Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Epistle of James (Ukrainian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by the curriculum’s nine core doctrines plus cross-cutting and proper-name categories. Terms marked [Baseline TM] are reused exactly from the Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json and must not be altered. New terms are proposed here for formal incorporation into an updated translation memory in later Phase 1 steps. Risk tiers follow the Critical/High/Medium/Low framework established in doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Doctrine 1: Faith and Works (core passage James 2:14–26; also 1:22–25)
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faith | πίστις / pistis | віра | High | [Baseline TM] Confessional-identity default risk applies; here sharpened by James’s interrogation of merely claimed faith. |
| Works (James’s sense) | ἔργα / erga | діла | Critical | NEW. Must be kept lexically and doctrinally distinct from baseline’s “діла закону” (Torah-boundary works, Galatians). James’s ἔργα = evidentiary deeds of living faith, not a basis of justification. |
| Justification / justified | δικαίωσις, δικαιόω / dikaiōsis, dikaioō | виправдання / виправдовується | Critical | [Baseline TM root] James 2:21, 24, 25 use the demonstrative/vindicating sense (proof before others), not the forensic sense alone; requires explicit reconciliation teaching with Romans 4/Galatians 2:16 in every occurrence. Mandatory theologian review. |
| Credited/imputed righteousness | ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην / elogisthē eis dikaiosynēn | зарахована праведність | Critical | [Baseline TM: imputed_righteousness] Exact Genesis 15:6 quotation, identical to Romans 4:3; must match baseline rendering verbatim. Anchors James 2:23 to the antecedent forensic event underlying James 2:21’s later demonstrative justification. |
| Dead (of faith) | νεκρά / nekra | мертва | High | NEW. Must be taught as “never truly alive,” not “weak” or “in need of supplementing.” |
| Doer / hearer of the word | ποιητὴς / ἀκροατὴς λόγου | виконавець слова / слухач слова | High | NEW. Foundational statement (1:22–25) anticipating 2:14–26; teach consistently with the fuller passage to avoid a premature works-righteousness impression. |
| Friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ / philos theou | друг Божий | Medium | NEW. Relational category, fruit of Abraham’s faith-and-works pattern (2:23). |
| Perfected/completed (of faith) | ἐτελειώθη / eteleiōthē | досягла звершення / вдосконалилася | High | NEW. “Reached maturity,” not “became sinless.” |
| Save / salvation | σῴζω, σωτηρία / sōzō, sōtēria | спасти / спасіння | Critical | [Baseline TM: salvation] James 2:14’s rhetorical question and 5:20’s closing statement both carry full baseline weight; must anchor to Christ’s decisive work, not to works as a cause. |
Doctrine 2: Trials and the Testing of Faith
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trial / testing (positive) | πειρασμός / peirasmos | випробування | High | NEW. Must be rendered distinctly from “temptation” below to preserve James’s own distinction (1:2–3, 12–13). |
| Temptation (negative, to sin) | πειρασμός / πειράζω / peirasmos / peirazō | спокуса / спокушати | High | NEW. Same Greek word-family as above; Ukrainian requires two words where Greek uses one — explicit exposition required at 1:13. |
| Endurance / steadfastness | ὑπομονή / hypomonē | витривалість / терпеливість | Medium-High | NEW. Overlaps lexically in Ukrainian with “patience” (μακροθυμία) below — structural risk, not doctrinal-collision risk. |
| Perfect / mature / complete | τέλειος / teleios | досконалий | Medium | NEW. Risk of being heard as sinless perfection rather than James’s maturity/completeness sense; glossed against baseline’s “holy/saints” hagiographic association. |
| Doubt | διακρίνω / diakrinō | сумніватися | Low | NEW. Straightforward. |
| Double-minded | δίψυχος / dipsychos | двоєдушний | Medium | NEW. Must not evoke folk-psychic “two souls” categories. |
| Desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | пожадливість | Medium | NEW. Personified generative-of-sin metaphor (1:14–15) must be preserved; parallels Galatians’ ἐπιθυμία σαρκός. |
| Job’s endurance | ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ / hypomonē Iōb | терпеливість Йова | Medium | NEW; proper name Йов new. Inherits ὑπομονή’s Medium-High note. |
Doctrine 3: Wisdom from Above
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wisdom | σοφία / sophia | мудрість | Medium | NEW. Distinguish explicitly from post-Soviet folk-occult “wisdom-keeper” categories (ворожки, екстрасенси) already flagged in the baseline under spiritual gifts/prophecy. |
| Wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν / sophia anōthen | мудрість звише / з неба | High | NEW. Core doctrinal term; contrasted with the three terms below. |
| Earthly | ἐπίγειος / epigeios | земна | Medium | NEW. |
| Soulish / natural (unspiritual) | ψυχική / psychikē | душевна | High | NEW. False-friend risk: душевний carries strong positive connotation (“warm-hearted, sincere”) in everyday Ukrainian, opposite the negative Jamesian sense. Alternative: “тваринна” or explicit gloss “позбавлена Духа.” Mandatory first-occurrence flag. |
| Demonic | δαιμονιώδης / daimoniōdēs | демонічна | Low-Medium | NEW. |
| Jealousy / selfish ambition | ζῆλος / ἐριθεία | заздрість / суперництво | Low-Medium | NEW. |
| Fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης / karpos dikaiosynēs | плід праведності | Medium | [Baseline TM root: праведність] Singular плід, following the established Galatians “плід Духа” convention. |
Doctrine 4: Favoritism and the Poor
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Favoritism / respect of persons | προσωπολημψία / prosōpolēmpsia | упередженість / зважання на обличчя | High | NEW. Grounded in current wartime economic disparity and treatment of displaced persons within congregations. |
| Poor | πτωχός / ptōchos | бідний | High | NEW. Grounded reason: war-driven poverty and displacement since 2022 give this acute, current pastoral weight. |
| Rich | πλούσιος / plousios | багатий | High | NEW. Same grounding; intensified in James 5:1–6’s prophetic indictment. |
| Royal law | νόμος βασιλικός / nomos basilikos | царський закон | High | NEW. Shares the Царство root already flagged in the baseline for Russian-imperial historical resonance; consider “найвищий закон” as alternative gloss with explicit framing. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | милосердя | High | NEW. Must be kept distinct from благодать (grace, Critical in baseline); милість available as secondary gloss but used cautiously given its rejected-alternative status for grace in the baseline. |
| Orphans / widows | ὀρφανός, χήρα / orphanos, chēra | сирота, вдова | High | NEW. Intensifies baseline’s wartime-orphans sensitivity (adoption doctrine); James 1:27’s call has acute, lived urgency for current Ukrainian readers. |
Doctrine 5: Taming the Tongue
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongue | γλῶσσα / glōssa | язик | Low | NEW. Concrete, unambiguous. |
| Tame | δαμάζω / damazō | приборкати | Low | NEW. |
| Teacher | διδάσκαλος / didaskalos | учитель | Low-Medium | NEW. |
| Bless / curse | εὐλογέω / καταράομαι | благословляти / проклинати | Medium | NEW. Ties to broader curse/blessing vocabulary; no major Ukraine-specific collision. |
Doctrine 6: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| World (system) | κόσμος / kosmos | світ | High | NEW. Must never use мир — inherits the baseline’s documented мир/“world” homograph risk from the peace entry. |
| Friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / philia tou kosmou | дружба зі світом | High | NEW. |
| Enmity with God | ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ / echthra tou theou | ворожнеча з Богом | Medium | NEW. |
| Wars / fights (metaphorical) | πόλεμοι / μάχαι | війни (переносно) / суперечки, чвари | High | NEW. Grounded reason: metaphorical use of “war” for interpersonal conflict requires careful framing in a context of literal, ongoing war. |
| Adulteresses (spiritual) | μοιχαλίδες / moichalides | (духовні) зрадниці | Medium | NEW. Requires OT covenant-marriage background exposition. |
| Grace | χάρις / charis | благодать | Critical | [Baseline TM] Full three-tradition caution applies (4:6). |
| Humble / humility | ταπεινός, ταπεινόω / tapeinos, tapeinoō | смиренний / смирення | Medium-High | NEW. смирення’s strong positive resonance in Orthodox/Greek Catholic ascetic spirituality is an asset but risks over-coding humility as an achieved ascetic state. |
| Draw near (to God) | ἐγγίζω / engizō | наблизитися | Low | NEW. |
| Resist the devil | ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ | чинити опір дияволу | Low-Medium | NEW. διάβολος = диявол, standard term. |
| Judge / lawgiver and judge | κρίνω, νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής | судити, Законодавець і Суддя | Medium | NEW. |
| If the Lord wills | Ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ | якщо Господь захоче | Low-Medium | NEW. Uses [Baseline TM: lord] Господь. |
Doctrine 7: Prayer and Healing
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prayer (general) | εὐχή, δέησις / euchē, deēsis | молитва | Medium | NEW. Distinct from клопотання [Baseline TM: intercession, Medium], which is reserved for Christ’s/the Spirit’s unique intercessory role in Romans 8. |
| Prayer of faith | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως / euchē tēs pisteōs | молитва віри | Medium | NEW. Uses [Baseline TM] віра. |
| Elders | πρεσβύτεροι / presbyteroi | старійшини / пресвітери | High | NEW. Intersects with baseline’s Critical church-jurisdiction caution; frame as a functional local role, not a claim about any one tradition’s ordained office. |
| Anoint with oil | ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ / aleiphō elaiō | помазати оливою | Critical | NEW. Direct collision risk with the Orthodox/Greek Catholic sacrament of Єлеосвячення (Holy Unction); relationship and distinction must be explicitly taught, never silently assumed or dismissed. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| Lord will raise him up (healing) | ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος / egerei auton ho kyrios | підніме його / поставить на ноги | Medium-High | NEW. Must NOT use воскресіння [Baseline TM: resurrection] vocabulary — this is physical recovery, not resurrection from death. |
| Healed | ἰάομαι / iaomai | зцілитися / оздоровитися | High | NEW. Must be distinguished from post-Soviet folk-healing culture (знахарі, цілителі), a parallel risk to the baseline’s spiritual-gifts caution about екстрасенси. |
| Confess (sins, to one another) | ἐξομολογέομαι / exomologeomai | визнавайте (гріхи) один одному | Critical | NEW. Direct collision risk with the sacrament of Сповідь (priest-administered Confession) in Orthodox/Greek Catholic tradition; James describes mutual, peer-level confession. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| Effective prayer of the righteous | δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη | дієва молитва праведного | Medium | NEW. Uses праведний, root of [Baseline TM: righteousness]; avoid a performance/merit-based reading. |
Doctrine 8: Patience and the Lord’s Return
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patience / longsuffering | μακροθυμία, μακροθυμέω / makrothymia, makrothymeō | довготерпіння / терпеливість | Medium-High | NEW. Overlaps lexically with ὑπомонή (endurance) above; Ukrainian’s single терпіння word-family collapses a distinction Greek maintains — requires explicit exposition. |
| Coming of the Lord (parousia) | παρουσία / parousia | прихід Господа | Medium-High | NEW. Must NOT use явлення, already forbidden by the baseline as a substitute for втілення (incarnation) — using it here would confuse first-coming and second-coming vocabulary. |
| Establish (hearts) | στηρίζω / stērizō | зміцнити (серця) | Low | NEW. |
| Judge standing at the door | κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν / kritēs pro tōn thyrōn | Суддя стоїть біля дверей | Medium | NEW. Vivid eschatological imminence imagery. |
| Oaths | ὄμνυμι / omnymi | клястися | Low | NEW. Mild contemporary resonance with military/civic oaths, no significant collision. |
| Vapor / mist (life is brief) | ἀτμίς / atmis | пара / туман | Low | NEW. |
Doctrine 9: Confession and Restoration
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wander from truth | πλανάω / planaō | заблудити (від істини) | Medium | NEW. |
| Turn back / convert / restore | ἐπιστρέφω / epistrephō | навернути | Medium | NEW. навернення also denotes confessional conversion generally in Ukrainian religious discourse; context must clarify this is restoration of a straying believer, not first-time conversion or confessional change. |
| Save a soul from death | σῴζω ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου | спасе душу від смерті | High | Uses [Baseline TM: salvation] спасіння; closes the letter with full salvation-vocabulary weight. |
| Cover a multitude of sins | καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | покриє багато гріхів | High | Uses [Baseline TM: sin] гріх. |
| Confess sins | ἐξομολογέομαι / exomologeomai | визнавайте гріхи (один одному) | Critical | See Doctrine 7 above; cross-listed given its dual doctrinal role. |
Cross-Cutting and Structural Terms
| Term (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός / theos | Бог | Critical | [Baseline TM] |
| Lord | κύριος / kyrios | Господь | Critical | [Baseline TM] |
| Father | πατήρ / patēr | Отець | High | [Baseline TM] “Father of lights” (1:17). |
| Law | νόμος / nomos | закон | Medium | [Baseline TM] “Royal law,” “law of liberty,” “perfect law” all reuse this root. |
| Law of liberty | νόμος τῆς ἐλευθερίας / nomos tēs eleutherias | закон волі (citation) / закон свободи (exposition) | Critical | [Baseline TM root: ἐλευθερία / свобода-воля] Register-split convention inherited from Galatians; human theologian review required. |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία / hamartia | гріх | High | [Baseline TM] |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη / dikaiosynē | праведність | Critical | [Baseline TM] |
| Peace | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | мир | High | [Baseline TM] James 2:16’s “go in peace” is a critique of hollow piety-talk — a notable teaching application of this term’s established risk profile. |
| Glory | δόξα / doxa | слава | Medium | [Baseline TM] “Lord of glory” (2:1). |
| Servant / slave (self-designation) | δοῦλος / doulos | раб | Medium | NEW (pattern reused from Romans 1:1 Ohienko rendering). |
| Body (neutral, physical) | σῶμα / sōma | тіло | Medium | NEW occurrence of an existing structural risk; James 2:16, 26 use σῶμα in its neutral sense, useful as a low-risk anchor for teaching the σῶμα/σάρξ distinction already flagged Critical in the Galatians baseline. |
| Spirit (human breath, James 2:26 only) | πνεῦμα / pneuma | дух (lowercase) | Critical (precision flag) | NEW. The one occurrence in this curriculum where bare πνεῦμα correctly is NOT the Holy Spirit; must be lowercase, in deliberate contrast to Galatians 5:16–25’s mandatory-capitalized Дух. |
| Word (of truth) | λόγος / logos | слово (істини) | Medium | NEW; connects to but is distinct from Євангеліє [Baseline TM: gospel]. |
| Religion | θρησκεία / thrēskeia | релігія | High | NEW. Risk of defaulting to confessional-institutional identity, paralleling the baseline’s віра caution. |
Proper Names
| Name (EN) | Greek / Transliteration | Ukrainian Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| James (author) | Ἰάκωβος / Iakōbos | Яків | Low | Established Ukrainian Bible form. |
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ / Abraam | Авраам | Medium | [Baseline TM] |
| Isaac | Ἰσαάκ / Isaak | Ісаак | Low | Established form. |
| Rahab | Ῥαάβ / Rhaab | Рахав | Low-Medium | New; concrete narrative reference, no collision risk. |
| Elijah | Ἠλίας / Ēlias | Ілля | Low | Established form; positive cultural resonance via the folk feast Іллі́н день. |
| Job | Ἰώβ / Iōb | Йов | Low | Established form. |
| Messengers/spies (Joshua 2) | ἄγγελοι / angeloi | розвідники / посланці | Medium-High | NEW. Must NOT be rendered “ангели” (angels) — a concrete factual-accuracy risk distinct from doctrinal collision. |
This glossary is Phase 1 Step 1 output, paired with 07_semantic_analysis.md. All [Baseline TM] entries are binding per translation_memory.json and must not be altered. New terms proposed here require formal risk-tier ratification in subsequent Phase 1 steps (doctrine analysis and translation memory update) before Phase 2 translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: благодать
Transliteration: blahodat’
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: милість, талан, щастя
CRITICAL: три-tradition grace-framework caution applies in full. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 4:6 (‘God gives grace to the humble,’ quoting Proverbs 3:34) must retain the same unmerited-favor sense; must not be blurred with James’s separate, new term милосердя (mercy, 2:13), a related but distinct concept.
Justification
Approved rendering: виправдання
Transliteration: vypravdannya
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: прощення гріхів, оправдання (Russian-influenced spelling, avoid)
CRITICAL. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package as the noun/forensic-declaration sense. James 2:21, 24, 25 use the verb form (виправдався/виправдовується) in a demonstrative/vindicating sense (shown to be righteous before observers), NOT a second, later forensic declaration. See new term justified_by_works below for this James-specific verb usage; both senses must be explicitly reconciled in every lesson, never left to appear contradictory. Mandatory theologian review for every occurrence in James.
Salvation
Approved rendering: спасіння
Transliteration: spasinnya
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: визволення, рятування (too generic, ‘rescue’)
CRITICAL. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:14’s rhetorical question (‘can that faith save him?’) and 5:20’s closing statement (‘will save a soul from death’) both carry full baseline weight; must anchor to Christ’s decisive death and resurrection, never to works as a cause of salvation.
Church
Approved rendering: церква
Transliteration: tserkva
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: храм, громада (acceptable for local congregation emphasis)
CRITICAL. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:2’s συναγωγή (‘assembly/gathering’) is deliberately rendered зібрання, not церква, to sidestep the baseline’s jurisdiction caution entirely while retaining a concrete, local, gathered-assembly sense; see the new synagogue_assembly term below.
Freedom
Approved rendering: свобода (exposition) / воля (Scripture citation)
Transliteration: svoboda / volya
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
CRITICAL. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 1:25’s ‘perfect law of liberty’ (νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας) reuses this exact Critical term; register split preserved unchanged (воля in Scripture citation matching Ohienko, свобода in exposition). See law_of_liberty below for the full compound phrase. Human theologian review required for every occurrence, per the established Galatians convention.
Flesh
Approved rendering: тіло
Transliteration: tilo
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: плоть (acceptable only in more elevated/poetic register contexts, not as the default expository term)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package (ethical σάρξ sense). James does not use σάρξ in Galatians’ ethical sense; James 5:3 uses σάρξ in a plain physical sense (see flesh_literal below) and 2:16, 26 use the neutral σῶμα sense (see body_soma below). Retained here to anchor the σῶμα/σάρξ disambiguation discipline James’s own text usefully illustrates with low-risk anchor verses.
Spirit Bare Pneuma
Approved rendering: Дух
Transliteration: Dukh
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use lowercase/unqualified for the Holy Spirit)
CRITICAL. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package (Galatians 5:16-25’s mandatory-capitalized Дух for bare πνεῦμα as the Holy Spirit). James 2:26 is the SOLE exception in this curriculum: bare πνεῦμα there means the ordinary human spirit/breath of life (a corpse lacking life-breath), and must be lowercase дух, NOT capitalized — see spirit_human_breath below. Translators must not mechanically capitalize every bare ‘spirit’ occurrence; each requires contextual judgment.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: зарахована праведність
Transliteration: zarakhovana pravednist’
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: заслужена праведність, дарована святість (too vague)
CRITICAL. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:23 quotes Genesis 15:6 verbatim (‘Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness’) — the EXACT SAME citation already governed by this baseline term in Romans 4:3. Rendering must match the baseline exactly. This verse is the linchpin proving James 2:14-26 complements rather than contradicts Romans 4: the forensic, credited righteousness here is the antecedent event that James 2:21’s demonstrative justification (see justified_by_works below) publicly vindicates. Mandatory cross-reference in every lesson touching this passage.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: діла закону
Transliteration: dila zakonu
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: добрі справи (too broad, would read as morality generally)
CRITICAL. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Must NEVER be conflated with James’s own unqualified діла (works, James 2:14-26) — see works_james below. James’s ἔργα denotes evidentiary deeds of living faith; Galatians’ діла закону denotes Torah-boundary markers rejected as a basis of justification. These are different Greek words used for different arguments; using діла закону for James would wrongly suggest James contradicts Paul’s gospel.
Works James
Approved rendering: діла
Transliteration: erga
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: діла закону (would import Galatians’ Torah-boundary-works category — forbidden), добрі справи (too broad/moralistic)
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James’s single most important cross-curriculum terminological decision. ἔργα denotes concrete deeds of love and mercy giving visible evidence of genuine, living faith (2:14-26) — a different category from Galatians’ діла закону (Torah-boundary markers rejected as a basis of justification). James is not contradicting Paul; he addresses a different question. Must be stated explicitly in every lesson touching this passage.
Justified By Works
Approved rendering: виправдався / виправдовується (ділами)
Transliteration: edikaiōthē / dikaioutai ex ergōn
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: став праведним (would suggest a separate moral-transformation event rather than demonstrative vindication)
NEW. James 2:21, 24, 25. Uses the verb form of the baseline’s justification root (виправдання) in a demonstrative/vindicating sense — Abraham and Rahab were SHOWN/VINDICATED as righteous before observers, not declared righteous for the first time (that forensic event, citing the identical Genesis 15:6 text, is James 2:23’s зарахована праведність, presupposed and confirmed here). Mandatory theologian review every occurrence; every instance requires accompanying exposition reconciling this sense with Romans 4/Galatians 2:16’s forensic sense.
Anoint With Oil
Approved rendering: помазати оливою
Transliteration: aleiphō elaiō
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἀλείφω ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
CRITICAL. James 5:14. Direct collision with the Orthodox/Greek Catholic sacrament of Єлеосвячення (Holy Unction), one of the seven Mysteries, administered exclusively by an ordained priest with consecrated oil in a liturgical rite. The relationship and difference must be explicitly taught every occurrence — never silently assumed identical to, nor dismissively distinguished from, that sacrament. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Confess Sins
Approved rendering: визнавайте гріхи один одному
Transliteration: exomologeomai
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐξομολογέομαι
Category: Confession and Restoration
CRITICAL. James 5:16. Mutual, peer-level confession of sin among believers, with no priestly office mentioned — structurally different from the Orthodox/Greek Catholic sacrament of Сповідь (heard by an ordained priest with sacramental authority to pronounce absolution). Must be explicitly distinguished from Сповідь every occurrence, without endorsing or criticizing that sacrament. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence, paralleling the baseline’s anathema-review requirement. The reflexive ‘one another’ must be retained explicitly in the Ukrainian phrase itself.
Spirit Human Breath
Approved rendering: дух
Transliteration: pneuma (human breath, James 2:26 only)
Doctrine: Anthropology
Rejected alternatives: Дух (capitalized — FORBIDDEN here; would wrongly suggest the Holy Spirit)
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: Anthropology
CRITICAL precision flag. James 2:26: the ordinary human spirit/breath of life, whose absence leaves the body dead — NOT the Holy Spirit. This is the ONE occurrence in the whole curriculum where bare πνεῦμα correctly is not the Holy Spirit and must be lowercase, in deliberate contrast to Galatians 5:16-25’s mandatory-capitalized Дух. Translators must not mechanically capitalize every bare ‘spirit’ occurrence.
Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: закон волі (citation) / закон свободи (exposition)
Transliteration: nomos teleios tēs eleutherias
Doctrine: Cross-Cutting
Original: νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας
Category: Cross-Cutting
CRITICAL. James 1:25 (cf. 2:12). Uses the baseline’s Galatians Critical term ἐλευθερία (свобода/воля) in full; James adds no new lexical gap but adds a new occurrence-context (‘the perfect law one looks into and continues in’) that must not drift toward a merit-based ‘law-keeping’ reading. Apply the established register split unchanged; mandatory theologian review per the existing Galatians convention.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Євангеліє
Transliteration: Yevanheliye
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: добра звістка (acceptable as an explanatory gloss only)
Established term across all Ukrainian Christian traditions and the Ohienko translation. Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James does not use εὐαγγέλιον directly, but ‘the implanted word’ (1:21) and ‘word of truth’ (1:18) are closely related and must be taught as connected to, without becoming a synonym for, this term.
Faith
Approved rendering: віра
Transliteration: vira
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: довіра, переконання
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:14-26 sharpens the baseline’s confessional-identity risk by interrogating a merely claimed faith; readers must not mishear James’s diagnostic question as being about wrong confession rather than about whether professed faith is alive at all.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: праведність
Transliteration: pravednist’
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: справедливість, чесність
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Underlies James 2:23’s Genesis 15:6 citation (see imputed_righteousness) and 3:18’s ‘fruit of righteousness’ (плід праведності, singular, following the established плід Духа convention).
Sin
Approved rendering: гріх
Transliteration: hrikh
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: помилка, провина
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 1:15 (‘sin, when full-grown, brings forth death’), 2:9-11, 4:17, 5:15-16, and 5:20 (‘cover a multitude of sins’) all carry the baseline’s full weight; James’s vivid personification (desire conceives sin) must be preserved, not flattened.
Peace
Approved rendering: мир
Transliteration: myr
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: спокій, затишшя
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:16’s ‘go in peace’ (ідіть з миром) is a critique of hollow piety-talk unaccompanied by material compassion — the one place in this curriculum where мир’s established devotional formula is exposed by the text itself as empty without action. Must never be used to render κόσμος (‘world’); see world_kosmos below.
Lord
Approved rendering: Господь
Transliteration: Hospod’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: хазяїн, владика (reserve for liturgical/poetic register only)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Used throughout James (1:1, 4:15, 5:4 ‘Lord of hosts,’ 5:7-8 ‘coming of the Lord,’ 5:14-15 elder-led prayer). See lord_of_hosts and parousia entries below for James-specific extensions of this title.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Царство Боже
Transliteration: Tsarstvo Bozhe
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: держава Божа
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:5 (‘heirs of the kingdom he promised those who love him’) reuses this term; the baseline’s caution against Царство’s Russian-imperial resonance applies with equal force here, reinforced by James’s own ‘royal law’ (2:8) sharing the same root.
Love
Approved rendering: любов
Transliteration: lyubov
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:8’s royal law (‘love your neighbor as yourself’) and 2:5 (‘those who love him’) reuse this term; must be framed as active, committed good, not mere sentiment, consistent with the Galatians 5:6, 13-14 baseline treatment.
Promise
Approved rendering: обітниця
Transliteration: obitnytsya
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 1:12 (‘the crown of life… promised to those who love him’) and 2:5 (‘heirs of the kingdom he promised’) reuse this concept; requires the same OT covenant-chronology background already flagged in the baseline.
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: мертва
Transliteration: nekra
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: слабка (too soft — implies weak but still living faith), недосконала (too soft — implies deficient but still real faith)
Original: νεκρά
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:17, 20, 26. Faith with no accompanying works is diagnosed as never having been alive at all, not merely weak or in need of supplementing. Teaching material must make explicit that James is diagnosing whether faith is real, not adding works as a second requirement alongside faith.
Doer Hearer Of Word
Approved rendering: виконавець слова / слухач слова
Transliteration: poiētēs logou / akroatēs logou
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατὴς λόγου
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 1:22-25. The letter’s foundational statement of Faith and Works, anticipating 2:14-26. Must be taught consistently with the fuller passage; premature or isolated exposition risks sounding like works-righteousness before the fuller faith-works relationship is established in chapter 2.
Faith Perfected
Approved rendering: досягла звершення
Transliteration: eteleiōthē
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: стала досконалою (risks a moralistic, achievement-based misreading)
Original: ἐτελειώθη
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:22. Faith reaching its intended completeness/maturity through Abraham’s works. Must be taught as organic-growth (‘faith’s own living activity expressing itself, reaching its intended end’), not works supplementing or perfecting a person’s standing before God. Explicit glossing required on first use.
Trial Testing
Approved rendering: випробування
Transliteration: peirasmos
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: спокуса (reserve exclusively for the negative, temptation-to-sin sense)
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:2-4, 12. Must be rendered with a distinct Ukrainian word from спокуса (temptation) below, even though Greek uses one word-family for both. James’s own argument in 1:13 (God tests but never tempts to sin) depends on readers tracking this shift correctly.
Temptation
Approved rendering: спокуса / спокушати
Transliteration: peirasmos / peirazō
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: випробування (reserve exclusively for the positive, God-permitted testing sense)
Original: πειρασμός / πειράζω
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:13-15. Enticement toward sin arising from one’s own desire, never from God. Must remain lexically distinct from випробування above; explicit exposition at 1:13 is mandatory so the split is actually taught, not merely applied.
Endurance
Approved rendering: витривалість / терпеливість
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:3-4, 12; 5:11 (Job’s endurance). Active, sustained perseverance under trial’s pressure. Overlaps in Ukrainian with патience_makrothymia (5:7-11), a related but distinct concept; reserve витривалість preferentially here, довготерпіння preferentially for 5:7-11, with explicit cross-reference exposition.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: мудрість звише
Transliteration: sophia anōthen
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 3:17. This doctrine’s anchor term; its force depends entirely on clear contrast with the three counterfeit terms below (earthly, soulish, demonic). Never present in isolation from that three-way contrast.
Soulish Wisdom
Approved rendering: душевна
Transliteration: psychikē
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: тваринна (acceptable alternative if душевна alone risks misreading)
Original: ψυχική
Category: Wisdom
HIGH — sharpest false-friend risk in the whole letter. James 3:15. In everyday modern Ukrainian, душевний carries a strongly POSITIVE connotation (‘warm-hearted, sincere, kind’), the exact opposite valence of James’s negative, unspiritual sense (‘merely natural, unaided by the Spirit’). MANDATORY gloss on every occurrence, not just first use: ‘мудрість, позбавлена Духа.’ An unglossed reader will hear a compliment, the exact inversion of James’s meaning.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: упередженість
Transliteration: prosōpolēmpsia
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: лицеприйняття (older calque, avoid)
Original: προσωπολημψία / λαμβάνειν πρόσωπον
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:1, 9. Partiality shown toward a person based on outward status/appearance, condemned within the gathered community. Intersects a live, current Ukrainian fault line: wealth disparity intensified by war and treatment of internally displaced persons within congregations. Teach with specific contemporary application.
Poor
Approved rendering: бідний
Transliteration: ptōchos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πτωχός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:9; 2:2-6; 5:1-6. War-driven poverty, displacement, and loss of livelihood since 2022 give James’s rebuke acute, current pastoral weight, not merely historical-critical interest.
Rich
Approved rendering: багатий
Transliteration: plousios
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:10-11; 2:2-6; 5:1-6. Same wartime economic-disparity grounding as poor above; intensified by 5:1-6’s prophetic severity, James’s harshest language in the letter.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: царський закон
Transliteration: nomos basilikos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: найвищий закон (acceptable alternative exposition gloss, used alongside)
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:8. Shares the Царство root already flagged Critical/High in the baseline for its Russian-imperial historical resonance; explicit framing required that this is God’s own sovereign law, never an echo of any earthly tsardom or empire.
Mercy
Approved rendering: милосердя
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: милість (secondary gloss only, use cautiously — explicitly rejected elsewhere in the baseline as an alternative for grace)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:13. Compassion shown toward the suffering or needy; must be kept clearly distinct from благодать (grace, Critical in baseline) to avoid readers collapsing two related but distinct biblical concepts.
Orphans Widows
Approved rendering: сирота, вдова
Transliteration: orphanos, chēra
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ὀρφανός, χήρα
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:27. Intensifies the baseline’s already-flagged wartime-orphans sensitivity (adoption doctrine) to an acute, lived degree given current war widows and displaced/orphaned children. Handle with pastoral seriousness, not as an abstract illustration.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: геєна
Transliteration: geenna
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: пекло (avoid as primary rendering — wartime idiom collision; may be used as a plain-language gloss only if the theological referent is explicitly restated alongside it)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:6. Transliterated loanword (established Bible usage) preferred over everyday colloquial пекло, since пекло is in constant, vivid wartime use as an idiom for combat zones/atrocity (‘тут пекло’), risking flattening James’s specific theological referent (final judgment) into a generic intensifier for present suffering.
World Kosmos
Approved rendering: світ
Transliteration: kosmos
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: мир (NEVER use — homograph collision with ‘peace,’ forbidden with zero exceptions)
Original: κόσμος
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
HIGH. James 1:27; 2:5; 3:6; 4:4, 9. Must consistently use світ, never мир. The baseline’s peace entry already documents a genuine Ukrainian homograph risk between мир (‘peace’) and an older/dialectal sense of ‘world’; James’s frequent negative use of κόσμος requires strict, zero-exception consistency, given мир’s exceptionally heavy current wartime resonance.
Friendship With World
Approved rendering: дружба зі світом
Transliteration: philia tou kosmou
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4. Depends entirely on світ/мир discipline above; the doctrine’s either/or force (friendship with the world = enmity with God) is corrupted at the lexical level, not merely weakened, by any мир substitution.
Wars Fights Metaphorical
Approved rendering: війни (переносно) / суперечки, чвари
Transliteration: polemoi / machai
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: війни (bare, unglossed — risks trivializing literal war or reading as an unintended political/military comment)
Original: πόλεμοι / μάχαι
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:1. James’s rhetorical term for interpersonal/communal strife, not literal armed conflict. Grounded Ukraine-specific risk: figurative ‘war’ language for interpersonal quarrels requires unusually careful framing where literal war is a present, daily reality. Gloss the first occurrence as ‘чвари, подібні до війни’ rather than a bare ‘війни.‘
Humility
Approved rendering: смиренний / смирення
Transliteration: tapeinos / tapeinoō
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ταπεινός / ταπεινόω
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:6, 10. A humble posture of dependent submission before God, met with grace. смирення carries strong positive resonance in Orthodox/Greek Catholic spirituality (смиренномудріє) — a genuine teaching asset — but risks over-coding James’s simple, immediately-available posture as an advanced ascetic achievement reserved for the spiritually advanced.
Elders
Approved rendering: старійшини / пресвітери
Transliteration: presbyteroi
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14. Intersects the baseline’s Critical church-jurisdiction caution: Orthodox/Greek Catholic polity has no functional equivalent to a congregationally-recognized ‘elder’ body distinct from ordained clergy. Frame as a functional, local, care-and-prayer role, not a claim about any tradition’s ordained office.
Lord Will Raise Up Healing
Approved rendering: підніме його / поставить на ноги
Transliteration: egerei auton ho kyrios
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: воскресіння / воскресити (NEVER use — implies the person had died, not merely recovered)
Original: ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15. Physical recovery from illness, NOT resurrection from the dead. ἐγείρω shares its root with resurrection language, but here denotes ordinary physical healing; using resurrection vocabulary would create serious narrative and doctrinal confusion.
Healed
Approved rendering: зцілитися / оздоровитися
Transliteration: iaomai
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: звернутися до знахаря/цілителя (never imply folk-healing)
Original: ἰάομαι
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:16 (cf. 5:15). Must be distinguished from post-Soviet folk-healing culture (знахарі, цілителі), parallel to the baseline’s spiritual-gifts caution about екстрасенси; James’s healing is answered prayer to God, not folk or paranormal practice.
Patience Makrothymia
Approved rendering: довготерпіння / терпеливість
Transliteration: makrothymia / makrothymeō
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8, 10. Patient forbearance while awaiting the Lord’s coming, without retaliating. Shares Ukrainian’s терпіння word-family with endurance (ὑπομονή, chapter 1), a related but distinct Greek concept; requires explicit exposition to preserve James’s own distinction across the letter.
Parousia
Approved rendering: прихід Господа
Transliteration: parousia
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: явлення (NEVER use — already forbidden by the baseline as a substitute for втілення/incarnation; reusing it here would conflate first-coming and second-coming vocabulary)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8. The anchor term of this doctrine. Recommend ‘прихід Господа’ as primary rendering; a transliterated technical gloss ‘парусія’ may be offered parenthetically for readers wanting the technical term, but must not replace прихід Господа as the default.
Save Soul From Death
Approved rendering: спасе душу від смерті
Transliteration: sōzō psychēn ek thanatou
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: σῴζω ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:20. Uses baseline спасіння in verb form; requires the same anchoring to Christ’s saving work as every other occurrence in this curriculum, not works-based rescue by the one doing the restoring.
Cover Multitude Sins
Approved rendering: покриє багато гріхів
Transliteration: kalypsei plēthos hamartiōn
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:20. Uses baseline гріх; closes the letter with full salvation-and-sin vocabulary weight, requiring the same care as every other occurrence in this curriculum.
Religion
Approved rendering: релігія
Transliteration: thrēskeia
Doctrine: Cross-Cutting
Original: θρησκεία
Category: Cross-Cutting
NEW. James 1:26-27. The observable, external form of devotion. релігія risks defaulting to confessional-institutional identity (which church/tradition — OCU, UOC, Greek Catholic, Protestant), the same collision risk already flagged for віра in the baseline. James’s own point — true religion is inward devotion proven by outward compassion — can be lost if релігія is read as a synonym for jurisdictional/confessional belonging.
Messengers Spies
Approved rendering: розвідники / посланці
Transliteration: angeloi
Doctrine: Proper Names
Rejected alternatives: ангели (NEVER use — a concrete factual-accuracy error, not merely a stylistic choice)
Original: ἄγγελοι
Category: Proper Names
NEW. James 2:25. The human messengers/spies of Joshua 2 whom Rahab received — NOT angels. Translators or readers may default to ‘ангели’ since ἄγγελος is the same word rendered ‘angel’ elsewhere, producing a narrative error (Joshua’s human scouts, not celestial beings, entered Rahab’s house).
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: покликаний
Transliteration: poklykanyy
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: запрошений
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:23’s ‘was called a friend of God’ (ἐκλήθη) shares this root but denotes a looser relational designation/naming, not the technical effectual-calling-to-salvation sense; keep the two senses distinct in exposition.
Calling
Approved rendering: покликання
Transliteration: poklykannya
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: призначення
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Not directly used as a noun in James; retained here for cross-reference discipline where ‘called a friend of God’ (2:23) is discussed alongside the baseline’s technical calling doctrine.
Law
Approved rendering: закон
Transliteration: zakon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: правило, заповідь (reserve for individual commandments)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James’s ‘royal law’ (царський закон, 2:8), ‘perfect law of liberty’ (закон волі/свободи, 1:25), and general references to закон (2:9-11; 4:11) all reuse this root; distinguish from civil law and from Galatians’ діла закону where James’s own unqualified діла (works) is at stake.
Glory
Approved rendering: слава
Transliteration: slava
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: шана, велич
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:1 (‘the Lord of glory’) must keep слава’s divine referent clear and undiluted against its strong current patriotic resonance (‘Слава Україні’).
Abraham
Approved rendering: Авраам
Transliteration: Avraam
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 2:21-23 cites the same Abraham/Genesis 15:6 narrative already central to Romans 4 and Galatians 3; this shared narrative anchor is the key to reconciling James’s demonstrative justification with Paul’s forensic justification.
Intercession
Approved rendering: клопотання
Transliteration: klopotannya
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: заступництво (reserve for saints’/Theotokos intercession contexts)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Must be kept distinct from James’s own general prayer vocabulary (молитва, see prayer_general below); клопотання remains reserved for Christ’s and the Spirit’s unique intercessory role in Romans 8, not James 5’s elder-led or mutual prayer.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: воскресіння
Transliteration: voskresinnya
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: оживлення, реінкарнація
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Must NEVER be used to render James 5:15’s ‘the Lord will raise him up’ (ordinary physical recovery from sickness, not resurrection from death) — see lord_will_raise_up_healing below. This is the one place in this curriculum where the baseline resurrection term is an explicit forbidden substitution risk rather than the correct rendering.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: втілення
Transliteration: vtilennya
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: аватар (never use), явлення
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Not directly discussed in James, but the baseline’s forbidden substitute явлення must not be reused for James 5:7-8’s parousia (see parousia below), to avoid conflating first-coming and second-coming vocabulary.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: плід Духа
Transliteration: plid Dukha
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: плоди Духа (avoid pluralizing; Greek is deliberately singular)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Provides the direct structural pattern for James 3:18’s ‘fruit of righteousness’ (плід праведності, likewise deliberately singular, not itemized/pluralized) — see fruit_of_righteousness below.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Святий Дух
Transliteration: Svyatyy Dukh
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: дух (never use alone), енергія
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James does not name the Holy Spirit explicitly by this full title, but the baseline’s discipline (дух alone never stands in for the Holy Spirit) governs the correct exclusion of James 2:26’s bare human-spirit πνεῦμα from capitalization — see spirit_bare_pneuma and spirit_human_breath entries.
God
Approved rendering: Бог
Transliteration: Boh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Всевишній (acceptable poetic synonym only)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. Used throughout James (1:1, 1:5, 1:13, 1:17, 1:27, 2:19, 2:23, 4:4, 4:6-8).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Ісус
Transliteration: Isus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Иисус (Russian spelling, never use)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 1:1, 2:1. Single-і spelling (Ісус) must be used exclusively, never the Russian double-vowel Иисус.
Father
Approved rendering: Отець
Transliteration: Otets’
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: батюшка (reserve exclusively for addressing an Orthodox priest, and is itself a Russicism increasingly avoided)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 1:17 (‘the Father of lights,’ Отець світил) and 1:27, 3:9 all use this title; no collision risk in Ukrainian’s light/darkness imagery for 1:17’s poetic title.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: друг Божий
Transliteration: philos theou
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:23. Abraham’s designation as God’s friend, the relational fruit of his faith-and-works pattern; should be taught as the fruit of that pattern, not confused with the baseline’s technical calling-to-salvation doctrine.
Perfect Mature
Approved rendering: досконалий
Transliteration: teleios
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: безгрішний (false equivalence — this is not James’s meaning)
Original: τέλειος
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:4, 17, 25. Complete, mature, having reached its intended end — NOT sinless perfection. Ukrainian досконалий carries strong hagiographic/canonized-saint connotations (see baseline saints/holy entries); must be explicitly distinguished from moral sinlessness on first occurrence.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: двоєдушний
Transliteration: dipsychos
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:8; 4:8. Inner division, wavering commitment/loyalty between God and the world. Must not be heard through any post-Soviet folk-psychic ‘two souls/possession’ lens; it denotes wavering commitment, not a spiritual affliction.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: пожадливість
Transliteration: epithymia
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:14-15. Craving that, when it conceives, gives birth to sin, and sin, full-grown, brings forth death. Must retain the vivid gestation/birth metaphor rather than flattening into an abstract ‘bad desire’; parallels the baseline’s ἐπιθυμία σαρκός note from Galatians 5:16.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: мудрість
Transliteration: sophia
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: екстрасенсорні здібності (never use)
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 1:5; 3:13-17. Practical, God-given skill for righteous living, sought by prayer. Must be explicitly distinguished from post-Soviet folk-occult ‘wisdom-keeper’ figures (ворожки, екстрасенси), already flagged in the baseline under spiritual gifts and prophecy.
Earthly Wisdom
Approved rendering: земна
Transliteration: epigeios
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἐπίγειος
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 3:15. Wisdom oriented to this present, temporal world rather than God; standard and clear.
Demonic Wisdom
Approved rendering: демонічна
Transliteration: daimoniōdēs
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 3:15. Wisdom of demonic origin, the lowest grade of counterfeit wisdom; standard, unambiguous, paralleling the baseline’s caution about δαιμόνια (demons) not blurring with folk-occult categories.
Jealousy Selfish Ambition
Approved rendering: заздрість / суперництво
Transliteration: zēlos / eritheia
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ζῆλος / ἐριθεία
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 3:14, 16. Envy and self-serving rivalry, named as the source of earthly wisdom’s disorder; standard, no significant Ukraine-specific collision.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: плід праведності
Transliteration: karpos dikaiosynēs
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: плоди праведності (avoid pluralizing; follows the established Galatians плід Духа convention)
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Wisdom
NEW. James 3:18. Singular плід preserves the same unity-of-character point already established for Galatians 5:22-23’s плід Духа.
Bless Curse
Approved rendering: благословляти / проклинати
Transliteration: eulogeō / kataraomai
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: εὐλογέω / καταράομαι
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:9-10. Standard, well-established Ukrainian religious vocabulary pair; doctrinal weight rests on likeness_of_god below, not on this lexical pair itself.
Likeness Of God
Approved rendering: подоба Божа
Transliteration: kath’ homoiōsin Theou
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:9. The ground on which cursing another person is condemned. Risk: подоба’s deep association with theosis (обоження) in Orthodox/Greek Catholic anthropology could pull James’s simple point (basic human dignity forbids cursing) toward a fuller deification theology James does not develop here; keep scope limited to universal human dignity.
Oaths
Approved rendering: клястися
Transliteration: omnymi
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ὄμνυμι
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 5:12. Standard. Mild current-context resonance with військова присяга (military oath) and civic loyalty oaths prominent in wartime public life; illustrates rather than obscures James’s point about plain, trustworthy speech, but should not sound like commentary specifically on military oath-taking.
Judge Lawgiver
Approved rendering: судити / Законодавець і Суддя
Transliteration: krinō / nomothetēs kai kritēs
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: κρίνω / νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:11-12. Condemnation of speaking evil of a fellow believer, since only God is Lawgiver and Judge; standard, no significant Ukraine-specific collision.
Synagogue Assembly
Approved rendering: зібрання
Transliteration: synagōgē
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: синагога (avoid — would wrongly suggest a specifically Jewish institution rather than the early Christian gathering James addresses)
NEW. James 2:2. James’s ordinary word for the Christian gathering, reflecting the letter’s early Jewish-Christian audience. Deliberately rendered зібрання (following the baseline’s громада convention) to avoid endorsing any one Ukrainian ecclesiastical jurisdiction’s polity while conveying a concrete, local gathered assembly.
Enmity With God
Approved rendering: ворожнеча з Богом
Transliteration: echthra tou theou
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4. Active hostility toward God resulting from friendship with the world; standard, structural risk only (must read as the flip side of friendship_with_world’s either/or).
Adulteresses Spiritual
Approved rendering: (духовні) зрадниці
Transliteration: moichalides
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: μοιχαλίδες
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4 (vocative in some textual traditions). Figurative for spiritual unfaithfulness to God, echoing OT prophetic marriage-covenant imagery (Hosea); requires brief exposition of this OT background.
Resist Devil
Approved rendering: чинити опір дияволу
Transliteration: antistēte tō diabolō
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:7. Standard, established диявол; no significant Ukraine-specific collision beyond the general folk-occult cautions already noted under spiritual gifts.
If The Lord Wills
Approved rendering: якщо Господь захоче
Transliteration: Ean ho kyrios thelēsē
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: Ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ
Category: Worldliness and Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:13-15. A universal biblical piety expression, not a culturally borrowed one; teaches against presumptuous planning with no significant Ukraine-specific collision risk.
Prayer General
Approved rendering: молитва
Transliteration: euchē, deēsis
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: клопотання (reserved exclusively for Christ’s/the Spirit’s unique Romans 8 intercessory role)
Original: εὐχή, δέησις
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:13-18. General prayer offered by the suffering, the elders, and the righteous; kept distinct from the baseline’s intercession term.
Prayer Of Faith
Approved rendering: молитва віри
Transliteration: euchē tēs pisteōs
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15. The prayer offered in faith by the elders over the sick; inherits віра’s confessional-identity caution — context must keep this personal trust in God, not confessional-identity prayer.
Effective Prayer Righteous
Approved rendering: дієва молитва праведного
Transliteration: deēsis dikaiou energoumenē
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:16-18. Prayer’s effectiveness connected to righteous character; requires careful framing against a performance/merit-based reading, given праведний’s connection to the baseline’s Critical righteousness/justification vocabulary.
Forgive Release
Approved rendering: буде прощено
Transliteration: aphiēmi
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15. Standard forgiveness vocabulary connecting the prayer of faith’s healing outcome to sin’s release.
Judge At Door
Approved rendering: Суддя стоїть біля дверей
Transliteration: kritēs pro tōn thyrōn
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:9. Vivid eschatological imminence imagery; no significant collision risk beyond ensuring imminence, not delay, is communicated.
Wander From Truth
Approved rendering: заблудити (від істини)
Transliteration: planaō
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: πλανάω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:19. Standard; low ambiguity risk.
Turn Back Restore
Approved rendering: навернути
Transliteration: epistrephō
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: навернення (avoid implying first-time or inter-confessional conversion here)
Original: ἐπιστρέφω
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:19-20. навернути is frequently used in Ukrainian religious discourse for confessional conversion (between OCU/UOC/Greek Catholic/Protestant, or a first-time conversion to faith); context must make clear James means restoring an already-believing person who has strayed, not a first-time conversion or change of confessional allegiance.
Flesh Literal
Approved rendering: тіло / плоть
Transliteration: sarx (literal sense)
Doctrine: Anthropology
Original: σάρξ
Category: Anthropology
NEW. James 5:3: the literal physical flesh consumed ‘like fire,’ a judgment image against hoarded, corroding wealth. This is the plain, physical sense of σάρξ, NOT the ethical sense flagged Critical in the Galatians baseline (5:13-24); a brief note distinguishing the two senses is required so they are not conflated across the curriculum.
Body Soma
Approved rendering: тіло
Transliteration: sōma
Doctrine: Anthropology
Original: σῶμα
Category: Anthropology
NEW. James 2:16 (neutral physical needs), 2:26 (lifeless without spirit). Unambiguously the neutral σῶμα sense; a useful, low-risk anchor point for teaching the σῶμα/σάρξ distinction already flagged Critical in the Galatians baseline, since these James occurrences carry no ethical-flesh overtones.
Soul
Approved rendering: душа
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: Anthropology
Original: ψυχή
Category: Anthropology
NEW. James 1:21; 5:20. The inner life/self, object of salvation from death; care should be taken that this usage is read with the same спасіння anchoring the baseline requires generally, not as a separate soul-only category distinct from the whole person.
Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: слово істини
Transliteration: logos alētheias / emphytos logos
Doctrine: Cross-Cutting
Original: λόγος ἀληθείας / ἔμφυτος λόγος
Category: Cross-Cutting
NEW. James 1:18, 21. The gospel message received and implanted, able to save souls when obeyed. Requires brief exposition that ‘the word’ here is the gospel message taking root, connecting to but not a synonym for Євангеліє.
Servant Slave
Approved rendering: раб
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Cross-Cutting
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Cross-Cutting
NEW (reusing the established Ohienko/Romans 1:1 pattern). James 1:1. James’s honorific self-designation as a bondservant of God and Christ. Could evoke Ukraine’s own historical experience of serfdom and Soviet-era forced labor rather than the honorific, voluntary sense intended; brief contextual framing advisable, paralleling the baseline’s caution around ‘yoke of slavery’ imagery in Galatians.
Rahab
Approved rendering: Рахав
Transliteration: Rhaab
Doctrine: Proper Names
Original: Ῥαάβ
Category: Proper Names
NEW. James 2:25. Deliberately provocative second example (a Gentile woman of disreputable profession, alongside the patriarch Abraham), reinforcing that this pattern of living faith is not limited by ethnicity, gender, or social respectability — paralleling the baseline’s ‘neither Jew nor Greek’ universality principle from Galatians 3:28.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: пророк
Transliteration: prorok
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ворожбит, екстрасенс
Inherited from Romans/Galatians baseline package. James 5:10 cites ‘the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord’ as examples of patient endurance under suffering.
Doubt
Approved rendering: сумніватися
Transliteration: diakrinō
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: διακρίνω
Category: Trials and Testing
NEW. James 1:6. Straightforward; no ambiguity.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: Господь Саваот
Transliteration: kyrios Sabaōth
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 5:4. Transliterated Hebrew title (Саваот) already established in Ukrainian Bible tradition; standard, no collision risk.
Moth Eaten Rusted
Approved rendering: поїдене міллю / вкрите ржею
Transliteration: sētobrōtos / katiōmenos
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 5:2-3. Vivid, concrete images of hoarded wealth’s ultimate worthlessness; no collision risk.
Self Indulgence
Approved rendering: розкошувати
Transliteration: tryphaō
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 5:5. To live in luxury/self-indulgence; standard, no collision risk.
Tongue
Approved rendering: язик
Transliteration: glōssa
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:1-12 et al. Concrete, unambiguous.
Tame
Approved rendering: приборкати
Transliteration: damazō
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: δαμάζω
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:7-8. Vivid animal-taming imagery translates directly.
Teacher
Approved rendering: учитель
Transliteration: didaskalos
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Speech Ethics
NEW. James 3:1. Standard; no significant Ukraine-specific collision.
Sick Weary
Approved rendering: хворіти / знемагати
Transliteration: astheneō / kamnō
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14-15. Standard vocabulary for sickness/weariness; no significant collision risk.
Establish Hearts
Approved rendering: зміцнити (серця)
Transliteration: stērizō
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: στηρίζω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:8. Standard and unambiguous.
Vapor Mist
Approved rendering: пара / туман
Transliteration: atmis
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ἀτμίς
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 4:14. Vivid, concrete life-is-brief imagery; no collision risk.
Suffer Rejoice
Approved rendering: страждати / радіти
Transliteration: kakopatheō / euthymeō
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:13. Straightforward call to bring both suffering and cheerfulness to God in prayer/song; no collision risk.
Heart
Approved rendering: серце
Transliteration: kardia
Doctrine: Anthropology
Original: καρδία
Category: Anthropology
NEW. James 1:26; 3:14; 4:8. The inner person — thought, will, affection; standard across all Ukrainian traditions, no significant collision risk.
James Author
Approved rendering: Яків
Transliteration: Iakōbos
Doctrine: Proper Names
Original: Ἰάκωβος
Category: Proper Names
NEW. Established Ukrainian Bible form for the letter’s author.
Isaac
Approved rendering: Ісаак
Transliteration: Isaak
Doctrine: Proper Names
Original: Ἰσαάκ
Category: Proper Names
NEW. James 2:21. Established Ukrainian Bible form.
Elijah
Approved rendering: Ілля
Transliteration: Ēlias
Doctrine: Proper Names
Original: Ἠλίας
Category: Proper Names
NEW. James 5:17-18. Established Ukrainian Bible form; carries positive cultural resonance via the folk feast Іллі́н день, a genuine teaching asset.
Job
Approved rendering: Йов
Transliteration: Iōb
Doctrine: Proper Names
Original: Ἰώβ
Category: Proper Names
NEW. James 5:11. Established Ukrainian Bible form.
Referenced passages