Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Gospel of Mark (English/Greek → Ukrainian)
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entire Gospel of Mark (chapters 1–16), with the core passage Mark 10:35-45 given priority placement. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json are marked [TM REUSE] and must be rendered exactly as recorded there — no deviation permitted. New Mark-specific terms are proposed here for addition to translation memory pending Phase 1 Step 8 finalization and theologian review of Critical/High items.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low); review routing follows the baseline’s escalation rules (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → native speaker; Low → automated).
Core Passage Terms (Mark 10:35-45)
| # | Term (Eng) | Greek / Translit. | Ukrainian Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Key Passages | Grounded Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | glory | δόξα / doxa | слава | Suffering Servant / Kingdom | High [TM REUSE] | 10:37 | Reuse baseline exactly; disciples’ worldly-court misreading of Christ’s glory must be corrected, not left ambiguous; must not blur with patriotic “Слава Україні” resonance |
| 2 | cup | ποτήριον / potērion | чаша | Necessity of the Cross | High | 10:38-39 | OT judgment-portion idiom; must not collapse into only its later Eucharistic echo (14:23-24) — the cup of suffering grounds the sacramental cup, not the reverse |
| 3 | baptism (metaphorical) | βάπτισμα / baptisma | хрещення | Necessity of the Cross / Discipleship amid Fear | Critical | 10:38-39 | Metaphorical “immersion into death,” wholly distinct from the water rite; acute risk given Ukraine’s tradition-marked convictions about sacramental vs. believer’s baptism — must be explicitly flagged on first occurrence |
| 4 | it is not mine to give | οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι | не Мені це дати | Kingdom of God Breaking In | High | 10:40 | Reflects the Son’s voluntary submission within the Trinity’s mission, not a limit on His deity; echoes Gethsemane (14:36) |
| 5 | Gentiles/nations (generic) | ἔθνη / ethnē | народи | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | Medium | 10:42 | Use народи, not погани, since this is a generic worldly-rulers reference, not the Jew/Gentile theological contrast; avoids погани’s modern derogatory drift |
| 6 | lord over / dominate | κατακυριεύω / katakyrieuō | володарювати (над) | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | High | 10:42 | Must retain sharply negative, domineering sense as the contrast-term for διάκονος/δοῦλος |
| 7 | exercise authority over | κατεξουσιάζω / katexousiazō | панувати (над) | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | High | 10:42 | Parallel intensification alongside κατακυριεύουσιν |
| 8 | servant | διάκονος / diakonos | слуга | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | High | 10:43 | NEVER render as диякон (would collapse the universal servant-ethic into the specific ordained clerical office of deacon) |
| 9 | slave/bondservant | δοῦλος / doulos | раб | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness / Ransom for Many | Critical | 10:44 | Grounded Ukraine risk: collides with кріпацтво (serfdom), Soviet forced labor, and current wartime slavery/hostage realities; must be explicitly framed as Christ’s voluntary, dignified self-gift, never as endorsement of coerced bondage; mandatory theologian review |
| 10 | Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου / ho huios tou anthrōpou | Син Людський | Suffering Servant / Messianic Secret | Critical | 10:45 (and throughout) | Mark’s central double-register title (exalted Daniel 7 figure + humble human being); the Messianic Secret’s theological center; requires repeated, explicit exposition |
| 11 | to serve / to be served | διακονηθῆναι / διακονῆσαι | служити / бути обслуговуваним | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | High | 10:45 | Preserve the служити/слуга word-family link with v.43’s διάκονος visibly in Ukrainian |
| 12 | to give his life | δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ | віддати Своє життя | Necessity of the Cross / Ransom for Many | High | 10:45 | Render життя (life/whole self), not душа (soul), to avoid dualistic under-translation of Christ’s real, embodied self-surrender |
| 13 | ransom | λύτρον / lytron | викуп | Ransom for Many | Critical | 10:45 | Doctrinally: no fully developed ransom/substitutionary category shared identically across all three Ukrainian traditions — must be explicitly taught. Culturally: викуп is the live, literal current-events word for wartime hostage/POW ransom payments; extraordinary pastoral power and extraordinary risk of purely transactional misreading. Mandatory theologian review for every occurrence. |
| 14 | for/instead of many | ἀντὶ πολλῶν / anti pollōn | за багатьох | Ransom for Many | High | 10:45 | ἀντί signals substitution, not mere benefit; Ukrainian за alone cannot disambiguate — requires explicit exposition of the substitutionary force |
| 15 | many | πολλῶν / pollōn | багато(х) | Suffering Servant / Ransom for Many | Medium | 10:45 | Echoes Isaiah 53:11-12; the Servant-Song background must be explicitly supplied |
Chapter 1–16 Terms (Whole-Book Coverage)
| # | Term (Eng) | Greek / Translit. | Ukrainian Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Key Passages | Grounded Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 | gospel | εὐαγγέλιον / euangelion | Євангеліє | Suffering Servant | High [TM REUSE] | 1:1, 1:14-15 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| 17 | repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | покаяння / покаятися | Faith and Discipleship | High | 1:4, 1:15 | Risk of narrowing to the Sacrament of Confession (Таїнство Покаяння) rather than Mark’s whole-life reorientation |
| 18 | Kingdom of God (drawing near) | ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία / engiken hē basileia | наблизилося Царство Боже | Kingdom Breaking In | High [TM REUSE: Царство Боже] | 1:15 | Царство Боже reused exactly; наблизилося new — must preserve already/not-yet tension |
| 19 | authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | влада | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | High | 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 11:28 | Collides with acutely live contemporary Ukrainian political and jurisdictional-ecclesial authority debates (OCU/UOC/UGCC); Jesus’ personal authority must be kept distinct |
| 20 | unclean spirit | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / pneuma akatharton | нечистий дух | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | High | 1:23-26 and throughout | Must denote a real personal evil being, not post-Soviet folk-spirit (“злі духи”) vocabulary |
| 21 | demon | δαιμόνιον / daimonion | демон | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | Medium | throughout | Standard, low-medium risk alongside #20 |
| 22 | heal | θεραπεύω / therapeuō | зціляти | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | Medium | 1:34, 1:40-42 and throughout | Distinguish from generic лікувати (medical treatment) |
| 23 | leprosy/leper | λέπρα, λεπρός / lepra, lepros | проказа, прокажений | Kingdom Breaking In | Low-Medium | 1:40-45 | Concrete referent; needs historical framing only |
| 24 | forgive (sins) | ἀφίημι / aphiēmi | прощати / відпускати (гріхи) | Suffering Servant / Authority over Sin | High | 2:5-10 | Jesus’ direct divine-prerogative claim; must not collapse into routine confessional practice |
| 25 | Sabbath | σάββατον / sabbaton | субота | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | Medium-High | 2:23-28 | Homograph with modern “Saturday”; needs OT covenantal framing |
| 26 | blasphemy (against the Spirit) | βλασφημία / blasphēmia | хула (на Святого Духа) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | High | 3:28-29 | Frame pastorally as final, willful rejection, not momentary doubt, to avoid generating devotional anxiety |
| 27 | will of God | θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ / thelēma tou theou | воля Божа | Kingdom Breaking In | Medium-High | 3:35 | Homograph collision with Galatians TM’s воля = “freedom”; disambiguate explicitly |
| 28 | parable | παραβολή / parabolē | притча | Messianic Secret | Low | ch. 4 | Standard, low risk |
| 29 | mystery (of the Kingdom) | μυστήριον / mystērion | тайна / таємниця | Messianic Secret / Kingdom Breaking In | Critical | 4:11 | Collides with Тайна = the Sacraments (Святі Тайни; “Тайна Вечеря”); must disambiguate explicitly from sacramental sense |
| 30 | save/heal (dual) | σῴζω / sōzō | зцілити / спасти (context-dependent) | Authority over Sickness / Faith and Discipleship | High | 5:34 and throughout | Translation-form gap: no single Ukrainian verb spans both senses as Greek does; case-by-case exposition required |
| 31 | raise/get up | ἐγείρω / egeirō | встати / воскресити | Suffering Servant | Medium | 5:41-42 | Anticipates full resurrection language without being the final resurrection |
| 32 | ”I am” (theophanic) | ἐγώ εἰμι / egō eimi | Я є | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | High | 6:50 | Must render literally, not as casual “це я,” to preserve Exodus/Isaiah theophanic echo |
| 33 | (human) tradition | παράδοσις / paradosis | традиція (людська) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Critical | 7:1-13 | NEVER render as Передання (= Holy Tradition in Orthodox/Greek Catholic theology); requires explicit fencing |
| 34 | defile/unclean (moral) | κοινόω, κοινός / koinoō, koinos | оскверняти / нечистий | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 7:15-23 | Redirects purity concern from external contact to the heart (καρδία) |
| 35 | Christ/Messiah (confession) | Χριστός / Christos | Христос | Messianic Secret / Suffering Servant | High | 8:29 | Reuse baseline messiah-family caution: re-surface the confession’s weight, worn smooth by everyday “surname” usage |
| 36 | must (divine necessity) | δεῖ / dei | мусить / має | Necessity of the Cross | High | 8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34 | Must retain God’s purposive ordination (Isaiah 53 background), not fatalistic доля/фатум |
| 37 | suffer | πάσχω / paschō | постраждати / страждати | Necessity of the Cross / Suffering Servant | Medium | 8:31 and throughout | Paired with δεῖ |
| 38 | cross | σταυρός / stauros | хрест | Necessity of the Cross | High | 8:34, throughout Passion narrative | Risk of devotional-symbol flattening (cross pendants, roadside crosses) obscuring the costly, potentially fatal call to actual self-denial |
| 39 | life/soul | ψυχή / psychē | життя / душа (context-dependent) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear / Ransom for Many | High | 8:35-37, 10:45 | Case-by-case: життя for the holistic self/life; душа only where an immaterial-component sense is clearly intended |
| 40 | transfigured | μεταμορφόω / metamorphoō | преобразитися (Преображення) | Suffering Servant / Son of God | Low | 9:2-8 | Positive cultural asset: major shared feast day across Orthodox and Greek Catholic tradition |
| 41 | unbelief | ἀπιστία / apistia | невіра | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 9:24 | Names honest struggle within genuine faith, distinct from 3:29’s final rejection |
| 42 | stumbling block | σκάνδαλον / skandalon | привід до падіння | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 9:42-47 | Must not be flattened into generic “temptation” (πειρασμός is a different word) |
| 43 | Gehenna/hell | γέεννα / geenna | геєна | Necessity of the Cross (warning) | Medium-High | 9:43-47 | Prefer геєна over folk-loaded пекло to avoid extrabiblical imagery |
| 44 | eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / zōē aiōnios | вічне життя | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 10:17, 10:30 | Standard, well-established |
| 45 | Son of David | Υἱὸς Δαυίδ / Huios Dauid | Син Давидів | Suffering Servant / Kingdom Breaking In | Medium-High | 10:47-48 | Requires OT covenant-chronology background (same gap flagged for Davidic Covenant in baseline) |
| 46 | have mercy | ἐλέησον / eleēson | помилуй | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 10:47-48 | Positive asset: mirrors “Господи, помилуй,” the most-repeated Divine Liturgy petition |
| 47 | Hosanna | ὡσαννά / hōsanna | осанна | Kingdom Breaking In | Low | 11:9-10 | Positive liturgical asset (Sanctus) |
| 48 | house of prayer / robbers | οἶκος προσευχῆς / ληστής | дім молитви / розбійники | Kingdom Breaking In | Medium | 11:17 | Concrete referent, OT citation background helpful |
| 49 | cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας / kephalē gōnias | камінь наріжний | Suffering Servant | Medium | 12:10-11 | Psalm 118 messianic citation |
| 50 | commandment | ἐντολή / entolē | заповідь | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | Low-Medium | 12:28-31 | Reuse baseline law-family convention (заповідь reserved for individual commandments) |
| 51 | love | ἀγάπη / agapē | любов | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | High [TM REUSE] | 12:30-33 | Reuse Galatians baseline exactly |
| 52 | resurrection | ἀνάστασις / anastasis | воскресіння | Suffering Servant | Medium [TM REUSE] | 12:18-27, 16:6 | Reuse baseline exactly |
| 53 | tribulation | θλῖψις / thlipsis | лихоліття / скорбота | Kingdom Breaking In (eschatological) | High | 13:19, 13:24 | Wartime resonance risk: must not collapse Mark’s eschatological horizon into a claim that the present war is “the” tribulation |
| 54 | false christ / false prophet | ψευδόχριστος, ψευδοπροφήτης | лжехристос / лжепророк | Messianic Secret | Medium | 13:22 | Established лже- prefix (cf. Galatians лжебрати); keep doctrinally serious |
| 55 | watch/be alert | γρηγορέω / grēgoreō | пильнувати | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 13:33-37 | Positive resonance with lived wartime vigilance, provided the eschatological referent stays primary |
| 56 | covenant (blood of the) | διαθήκη / diathēkē | завіт | Ransom for Many / Necessity of the Cross | High [TM REUSE] | 14:24 | Reuse baseline exactly; ties Last Supper to sacrificial covenant background |
| 57 | blood | αἷμα / haima | кров | Ransom for Many | High | 14:24 | Extraordinarily heavy current wartime emotional weight; sacrificial-atonement referent must stay primary with pastoral sensitivity |
| 58 | Abba, Father | Ἀββά ὁ πατήρ / Abba ho patēr | Авва, Отче | Necessity of the Cross | High [TM REUSE] | 14:36 | Source occurrence of the phrase later echoed in Romans 8:15/Galatians 4:6; reuse exactly |
| 59 | not my will but yours | οὐ τὸ ἐμὸν θέλημα ἀλλὰ τὸ σόν | не Моя воля, а Твоя | Necessity of the Cross | Medium-High | 14:36 | Same воля “will”/“freedom” homograph caution as #27 |
| 60 | deny | ἀπαρνέομαι / aparneomai | зректися / відректися | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | Medium | 14:30, 14:66-72 | Distinguish Peter’s failure-denial from the positive self-denial of 8:34 |
| 61 | high priest | ἀρχιερεύς / archiereus | первосвященик | Messianic Secret | Low | 14:53-65 | Standard institutional title |
| 62 | crucify | σταυρόω / stauroō | розіп’ясти / розп’яття | Necessity of the Cross | High | 15:24-25 | Reuse σταυρός note |
| 63 | King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | Цар Юдейський | Kingdom Breaking In (ironic mockery) | High | 15:2, 15:18, 15:26 | Loaded imperial Царство resonance; the irony is Mark’s own deliberate point and should be taught explicitly |
| 64 | forsake | ἐγκαταλείπω / egkataleipō | покинути | Necessity of the Cross | High | 15:34 | Acute pastoral resonance given wartime loss and grief; handle with warmth-within-dignity register |
| 65 | centurion | κεντυρίων / kentyriōn | сотник | Messianic Secret (climactic confession) | Low-Medium | 15:39 | Positive resonance: also a historical Cossack military rank |
| 66 | angel | ἄγγελος / angelos | ангел | Suffering Servant (resurrection) | Low | 16:5 | Standard |
Risk Summary
| Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 (baptism-metaphorical, δοῦλος/slave, Son of Man, λύτρον/ransom, μυστήριον/mystery, παράδοσις/tradition) | Mandatory human theologian review, every occurrence |
| High | 33 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 24 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 9 | Automated review |
Cross-References to Baseline Terms Reused Exactly
The following terms are inherited from the Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json and must not be re-derived or altered in the Mark curriculum: Євангеліє (gospel), Царство Боже (kingdom of God), віра (faith), слава (glory), завіт (covenant), Авва, Отче (Abba, Father), любов (love), воскресіння (resurrection), апостол (apostle), пророк (prophet), Христос/Месія (Christ/Messiah conventions), Святий Дух (Holy Spirit, wherever it occurs distinct from bare πνεῦμα contexts), Ісус (Jesus — never Иисус), Отець (Father, where God the Father is meant distinct from Abba-Father compound).
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: спасіння
Transliteration: spasinnya
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: визволення, рятування (too generic, ‘rescue’)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Mark’s dual-sense σῴζω (save/heal) vocabulary (5:34 and throughout) and ‘eternal life’ framing (10:17, 30); must remain anchored to Christ’s death/resurrection, not defaulting unqualified into any one tradition’s system.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Ісус
Transliteration: Isus
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: Иисус (Russian spelling, never use)
Inherited from Romans package. Ісус (single і) throughout Mark, never Иисус.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: тайна / таємниця
Transliteration: tayna / tayemnytsya
Doctrine: Parables and the Mystery of the Kingdom
New term. Mark 4:11. Тайна is the standing Orthodox/Greek Catholic term for the Sacraments themselves (Святі Тайни; the Last Supper is literally ‘Тайна Вечеря’). Readers formed in these traditions could hear ‘the mystery of the Kingdom’ as ‘the Sacrament of the Kingdom,’ importing sacramental categories foreign to Mark’s actual point — a previously hidden truth now disclosed to disciples through parable-form. Mandatory disambiguating gloss on first occurrence.
Human Tradition
Approved rendering: традиція (людська)
Transliteration: tradytsiya (lyudska)
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus God’s Command
Rejected alternatives: Передання (NEVER — names Holy Tradition itself, authoritative alongside Scripture for Orthodox/Greek Catholic readers)
New term. Mark 7:1-13. Rendering Jesus’ critique of merely human ‘tradition of the elders’ with Передання would sound like Jesus condemns Holy Tradition itself — nearly the opposite of the text’s point. Use традиція (людська) or ‘людські звичаї/настанови,’ explicitly qualified: Jesus targets specific human customs elevated above God’s actual command, not the category of tradition as such.
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: раб
Transliteration: rab
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: слуга (under-translates the intensification from διάκονος to δοῦλος)
New term. Mark 10:44, δοῦλος. CRITICAL, grounded Ukrainian risk: раб collides with кріпацтво (serfdom, abolished 1861), Soviet forced/penal labor, and — acutely since 2022 — the ongoing reality of Ukrainian civilians and POWs held by Russia, for whom ‘раб/рабство’ is a current atrocity category, not metaphor. Requires mandatory theologian review and explicit framing distinguishing Christ’s voluntary, dignified self-gift from any endorsement of imposed bondage, paralleling the Galatians discipline for ‘yoke of slavery’ and ‘freedom.‘
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Син Людський
Transliteration: Syn Lyuds’kyy
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: Син Чоловічий (overly literal/awkward calque, avoid)
New term. Mark’s central self-designation (2:10, 8:31, 10:45, 14:62, and ~14 occurrences throughout). Draws on both Daniel 7:13-14 (exalted, authoritative apocalyptic figure) and Ezekiel’s humble ‘son of man’ (a mere human being) — a deliberately double-register title with no existing Ukrainian devotional idiom carrying both senses by default. Requires explicit, repeated exposition at every occurrence, not a one-time gloss; this is the single highest cumulative exposition burden in the whole Gospel.
Ransom
Approved rendering: викуп
Transliteration: vykup
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: плата (too weak — loses the forensic ransom-price/manumission sense), компенсація (too commercial/insurance-like)
New term. Mark 10:45, λύτρον. CRITICAL double-grounded risk: (1) doctrinally, none of the three living Ukrainian traditions holds a fully developed penal-substitutionary ransom category identical to this framing (Orthodox/Greek Catholic theology lean toward recapitulation/theosis-oriented atonement) — must be taught explicitly, exactly as the baseline requires for ‘imputed righteousness’; (2) culturally/currently, викуп is the ordinary, literal current-events word for wartime hostage/POW ransom payments (2022-present exchanges, occupation-zone extortion). Extraordinary pastoral power, equal risk of being heard as only a commercial/political transaction. Mandatory theologian review for every occurrence.
Baptism Metaphorical
Approved rendering: хрещення
Transliteration: khreshchennya
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
New term. Mark 10:38-39, βάπτισμα/βαπτισθῆναι. The single highest-risk term in the core passage: a universally familiar word whose ordinary sense (the water rite) is exactly the wrong sense here, in a country where convictions about baptism practice (infant/sacramental vs. believer’s baptism) are themselves tradition-dividing. Mandatory explicit flag at first occurrence and mandatory theologian review every occurrence; must denote total immersion into suffering and death, wholly other than the rite.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Євангеліє
Transliteration: Yevanheliye
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: добра звістка (acceptable as an explanatory gloss only)
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1’s ‘ἀρχὴ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου’ makes Євангеліє a programmatic title for the entire book; reuse exactly. Wartime religious revival gives the term added devotional weight to build on, per baseline note.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Царство Боже
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Bozhe
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: держава Божа
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Mark 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 11:9-10; Mark’s Passion narrative sharpens the baseline’s imperial-tsardom caution through the ironic ‘King of the Jews’ inscription (15:2, 18, 26) — teach this irony explicitly.
Faith
Approved rendering: віра
Transliteration: vira
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: довіра, переконання
Inherited from Romans package. Mark repeatedly pairs віра directly against fear in life-threatening scenes (4:40, 5:36, 6:50, 9:24); must anchor to personal trust in Christ’s specific word/presence in the narrative moment, not confessional identity.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Hospod’
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: хазяїн, владика (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 2:28’s ‘Son of Man is lord (κύριος) of the Sabbath’ and 12:35-37’s David-and-Lord discussion both invoke exclusive, supreme lordship; must not read as merely liturgical.
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: шана, велич
Inherited from Romans package (baseline translation_memory.json records Medium; the Mark curriculum’s own bible_term_registry.json elevates this to High for Mark 10:37, where James and John’s worldly-court misreading of Christ’s coming glory is the very misunderstanding the passage corrects). Must not blur with patriotic ‘Слава Україні’ resonance; Christ’s glory is reached through suffering-servanthood, not court politics.
Sin
Approved rendering: гріх
Transliteration: hrikh
Doctrine: Divine Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: помилка, провина
Inherited from Romans package. Directly at stake in 2:1-12’s forgiveness controversy; care needed that wartime moral discourse does not narrow гріх to mean only ‘atrocity’ committed by an external aggressor rather than Mark’s universal category applying to every reader.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: погани
Transliteration: pohany
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: чужинці
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 10:42’s ἔθνη is a generic reference to worldly political rulers, NOT the Jew/Gentile theological contrast — use народи (see gentiles_nations_generic entry below), not погани, to avoid importing an unintended insult where none is meant.
Covenant
Approved rendering: завіт
Transliteration: zavit
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper and Covenant Blood
Rejected alternatives: договір, угода
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:24’s ‘τὸ αἷμα μου τῆς διαθήκης’ directly invokes Exodus 24:8 covenant-sacrifice language and retrospectively grounds the ransom (λύτρον) of 10:45; завіт’s centrality to the canon’s own name (Старий/Новий Завіт) is an asset.
Abba
Approved rendering: Авва
Transliteration: Avva
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:36 is the original biblical occurrence of this phrase, preserved untranslated exactly as ‘Авва, Отче!’ in the existing Ukrainian Bible text; Romans/Galatians consciously echo this Gethsemane prayer.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Месія
Transliteration: Mesiya
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: рятівник світу (as a stand-alone substitute)
Inherited from Romans package. Alongside Христос (used as Jesus’ effective ‘surname’ in everyday Ukrainian), the specific Jewish messianic-fulfillment meaning must be explicitly re-surfaced at Peter’s confession (8:29), where Христос is used per the Gospel’s own established wording; do not switch to Месія mid-narrative, as that would be jarring against the established text.
Love
Approved rendering: любов
Transliteration: lyubov
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Inherited from the Galatians extension of the baseline package. Mark 12:30-33’s greatest commandment names committed, active love — not primarily feeling — as the sum of the Law, directly resourcing the Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness doctrine.
Kingdom Drawing Near
Approved rendering: наблизилося (Царство Боже)
Transliteration: nablyzylosya (Tsarstvo Bozhe)
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: прийшло (too final/completed), прийде (too purely future)
New term. Mark 1:15’s programmatic announcement. наблизилося must preserve the already/not-yet tension: not a fully completed past arrival, not a merely future event. Requires sustained expository reinforcement, especially in the parables (ch. 4) and Olivet discourse (ch. 13).
Repentance
Approved rendering: покаяння / покаятися
Transliteration: pokayannya / pokayatysya
Doctrine: Repentance and Kingdom Preparation
New term. Mark 1:4, 1:15. Покаяння also names the standing Sacrament of Confession (Таїнство Покаяння) in the Orthodox and Greek Catholic traditions; must be explicitly distinguished from the discrete ritual act to preserve Mark’s sense of ongoing, whole-life reorientation, without disparaging the sacramental practice.
Authority
Approved rendering: влада
Transliteration: vlada
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
New term. Mark 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 11:28. влада is one of the most politically live words in contemporary Ukrainian discourse (wartime governmental legitimacy; the acutely contested OCU/UOC/UGCC jurisdictional dispute already flagged Critical in the baseline church doctrine). Jesus’ personal, self-evident authority must be kept explicitly distinct from these unrelated modern controversies, especially at 11:28 where religious authorities interrogate His legitimacy.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: нечистий дух
Transliteration: nechystyy dukh
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: злі духи (folk-cultural household/forest-spirit category, avoid)
New term. First occurrence 1:23-26, recurring throughout. Must denote a real, personal, malevolent supernatural being opposed to God, not post-Soviet folk-spiritual vocabulary; inherits the baseline’s caution that ‘дух’ alone must never stand for the Holy Spirit — here the inverse risk applies.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: прощати / відпускати (гріхи)
Transliteration: proshchaty / vidpuskaty (hrikhy)
Doctrine: Divine Forgiveness of Sins
New term. Mark 2:5-10. Jesus’ direct exercise of the divine prerogative to forgive sin, defended as evidence of His Son of Man authority; must not collapse into routine confessional-forgiveness practice — the point is a deity-of-Christ claim, the opposite risk direction from the baseline’s caution about виправдання in Romans.
Blasphemy Against Spirit
Approved rendering: хула (на Святого Духа)
Transliteration: khula (na Svyatoho Dukha)
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
New term. Mark 3:28-29. A frequent, real source of devotional anxiety across all three Ukrainian traditions; must be framed pastorally as a settled, willful, final rejection of the Spirit’s testimony to Christ, not a momentary doubt, to avoid compounding wartime anxiety readers already carry.
Save Heal Dual
Approved rendering: зцілити / спасти (context-dependent)
Transliteration: zcilyty / spasty
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
New term. Mark 5:34 and throughout. Genuine structural translation-form gap: no single Ukrainian verb spans both ‘heal’ and ‘save’ as Greek σῴζω deliberately does. Context in 5:34 favors зцілити; the wordplay linking physical healing to спасіння must be supplied by explicit exposition.
I Am Theophanic
Approved rendering: Я є
Transliteration: Ya ye
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: це я (ordinary reassurance idiom, loses theophanic register — avoid)
New term. Mark 6:50, walking on water. Must render literally (Я є) with an explicit note pointing to the Exodus 3:14/Isaiah 43:10-11 theophanic background, restoring the confession’s force exactly as the baseline requires for ‘Ісус є Господь’ in Romans 10:9.
Christ Confession
Approved rendering: Христос
Transliteration: Khrystos
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
New term (extends the baseline messiah entry to Mark’s specific narrative hinge). Mark 8:29, Peter’s confession ‘You are the Christ,’ immediately reinterpreted through coming suffering (8:31-33). Христос functions as Jesus’ effective surname in everyday Ukrainian; this confession’s force as a momentous, specific recognition-claim must be explicitly re-surfaced, not assumed still felt by readers.
Must Divine Necessity
Approved rendering: мусить / має (постраждати)
Transliteration: musyt’ / maye (postrazhdaty)
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: доля (never use), фатум (never use)
New term. Mark 8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34. Must retain God’s sovereign, purposive ordination (echoing Isaiah 53:10) and must not drift toward доля/фатум-adjacent fatalism, the same caution the baseline applies to election and providence vocabulary.
Cross
Approved rendering: хрест
Transliteration: khrest
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
New term. Mark 8:34 and throughout the Passion narrative. хрест is deeply embedded in Ukrainian visual/devotional culture (pendants, roadside memorial crosses, church domes) — an asset for concreteness, but risk that ‘take up your cross’ is heard as devotional symbolism rather than Jesus’ actual point: a costly, self-denying, potentially fatal path of discipleship.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: життя / душа (context-dependent)
Transliteration: zhyttya / dusha
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
New term. Mark 8:35-37; extends to 10:45’s give_his_life. Render життя (whole embodied self/life) as the default; reserve душа only where an immaterial-component sense is clearly intended by context. душа carries strong body/soul dualism from Orthodox/Greek Catholic anthropology and could obscure that Christ’s whole embodied life was surrendered in real, historical death.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: лихоліття / скорбота
Transliteration: lykholittya / skorbota
Doctrine: Eschatological Tribulation and Watchfulness
New term. Mark 13:19, 13:24. лихоліття is already actively used by Ukrainians for historical periods of collective devastation (WWII, the Holodomor) and the current war; risk of readers reading Mark 13 as direct validation that the present war IS ‘the’ tribulation, collapsing a future-oriented apocalyptic horizon into current events. The resonance may register pastorally but the distinct eschatological referent must be explicitly taught.
Covenant Blood
Approved rendering: завіт
Transliteration: zavit
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper and Covenant Blood
Extends the inherited covenant entry to Mark 14:24’s institution of the Last Supper, ‘τὸ αἷμα μου τῆς διαθήκης,’ directly invoking Exodus 24:8 and retrospectively grounding the ransom (λύτρον) of 10:45.
Blood
Approved rendering: кров
Transliteration: krov
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
New term. Mark 14:24. Beyond general theological weight, кров currently carries extraordinarily heavy, immediate emotional weight in Ukraine given ongoing wartime bloodshed and casualties; the sacrificial-atonement referent must be kept primary while handling the pastoral weight with the sensitivity the baseline requires for мир (peace).
Crucify
Approved rendering: розіп’ясти / розп’яття
Transliteration: rozp’yasty / rozp’yattya
Doctrine: Crucifixion and Royal Mockery
New term. Mark 15:24-25. The actual, historical execution the Necessity of the Cross doctrine has anticipated throughout the Gospel; must not be presented merely as a devotional symbol.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Цар Юдейський
Transliteration: Tsar Yudeys’kyy
Doctrine: Crucifixion and Royal Mockery
New term. Mark 15:2, 15:18, 15:26, the mocking inscription. Цар carries the same loaded imperial resonance already flagged for Царство (echoes of Russian imperial tsardom that historically Russified Ukraine); Mark’s own deliberate irony (mocked kingship proven true precisely through the cross) should be taught explicitly.
Forsake
Approved rendering: покинути
Transliteration: pokynuty
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction
New term. Mark 15:34, Psalm 22:1’s cry of dereliction. Profound pastoral weight given the scale of loss, displacement, and grief many Ukrainian readers carry from the ongoing war; handle with the same warmth-within-dignity register the baseline requires for Romans 8’s assurance passages.
Lord Over Dominate
Approved rendering: володарювати (над)
Transliteration: volodaryuvaty (nad)
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: керувати / очолювати (too neutral — would blunt the deliberately negative, domineering sense)
New term. Mark 10:42, κατακυριεύω. Must retain the sharply negative, domineering connotation as the contrast-term for διάκονος/δοῦλος in vv.43-44.
Exercise Authority Over
Approved rendering: панувати (над)
Transliteration: panuvaty (nad)
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
New term. Mark 10:42, κατεξουσιάζω. Parallel intensification alongside lord_over_dominate; same discipline against softening applies.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: слуга
Transliteration: sluha
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: диякон (NEVER — collapses the universal servant-ethic into the specific ordained clerical office of deacon in Orthodox/Greek Catholic hierarchy, exactly backward from Jesus’ point)
New term. Mark 10:43, διάκονος. Must render as слуга (ordinary servant), explicitly framed as the universal servant-ethic for every disciple, never a clerical office.
To Serve To Be Served
Approved rendering: служити / бути обслуговуваним
Transliteration: sluzhyty / buty obsluhovuvanym
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
New term. Mark 10:45. The deliberate verbal echo with διάκονος in v.43 must be preserved by using the служити/слуга word-family consistently across both verses, so the connection is visible in Ukrainian as it is in Greek.
Give His Life
Approved rendering: віддати Своє життя
Transliteration: viddaty Svoye zhyttya
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: віддати Свою душу (avoid as default — under-translates the embodied, historical reality of Christ’s death into a merely ‘spiritual’ transaction)
New term. Mark 10:45. ψυχή here must be rendered життя (life/whole self), not душа (soul); an act of will, not passive victimhood.
For Instead Of Many
Approved rendering: за багатьох
Transliteration: za bahat’okh
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
New term. Mark 10:45, ἀντὶ πολλῶν. Ukrainian за is ambiguous between ‘for the benefit of’ and ‘in place of,’ and could default to the weaker general-benefit sense. The substitutionary force of ἀντί must be carried by explicit exposition, paralleling the baseline’s caution about Galatians 3:16’s насіння singular/plural gap.
Cup
Approved rendering: чаша
Transliteration: chasha
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
New term. Mark 10:38-39, echoed 14:23-24, 14:36. чаша is also the term for the Eucharistic Chalice (Чаша Господня), revered in every tradition’s Divine Liturgy/Mass. The OT judgment-portion background (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17,22) must be established at first occurrence before any Eucharistic association is introduced; the cup of suffering grounds the sacramental cup, not the reverse.
Not Mine To Give
Approved rendering: не Мені це дати
Transliteration: ne Meni tse daty
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
New term. Mark 10:40, οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι. Reflects the Son’s voluntary submission to the Father’s ordained plan, not a limit on Christ’s deity as such; must not be read as diminishing Christ’s authority generally (risk of a subordinationist misreading) — echoes Gethsemane’s ‘not my will but yours’ (14:36).
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: апостол
Transliteration: apostol
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: посланець, проповідник
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 3:14 records the formal appointment of the Twelve as ἀπόστολοι, formalizing delegated authority; 6:7 extends this to their mission-sending.
Called
Approved rendering: покликаний
Transliteration: poklykanyy
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: запрошений
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Mark’s disciple-calling narratives (1:16-20, 2:14) where Jesus calls individuals to leave their occupations and follow; запрошений (invited) is too weak.
Calling
Approved rendering: покликання
Transliteration: poklykannya
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: призначення
Inherited from Romans package. Extends to the Twelve’s formal commissioning (3:14, 6:7); anchor to God’s initiative through Christ, not generic career-vocation language.
Holy
Approved rendering: святий
Transliteration: svyatyy
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: чистий, непорочний
Inherited from Romans package. Runs as the structural contrast-term to нечистий дух (unclean spirit) throughout Mark; reinforces moral/relational set-apartness, not ritual purity or canonized-saint status alone.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: воскресіння
Transliteration: voskresinnya
Doctrine: Resurrection Vindication
Rejected alternatives: оживлення, реінкарнація
Inherited from Romans package. Anticipated at 5:41-42 (ἐγείρω, Jairus’s daughter) and 12:18-27 (Sadducees’ question), fulfilled and vindicating the whole Gospel at 16:6. Culturally central via Великдень/Easter — an asset if not flattened into a calendar event.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Син Божий
Transliteration: Syn Bozhyy
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: божественний посланець
Inherited from Romans package. Frames Mark’s opening line (1:1) and resolves the Messianic Secret at the centurion’s climactic confession (15:39); shared, settled Nicene ground across OCU, UOC, and UGCC — narrative pacing must not ‘give away’ the confession before 15:39 in expository material.
Law
Approved rendering: закон
Transliteration: zakon
Doctrine: Sabbath and Covenant Authority
Rejected alternatives: правило, заповідь (reserve for individual commandments)
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds the Sabbath controversy (2:23-28, 3:1-6) and the greatest-commandment exchange (12:28-31); закон remains the standard Ohienko term for the Mosaic Law.
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Boh
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: Всевишній (acceptable poetic synonym only)
Inherited from Romans package. Standard, universally recognized term underlying Царство Боже, Син Божий, воля Божа, and Mark’s whole theological vocabulary.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святий Дух
Transliteration: Svyatyy Dukh
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone), енергія
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the blasphemy-against-the-Spirit warning (3:28-29) and the baptism/anointing of Jesus (1:8, 1:10-12); дух alone must never stand in for the Holy Spirit, given secular idioms like ‘бойовий дух’ — and must also be kept distinct from нечистий дух (unclean spirit), Mark’s frequent contrasting term.
Father
Approved rendering: Отець
Transliteration: Otets’
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: батюшка (reserve exclusively for addressing an Orthodox priest; increasingly avoided as a Russicism)
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed in Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer (14:36), the source occurrence of the Авва, Отче phrase later echoed in Romans 8:15 and Galatians 4:6.
Demon
Approved rendering: демон
Transliteration: demon
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: екстрасенс (never use)
New term. Standard throughout Mark alongside нечистий дух; avoid folk-psychic vocabulary already flagged in the baseline for spiritual gifts.
Heal
Approved rendering: зціляти
Transliteration: zcilyaty
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: лікувати (too generic/medical)
New term. Mark 1:34, 1:40-42 and throughout. Distinguish from ordinary medical treatment (лікувати) to preserve the sign-value of Kingdom healing.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: субота
Transliteration: subota
Doctrine: Sabbath and Covenant Authority
New term. Mark 2:23-28, 3:1-6. субота is also the ordinary modern word for ‘Saturday’; risk of homograph flattening reducing ‘Lord of the Sabbath’ to a claim about a weekday rather than the weighty covenantal claim over the Mosaic institution. Requires explicit OT background framing.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: воля Божа
Transliteration: volya Bozha
Doctrine: True Kinship and the Will of God
New term. Mark 3:35, echoed 14:36. Genuine homograph collision with the Galatians Language Package’s register-split use of воля for ‘freedom’ (5:1, 13); this shared-curriculum vocabulary collision must be explicitly noted in teaching material so ‘God’s will’ here is never confused with ‘Christ’s freedom’ there.
Raise Get Up
Approved rendering: встати / воскресити
Transliteration: vstaty / voskresyty
Doctrine: Resurrection Vindication
New term. Mark 5:41-42, Jairus’s daughter. Keep distinct in register from воскресіння (final/historic resurrection); anticipates but is not yet the final resurrection.
Defile Unclean Moral
Approved rendering: оскверняти / нечистий
Transliteration: oskvernyaty / nechystyy
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus God’s Command
New term. Mark 7:15-23. Redirects purity concern from external contact to the heart (καρδία); ensure this redirection is clear in exposition, not just the lexeme.
Suffer
Approved rendering: постраждати / страждати
Transliteration: postrazhdaty / strazhdaty
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
New term. Mark 8:31 and throughout. Paired consistently with мусить/має to preserve the divine-necessity link.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: невіра
Transliteration: nevira
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
New term. Mark 9:24, ‘I believe; help my unbelief.’ Names honest struggle within genuine faith, distinct from 3:28-29’s blasphemy of the Spirit (final, willful rejection); the two must never be conflated.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: привід до падіння
Transliteration: pryvid do padinnya
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: спокуса (too generic — a different Greek word, πειρασμός, means ‘temptation’)
New term. Mark 9:42-47. Specifically about causing another to fall into sin, not a generic ‘temptation.‘
Gehenna
Approved rendering: геєна
Transliteration: heyena
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: пекло (avoid — carries heavy extrabiblical folk-imagery of devils/torment beyond the text’s actual claim)
New term. Mark 9:43-47. геєна ties the term to its literal historical referent (the Valley of Hinnom) rather than importing folk-cultural imagination.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: вічне життя
Transliteration: vichne zhyttya
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
New term. Mark 10:17, 10:30. Frames salvation as life of the age to come, not mere present prosperity.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Син Давидів
Transliteration: Syn Davydiv
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
New term. Mark 10:47-48, Bartimaeus’s cry. Requires the same OT covenant-chronology background flagged as a gap for the Davidic Covenant in the baseline; a public messianic confession Jesus does not silence, marking a turning point in the Messianic Secret.
Have Mercy
Approved rendering: помилуй
Transliteration: pomyluy
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
New term. Mark 10:47-48. Positive cultural asset: directly mirrors ‘Господи, помилуй’ (Kyrie eleison), the single most repeated petition in the Divine Liturgy of both the OCU/UOC and the Divine Liturgy/Mass of the UGCC.
House Of Prayer Robbers
Approved rendering: дім молитви / розбійники
Transliteration: dim molytvy / rozbiynyky
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
New term. Mark 11:17, quoting Isaiah 56:7 and Jeremiah 7:11. Concrete referent; OT citation background helpful.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: камінь наріжний
Transliteration: kamin’ narizhnyy
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
New term. Mark 12:10-11, Psalm 118:22 citation. Foreshadows the rejection and vindication of the Son.
False Christ False Prophet
Approved rendering: лжехристос / лжепророк
Transliteration: lzhekhrystos / lzheprorok
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
New term. Mark 13:22. Natural use of the established лже- prefix (cf. Galatians TM’s лжебрати); must be kept doctrinally serious, not softened into a vague warning.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: пильнувати
Transliteration: pyl’nuvaty
Doctrine: Eschatological Tribulation and Watchfulness
New term. Mark 13:33-37. Positive resonance opportunity: physical vigilance is a lived, immediate wartime reality (air-raid alerts, blackout discipline), which maps naturally onto spiritual vigilance, provided the theological referent (readiness for Christ’s return) remains primary.
Not My Will But Yours
Approved rendering: не Моя воля, а Твоя
Transliteration: ne Moya volya, a Tvoya
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
New term. Mark 14:36, Gethsemane. Same воля ‘will’ vs. воля ‘freedom’ homograph caution flagged for will_of_god; must not be confused with the Galatians curriculum’s distinct воля = ‘freedom’ register-citation usage. Models the voluntary submission underlying the Necessity of the Cross.
Deny
Approved rendering: зректися / відректися
Transliteration: zrektysya / vidrektysya
Doctrine: Peter’s Denial and Failure
New term. Mark 14:30, 14:66-72. Must be kept distinct from the positive self-denial disciples are called to at 8:34 (same verb family, opposite moral valence); context must carry the distinction.
Gentiles Nations Generic
Approved rendering: народи
Transliteration: narody
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: погани (avoid here — drifted derogatory sense would import an unintended insult in a verse describing worldly rulers generically, not the Jew/Gentile theological contrast)
New term. Mark 10:42, ἔθνη. Reuses the baseline’s own instruction: since погани’s everyday meaning has drifted to ‘wicked/bad people,’ use народи for this generic worldly-rulers reference.
Many Pollon
Approved rendering: багато(х)
Transliteration: bahato(kh)
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
New term. Mark 10:45, πολλῶν, echoing Isaiah 53:11-12. Without explicit background, reads as a bare quantifier rather than a Suffering-Servant Song echo; the Isaiah 53 background must be explicitly supplied.
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: Давид
Transliteration: Davyd
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Inherited from Romans package. Background for Mark’s ‘Son of David’ title (10:47-48) and the David-and-Lord exchange (12:35-37).
Israel
Approved rendering: Ізраїль
Transliteration: Izrayil’
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Inherited from Romans package. Covenant background for Mark’s messianic and kingdom vocabulary; clarify the biblical covenant referent is meant, distinct from the modern nation-state sharing the identical Ukrainian name.
Prophet
Approved rendering: пророк
Transliteration: prorok
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: ворожбит, екстрасенс
Inherited from Romans package. Frames the John the Baptist narrative (1:2-8) and Jesus’ saying that ‘a prophet is not without honor except in his hometown’ (6:4); avoid folk-psychic vocabulary.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: пророцтво
Transliteration: prorotstvo
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: ворожіння, гороскоп
Inherited from Romans package. Background for the Isaiah 53 Suffering-Servant echo in ‘many’ (10:45) and for OT citations throughout (e.g. 1:2-3, 11:17, 12:10-11, 14:27).
Leprosy
Approved rendering: проказа / прокажений
Transliteration: prokaza / prokazhenyy
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
New term. Mark 1:40-45. Concrete referent; needs historical/ritual-purity framing, not lexical caution.
Parable
Approved rendering: притча
Transliteration: prytcha
Doctrine: Parables and the Mystery of the Kingdom
New term. Mark 4’s structural device for Kingdom teaching. Standard, low-risk term across all traditions.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: преобразитися (Преображення)
Transliteration: preobrazytysya (Preobrazhennya)
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Divine Glory
New term. Mark 9:2-8. Positive cultural asset: Преображення Господнє (August 19) is a major shared feast across Orthodox and Greek Catholic tradition, comparable to Easter’s cultural rooting.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: осанна
Transliteration: osanna
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
New term. Mark 11:9-10, echoing Psalm 118. Positive liturgical asset: established acclamation (Sanctus: ‘Осанна в вишніх’) sung in every Divine Liturgy/Mass.
Commandment
Approved rendering: заповідь
Transliteration: zapovid’
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
New term, reusing the baseline’s law-family convention (заповідь reserved for individual commandments, distinct from закон for the Law as a whole). Mark 12:28-31, the greatest commandments.
High Priest
Approved rendering: первосвященик
Transliteration: pervosvyashchenyk
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
New term. Mark 14:53-65, the Sanhedrin trial. Standard institutional title, low doctrinal risk.
Centurion
Approved rendering: сотник
Transliteration: sotnyk
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
New term. Mark 15:39, the climactic Gentile confession resolving the Messianic Secret. Positive resonance: сотник is also a historical Cossack military rank still known in Ukrainian cultural memory; no translation adjustment required.
Angel
Approved rendering: ангел
Transliteration: anhel
Doctrine: Resurrection Vindication
New term. Mark 16:5, the resurrection announcement at the empty tomb. Standard, low-risk term.
Referenced passages