Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke — English → Ukrainian
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md into a single per-term reference table. Terms marked [TM] are already recorded in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json and MUST be reused exactly as recorded there — this glossary does not redefine them but cites them for completeness and cross-reference. Terms marked NEW are proposed additions for this Luke curriculum and should be added to translation memory during Phase 2 Step 16 term-registration, following the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys/alters essential doctrine or collides with a live theological/political controversy. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
- High — significant theological confusion or acute cultural/wartime sensitivity. Theologian review required.
- Medium — clarity reduction or registerial misreading risk; essential meaning preserved. Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision risk. Automated review sufficient.
| # | English gloss | Greek (transliteration) | Ukrainian rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Luke citation(s) | Rejected alternatives / notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | anoint / anointed | χρίω (chriō) | помазав / помазання | NEW | High | Jesus as Savior for All; Holy Spirit’s Work | 4:18 | Must be explicitly linked to Месія/Христос’s root meaning on first occurrence; do not leave un-glossed. |
| 2 | poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | вбогі (Scripture register) / бідні (exposition) | NEW | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13, 21; 16:19-25; 18:22; 21:1-4 | Reject spiritualizing-only reading (“poor in spirit” generalized to erase literal poverty); reject purely socio-economic reading that erases the spiritual dimension. |
| 3 | captives / prisoners | αἰχμάλωτος (aichmalōtos) | полонений | NEW | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All; Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 | Acute wartime resonance (Ukrainian POWs held by Russia); mandatory theologian review every occurrence; must not be read as political commentary on the current war. |
| 4 | release / liberty / forgiveness | ἄφεσις (aphesis) | відпущення / звільнення (release sense) / прощення (forgiveness sense) | NEW | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; Jesus as Savior for All | 1:77; 3:3; 4:18-19; 5:20-24; 24:47 | Same Greek word spans literal liberation and sin-forgiveness; render consistently within a single verse; explicit exposition of the double sense required, do not silently resolve to only one meaning. |
| 5 | oppressed / crushed / bruised | τεθραυσμένος (tethrausmenos) | пригноблені / зламані | NEW | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Compassion | 4:18 | Acute pastoral weight given wartime trauma and displacement; handle with warmth, not detached tone. |
| 6 | acceptable year of the Lord (Jubilee allusion) | ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός (eniautos Kyriou dektos) | рік Господнього благовоління / рік Господньої милості | NEW | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future; Jesus as Savior for All | 4:19 | Requires explicit Leviticus 25 Jubilee background exposition; do not confuse δεκτός-phrase with благодать [TM: grace, Critical]. |
| 7 | today (immediacy of fulfillment) | σήμερον (sēmeron) | сьогодні | NEW | High | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4:21; 19:9; 23:43 | The single hinge-word for “already” force across the whole book; track its recurrence at 19:9 and 23:43 for cumulative theological weight. |
| 8 | fulfilled | πληρόω / πεπλήρωται (plēroō) | сповнилося | NEW (pattern reuse) | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy (cf. Romans baseline) | 4:21; 24:44 | Consistency with baseline’s existing “сповнення пророцтва” doctrine-name pattern. |
| 9 | Scripture | γραφή (graphē) | Писання | NEW | Low-Medium | Inspiration of Scripture (cf. Romans baseline) | 4:21; 24:27, 32, 45 | Brief note recommended re: Передання (Holy Tradition) framing in Orthodox/Greek Catholic reading, per baseline’s existing caution. |
| 10 | synagogue | συναγωγή (synagōgē) | синагога | NEW | Low | — | 4:16, 33, 38, 44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 13:10 | Distinguish clearly from церква/храм. |
| 11 | Sabbath | σάββατον (sabbaton) | субота | NEW | Low | — | 4:16; 6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6; 23:54, 56 | Standard; distinguish theological Sabbath from ordinary weekday sense on first use. |
| 12 | Spirit of the Lord | Πνεῦμα Κυρίου (Pneuma Kyriou) | Дух Господній | NEW (built on TM) | Medium | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 4:18 | Built from [TM] Дух/Святий Дух + Господь; must be explicitly identified as the Holy Spirit on first occurrence. |
| 13 | Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον (Pneuma Hagion) | Святий Дух | [TM] | Critical (per baseline) | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25-27; 3:16, 22; 4:1; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10, 12; 24:49 | Reuse exactly; never render bare “дух” alone for the Spirit. |
| 14 | Lord | Κύριος (Kyrios) | Господь | [TM] | High (per baseline) | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Reuse exactly. |
| 15 | Christ / Messiah | Χριστός / Μεσσίας (Christos) | Христос / Месія | [TM] | High/Critical (per baseline) | Messianic Promise; Jesus as Savior for All | 2:11, 26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2, 35, 39; 24:26, 46 | Reuse exactly; re-surface the “Anointed One” root meaning explicitly, esp. alongside χρίω (4:18). |
| 16 | Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ (huios theou) | Син Божий | [TM] | Medium (per baseline) | Sonship of Christ | 1:32, 35; 3:22, 38; 4:3, 9, 41; 8:28; 9:35; 22:70 | Reuse exactly. |
| 17 | gospel / to proclaim good news | εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι (euangelion / euangelizomai) | Євангеліє (noun) / благовістити (verb) | [TM] | High (per baseline) | Gospel; Jesus as Savior for All | 1:19; 2:10; 3:18; 4:18, 43; 7:22; 8:1; 9:6; 16:16; 20:1 | Reuse exactly; retain authoritative-announcement force, not casual sharing. |
| 18 | faith | πίστις (pistis) | віра | [TM] | High (per baseline) | Faith; Jesus as Savior for All | 5:20; 7:9, 50; 8:25, 48; 17:19; 18:8, 42; 22:32 | Reuse exactly; personal trust in Christ, not confessional identity. |
| 19 | salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | спасіння | [TM] | Critical (per baseline) | Jesus as Savior for All | 1:69, 71, 77; 2:30; 3:6; 19:9 | Reuse exactly; anchor to Christ’s decisive act, not left generic. |
| 20 | Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | Спаситель | NEW | High | Jesus as Savior for All | 1:47; 2:11 | Related to but distinct from спасіння [TM]; cultural asset via “Спас”/“Спасівка” folk-liturgical terms. |
| 21 | favored one / full of grace | κεχαριτωμένη (kecharitōmenē) | благодатна (Scripture) / вподобана Богом з милості (exposition) | NEW | High | Grace (cf. Romans baseline, Critical) | 1:28 | Sits atop baseline’s three-tradition grace divergence; primary Marian devotional proof-text in two of three Ukrainian traditions; must not be resolved silently toward or against any one tradition. |
| 22 | grace | χάρις (charis) | благодать | [TM] | Critical (per baseline) | Grace | 1:30; 2:40, 52; 4:22 | Reuse exactly; never equate with милість (mercy) or талан/щастя (luck). |
| 23 | mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | милість / милосердя | NEW | Medium | Compassion; Good News to the Poor | 1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78; 10:37 | Must remain lexically distinct from благодать [TM: grace]. |
| 24 | Most High | Ὕψιστος (Hypsistos) | Всевишній | [TM: poetic synonym] | Medium | Deity of Christ (cf. Romans baseline) | 1:32, 35, 76; 6:35; 8:28 | Functions here as a direct title, not merely poetic variant. |
| 25 | humility / lowliness | ταπείνωσις / ταπεινός (tapeinōsis / tapeinos) | смирення / покора / убогий стан | NEW | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 1:48, 52; 9:48; 14:11; 18:14 | Cultural asset (ascetic tradition); avoid framing as meritorious achievement. |
| 26 | redemption / ransom | λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις (lytrōsis / apolytrōsis) | визволення / відкуплення | NEW | Medium-High | Jesus as Savior for All | 1:68; 2:38; 21:28; 24:21 | Retain “cost paid” ransom-force; do not flatten into generic “rescue.” |
| 27 | to visit (God’s visitation) | ἐπισκέπτομαι (episkeptomai) | відвідав / прийшов на поміч | NEW | Medium | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1:68, 78; 7:16; 19:44 | Sovereign-visitation register, not casual social visit. |
| 28 | servant / slave (Mary’s self-designation) | δούλη / δοῦλος (doulē / doulos) | раба (Господня) / служниця | NEW | High | Discipleship (Cost and Joy) | 1:38; cf. 17:7-10 | Heavy рабство/slavery associations (serfdom, Soviet forced labor, current-war captivity) require careful framing as willing, dignified surrender, not degrading bondage. |
| 29 | angel | ἄγγελος (angelos) | ангел | NEW | Low | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1:11, 13, 18-19, 26-38; 2:9-15; 9:26; 12:8-9; 15:10; 16:22; 22:43; 24:23 | Uncontested transliterated loanword. |
| 30 | glory | δόξα (doxa) | слава | [TM] | Medium (per baseline) | Deity of Christ | 2:9, 14, 32; 9:26, 31-32; 17:18; 19:38; 21:27; 24:26 | Reuse exactly; distinguish from patriotic “Слава Україні” resonance. |
| 31 | peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | мир | [TM] | High (per baseline) | Peace with God (cf. Romans baseline) | 1:79; 2:14, 29; 7:50; 8:48; 10:5-6; 19:38, 42; 24:36 | Reuse exactly; distinguish from wartime “ceasefire” sense and homograph “world.” |
| 32 | manger | φάτνη (phatnē) | ясла | NEW | Low | — | 2:7, 12, 16 | Modern double meaning (nursery/daycare) is harmless. |
| 33 | sign | σημεῖον (sēmeion) | знак | NEW | Low-Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 2:12, 34; 11:16, 29-30; 21:7, 11, 25 | Use consistently across all occurrences. |
| 34 | light for revelation to the nations | φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν (phōs eis apokalypsin ethnōn) | світло на просвітлення народів | NEW | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 2:32 | ἐθνῶν → народи (not погани) per baseline’s mission-scope guidance; central “all nations” proof text. |
| 35 | prophetess | προφῆτις (prophētis) | пророчиця | NEW | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 2:36 | — |
| 36 | prophet | προφήτης (prophētēs) | пророк | [TM] | Low (per baseline) | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:76; 3:4; 4:17, 24, 27; 7:16, 26, 39; 9:8, 19; 11:47-50; 13:33-34; 16:16, 29-31; 24:19, 25, 27 | Reuse exactly. |
| 37 | repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω (metanoia / metanoeō) | покаяння / покаятися | NEW | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 8; 5:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10, 17-19; 17:3-4; 24:47 | Distinguish from the discrete Orthodox/Greek Catholic sacramental confession rite; broader whole-life turning intended. |
| 38 | baptism / to baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω (baptisma / baptizō) | хрещення / хрестити | NEW | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 7, 12, 16, 21; 7:29; 12:50 | Distinguish John’s baptism-of-repentance from full Christian sacramental baptism theology. |
| 39 | wrath (to come) | ὀργή (orgē) | гнів (Божий) | NEW | Medium-High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:7; 21:23 | Must not be softened into vague “consequences” language. |
| 40 | fruit (of repentance) | καρπός (karpos) | плід / плоди | reuse pattern (Galatians TM) | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:8-9; 6:43-44; 8:8, 14-15; 13:6-9 | Plural form acceptable here unlike Galatians’ singular плід Духа convention — flag distinction explicitly. |
| 41 | tempt / temptation | πειράζω (peirazō) | спокушати | NEW | Medium | Jesus’ Compassion; Discipleship | 4:2, 12; 11:16 | Adversarial enticement to sin, not neutral testing. |
| 42 | devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | диявол | NEW | Low-Medium | — | 4:2-13; 8:12 | Near-synonym сатана; both established. |
| 43 | authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | влада | NEW | Medium-High | Kingdom of God; Lordship of Christ | 4:6, 32, 36; 5:24; 6:5; 9:1; 10:19; 19:17; 20:2, 8, 20; 22:53; 23:7 | Live civic/political resonance (state, church jurisdiction, wartime governance); keep Christ’s unique authority distinct from any contemporary authority controversy. |
| 44 | leper / to cleanse | λεπρός / καθαρίζω (lepros / katharizō) | прокажений / очистити | NEW | Medium | Compassion; Good News to the Marginalized | 5:12-14; 7:22; 17:12-19 | Avoid ritual-purity-only reading; physical healing plus social restoration both in view. |
| 45 | sinner | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | грішник / грішниця | NEW (built on TM гріх) | Medium-High | Repentance and Forgiveness; Compassion and Table Fellowship | 5:8, 30, 32; 6:32-34; 7:34, 37, 39; 13:2; 15:1-2, 7, 10; 18:13; 19:7 | Preserve the boundary-crossing scandal of table fellowship; do not narrow to “external enemy” only. |
| 46 | tax collector | τελώνης (telōnēs) | митник | NEW | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 3:12; 5:27, 29-30; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2 | Supply social-stigma (Roman-collaborator) background. |
| 47 | blessed / woe | μακάριος / οὐαί (makarios / ouai) | блаженний / горе | NEW | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 6:20-26; 7:23; 10:23; 11:28, 42-52; 12:37-38; 14:14-15; 23:29 | Preserve the full reversal-force; do not soften either pole. |
| 48 | love your enemies | ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς ἐχθρούς (agapate tous echthrous) | любіть ворогів своїх | reuse (Galatians TM любов) | Critical | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 6:27, 35 | Acute wartime pastoral difficulty (identifiable national aggressor); mandatory theologian review; must not imply premature political reconciliation. |
| 49 | apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | апостол | [TM] | Medium (per baseline) | Apostleship | 6:13; 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10 | Reuse exactly. |
| 50 | widow | χήρα (chēra) | вдова | NEW | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Compassion | 2:37; 4:25-26; 7:11-17; 18:1-8; 20:47; 21:1-4 | Acute current resonance (Ukrainian war widows); handle with pastoral warmth, parallel to baseline’s усиновлення/orphans note. |
| 51 | your faith has saved/healed you | ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε (hē pistis sou sesōken se) | твоя віра спасла/оздоровила тебе | reuse (built on TM σῴζω/спасіння) | High | Jesus as Savior for All; Compassion | 7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42 | Preserve double sense (physical healing + spiritual salvation); do not resolve to only one. |
| 52 | parable | παραβολή (parabolē) | притча | NEW | Low-Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 5:36; 6:39; 8:4-15; 10:30-37; 12:16-21, 41; 13:6-9, 18-21; 14:7-24; 15:3-32; 18:1-14; 19:11-27; 20:9-19 | Note the dual revealing/concealing function (8:10). |
| 53 | mystery/secrets of the kingdom | μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας (mystērion tēs basileias) | таємниці Царства Божого | NEW (built on TM Царство Боже) | Medium | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 8:10 | Distinguish from post-Soviet occult “hidden knowledge” associations. |
| 54 | kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ (basileia tou theou) | Царство Боже | [TM] | High (per baseline) | Kingdom of God Present and Future | throughout (4:43; 6:20; 7:28; 8:1, 10; 9:2, 11, 27, 60, 62; 10:9, 11; 11:20; 12:31-32; 13:18-29; 14:15; 16:16; 17:20-21; 18:16-25, 29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16-18, 29-30; 23:42) | Reuse exactly; hold “already/not yet” tension explicitly at each occurrence. |
| 55 | has come near (the kingdom) | ἤγγικεν (ēngiken) | наблизилося | NEW (built on TM Царство Боже) | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 10:9, 11; cf. 11:20 | The curriculum’s central doctrinal crux; requires explicit both/and exposition every occurrence. |
| 56 | neighbor | πλησίον (plēsion) | ближній | NEW | Medium-High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 10:27, 29, 36 | Preserve the parable’s boundary-crossing redefinition; do not domesticate into generic kindness. |
| 57 | good portion/part | μερίς ἀγαθή (meris agathē) | добра частка | NEW | Low-Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 10:42 | Do not devalue practical service/hospitality as such. |
| 58 | daily bread | ἄρτος ἐπιούσιος (artos epiousios) | хліб наш насущний | NEW (established liturgical phrase) | Low-Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 11:3 | Rare Greek word; stable, universal Ukrainian liturgical rendering already exists. |
| 59 | Beelzebul | Βεελζεβούλ (Beelzeboul) | Веельзевул | NEW (proper name) | Low | Kingdom of God | 11:15, 18-19 | — |
| 60 | blasphemy against the Holy Spirit | βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον | хула на Святого Духа | NEW (built on TM Святий Дух) | Critical | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 12:10 | Requires explicit framing (settled, deliberate rejection, not momentary doubt); mandatory theologian review. |
| 61 | anxious / worry | μεριμνάω (merimnaō) | турбуватися / тривожитися | NEW | Medium-High | Prayer and Dependence on God | 10:41; 12:11, 22-26; 21:34 | Must not imply legitimate wartime fear/grief is itself sinful. |
| 62 | mammon / wealth (personified) | μαμωνᾶς (mamōnas) | мамона | NEW | Medium-High | Cost of Discipleship | 12:13-21 (conceptually); 16:9, 11, 13 | Preserve rival-master personification; do not flatten to generic “money.” |
| 63 | Satan | σατανᾶς (satanas) | сатана | NEW | Low-Medium | — | 10:18; 11:18; 13:16; 22:3, 31 | Near-synonym диявол; both established. |
| 64 | lost | ἀπολωλός (apolōlos) | загублений | NEW | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 15:4, 6, 8-9, 17, 24, 32; 19:10 | Preserve genuine peril alongside joyful, active seeking; do not flatten either half. |
| 65 | joy | χαρά (chara) | радість | NEW | Low-Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 1:14, 44; 2:10; 6:23; 10:17; 15:7, 10, 32; 24:41, 52 | Recurring unifying Lukan theme-word; track across the whole book. |
| 66 | Hades | ᾍδης (Hadēs) | ад | NEW | Medium | — | 10:15; 16:23 | Intermediate state, distinct from final judgment/Gehenna language; distinguish from folk “той світ.” |
| 67 | within/among you (kingdom) | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν (entos hymōn) | серед вас / у вас (всередині) | NEW | Critical | Kingdom of God Present and Future | 17:21 | Genuine exegetical ambiguity with major doctrinal stakes; requires explicit both-readings exposition; mandatory theologian review. |
| 68 | God, be merciful to me, a sinner | ὁ θεός, ἱλάσθητί μοι (ho theos, hilasthēti moi) | Боже, будь милостивий до мене, грішного | NEW | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 18:13 | Shares root with propitiation/atonement word-group flagged Critical in Romans baseline (3:25); flag the connection explicitly. |
| 69 | justified | δικαιωθεὶς (dikaiōtheis) | виправданий | [TM: виправдання] | Critical (per baseline) | Justification by Faith | 18:14 | Reuse exactly; valuable Gospel-narrative reinforcement of the baseline’s Pauline justification doctrine. |
| 70 | Caesar | Καῖσαρ (Kaisar) | кесар | NEW (proper name) | High | Kingdom of God; civic authority (cf. Romans 13 baseline sensitivity) | 20:22-25; 23:2 | Teach as Jesus’ both/and principle; avoid endorsing or rejecting state authority outright. |
| 71 | resurrection | ἀνάστασις (anastasis) | воскресіння | [TM] | Medium/High (per baseline, elevated in ch.20 & 24) | Resurrection of Christ | 14:14; 20:27-38; 24 (throughout) | Reuse exactly; capstone doctrine of the whole book. |
| 72 | new covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη (kainē diathēkē) | Новий Завіт | NEW (built on TM завіт) | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; Jesus as Savior for All | 22:20 | Same book-title-flattening risk as Євангеліє; context must clarify this institutes a covenant-relationship, not merely names a future book collection. |
| 73 | agony/anguish | ἀγωνία (agōnia) | борiння / муки | NEW | Medium | Cost of Discipleship | 22:44 | Handle with pastoral warmth; real human suffering modeled by the sinless Son. |
| 74 | betray / hand over | παραδίδωμι (paradidōmi) | зрадити / видати, передати | NEW | Medium-High | — | 22:4, 6, 21-22, 48; 23:25; 24:7, 20 | Distinguish personal culpable betrayal (Judas) from the more neutral “handed over” sense of divine purpose. |
| 75 | paradise | παράδεισος (paradeisos) | рай | NEW | Medium | Jesus as Savior for All; Kingdom Present and Future | 23:43 | Echoes core passage’s “today”; note the connection explicitly in teaching materials. |
| 76 | witnesses | μάρτυς / μάρτυρες (martys / martyres) | свідки | NEW | Medium-High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 24:48 | Keep strictly testimonial sense distinct from мученики (martyrs), given wartime martyrdom-adjacent discourse. |
| 77 | power from on high | δύναμις ἐξ ὕψους (dynamis ex hypsous) | сила з високості | NEW (built on TM сила Божа) | Medium | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 24:49 | Cross-reference to core passage’s Дух Господній/anointing for narrative-arc continuity. |
| 78 | repentance and forgiveness of sins to all nations | μετάνοια καὶ ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη | покаяння і прощення грiхiв усім народам | NEW (compound, built on entries #4, #37, ἐθνῶν→народи) | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness; Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 24:47 | Convergence point of nearly every doctrine and risk in this curriculum; must resolve consistently with each component term’s earlier treatment. |
Glossary Notes
- Cross-curriculum consistency: Terms marked [TM] must render identically to their Romans/Galatians baseline forms in every Luke document. No exceptions.
- New-term promotion: Every NEW term above is a candidate for formal addition to
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.jsonduring Phase 2 Step 16. High/Critical NEW terms (rows 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 20, 21, 25, 28, 37, 44 [borderline], 47, 48, 50, 54-adjacent #55, 60, 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72, 76, 78) require theologian sign-off before promotion. - Recurring Lukan theme-words warranting special cross-chapter consistency tracking: χαρά (joy), χήρα (widow), πτωχός (poor), ἀπολωλός (lost), ἐξουσία (authority), σήμερον (today) — each recurs across widely separated chapters and must render identically at every occurrence to preserve Luke’s own deliberate literary/theological patterning.
- Wartime-sensitive terms requiring mandatory pastoral framing (beyond doctrinal accuracy alone): полонений (captives, #3), любіть ворогів своїх (love your enemies, #48), вдова (widow, #50), турбуватися (anxious, #61), кесар (Caesar, #70), свідки/мученики distinction (witnesses, #76). These overlap with, but extend beyond, the baseline’s existing wartime-sensitivity list (мир, усиновлення, слава, свобода/воля).
- Full-book coverage confirmed: every chapter of Luke (1-24) is represented by at least one glossary entry above, consistent with the PRD’s full-book-coverage mandate.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: благодать
Transliteration: blahodat’
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: милість, талан, щастя
CRITICAL: correct across all three traditions but each understands it differently (Palamite uncreated energies; created/infused grace; unmerited favor apart from works). Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing at 1:30; 2:40,52; 4:22, and directly underlies the Critical favored_one_grace entry (κεχαριτωμένη) at 1:28.
Justification
Approved rendering: виправдання
Transliteration: vypravdannya
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: прощення гріхів, оправдання (Russian-influenced spelling, avoid)
CRITICAL: use this exact Ukrainian spelling, never the Russian-cognate оправдання. Inherited from Romans package. Directly reinforced by Luke 18:14’s δικαιωθεὶς (see justified_luke entry below), a striking pre-Pauline Gospel-narrative instance of this doctrine.
Salvation
Approved rendering: спасіння
Transliteration: spasinnya
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: визволення, рятування (too generic, ‘rescue’)
CRITICAL: must be anchored to Christ’s death and resurrection as a decisive, received event. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing at 1:69,71,77; 2:30; 3:6; 19:9 — anchored to Christ’s decisive act via σήμερον (‘Today salvation has come to this house,’ 19:9).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: освячення
Transliteration: osvyachennya
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: обоження (reserve for explicit theosis discussion only), очищення
CRITICAL: also the everyday word for ritual object-blessing (свячення паски). Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s own narrative does not use this term directly, but exposition drawing doctrinal connections to sanctification (e.g., ongoing discipleship formation) must still observe the baseline’s caution against collapsing into the folk-ritual sense.
Church
Approved rendering: церква
Transliteration: tserkva
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: храм, громада (acceptable for local congregation emphasis)
CRITICAL: acutely live, politically contested word given OCU/UOC/UGCC jurisdictional tensions. Inherited from Romans package. Not directly named in Luke’s Gospel narrative itself, but retained for cross-curriculum consistency given the disciples’ commissioning as the nucleus of the future church (24:47-49).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святий Дух
Transliteration: Svyatyy Dukh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone), енергія
CRITICAL: дух alone must never stand for the Holy Spirit given wartime idioms like ‘бойовий дух.’ Inherited from Romans package. Luke has the highest Spirit-reference density of any Gospel (30+ occurrences), the primary stress-test of this baseline rule across 1:15,35,41,67; 2:25-27; 3:16,22; 4:1; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10,12; 24:49.
Flesh
Approved rendering: тіло
Transliteration: tilo
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: плоть (acceptable only in more elevated/poetic register contexts, not as the default expository term)
CRITICAL: тіло also renders σῶμα (‘body’), requiring explicit disambiguation. Inherited from Galatians package. In Luke, σάρξ occurs primarily in the neutral idiomatic sense (‘all flesh,’ 3:6) and the positive post-resurrection affirmation of 24:39 (‘flesh and bones’) — see the flesh_bones_risen_body entry below for that occurrence’s distinct positive polarity, the opposite of the Galatians ethical-critique sense.
Captives
Approved rendering: полонений
Transliteration: polonenyy
Doctrine: Captivity and Liberation
NEW term. Luke 4:18 (core passage), echoed 21:28. Since February 2022, one of the most emotionally and politically live words in Ukrainian, denoting Ukrainian prisoners of war held by Russia. Doctrinally correct and pastorally powerful, but must never be read as political commentary on the current war, nor drained of force by treating it as ‘merely spiritual.’ Mandatory human theologian review for every occurrence.
Favored One Grace
Approved rendering: благодатна (Scripture) / вподобана Богом з милості (exposition)
Transliteration: blahodatna / vpodobana Bohom z mylosti
Doctrine: Grace and Mary’s Favored Status
NEW term. Luke 1:28, rendering κεχαριτωμένη. A primary Marian devotional proof-text for two of Ukraine’s three living traditions. Must describe God’s gracious initiative toward Mary at this moment, never resolved silently toward or against either tradition’s fuller Marian framework. Mandatory human theologian review.
Love Your Enemies
Approved rendering: любіть ворогів своїх
Transliteration: lyubit’ vorohiv svoyikh
Doctrine: Love of Enemies
Built on любов [Galatians TM]. Luke 6:27,35. Among the most acutely difficult teachings in the Gospel to apply pastorally for a readership living through a war of aggression by an identifiable enemy. Must not be presented as demanding premature reconciliation as a precondition of faithfulness. Mandatory human theologian review for every occurrence.
Kingdom Has Come Near
Approved rendering: наблизилося Царство Боже
Transliteration: nablyzylosya Tsarstvo Bozhe
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Built on Царство Боже [TM]. Luke 10:9,11; cf. 11:20; 17:20-21; 19:11; 21:31. This curriculum’s doctrinal crux; mandatory explicit both/and exposition at every recurrence.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: хула на Святого Духа
Transliteration: khula na Svyatoho Dukha
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Built on Святий Дух [TM]. Luke 12:10. Among the most pastorally dangerous verses in the Gospel if mishandled; requires explicit theological framing (deliberate, hardened rejection, not momentary doubt) and mandatory human theologian review.
Kingdom Within Among You
Approved rendering: серед вас / у вас (всередині)
Transliteration: sered vas / u vas (vseredyni)
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
NEW term. Luke 17:21, rendering ἐντὸς ὑμῶν. Genuinely ambiguous with major doctrinal stakes; requires explicit exposition of both possibilities, mirroring the discipline the Galatians baseline required for насіння’s singular/plural gap. Mandatory human theologian review.
Justified Luke
Approved rendering: виправданий
Transliteration: vypravdanyy
Doctrine: Justification by Faith within the Gospel Narrative
Rejected alternatives: оправданий (Russian-influenced spelling, forbidden), прощений (loses declarative sense, rejected as sole gloss)
Reuses the baseline’s exact виправдання/виправданий rendering [TM]. Luke 18:14, rendering δικαιωθεὶς. A striking pre-Pauline instance of justification-by-humble-faith-not-merit within Luke’s own Gospel narrative.
Repentance Forgiveness All Nations
Approved rendering: покаяння і прощення грiхiв усім народам
Transliteration: pokayannya i proshchennya hrikhiv usim narodam
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: …усім поганам (rejected — triggers погани’s derogatory drift at the Gospel’s climactic universal-mission verse)
Compound term reusing покаяння, ἄφεσις→прощення, and народи. Luke 24:47. Convergence point of nearly every doctrine and risk term in this curriculum; must be resolved consistently with earlier chapter treatments (3:3; 4:18; 2:32).
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Євангеліє
Transliteration: Yevanheliye
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: добра звістка (acceptable as an explanatory gloss only)
Established term across all Ukrainian Christian traditions and the Ohienko translation; risk is book-title flattening, offset by the wartime religious revival’s felt devotional weight. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing at 1:19; 2:10; 3:18; 4:18,43; 7:22; 8:1; 9:6; 16:16; 20:1 — the shepherds’ good news (2:10) is Luke’s own paradigm case that this announcement goes first to the marginalized.
Faith
Approved rendering: віра
Transliteration: vira
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: довіра, переконання
Standard and unambiguous but risks defaulting to confessional/institutional identity rather than personal trust. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing at 5:20; 7:9,50; 8:25,48; 17:19; 18:8,42; 22:32, including the explicit Jew/Gentile faith-comparison at 7:9.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: праведність
Transliteration: pravednist’
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: справедливість, чесність
справедливість is a false friend and must not be substituted. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Luke’s justification narrative (18:9-14) and to the humility/reversal theme (ταπείνωσις, 1:48-53).
Saints
Approved rendering: святі
Transliteration: svyati
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: праведники
Refers in ordinary usage to a canonized minority, not ordinary believers. Inherited from Romans package. Not independently developed as a distinct doctrine in the Luke curriculum but retained for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency.
Adoption
Approved rendering: усиновлення
Transliteration: usynovlennya
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: прийняття в сім’ю
Carries acute wartime-orphans emotional weight. Inherited from Romans package. Thematically resonant with Luke’s Father/son imagery (Prodigal Son, ch.15; Lord’s Prayer address, 11:2) though the term itself is not used directly in Luke’s narrative.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Hospod’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: хазяїн, владика (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Established Ohienko and liturgical term; risk is registerial flattening of personal force. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing throughout, including the core passage’s ‘Дух Господній’ (4:18) and ‘Господь суботи’ (6:5).
Peace
Approved rendering: мир
Transliteration: myr
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: спокій, затишшя
Carries exceptionally heavy wartime weight as the opposite of the ongoing war. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, amplified further at 2:14’s ‘peace on earth,’ the single most publicly recited ‘peace’ verse in Ukrainian Christmas liturgy across every tradition; also 7:50; 8:48; 10:5-6; 19:38,42; 24:36.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Царство Боже
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Bozhe
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: держава Божа
Carries loaded historical resonance with Russian imperial rule. Inherited from Romans package. This curriculum’s central doctrinal crux; load-bearing throughout Luke (4:43; 6:20; 7:28; 8:1,10; 9:2,11,27,60,62; 10:9,11; 11:20; 12:31-32; 13:18-29; 14:15; 16:16; 17:20-21; 18:16-25,29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16-18,29-30; 23:42). Hold the ‘already/not yet’ tension explicitly at every occurrence.
Sin
Approved rendering: гріх
Transliteration: hrikh
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: помилка, провина
Retains fuller devotional weight amid the wartime religious revival. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies грішник/грішниця (sinner) throughout Luke’s table-fellowship scenes; care needed that wartime moral discourse not narrow ‘sinner’ to mean only an external enemy/aggressor.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: погани
Transliteration: pohany
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: чужинці
Modern everyday meaning has drifted to ‘bad/wicked people.’ Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, this drift makes the term unsuitable for mission-scope/universalizing texts (2:32; 24:47); use народи instead, reinforced by this curriculum’s light_to_nations and repentance_forgiveness_all_nations entries below.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: послух віри
Transliteration: poslukh viry
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: релігійний обов’язок, дотримання обрядів
Inherited from Romans package. Not independently developed as a distinct Luke doctrine but retained for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Месія
Transliteration: Mesiya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: рятівник світу (as a stand-alone substitute)
Used alongside Христос, Jesus’ effective surname in everyday Ukrainian. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, the core passage (4:18) is the ideal place to re-surface the title’s ‘Anointed One’ root meaning explicitly alongside помазав (anointed).
Election
Approved rendering: обрання
Transliteration: obrannya
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: доля, фатум, приречення (use only with careful qualification)
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, applied uniquely to Christ himself at the Transfiguration (‘my Chosen One,’ 9:35) — care needed that this is not conflated with the separate doctrine of believers’ election.
Providence
Approved rendering: провидіння Боже
Transliteration: providinnya Bozhe
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: доля, випадок, карма (never use)
Inherited from Romans package. Resonant with Luke’s divine-visitation theme (ἐπισκέπτομαι, 1:68,78; 7:16; 19:44) and the trust taught in 12:22-32.
Mission
Approved rendering: місія / благовістя
Transliteration: misiya / blahovistya
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: пропаганда (never use)
Inherited from Romans package. Directly parallels this curriculum’s own ‘Jesus as Savior for All Nations’ doctrine and the closing commission of 24:47-49.
Promise
Approved rendering: обітниця
Transliteration: obitnytsya
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Inherited from Galatians package. Heavily load-bearing in Luke’s infancy narrative — the Magnificat and Benedictus (1:54-55, 72-73) explicitly ground God’s saving act in the Abrahamic promise, directly antecedent to the core passage’s own Jubilee-promise fulfillment claim (4:21).
Love
Approved rendering: любов
Transliteration: lyubov
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Inherited from Galatians package. Directly underlies love_your_enemies (6:27-36) and the pattern echoed throughout Luke’s compassion narratives; must be defined explicitly as committed active good, not primarily feeling.
Anointed
Approved rendering: помазав / помазання
Transliteration: pomazav / pomazannya
Doctrine: Messianic Anointing and Fulfillment of Prophecy
NEW term. Luke 4:18 (core passage). Verbal root of Христос/Месія; must be explicitly linked to that etymological connection on first occurrence (‘помазав — звідси й титул «Христос», Помазаник’), since Христос functions as Jesus’ effective surname in everyday Ukrainian and its root meaning has otherwise worn smooth.
Poor
Approved rendering: вбогі (Scripture register) / бідні (exposition)
Transliteration: vbohi / bidni
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: exclusively spiritualized ‘poor in spirit’ reading (rejected as sole sense), exclusively socio-economic reading with no spiritual dimension (rejected as sole sense)
NEW term. Luke 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:19-25; 18:22; 21:1-4. Must retain full literal-economic force given mass wartime displacement and real material poverty in Ukraine; must not be spiritualized away, nor reduced to social program alone.
Release Forgiveness
Approved rendering: відпущення / звільнення / прощення
Transliteration: vidpushchennya / zvil’nennya / proshchennya
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
NEW term. Luke 1:77; 3:3; 4:18-19; 5:20-24; 24:47. Renders ἄφεσις, which spans both literal liberation and forgiveness of sins. Ukrainian відпустити conveniently carries both senses natively; render consistently within a single verse and gloss the double meaning explicitly in exposition rather than silently resolving to only one sense.
Oppressed Crushed
Approved rendering: пригноблені / зламані
Transliteration: pryhnobleni / zlamani
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
NEW term. Luke 4:18 (core passage). Renders τεθραυσμένος (‘shattered, crushed’). Acute pastoral weight given mass wartime trauma and grief; names readers’ literal present condition, not an abstract category — handle with warmth, not detached tone.
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: рік Господнього благовоління / рік Господньої милості
Transliteration: rik Hospodn’oho blahovolinnya / rik Hospodn’oyi mylosti
Doctrine: Jubilee and the Year of the Lord’s Favor
NEW term. Luke 4:19 (core passage). Alludes to the Leviticus 25 Jubilee. Requires explicit OT background exposition; must be kept lexically distinct from благодать [grace, Critical] despite conceptual overlap.
Today Fulfillment
Approved rendering: сьогодні
Transliteration: s’ohodni
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
NEW term. Luke 4:21 (core passage); echoed 19:9; 23:43. The single hinge-word for the passage’s entire ‘already’ force; must render identically at all three occurrences to preserve Luke’s own deliberate literary echo.
Savior
Approved rendering: Спаситель
Transliteration: Spasytel’
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
NEW term, related to but distinct from спасіння [TM]. Luke 1:47; 2:11. Culturally well-rooted via ‘Спас’/‘Спасівка’ feast vocabulary — an asset; ensure the title retains full rescuing force rather than a diluted honorific.
Servant Slave Mary
Approved rendering: раба (Господня) / служниця
Transliteration: raba (Hospodnya) / sluzhnytsya
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
NEW term. Luke 1:38; cf. 17:7-10. Heavy рабство associations (serfdom, Soviet forced labor, current-war captivity). Retain the Ohienko phrase ‘Я — рабиня Господня’ for Scripture citation, but frame exposition explicitly as willing, dignified self-giving in response to grace, not degrading bondage.
Light To Nations
Approved rendering: світло на просвітлення народів
Transliteration: svitlo na prosvitlennya narodiv
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: світло на просвітлення поган (rejected — triggers погани’s derogatory drift precisely at the verse most explicitly stating the gospel’s reach to non-Jewish peoples)
NEW term. Luke 2:32 (Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis). ἐθνῶν renders as народів, never погани. Central ‘all nations’ proof-text.
Repentance
Approved rendering: покаяння / покаятися
Transliteration: pokayannya / pokayatysya
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
NEW term — central to this curriculum. Luke 3:3,8; 5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10,17-19; 17:3-4; 24:47. покаяння names the specific priest-mediated Sacrament of Confession in both the Orthodox and Greek Catholic traditions; Luke’s usage is a broader, ongoing whole-life turning not reducible to a single sacramental act. Must be taught explicitly. Emotional register shifts from ch.3’s warning tone to ch.15’s joyful welcome — teach both.
Authority
Approved rendering: влада
Transliteration: vlada
Doctrine: The Authority of Christ
NEW term. Luke 4:6,32,36; 5:24; 6:5; 9:1; 10:19; 19:17; 20:2,8,20; 22:53; 23:7. Acutely live in current civic discourse (state authority, church jurisdiction, wartime governance); Christ’s unique authority must be kept clearly distinct from any contemporary controversy.
Sinner
Approved rendering: грішник / грішниця
Transliteration: hrishnyk / hrishnytsya
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
NEW term, built on гріх [TM]. Luke 5:8,30,32; 6:32-34; 7:34,37,39; 13:2; 15:1-2,7,10; 18:13; 19:7. Must preserve the boundary-crossing scandal of table fellowship; must not narrow to mean only an external enemy/aggressor rather than every person, reader included.
Blessed Woe
Approved rendering: блаженний / горе
Transliteration: blazhennyy / hore
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
NEW term pair. Luke 6:20-26; 7:23; 10:23; 11:28,42-52; 12:37-38; 14:14-15; 23:29. Must retain the full, uncomfortable force of the reversal on both poles; горе under-carries οὐαί’s prophetic judgment-oracle force alone and should be supplemented with explicit framing in exposition.
Widow
Approved rendering: вдова
Transliteration: vdova
Doctrine: Widows: Vulnerability, Compassion, and Honor
NEW term. Luke 2:37; 4:25-26; 7:11-17; 18:1-8; 20:47; 21:1-4. Ukraine’s unusually large war-widow population gives these scenes acute, current emotional weight parallel to усиновлення for war orphans. Handle every occurrence with pastoral warmth.
Faith Has Saved You
Approved rendering: твоя віра спасла тебе / твоя віра оздоровила тебе
Transliteration: tvoya vira spasla tebe / tvoya vira ozdorovyla tebe
Doctrine: Faith and Healing as Signs of Salvation
Built on спасіння [TM] root. Luke 7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42. Renders σῴζω, one Greek verb spanning bodily healing and spiritual salvation; must be preserved through explicit exposition, never resolved into only ‘healed’ or only ‘saved.‘
Neighbor
Approved rendering: ближній
Transliteration: blyzhniy
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel: Jew, Gentile, and Samaritan
NEW term. Luke 10:27,29,36. The Good Samaritan’s radical redefinition must not be domesticated into generic kindness, losing its specific boundary-crossing force.
Anxious Worry
Approved rendering: турбуватися / тривожитися
Transliteration: turbuvatysya / tryvozhytysya
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
NEW term. Luke 10:41; 12:11,22-26; 21:34. Must never imply that wartime fear or grief over real danger is itself sinful or a lack of faith.
Mammon
Approved rendering: мамона
Transliteration: mamona
Doctrine: Wealth, Mammon, and the Cost of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: гроші (rejected as a substitute — flattens the rival-master personification central to Jesus’ point)
NEW term. Luke 12:13-21 (conceptually); 16:9,11,13. Grounded relevance given intense current public discourse about wartime economic exploitation and corruption.
Lost
Approved rendering: загублений
Transliteration: zahublenyy
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
NEW term — central to Luke’s most beloved parable cycle. Luke 15:4,6,8-9,17,24,32; 19:10. Must retain genuine peril/ruin alongside the seeker’s active, joyful determination to find.
God Be Merciful Sinner Prayer
Approved rendering: Боже, будь милостивий до мене, грішного
Transliteration: Bozhe, bud’ mylostyvyy do mene, hrishnoho
Doctrine: Justification by Faith within the Gospel Narrative
NEW term. Luke 18:13. Shares its root with the propitiation/atonement word-group flagged Critical for mandatory theologian review in the baseline’s escalation rules (Romans 3:25); flag this shared root explicitly for translators/reviewers.
Caesar
Approved rendering: кесар
Transliteration: kesar
Doctrine: Civic Authority and Render to Caesar
Rejected alternatives: цезар (rejected — secular-historical register mismatch; кесар is the historic, Bible-tradition-established form)
NEW proper name/title. Luke 20:22-25; 23:2. Regularly invoked in contemporary Ukrainian public discourse about civic duty, taxation, and loyalty during wartime; teach as Jesus’ both/and principle, never a blank endorsement or rejection of state authority.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: Новий Завіт
Transliteration: Novyy Zavit
Doctrine: Institution of the New Covenant
Built on завіт [TM]. Luke 22:20. Same book-title-flattening risk as Євангеліє: Новий Завіт is also the standard Ukrainian name for the New Testament canon. Context must make clear Jesus institutes a covenant-relationship at this meal itself.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: апостол
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: посланець, проповідник
Transliterated loanword, uncontested across traditions. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, the formal naming of the Twelve as ἀπόστολοι occurs first at 6:13; also 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10.
Holy
Approved rendering: святий
Transliteration: svyatyy
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: чистий, непорочний
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Святий Дух throughout Luke; no standalone ‘called to be holy’ doctrine is independently developed in this curriculum, but the term remains foundational vocabulary requiring the same clarification that it names moral/relational set-apartness, not only canonized sainthood.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: воскресіння
Transliteration: voskresinnya
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: оживлення, реінкарнація
Unambiguous and culturally central via Великдень. Inherited from Romans package. Elevated to High risk within this Luke curriculum given ch.24’s role as the Gospel’s doctrinal capstone (see doctrine_risk_registry.json); also load-bearing at 14:14; 20:27-38.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Син Божий
Transliteration: Syn Bozhyy
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: божественний посланець
Fully settled Nicene-heritage term shared across all traditions. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing at 1:32,35; 3:22,38; 4:3,9,41; 8:28; 9:35; 22:70.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: втілення
Transliteration: vtilennya
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: аватар (never use), явлення
Icon theology gives incarnation strong cultural rooting. Inherited from Romans package. Grounds Luke’s infancy narrative (chs.1-2) and is echoed by 24:39’s post-resurrection ‘flesh and bones’ affirmation of continued bodily reality.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: духовні дари
Transliteration: dukhovni dary
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: екстрасенсорні здібності (never use), таланти
Inherited from Romans package. Not independently developed in Luke’s narrative but retained for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency (cf. Spirit-empowerment themes at 24:49).
Law
Approved rendering: закон
Transliteration: zakon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: правило, заповідь (reserve for individual commandments)
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, relevant to Sabbath controversies (6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6) and the civic-law contrast at the Caesar pericope (20:20-26).
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: шана, велич
Strong patriotic resonance via ‘Слава Україні.’ Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing at 2:9,14,32; 9:26,31-32; 17:18; 19:38; 21:27; 24:26 — keep the divine referent undiluted, especially at the Christmas doxology (2:14) and Transfiguration (9:31-32).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: сила Божа
Transliteration: syla Bozha
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: енергія
Avoid енергія given its Palamite technical sense. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, underlies ‘сила з високості’ (power_from_on_high, 24:49), the Spirit-empowerment promised before the church’s mission begins.
Covenant
Approved rendering: завіт
Transliteration: zavit
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: договір, угода
Names the two Testaments themselves. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Новий Завіт (new_covenant entry below); also relevant to the Benedictus’s covenant language (1:72-73).
Intercession
Approved rendering: клопотання
Transliteration: klopotannya
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: заступництво (reserve for saints’/Theotokos intercession contexts)
Inherited from Romans package. Must stay lexically distinct from заступництво throughout Luke’s prayer material (11:1-13; 18:1-8; 22:32); kept distinct also from the newly registered молитва (general prayer, see molytva entry).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Ісус
Transliteration: Isus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Иисус (Russian spelling, never use)
Inherited from Romans package. Never use the Russian spelling Иисус anywhere in Luke materials.
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Boh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Всевишній (acceptable poetic synonym only, elevated to direct-title use in Luke — see most_high_title entry)
Inherited from Romans package.
Father
Approved rendering: Отець
Transliteration: Otets’
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: батюшка (reserve exclusively for addressing an Orthodox priest, and is itself a Russicism increasingly avoided)
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, the Lord’s Prayer’s vocative address ‘Отче’ (11:2) models the intimate, dependent filial address central to this curriculum’s Prayer and Dependence on God doctrine.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: з насіння Давидового
Transliteration: z nasinnya Davydovoho
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: нащадок Давида (acceptable modern-register gloss)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Luke’s genealogy and Davidic-throne promise (1:32-33).
Abraham
Approved rendering: Авраам
Transliteration: Avraam
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Inherited from Galatians package. In Luke, load-bearing at 1:55,73; 3:8; 13:16,28; 16:22-31 (Lazarus and the rich man); 19:9 (Zacchaeus, ‘a son of Abraham’); 20:37.
Jews
Approved rendering: юдеї
Transliteration: yudeyi
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Galatians package. In Luke, relevant to the centurion’s faith comparison (7:9) and the Universal Scope of the Gospel doctrine; must not blur with погани’s derogatory colloquial drift in any paired contrast.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: сповнилося
Transliteration: spovnylosya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
NEW term (pattern reuse). Luke 4:21 (core passage); 24:44. Reuses the established pattern from the Romans baseline’s ‘сповнення пророцтва’ doctrine-name for cross-curriculum coherence.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Писання
Transliteration: Pysannya
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
NEW term. Luke 4:21 (core passage); 24:27,32,45. Note that Orthodox and Greek Catholic traditions hold Scripture within Передання (Holy Tradition) rather than as a stand-alone final authority.
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Дух Господній
Transliteration: Dukh Hospodniy
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
NEW fixed phrase built from [TM] Дух/Святий Дух and Господь. Luke 4:18 (core passage), echoing Isaiah 61:1. Must be explicitly identified as the Holy Spirit on first occurrence, not a generic OT idiom.
Mercy
Approved rendering: милість / милосердя
Transliteration: mylist’ / myloserdya
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
NEW term. Luke 1:50,54,58,72,78; 10:37. Must remain lexically distinct from благодать [TM: grace, Critical].
Most High Title
Approved rendering: Всевишній
Transliteration: Vsevyshniy
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
NEW usage of a baseline poetic synonym as a direct title. Luke 1:32,35,76; 6:35; 8:28. Ensure it remains recognizably a name for God, not a generic secular superlative.
Humility Lowliness
Approved rendering: смирення / покора / убогий стан
Transliteration: smyrennya / pokora / ubohyy stan
Doctrine: Humility and Divine Reversal of Status
NEW term. Luke 1:48,52; 9:48; 14:11; 18:14. Must be taught as God’s gracious reversal received by faith, not primarily an ascetic achievement earning merit.
Redemption
Approved rendering: визволення / відкуплення
Transliteration: vyzvolennya / vidkuplennya
Doctrine: Captivity and Liberation
NEW term. Luke 1:68; 2:38; 21:28; 24:21. Renders λύτρωσις/ἀπολύτρωσις. Must retain the ‘cost paid’ ransom-force, not flatten into generic rescue.
Divine Visitation
Approved rendering: відвідав / прийшов на поміч
Transliteration: vidvidav / pryyshov na pomich
Doctrine: Divine Visitation in Salvation History
NEW term. Luke 1:68,78; 7:16; 19:44. Requires glossing on first occurrence so ‘visited’ carries the register of a sovereign’s decisive intervention, not a casual social visit.
Sign
Approved rendering: знак
Transliteration: znak
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
NEW term. Luke 2:12,34; 11:16,29-30; 21:7,11,25. Use consistently at every occurrence.
Baptism
Approved rendering: хрещення / хрестити
Transliteration: khreshchennya / khrestyty
Doctrine: John’s Baptism of Repentance
NEW term. Luke 3:3,7,12,16,21; 7:29; 12:50. John’s adult baptism-of-repentance must be explicitly distinguished from full Christian sacramental baptism theology, given both majority traditions’ near-universal infant baptism practice.
Wrath
Approved rendering: гнів (Божий)
Transliteration: hniv (Bozhyy)
Doctrine: John’s Baptism of Repentance
NEW term. Luke 3:7; 21:23. Must not be softened into vague ‘consequences’ language.
Fruit Repentance
Approved rendering: плід / плоди
Transliteration: plid / plody
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
NEW term (pattern reuse). Luke 3:8-9; 6:43-44; 8:8,14-15; 13:6-9. Unlike the Galatians TM’s deliberate singular плід Духа, Luke’s καρπούς at 3:8-9 is genuinely plural; плоди is acceptable here — flag this distinction so translators do not mechanically apply the Galatians singular convention where the Greek is plural.
Tempt
Approved rendering: спокушати
Transliteration: spokushaty
Doctrine: —
NEW term. Luke 4:2,12; 11:16. Adversarial enticement to sin, not neutral testing.
Leper Cleanse
Approved rendering: прокажений / очистити
Transliteration: prokazhenyy / ochystyty
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
NEW term. Luke 5:12-14; 7:22; 17:12-19. Avoid a ritual-purity-only reading; physical healing plus social restoration both in view.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: митник
Transliteration: mytnyk
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
NEW term. Luke 3:12; 5:27,29-30; 7:29,34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2. Supply the social-stigma (Roman-collaborator) background.
Parable
Approved rendering: притча
Transliteration: prytcha
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
NEW term. Luke 5:36; 6:39; 8:4-15; 10:30-37; 12:16-21,41; 13:6-9,18-21; 14:7-24; 15:3-32; 18:1-14; 19:11-27; 20:9-19. Note the dual revealing/concealing function (8:10).
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: таємниці Царства Божого
Transliteration: tayemnytsi Tsarstva Bozhoho
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Built on Царство Боже [TM]. Luke 8:10. Distinguish from post-Soviet occult ‘hidden knowledge’ associations; this is revealed divine mystery disclosed to faith, not esoteric secret knowledge.
Molytva
Approved rendering: молитва / молитися
Transliteration: molytva / molytysya
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
NEW term, formally registered per 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §2a. Luke’s most structurally significant recurring word for the general act of prayer (3:21; 6:12; 9:28-29; 11:1-13; 22:39-46). Kept lexically distinct from клопотання [TM: intercession, prayer specifically on behalf of another].
Joy
Approved rendering: радість
Transliteration: radist’
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
NEW term — a recurring, unifying Lukan theme-word. Luke 1:14,44; 2:10; 6:23; 10:17; 15:7,10,32; 24:41,52. Track for consistency across the whole book.
Hades
Approved rendering: ад
Transliteration: ad
Doctrine: —
Rejected alternatives: той світ (folk afterlife concept — must not be conflated)
NEW term. Luke 10:15; 16:23. Distinguish from generic folk afterlife concepts and note the intermediate-state nuance.
Agony
Approved rendering: борiння / муки
Transliteration: borinnya / muky
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
NEW term. Luke 22:44, rendering ἀγωνία. Handle with warmth/dignity; real, visceral human suffering modeled by the sinless Son.
Betray Hand Over
Approved rendering: зрадити (personal) / видати, передати (neutral)
Transliteration: zradyty / vydaty, peredaty
Doctrine: —
NEW term. Luke 22:4,6,21-22,48; 23:25; 24:7,20, rendering παραδίδωμι. Distinguish personal culpable betrayal (Judas) from the more neutral ‘handed over’ sense of divine purpose accomplished through human sin.
Paradise
Approved rendering: рай
Transliteration: ray
Doctrine: Paradise and the Immediacy of Hope at the Cross
NEW term. Luke 23:43. Note the explicit ‘today’ (сьогодні) echo back to Luke 4:21 in teaching materials.
Witnesses
Approved rendering: свідки
Transliteration: svidky
Doctrine: Witness and Testimony to the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: мученики (martyrs — rejected as a substitute; distinct, later semantic development)
NEW term. Luke 24:48. Keep this verse’s strictly testimonial sense clearly distinct from мученики, given Ukraine’s live martyrdom-adjacent wartime discourse.
Power From On High
Approved rendering: сила з високості
Transliteration: syla z vysokosti
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Built on сила Божа [TM]. Luke 24:49. Cross-reference to the core passage’s Дух Господній/anointing (4:18) recommended to show the narrative arc from Jesus’ Spirit-anointing to the church’s Spirit-empowering.
Flesh Bones Risen Body
Approved rendering: тіло і кістки
Transliteration: tilo i kistky
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ
NEW term. Luke 24:39 (‘a spirit does not have flesh and bones as you see that I have’). The positive, σῶμα-adjacent affirmation of the risen Christ’s real, tangible bodily nature — the opposite polarity from Galatians 5’s ethical σάρξ (тіло in its negative, self-serving sense). Disambiguate explicitly on first occurrence.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: подяка
Transliteration: podyaka
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing at the healed Samaritan leper’s return to give thanks (17:16).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: спілкування
Transliteration: spilkuvannya
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: дружба, колектив (avoid Soviet-collective connotation)
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke’s table-fellowship scenes (5:29-32; 7:36-50; 15:1-2; 19:1-10), this abstract communal term should be supplemented with concrete meal-vocabulary (трапеза, вечеря, сісти за стіл) to preserve the physical, boundary-crossing scandal, not only the abstract communal sense.
Prophet
Approved rendering: пророк
Transliteration: prorok
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ворожбит, екстрасенс
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, load-bearing throughout (1:76; 3:4; 4:17,24,27; 7:16,26,39; 9:8,19; 11:47-50; 13:33-34; 16:16,29-31; 24:19,25,27).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: пророцтво
Transliteration: prorotstvo
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ворожіння, гороскоп
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds Luke 4:21’s πεπλήρωται (see fulfilled entry below) and 24:25-27,44-46’s retrospective validation.
David
Approved rendering: Давид
Transliteration: Davyd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, relevant to the genealogy (3:31) and the messianic-Davidic-throne promise (1:32-33, 69).
Israel
Approved rendering: Ізраїль
Transliteration: Izrayil’
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Shares its name with the modern nation-state. Inherited from Romans package. In Luke’s infancy narrative (1:54,68; 2:32), theologically dense; the distinction between the covenant people and the modern nation-state homograph must be stated, not assumed.
Exhort
Approved rendering: закликати
Transliteration: zaklykaty
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: синагога
Transliteration: synahoha
Doctrine: —
NEW term. Luke 4:16,33,38,44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 13:10. Transliterated loanword; concrete and unambiguous, clearly distinguished from церква and храм.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: субота
Transliteration: subota
Doctrine: —
NEW term. Luke 4:16; 6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6; 23:54,56. Standard; distinguish the theologically-marked Sabbath from the ordinary weekday sense on first occurrence.
Angel
Approved rendering: ангел
Transliteration: anhel
Doctrine: —
NEW term. Luke 1:11,13,18-19,26-38; 2:9-15; 9:26; 12:8-9; 15:10; 16:22; 22:43; 24:23. Transliterated loanword, uncontested.
Manger
Approved rendering: ясла
Transliteration: yasla
Doctrine: —
NEW term. Luke 2:7,12,16. Modern Ukrainian ясла also denotes a nursery/daycare — a harmless double meaning.
Prophetess
Approved rendering: пророчиця
Transliteration: prorochytsya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
NEW term. Luke 2:36 (Anna).
Devil
Approved rendering: диявол
Transliteration: dyyavol
Doctrine: —
NEW term. Luke 4:2-13; 8:12. Near-synonym сатана; both established and uncontested.
Good Portion
Approved rendering: добра частка
Transliteration: dobra chastka
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
NEW term. Luke 10:38-42. Care that this is not read as devaluing practical service/hospitality as such.
Daily Bread
Approved rendering: хліб наш насущний
Transliteration: khlib nash nasushchnyy
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
NEW term (established liturgical phrase). Luke 11:3. ‘Daily’ carries real, current weight for wartime-displaced readers, not only devotional metaphor.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: Веельзевул
Transliteration: Veel’zevul
Doctrine: —
NEW proper name. Luke 11:15,18-19.
Satan
Approved rendering: сатана
Transliteration: satana
Doctrine: —
NEW term. Luke 10:18; 11:18; 13:16; 22:3,31. Near-synonym диявол; both established and uncontested.
Referenced passages