “herald” | проповідуй | High | The Charge to Preach the Word; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | The herald delivers, not composes, the message — central to the transmission doctrine’s integrity. |
| Sound Doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (hygiainousa didaskalia) | healthy teaching | Spiritually life-giving, whole doctrine, contrasted with corrupting teaching | ”sound doctrine,” “sound teaching,” “healthy teaching” | здорове вчення | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Risk is doctrinal under-weighting — readers may hear only “sensible teaching” and miss the sharp contrast with itching-ears teaching (4:3-4). |
| Evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής (euangelistēs) | one who proclaims good news | A distinct, semi-formal gospel-proclamation ministry role | ”evangelist” | євангелист | High | The Charge to Preach the Word | Collides with the fixed, closed Orthodox/Greek Catholic iconographic category of the Four Evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John); must be glossed on first occurrence as an active, repeatable ministry function, not the historical quartet. |
| Endure Suffering / Hardship | κακοπάθησον (kakopatheō) | suffer evil/hardship | Endurance of affliction specifically for gospel ministry’s sake | ”endure hardship,” “suffer affliction” | терпи труднощі / переноси страждання | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Carries acute, immediate wartime resonance; must remain anchored to ministry purpose, not generic stoicism, and not treated as though suffering itself were the goal. |
| Deposit (entrusted teaching) | παραθήκη (parathēkē) | a deposit entrusted for safekeeping | The gospel/apostolic teaching entrusted to Timothy for safekeeping and transmission | ”deposit,” “that which was committed to my trust” | довірений скарб / те, що тобі доручено (довірено) | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Collides conceptually with Передання (Holy Tradition); must denote the specific gospel content of this letter, not the institutional concept of Tradition. |
| Soldier | στρατιώτης (stratiōtēs) | soldier | Undivided, disciplined devotion to one’s commanding officer (Christ) | “soldier” | воїн / солдат | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Immediate, lived wartime resonance for Ukrainian readers; requires pastoral sensitivity, avoiding both trivialization and inappropriate militarism. |
| Crown of Righteousness | στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης (stephanos tēs dikaiosynēs) | wreath/crown of righteousness | The eschatological reward for faithful endurance, athletic victor’s-wreath image | ”crown of righteousness” | вінець праведності | High | Assurance of Reward | Вінець collides with Orthodox/Greek Catholic wedding-crowning (вінчання) imagery; the athletic/eschatological sense must be established by context, not assumed automatically recoverable. |
| ”I have fought… finished… kept the faith” (fixed triad) | τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι, τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα, τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα | I have fought the good fight, finished the race, kept the faith | A fixed, maximally quotable confessional formula | (fixed English formula in most translations) | Я змагався добрим змаганням, свій біг закінчив, віру зберіг | High | Assurance of Reward | Must be rendered identically in every lesson/document per the baseline’s cross-document consistency rule (cf. Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, 10:9-10). |
| Forsook / Deserted | ἐγκατέλιπεν (egkataleipō) | abandoned, forsook, deserted | Personal desertion of Paul by a former companion (Demas, 4:10) or by “all” at trial (4:16) | “forsook,” “deserted,” “abandoned” | покинув мене | High | Perseverance under Suffering; Assurance of Reward | Read after the soldier metaphor, evokes military desertion (дезертирство), a live and sensitive wartime category; must not trivialize actual desertion’s moral complexity. |
| ”The Lord stood by me and strengthened me” | ὁ δὲ Κύριος μοι παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με | the Lord stood beside me and empowered me | God’s personal presence and strengthening amid total human abandonment | ”the Lord stood by me and strengthened me” | Господь став при мені й зміцнив мене | High | Assurance of Reward | Exceptional pastoral-comfort verse for readers experiencing isolation, loss of community, or abandonment amid war and displacement; render with full warmth. |
| Persecutions / Sufferings | διωγμοί, παθήματα (diōgmoi, pathēmata) | persecutions, sufferings | Suffering specifically for godly living in Christ | ”persecutions,” “sufferings” | гоніння, страждання | High | Perseverance under Suffering | Live, current application: ongoing persecution of clergy and believers in Russian-occupied Ukrainian territories; teach the timeless principle without turning the text into direct commentary on specific current events. |
| Rightly Handling the Word | ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας (orthotomeō) | cutting straight the word of truth | Careful, disciplined, accurate interpretive handling of Scripture | ”rightly dividing,” “rightly handling,” “correctly teaching” | правильно/точно викладати Слово істини | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Must retain the craftsmanship-precision image, not flatten to generic “teaching the truth.” |
| Entrust (transmission chain) | παρατίθημι (paratithēmi) | to entrust, commit, deposit | The Paul→Timothy→faithful men→others transmission chain (2:2) | “entrust,” “commit,” “pass on” | передай / довір | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Must preserve all four links of the chain in translation, not collapse into a vaguer “teach others.” |
| If we deny… he will deny us / If we are unfaithful… he remains faithful | ἀρνέομαι / ἀπιστοῦμεν… πιστὸς μένει (2:12-13) | deny / disbelieve… remains faithful | A doctrinally delicate warning-and-assurance couplet on God’s covenant faithfulness | ”if we deny him… if we are faithless, he remains faithful” | якщо зневажимо (відкинемо) Його… якщо ми невірні, Він залишається вірним | High | Assurance of Reward | Balance between warning and assurance must be preserved exactly as structured; avoid both false security and despair. |
| Assured / Convinced | ἐπιστώθης (pistoō) | made firm, given settled confidence | Settled, firm conviction, not tentative opinion; related to πίστις | ”were assured of,” “were convinced of” | був упевнений / був переконаний | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Shares baseline’s care for віра-family vocabulary; retain settled-certainty sense. |
| Make Wise | σοφίσαι (sophizō) | to render wise | Goal-directed wisdom leading to salvation, not general cleverness | ”make wise,” “give wisdom leading to” | зробити мудрим / дати мудрість, що веде до | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Avoid generic “clever/smart” register. |
| Reproof | ἐλεγμός (elegmos) | exposing/convicting of error | Forensic exposure and correction of error | ”reproof,” “conviction,” “rebuke” | викриття / обличення | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Must not be softened into gentle “feedback”; paired with restorative correction. |
| Correction | ἐπανόρθωσις (epanorthōsis) | straightening, restoration | Restorative correction, putting right what is crooked | ”correction,” “restoration to a right state” | виправлення | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Visible root-family resemblance to виправдання (justification) in Ukrainian; helpful association, but must not blur the two doctrines. |
| Training | παιδεία (paideia) | disciplined child-formation | Character and moral formation, sometimes through discipline | ”training,” “instruction,” “discipline” | виховання / навчання | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Shares root with виховник (Galatians law-guardian term); note conceptual link without doctrinal conflation. |
| Equipped | ἐξηρτισμένος (exartizō) | fully outfitted | Complete outfitting for ministry tasks | ”equipped,” “fully furnished” | спорядженим / повністю приготованим | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | Low-medium; pairs with ἄρτιος. |
| Complete / Proficient | ἄρτιος (artios) | exactly fitted, complete | Functional readiness for ministry, achieved through Scripture | ”complete,” “proficient,” “thoroughly equipped” | досконалий / повністю готовий | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | досконалий risks confusion with static moral perfection; clarify functional-readiness sense. |
| Immortality / Incorruption | ἀφθαρσία (aphtharsia) | imperishability | Eternal resurrection life disclosed by the gospel, for all believers | ”immortality,” “incorruption” | безсмертя (recommended; avoid нетління/нетлінність) | Critical | Assurance of Reward; Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture (1:10 context) | Collides with the Ukrainian Orthodox/Greek Catholic devotional category of “incorrupt relics” (нетлінні мощі, e.g. Kyiv Pechersk Lavra); безсмертя sidesteps this cleanly. |
| Gift of God (singular ministry-gift) | χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ (charisma tou theou) | God’s gift | A specific ministry-gift given through a commissioning act, distinct from general χαρίσματα | ”the gift of God,” “spiritual gift” | дар Божий | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Distinguish from post-Soviet “extrasensory ability” folk category (per baseline spiritual_gifts caution) and from generic “talent.” |
| Spirit of Fear / Spirit of Power (disposition, not Holy Spirit) | πνεῦμα δειλίας / πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ | spirit of cowardice / spirit of power, love, self-discipline | A disposition or inner orientation, explicitly not the Holy Spirit | ”a spirit of fear… a spirit of power” | дух боязкості… дух сили, любові й розсудливості (lowercase дух) | High | (cross-cutting; related to Holy Spirit doctrine) | Inverse of the baseline’s bare-pneuma caution: here lowercase дух must NOT be capitalized/read as the Holy Spirit; explicit gloss required on first occurrence. |
| Rekindle | ἀναζωπυρέω (anazōpyreō) | to stir up embers into flame | Renewed, active devotion to a received ministry-gift | ”stir up,” “rekindle,” “fan into flame” | розпалювати знову / роздмухувати | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | May read as charismatic/Pentecostal-register idiom unfamiliar to Orthodox/Greek Catholic readers; brief gloss advisable. |
| Vessel for Honor / Dishonor | σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν / εἰς ἀτιμίαν (skeuos) | vessel/instrument for honor/dishonor | Varying usefulness in God’s household, contingent on self-cleansing | ”vessel of honor,” “vessel of dishonor” | посудина на честь… на зневагу | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Must retain the self-cleansing/repentance dynamic, not read as a fixed, unchangeable caste. |
| Approved / Disapproved | δόκιμος / ἀδόκιμος (dokimos / adokimos) | tested-genuine / failed-the-test | Coin-testing metaphor for proven or failed spiritual/doctrinal integrity | ”approved,” “tested and proven” / “disqualified,” “rejected” | гідний (перевірений) / негідний / недостойний | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Apostasy and False Teachers | Linked term-pair spanning ch.2 (Timothy, positive) and ch.3 (false teachers, negative). |
| Myths | μῦθος (mythos) | fabricated story | Speculative, invented religious teaching without apostolic basis | ”myths,” “fables,” “tales” | байки / вигадані байки (primary); міфи only with explicit exposition | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Міфи risks the neutral academic “comparative mythology” sense, relativizing Paul’s sharp true/false contrast; байки is safer. |
| Itching Ears | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (knēthomenoi tēn akoēn) | ears being tickled/scratched | Craving novel, flattering, or entertaining teaching over truth | ”having itching ears” | щоб вуха їхні свербіли / бажаючи почути лише приємне для слуху | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Confirm the idiom reads as serious warning, not comic image, in Ukrainian register. |
| Truth (vs. myths) | ἀλήθεια (alētheia) | truth | Objective, revealed divine truth, sharply opposed to fabrication | ”truth” | істина (recommended over правда in this contrast) | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Істина better preserves the stark true/false contrast than the softer, more relational правда. |
| Be Sober / Watchful | νῆφε (nēphō) | be sober, clear-headed | Spiritual alertness and self-control, extended from literal sobriety | ”be sober,” “be watchful” | будь тверезим / будь пильним | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Тверезий’s literal alcohol-sobriety sense is dominant in everyday Ukrainian; figurative sense must be made explicit. |
| Ministry | διακονία (diakonia) | service | Gospel-proclamation ministry, of which practical service is a part | ”ministry,” “service” | служіння | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Distinguish from purely humanitarian/relief “service,” highly visible in wartime Ukraine, per baseline Christ-Centered Ministry caution. |
| Fulfill Fully | πληροφόρησον (plērophoreō) | to fully complete, carry out fully | Complete, thorough discharge of ministry task, echoed at 4:17 | ”fulfill,” “fully carry out” | виконай повністю / доведи до кінця | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | Retain completeness sense; forms a deliberate bracket with 4:17’s πληροφορηθῇ. |
| Last Days | ἔσχαταις ἡμέραις (eschatais hēmerais) | in the last days | The present church age (from Christ’s first coming to the reader’s present), an ethical-moral description | ”the last days” | в останні дні | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Must not drift toward speculative end-times chart-making or date-setting; anchor to present-tense ethical self-examination. |
| Difficult Times | καιροὶ χαλεποί (kairoi chalepoi) | harsh/dangerous times | Morally/spiritually corrupted cultural conditions, not primarily political-military hardship | ”difficult times,” “perilous times” | тяжкі часи | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Distinguish Paul’s moral-spiritual referent from readers’ very real current circumstantial (wartime) hardship, even where the two coincide. |
| Form of Godliness | μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας (morphōsis eusebeias) | outward shape of piety | Merely outward religious appearance lacking transforming power | ”a form of godliness,” “outward appearance of godliness” | вигляд/подоба побожності | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Avoid a reading heard as blanket critique of liturgical/ritual practice as such; target is absence of power behind any outward form. |
| Knowledge of the Truth | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας (epignōsis alētheias) | full/precise knowledge of truth | Complete, saving knowledge, anchored relationally via repentance | ”knowledge of the truth” | пізнання істини | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days; Guarding Sound Doctrine | Ἐπίγνωσις risks resonance with modern esoteric “gnosis”/enlightenment concepts; anchor via paired μετάνοια (repentance) context. |
| Impostors / Sorcerer-Charlatans | γόητες (goētes) | magician-type deceivers | Fraudulent religious deceivers, not possessors of real supernatural power | ”impostors,” “deceivers,” “seducers” | облудники (safer) / чарівники-обманщики | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Connects to post-Soviet folk-psychic/occult backdrop already flagged under baseline spiritual_gifts; emphasize deception, not real power. |
| Persecution for Godliness | πάντες οἱ θέλοντες εὐσεβῶς ζῆν… διωχθήσονται (3:12) | all who desire to live godly will be persecuted | General principle with acute, current Ukrainian application | ”will be persecuted” | будуть гнані/переслідувані | High | Perseverance under Suffering | See διωγμοί entry above; same live-persecution grounding. |
| Traitors (vice-list item) | προδόται (prodotai) | betrayers | General moral untrustworthiness/betrayal in relationships | ”traitors,” “betrayers” | зрадники | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | Carries acute wartime-collaboration/treason connotation in current Ukrainian usage; keep within Paul’s general moral-catalogue sense. |
| Farmer | γεωργός (geōrgos) | tiller of soil | Patient, hopeful labor toward an unseen harvest | ”farmer,” “husbandman” | хлібороб / землероб | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | Positive cultural-resonance asset (Ukraine’s agricultural/“breadbasket” identity); no adjustment needed. |
| Gangrene | γάγγρα (gangraina) | gangrene | Vivid image of destructively spreading false teaching | ”gangrene,” “spreading canker” | гангрена | Low | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Transliterated loanword, medically well-understood; effective without adjustment. |
| Firm Foundation | ὁ στερεὸς θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ (2:19) | God’s solid foundation | Reassuring stability countering false-teaching disruption | ”the firm foundation of God” | твердий Божий фундамент | Low | Guarding Sound Doctrine | No significant risk. |
| Flee Youthful Passions | νεωτερικὰς ἐπιθυμίας φεῦγε (2:22) | flee youthful desires | Age-linked moral exhortation, paired positively with a pursuit-list | ”flee youthful passions/lusts” | тікай від юнацьких пожадливостей | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | See ἐπιθυμία general note; context-sensitive between neutral and morally negative senses. |
| Captive to the Devil’s Snare | ἀνανήφω… ἐζωγρημένοι (2:26) | recover senses… having been captured | War-captivity/rescue imagery for entrapment in false teaching | ”come to their senses… having been captured” | отямитися з диявольської пастки… захоплені ним у полон | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | ζωγρέω is a literal POW-capture term; heightened resonance given real wartime captivity/exchange concerns — use with pastoral care. |
Terms Explicitly Reviewed and Confirmed Low-Risk / No New Vocabulary
- Chapter 4:19-22 (final greetings and proper names): Prisca and Aquila (Прискa та Акила), Onesiphorus (Онисифор), Erastus (Ераст), Trophimus (Трохим), Eubulus (Евул), Pudens (Пуд), Linus (Лин), Claudia (Клавдія) — standard proper-name transliteration per established Ukrainian Bible convention; no doctrinal content; Automated review sufficient.
- The eighteen-item vice list of 3:2-5 (excluding προδόται/traitors, flagged Medium above, and μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας, flagged Medium above): φίλαυτοι, φιλάργυροι, ἀλαζόνες, ὑπερήφανοι, βλάσφημοι, γονεῦσιν ἀπειθεῖς, ἀχάριστοι, ἀνόσιοι, ἄστοργοι, ἄσπονδοι, διάβολοι, ἀκρατεῖς, ἀνήμεροι, ἀφιλάγαθοι, προπετεῖς, τετυφωμένοι, φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι — each has a direct, unambiguous Ukrainian equivalent (самолюбці, грошолюби, зухвалі, гордовиті, богохульники, батьків непокірні, невдячні, нечестиві, безсердечні, непримиренні, наклепники, нестримані, дикі, ненависники добра, нерозважні, надуті, ті, що люблять розкоші більше, ніж Бога). Low risk, automated review sufficient, individually.
- Jannes and Jambres (Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς, 3:8): proper names, Янній та Ямврій — low lexical risk; recommend an explanatory footnote noting the extra-biblical source tradition, but no translation risk per se.
- Antioch, Iconium, Lystra (3:11): standard place-name transliteration (Антіохія, Іконія, Лістра) — Low risk.
- Chapter 4 doxology closing formula (“Ἀμήν,” амінь): established transliterated form, Low risk.
Cross-Reference Notes for Consistency with the Baseline Package
- Fixed-rendering requirement extended: Following the baseline’s rule requiring identical rendering of Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, and 10:9-10 across all curriculum documents, this glossary adds three new fixed-rendering requirements for 2 Timothy: 3:16’s θεόπνευστος clause, 4:7’s “fought/finished/kept” triad, and 4:17’s “the Lord stood by me and strengthened me.” These three must be rendered identically everywhere they are quoted across this curriculum’s lessons.
- Capitalization discipline reversed at 1:7: Whereas the baseline’s Galatians extension requires bare Δух to always be capitalized and glossed as the Holy Spirit (5:16-25), 2 Timothy 1:7’s πνεῦμα δειλίας / πνεῦμα δυνάμεως requires the opposite discipline — lowercase дух, explicitly glossed as a disposition, not the Holy Spirit. Both rules must be applied correctly according to context; reviewers should treat this as a single combined checklist item (“verify дух/Дух capitalization matches referent”) rather than two separate rules.
- Relic-veneration caution (ἀφθαρσία, 1:10) added to the Critical forbidden-substitution list, alongside the baseline’s existing warnings on Иисус, оправдання, справедливість, реінкарнація, аватар, доля/фатум/карма, екстрасенсорні здібності, заступництво (Romans context), and педагог (Galatians context): нетління/нетлінність must never be used for ἀφθαρσία/“immortality” in this book’s doctrinal exposition.
- New wartime-sensitivity category: this book introduces a distinct cluster of terms carrying acute, lived wartime resonance beyond the baseline’s already-flagged peace/adoption/mission cluster: soldier/enlistment imagery (2:3-4), desertion (4:10, 4:16), persecution of believers in occupied territory (3:11-12), POW-captivity imagery (2:26), and the “traitors” vice-list item (3:3). All are flagged High or Medium above and should be routed through the same human-theologian/native-speaker review discipline the baseline established for peace and adoption.
End of 08_core_glossary.md
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: благодать
Transliteration: blahodat’
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: милість, талан, щастя
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:9’s ‘grace given before times eternal’ (πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων) reinforces the baseline’s caution that благодать must not default to any one of Ukraine’s three living traditions’ distinct grace-theologies.
Salvation
Approved rendering: спасіння
Transliteration: spasinnya
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: визволення, рятування (too generic, ‘rescue’)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 3:15 explicitly qualifies спасіння with ‘through faith which is in Christ Jesus’ in the very same verse; this qualifying clause must be preserved intact, reinforcing the baseline’s Christ-anchoring rule.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: праведність
Transliteration: pravednist’
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: справедливість, чесність
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 4:8’s compound ‘crown of righteousness’ (see crown_of_righteousness entry) requires праведність to be read as ground of a future reward without implying it is itself earned by works; also the stated goal of Scripture’s fourfold training function (3:16).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: воскресіння
Transliteration: voskresinnya
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: оживлення, реінкарнація
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 2:18 records named false teachers (Hymenaeus and Philetus) claiming ‘the resurrection has already happened,’ an over-spiritualized realized-eschatology error requiring explicit correction in exposition distinguishing Paul’s future bodily hope from any already-fulfilled reading. The lexical rendering itself is stable; the risk here is doctrinal-collision, not lexical.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Hospod’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: хазяїн, владика (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package; risk tier raised to Critical for this book given very high frequency (13 occurrences in a short personal letter). Господь must read as Paul’s own lived, personal experience of Christ’s presence at 4:8 and 4:17-18, not a liturgical title recited passively.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Ісус
Transliteration: Isus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Иисус (Russian spelling, never use)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout 2 Timothy; the Ukrainian-specific spelling applies with full force throughout, as consistently as in Romans and Galatians.
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Boh
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Всевишній (acceptable poetic synonym only)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No deviation throughout this book; central referent of θεόπνευστος (‘God-breathed,’ 3:16) — see god_breathed entry.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святий Дух
Transliteration: Svyatyy Dukh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone for the Holy Spirit), енергія
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:14 (‘through the Holy Spirit who dwells in us’) is a strong personal-indwelling statement requiring full force. Must be kept sharply distinct from 1:7’s disposition-sense ‘a spirit of fear… a spirit of power’ — see disposition_spirit_fear_power entry for this book’s INVERSE capitalization risk.
God Breathed
Approved rendering: богонатхненне
Transliteration: bohonatkhnenne
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: натхнене (too weak; drifts toward secular artistic ‘inspiring’ register), надихнене Богом (acceptable explanatory gloss only)
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
NEW. CRITICAL: the single most doctrinally load-bearing word in 2 Timothy, the clearest NT prooftext for the doctrine. Must denote divine origination of Scripture’s very substance, not merely elevated or moving writing. The бого- prefix must be retained without exception. Mandatory human theologian review for every occurrence and every derived exposition. Fixed-rendering requirement: 3:16’s full clause must be rendered identically across all curriculum documents.
All Scripture
Approved rendering: усе Писання / кожне писання
Transliteration: use Pysannya / kozhne pysannya
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: πᾶσα γραφή
Category: Scripture
NEW. CRITICAL: πᾶσα γραφή (3:16). Neither the Orthodox nor Greek Catholic tradition treats Scripture as a stand-alone final authority apart from Передання (Holy Tradition); this verse’s plain-sense claim must be translated and taught without either overstating a sola-scriptura polemic or softening the verse’s own force. Must remain lexically distinct from sacred_writings (3:15). Mandatory human theologian review.
Immortality
Approved rendering: безсмертя
Transliteration: bezsmertya
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: нетлінність (never use), нетління (never use)
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW. CRITICAL. ἀφθαρσία (1:10). нетлінність names the visible Orthodox/Greek Catholic devotional category of ‘incorrupt relics’ (нетлінні мощі, e.g. Kyiv Pechersk Lavra), venerated as physical evidence of sanctity in an especially holy few. безсмертя sidesteps this collision cleanly while preserving Paul’s point: eternal resurrection life disclosed for ALL believers through Christ’s own victory over death. Mandatory human theologian review for every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Євангеліє
Transliteration: Yevanheliye
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: добра звістка (acceptable as an explanatory gloss only)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In 2 Timothy paired repeatedly with suffering for the gospel (1:8, 2:9), reinforcing Perseverance under Suffering; no change to the baseline rendering or risk tier.
Faith
Approved rendering: віра
Transliteration: vira
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: довіра, переконання
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:5 grounds Timothy’s faith in a named family chain (grandmother Lois, mother Eunice) — a positive, personal, non-institutional model, useful precisely because віра elsewhere risks defaulting to confessional identity. ‘The faith’ as a body of doctrine (2:18, 3:8, ἡ πίστις) is a distinct, contextual sense requiring disambiguation from personal trust.
Called
Approved rendering: покликаний
Transliteration: poklykanyy
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: запрошений
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:9’s ‘holy calling’ (κλῆσις ἁγία) is reinforced concretely by Paul’s soldier-enlistment metaphor (2:4, στρατολογήσας, ‘the one who enlisted him’), a vivid non-institutional image for the same doctrine.
Calling
Approved rendering: покликання
Transliteration: poklykannya
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: призначення
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must convey a sovereign summons, not human-initiated seeking or impersonal fate.
Holy
Approved rendering: святий
Transliteration: svyatyy
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: чистий, непорочний
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:9 and 3:15,17 confirm the corporate, non-elite sense already established in the baseline; extends via man_of_god below to a second, distinct ‘venerated few’ collision risk in this book (старець).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Царство Боже
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Bozhe
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: держава Божа
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; risk raised to High for this book. Occurs at 4:1 and 4:18 (‘his heavenly kingdom,’ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον), both in explicitly eschatological, judicial framing. The baseline’s caution about царство’s loaded resonance with Russian imperial ‘tsardom’ applies at both occurrences; pair with 4:18’s own ‘heavenly/not earthly’ qualifier.
Sin
Approved rendering: гріх
Transliteration: hrikh
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: помилка, провина
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 3:6 within the ‘last days’ vice catalogue; the baseline’s caution against narrowing гріх to only atrocity/enemy conduct is directly relevant, since readers must apply the ‘last days’ description to themselves, not only to a described ‘other.‘
Election
Approved rendering: обрання
Transliteration: obrannya
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: доля, фатум, приречення (use only with careful qualification)
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 2:10 grounds Paul’s own endurance explicitly in ‘the sake of the elect’ (ἐκλεκτοί); reinforces the baseline’s caution against доля/фатум substitution, especially given wartime discourse about fate and survival.
Sacred Writings
Approved rendering: святі писання
Transliteration: svyati pysannya
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
NEW. ἱερὰ γράμματα (3:15), the OT scriptures known from childhood. Must be distinguished from the more general усе Писання in the very next verse, and must not collapse into a narrow liturgical-excerpt sense rather than the whole body of Scripture.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: чоловік Божий / Божа людина
Transliteration: cholovik Bozhyy / Bozha lyudyna
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: старець (never use)
Original: ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος
Category: Ministry
NEW. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος (3:17), an OT-rooted title (Moses, Elijah) applied to any Scripture-formed minister. Grounded collision: risks resonance with the venerated ‘holy elder’ (старець) of Orthodox/Greek Catholic popular piety — a parallel to the baseline’s saints-drift caution. Applies to any Scripture-formed minister, including young, still-developing Timothy, not a spiritual elite. Gendered note: чоловік is grammatically male though ἄνθρωπος is generic; exposition must clarify the term denotes the minister/servant of God generically.
Solemn Charge
Approved rendering: урочисто заклинаю / заповідаю перед
Transliteration: urochysto zaklynayu / zapovidayu pered
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: я прошу (‘I ask’ — never use, badly understates the verse’s force)
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
NEW. διαμαρτύρομαι (4:1). A weighty, legal/covenantal charge invoking divine witnesses. Must retain full legal-solemn weight; this is the passage’s climactic command function.
Appearing
Approved rendering: з’явлення / прихід
Transliteration: z’yavlennya / prykhid
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ἐπιφάνεια. Must be disambiguated between Christ’s already-accomplished first appearing (1:10) and his still-awaited future appearing (4:1, 4:8); conflating the two blurs the forward-looking hope. Keep distinct from secular прихід (arrival, as of a season or political figure).
Preach
Approved rendering: проповідуй
Transliteration: propoviduy
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: діліться думками (too weak, ‘share your thoughts’)
Original: κήρυξον / κηρύσσω
Category: Ministry
NEW. κήρυξον/κηρύσσω (4:2), an authoritative herald’s public proclamation of a fixed message. The herald delivers, but does not compose, the message — central to Faithful Transmission of the Gospel.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: здорове вчення
Transliteration: zdorove vchennya
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Doctrine
NEW. ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (4:3, cf. 1 Tim/Titus parallels). Здоровий is plain and safe lexically, but readers may hear only ‘sensible, non-extreme teaching’ and miss Paul’s sharp contrast with itching-ears teaching (4:3-4). Must be taught with full contrastive force intact.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: євангелист
Transliteration: yevanhelyst
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
NEW. εὐαγγελιστής (4:5). Grounded Ukrainian collision: names the fixed, closed iconographic category of the Four Gospel-writers (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) in Orthodox/Greek Catholic tradition and church art. Mandatory first-occurrence gloss establishing this as an open, repeatable ministry function for Timothy and for believers called to this work today, distinct from the historical quartet. Native speaker and theologian review both recommended.
Endure Hardship
Approved rendering: терпи труднощі / переноси страждання
Transliteration: terpy trudnoshchi / perenosy strazhdannya
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: κακοπάθησον
Category: Suffering
NEW. κακοπάθησον (4:5, root intensified at 2:3). Carries immediate, felt pastoral weight given wartime hardship, displacement, and loss. Must remain anchored to gospel-ministry purpose, not generic stoicism, and must not imply suffering itself is the goal.
The Deposit
Approved rendering: довірений скарб / те, що тобі доручено (довірено)
Transliteration: dovirenyy skarb / te, shcho tobi doruchno (dovireno)
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: Передання (never use as a substitute or gloss), вклад (too commercial/banking)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Ministry
NEW. παραθήκη (1:12, 1:14). Grounded collision: closely resembles Передання (Holy Tradition), the technical term the Orthodox and Greek Catholic traditions hold as authoritative alongside Scripture. Must denote specifically the gospel content of this letter, never triggering an equation with the institutional concept of Tradition. Human theologian review recommended for every occurrence.
Entrust Transmission Chain
Approved rendering: передай / довір
Transliteration: pereday / dovir
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: παρατίθημι
Category: Ministry
NEW. παρατίθημι (2:2). The clearest single NT statement of the transmission-chain structure: Paul -> Timothy -> faithful men -> others also. Must preserve all four links, not collapse into a vaguer ‘teach others.‘
Soldier
Approved rendering: воїн / солдат
Transliteration: voyin / soldat
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: στρατιώτης
Category: Suffering
NEW. στρατιώτης (2:3-4), part of a soldier/athlete/farmer triad for undivided ministry devotion. In the acute, lived context of the ongoing war, this metaphor is not distant literary imagery for most Ukrainian readers but a current daily reality. Must balance genuine pastoral power against real risk of trivializing actual service or an inappropriately triumphalist tone. Human theologian and native-speaker review both recommended.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: вінець праведності
Transliteration: vinets’ pravednosti
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Reward
NEW. στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης (4:8). Grounded collision: вінець is the term for the ceremonial wedding-crowning rite (вінчання) in Orthodox/Greek Catholic marriage. No better Ukrainian word exists and вінець is the established Bible-tradition rendering (cf. James 1:12); the athletic/eschatological sense must be established explicitly via the preceding context (4:7), never assumed automatically recoverable.
Fought Finished Kept
Approved rendering: Я змагався добрим змаганням, свій біг закінчив, віру зберіг
Transliteration: Ya zmahavsya dobrym zmahannyam, sviy bih zakinchyv, viru zberih
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι, τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα, τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα
Category: Reward
NEW. Fixed-rendering requirement, parallel to the baseline’s rule for Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, 10:9-10. τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι, τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα, τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα (4:7). This maximally quotable triad must be rendered identically everywhere it is quoted across this curriculum.
Forsaken Deserted
Approved rendering: покинув мене
Transliteration: pokynuv mene
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐγκατέλιπεν / ἐγκατέλιπον
Category: Suffering
NEW. ἐγκατέλιπεν/ἐγκατέλιπον (4:10, Demas; 4:16, ‘all deserted me’). Read after the soldier metaphor, inevitably evokes дезертирство (military/civic desertion), a live and sensitive wartime category. Must not trivialize the real moral complexity of desertion in an actual war nor imply equivalence between Demas’s failure and any reader’s own circumstances. Human theologian review recommended.
Lord Stood By Me
Approved rendering: Господь став при мені й зміцнив мене
Transliteration: Hospod’ stav pry meni y zmitsnyv mene
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ δὲ Κύριος μοι παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με
Category: Reward
NEW. Fixed-rendering requirement. ὁ δὲ Κύριος μοι παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με (4:17), following ‘all deserted me’ (4:16). Exceptional pastoral-comfort verse for readers experiencing isolation or abandonment amid war and displacement; render with full warmth. Must be rendered identically wherever quoted.
Persecutions Sufferings
Approved rendering: гоніння, страждання
Transliteration: honinnya, strazhdannya
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: διωγμοί, παθήματα
Category: Suffering
NEW. διωγμοί, παθήματα (3:11-12), with named locations Antioch, Iconium, Lystra. Live, current application: documented persecution, detention, and killing of Ukrainian clergy and believers in Russian-occupied territories since 2014/2022. Teach the timeless principle without turning the text into direct commentary on current events or specific occupying forces. Human theologian review recommended.
Rightly Handling The Word
Approved rendering: правильно/точно викладати Слово істини
Transliteration: pravyl’no/tochno vykladaty Slovo istyny
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: навчати правди (too generic, loses the craftsmanship image)
Original: ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Doctrine
NEW. ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας (2:15), a road-building/carpentry precision image. Must retain the sense of careful, disciplined, accurate interpretive handling of Scripture as the positive counterpart to the false teachers’ distortions in the surrounding chapters.
Deny Faithful Couplet
Approved rendering: якщо зневажимо (відкинемо) Його… якщо ми невірні, Він залишається вірним
Transliteration: yakshcho znevazhymo (vidkynemo) Yoho… yakshcho my nevirni, Vin zalyshayet’sya virnym
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀρνησόμεθα… ἀρνήσεται / ἀπιστοῦμεν… πιστὸς μένει
Category: Reward
NEW. 2:11-13 fixed early-church confessional couplet. A doctrinally delicate balance between sober warning (‘if we deny him, he will deny us’) and settled assurance (‘he remains faithful, for he cannot deny himself’) that must be preserved exactly as structured — especially significant for wartime-strained readers fearing their own faltering.
Disposition Spirit Fear Power
Approved rendering: дух боязкості… дух сили, любові й розсудливості
Transliteration: dukh boyazkosti… dukh syly, lyubovi y rozsudlyvosti
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: Дух боязкості (never capitalize — this is not the Holy Spirit)
Original: πνεῦμα δειλίας … πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ
Category: God
NEW. πνεῦμα δειλίας… πνεῦμα δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ (1:7). INVERTS the baseline’s Galatians bare-pneuma rule: here lowercase дух must NOT be capitalized or read as the Holy Spirit. Explicit gloss required on first occurrence clarifying this denotes a disposition God does or does not give. Reviewers must apply the opposite direction of the capitalization rule correctly in this context.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: апостол
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: посланець, проповідник
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paul’s self-designation at 1:1 and 1:11 is uncontested; no new risk.
Peace
Approved rendering: мир
Transliteration: myr
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: спокій, затишшя
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Standard greeting formula at 1:2; no new risk beyond the baseline.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: духовні дари
Transliteration: dukhovni dary
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: екстрасенсорні здібності (never use), таланти
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 1:6 uses the singular χάρισμα for a distinct, commissioning-specific ministry-gift; see gift_of_god_singular below for that separate entry.
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: шана, велич
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in the closing doxology (4:18); the baseline’s caution about слава’s ‘Слава Україні’ patriotic resonance applies directly at this emotionally climactic closing line of Paul’s testimony.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: з насіння Давидового
Transliteration: z nasinnya Davydovoho
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: нащадок Давида (acceptable modern-register gloss)
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2 Timothy 2:8 pairs this phrase directly with resurrection; both halves must be kept together as Paul’s stated theological ground for enduring ‘for the sake of the elect.‘
Power Of God
Approved rendering: сила Божа
Transliteration: syla Bozha
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: енергія
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:8 (‘share in suffering for the gospel by the power of God’), directly linking Perseverance under Suffering to divine enablement rather than self-generated stoicism.
Assured Convinced
Approved rendering: був упевнений / був переконаний
Transliteration: buv upevnenyy / buv perekonanyy
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐπιστώθης
Category: Faith
NEW. ἐπιστώθης (3:14). Settled, firm conviction, etymologically linked to πίστις/faith; must retain settled-certainty sense, not tentative opinion.
Make Wise
Approved rendering: зробити мудрим / дати мудрість, що веде до
Transliteration: zrobyty mudrym / daty mudrist’, shcho vede do
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: σοφίσαι
Category: Scripture
NEW. σοφίσαι (3:15). Goal-directed wisdom leading specifically to salvation, not general cleverness; avoid a generic ‘smart/clever’ register.
Reproof
Approved rendering: викриття / обличення
Transliteration: vykryttya / oblychennya
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐλεγμός
Category: Doctrine
NEW. ἐλεγμός (3:16). Forensic exposure and correction of error; must not be softened into gentle ‘feedback,’ always paired with restorative correction (ἐπανόρθωσις).
Correction
Approved rendering: виправлення
Transliteration: vypravlennya
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Doctrine
NEW. ἐπανόρθωσις (3:16), a carpentry/construction term for straightening what is crooked. Note the visible root-family resemblance in Ukrainian to виправдання (baseline Critical justification term) — a helpful but non-equivalent family resemblance that must not blur the two doctrines.
Training Paideia
Approved rendering: виховання / навчання
Transliteration: vykhovannya / navchannya
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: παιδεία
Category: Doctrine
NEW. παιδεία (3:16), disciplined moral/character formation. Shares a root with виховник (the Galatians law-guardian/paidagōgos term); note the conceptual link — Scripture’s ongoing formative role vs. the Law’s now-ended guardian role — without conflating the two doctrines.
Complete Proficient
Approved rendering: досконалий / повністю готовий
Transliteration: doskonalyy / povnistyu hotovyy
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἄρτιος
Category: Scripture
NEW. ἄρτιος (3:17). Досконалий carries strong association with static moral/spiritual perfection in Ukrainian devotional vocabulary (cf. ‘будьте досконалі,’ Matt 5:48); this verse’s functional-readiness sense must not be confused with an unattainable static ideal.
Equipped
Approved rendering: спорядженим / повністю приготованим
Transliteration: sporyadzhenym / povnistyu pryhotovanym
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐξηρτισμένος
Category: Scripture
NEW. ἐξηρτισμένος (3:17), pairs with ἄρτιος. Low-medium ambiguity; complete outfitting for ministry tasks.
Gift Of God Singular
Approved rendering: дар Божий
Transliteration: dar Bozhyy
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: екстрасенсорні здібності (never use), талант (too generic)
Original: χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Ministry
NEW. χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ (1:6), a specific ministry-gift given through Paul’s laying on of hands, distinct from the plural, general χαρίσματα of the baseline. Must be distinguished from the post-Soviet folk-psychic ‘extrasensory ability’ category and from a generic ‘talent.‘
Rekindle
Approved rendering: розпалювати знову / роздмухувати
Transliteration: rozpalyuvaty znovu / rozdmukhuvaty
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἀναζωπυρέω
Category: Ministry
NEW. ἀναζωπυρέω (1:6), a fire-metaphor imperative. May read as charismatic/Pentecostal-register idiom unfamiliar to Orthodox/Greek Catholic readers; a brief gloss is advisable.
Vessel Honor Dishonor
Approved rendering: посудина на честь… на зневагу
Transliteration: posudyna na chest’… na znevahu
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν / εἰς ἀτιμίαν
Category: Doctrine
NEW. σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν / εἰς ἀτιμίαν (2:20-21). Must retain the self-cleansing/repentance dynamic, not read as a fixed, unchangeable caste of ‘honorable’ vs. ‘dishonorable’ people.
Approved Disapproved
Approved rendering: гідний (перевірений, схвалений) / негідний (недостойний)
Transliteration: hidnyy (perevirenyy, skhvalenyy) / nehidnyy (nedostoynyy)
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: δόκιμος / ἀδόκιμος
Category: Doctrine
NEW. δόκιμος/ἀδόκιμος (2:15; cf. 3:8), a coin-testing metaphor. Linked term-pair spanning ch.2 (Timothy, positive) and ch.3 (false teachers, negative); teach as two sides of one coin-testing image.
Desire Epithymia
Approved rendering: пожадливість / власні бажання
Transliteration: pozhadlyvist’ / vlasni bazhannya
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Apostasy
NEW. ἐπιθυμία (4:3, ‘their own desires’; 2:22, ‘youthful passions’). Context-sensitive: the same Greek word can be neutral or morally negative; render to reflect the specific negative sense in these contexts.
Myths
Approved rendering: байки / вигадані байки
Transliteration: bayky / vyhadani bayky
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: міфи (never use unglossed as the primary rendering)
Original: μῦθος
Category: Apostasy
NEW. μῦθος (4:4), a Pastoral-Epistles technical term of contempt for speculative, invented religious teaching. Байки captures the fabricated-but-untrue-story sense well; міфи risks pulling toward the neutral academic ‘comparative mythology’ register, relativizing Paul’s sharp true/false contrast.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: щоб вуха їхні свербіли / бажаючи почути лише приємне для слуху
Transliteration: shchob vukha yikhni sverbily / bazhayuchy pochuty lyshe pryyemne dlya slukhu
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
NEW. κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (4:3). The literal image translates reasonably transparently; confirm the idiom reads as a serious warning, not a comic image, in Ukrainian register.
Truth Vs Myths
Approved rendering: істина
Transliteration: istyna
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: правда (softer, more relational — avoid in this stark contrast)
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Apostasy
NEW. ἀλήθεια (4:4), contrasted sharply with μῦθος. Ukrainian has two words in this field (правда, relational; істина, absolute/metaphysical); істина better preserves the stark true/false contrast Paul draws.
Be Sober Watchful
Approved rendering: будь тверезим / будь пильним
Transliteration: bud’ tverezym / bud’ pyl’nym
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: νῆφε
Category: Ministry
NEW. νῆφε (4:5). Тверезий’s literal alcohol-sobriety sense is dominant in everyday Ukrainian, a live social topic; the figurative watchful-alertness sense must be made explicit on first occurrence.
Ministry Diakonia
Approved rendering: служіння
Transliteration: sluzhinnya
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
NEW. διακονία (4:5). Should be distinguished in exposition from purely humanitarian/relief ‘service,’ highly visible in wartime Ukraine, per the baseline’s Christ-Centered Ministry caution.
Fulfill Fully
Approved rendering: виконай повністю / доведи до кінця
Transliteration: vykonay povnistyu / dovedy do kintsya
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: πληροφόρησον
Category: Ministry
NEW. πληροφόρησον (4:5), echoed at 4:17. Must retain the sense of complete, thorough discharge of the task, forming a deliberate bracket with the letter’s close.
Last Days
Approved rendering: в останні дні
Transliteration: v ostanni dni
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις
Category: Apostasy
NEW. ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις (3:1). Must be anchored to the present church age’s ongoing ethical-moral condition, not pulled toward speculative end-times chart-making or date-setting, a genre with some following in certain Ukrainian Protestant subcultures.
Difficult Times
Approved rendering: тяжкі часи
Transliteration: tyazhki chasy
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: καιροὶ χαλεποί
Category: Apostasy
NEW. καιροὶ χαλεποί (3:1). Care needed that Paul’s moral-spiritual referent (a corrupted culture of vice) is not silently swapped for readers’ own very real wartime circumstantial hardship, even where the two may coincide.
Form Of Godliness
Approved rendering: вигляд/подоба побожності
Transliteration: vyhlyad/podoba pobozhnosti
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας
Category: Apostasy
NEW. μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας (3:5). Should be taught carefully to avoid being heard as a blanket critique of liturgical/ritual practice as such; Paul’s target is absence of transforming power behind any outward form.
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: пізнання істини
Transliteration: piznannya istyny
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Apostasy
NEW. ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας (2:25, 3:7). Risks resonance with modern esoteric ‘gnosis’/enlightenment concepts; anchor via the paired μετάνοια (repentance) context at 2:25.
Impostors Deceivers
Approved rendering: облудники / чарівники-обманщики
Transliteration: obludnyky / charivnyky-obmanshchyky
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: γόητες
Category: Apostasy
NEW. γόητες (3:13). Connects to the post-Soviet folk-psychic/occult backdrop already flagged in the baseline; облудники keeps emphasis on deception rather than suggesting real supernatural power.
Traitors Vice List
Approved rendering: зрадники
Transliteration: zradnyky
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: προδόται
Category: Apostasy
NEW. προδόται (3:4), one item within the eighteen-item vice catalogue. Carries acute, current wartime-collaboration/treason connotation in present-day Ukrainian usage; exposition should keep it within Paul’s general relational-betrayal sense.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: праведний Суддя
Transliteration: pravednyy Suddya
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Reward
NEW. ὁ δίκαιος κριτής (4:8). Should be read together with 4:1’s judgment language as the same figure (Christ), maintaining the assurance/accountability balance.
Captive Devils Snare
Approved rendering: отямитися з диявольської пастки… захоплені ним у полон
Transliteration: otyamytysya z dyyavol’s’koyi pastky… zakhopleni nym u polon
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀνανήφω… ἐζωγρημένοι
Category: Apostasy
NEW. ἀνανήφω… ἐζωγρημένοι (2:26); ζωγρέω is specifically a war-captivity term. Heightened resonance given real wartime POW/captivity/exchange concerns; usable pastorally with care, keeping the spiritual referent primary.
The Word Slovo
Approved rendering: Слово
Transliteration: Slovo
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. τὸν λόγον (4:2, technical shorthand for the word of God/gospel message; cf. 2:9 ‘the word of God is not bound’). Capitalize when referring to the proclaimed divine message, paralleling the baseline’s capitalization discipline for Дух, to distinguish from generic lowercase ‘слово’ in ordinary speech.
Word Of God Not Bound
Approved rendering: Слово Боже не зв’язане (не в кайданах)
Transliteration: Slovo Bozhe ne zv’yazane (ne v kaydanakh)
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται (2:9), Paul’s declaration that though he himself suffers in chains, the gospel’s advance cannot be imprisoned. Pairs the wartime-resonant imprisonment/chains vocabulary with an assurance-of-mission point; render with the same pastoral care given to soldier/captivity imagery elsewhere in this book.
Chains Imprisonment
Approved rendering: кайдани / ланцюги
Transliteration: kaydany / lantsyuhy
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. ἅλυσις (1:16, ‘was not ashamed of my chains’; also implicit at 1:8, 1:12, 2:9). Concrete image of Paul’s imprisonment; low lexical risk, but should be read alongside the soldier/desertion/captivity cluster for consistent pastoral framing given the acute wartime resonance of imprisonment imagery.
Alexander Repay According To Deeds
Approved rendering: Олександр-медник… Господь віддасть йому за його вчинки
Transliteration: Oleksandr-mednyk… Hospod’ viddast’ yomu za yoho vchynky
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ χαλκεύς… ἀποδώσει αὐτῷ ὁ Κύριος κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ (4:14). A model of releasing personal grievance to God’s future justice, not personal retaliation. The distinction between Paul’s observation of future divine justice and any personal vindictiveness should be kept clear, especially given the intensity of grievance many wartime readers may currently carry.
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: Давид
Transliteration: Davyd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαβίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 2:8 pairs ‘of the seed of David’ directly with Christ’s resurrection in a compressed creedal summary.
Exhort
Approved rendering: закликати
Transliteration: zaklykaty
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 4:2 (παρακάλεσον) within the reprove-rebuke-exhort triad, in the encourage/build-up sense per the baseline’s own contextual guidance.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: подяка
Transliteration: podyaka
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 1:3 (‘I thank God’), the letter’s opening thanksgiving formula.
Farmer
Approved rendering: хлібороб / землероб
Transliteration: khliborob / zemlerob
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: γεωργός
Category: Ministry
NEW. γεωργός (2:6), third of the soldier/athlete/farmer triad. Хлібороб carries strong, positive cultural resonance in Ukraine’s agricultural/‘breadbasket’ self-understanding; a genuine cultural asset requiring no adjustment.
Gangrene
Approved rendering: гангрена
Transliteration: hanhrena
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Apostasy
NEW. γάγγραινα (2:17), a vivid medical metaphor for spreading false teaching. A transliterated loanword, medically well-understood in Ukrainian; effective without adjustment.
Firm Foundation
Approved rendering: твердий Божий фундамент
Transliteration: tverdyy Bozhyy fundament
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὁ στερεὸς θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Doctrine
NEW. ὁ στερεὸς θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ (2:19). A reassuring architectural image countering the destabilizing false teaching just described; no significant risk.
Testimony
Approved rendering: свідчення
Transliteration: svidchennya
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Faith
NEW. μαρτύριον (1:8, ‘the testimony about our Lord’). No significant risk.
Seal 2 19
Approved rendering: печатка
Transliteration: pechatka
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. σφραγίς (2:19), ‘having this seal.’ No significant risk.
Conduct And Purpose
Approved rendering: спосіб життя / намір
Transliteration: sposib zhyttya / namir
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. ἀγωγή (‘conduct, way of life’) and πρόθεσις (‘purpose, resolve’), 3:10, part of a character-summary list of Paul’s own example. No significant risk.
Jannes And Jambres
Approved rendering: Янній та Ямврій
Transliteration: Yanniy ta Yamvriy
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW. Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς (3:8), proper names from extra-biblical Jewish tradition identifying Pharaoh’s magicians (Exodus 7). Standard proper-name transliteration; a brief explanatory footnote is advisable since these names appear nowhere in the Ukrainian OT text itself.
Timothy
Approved rendering: Тимофій
Transliteration: Tymofiy
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. Proper name, the letter’s addressee. Standard established Ukrainian Bible transliteration; no doctrinal risk.
Paul
Approved rendering: Павло
Transliteration: Pavlo
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW to this book’s TM (already listed in the baseline requirements doc’s transliteration standards). Proper name, the letter’s author; standard established form.
Referenced passages