Semantic Analysis — 2 Corinthians (Full Book) — English → Portuguese

Method and Scope

This analysis covers 2 Corinthians in its entirety, chapters 1–13. The core passage, 2 Corinthians 5:11-21, receives full verse-by-verse treatment. Every other chapter receives a chapter section covering its load-bearing theological terms with the same analytical fields: original Greek word, transliteration, literal meaning, semantic range, English variants, contextual theological meaning, and destination-language (Portuguese) rendering risk.

Wherever a term already carries an established rendering in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json, that rendering is reused exactly and flagged [TM-REUSE]. New terms not present in the Romans package are proposed here for the first time and flagged [NEW TERM], with a risk tier assigned using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline, with particular attention to collision with Brazilian Kardecist Spiritism, Afro-Brazilian Candomblé/Umbanda, and popular Luso-Brazilian Catholic piety — the same risk classes documented in the baseline package.

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PART 1 — CORE PASSAGE: 2 Corinthians 5:11-21 (Verse-by-Verse)

2 Corinthians 5:11

Greek: εἰδότες οὖν τὸν φόβον τοῦ κυρίου ἀνθρώπους πείθομεν, θεῷ δὲ πεφανερώμεθα· ἐλπίζω δὲ καὶ ἐν ταῖς συνειδήσεσιν ὑμῶν πεφανερῶσθαι.

• φόβος (phobos) — literal: fear, dread. Semantic range: terror, reverent awe, respect for authority. English variants: “fear,” “reverence,” “awe.” Theological meaning: reverent accountability before the Lord’s coming judgment, motivating Paul’s sincerity. Portuguese: temor [Medium] — must not be softened to mere “respeito” (respect), which loses the note of accountability before a Judge.
• κύριος (kyrios) — [TM-REUSE] Portuguese: Senhor [Critical, per baseline]. Here: “the fear of the Lord,” grounding apostolic conduct in Christ’s lordship over Paul’s ministry.
• πείθομεν (peithō) — literal: to persuade, win over. Semantic range: persuade, convince, seek to win trust. English variants: “persuade,” “try to persuade,” “commend.” Theological meaning: Paul’s evangelistic and pastoral persuasion, not manipulation. Portuguese: persuadir [Low].
• φανερόω (phaneroō) — literal: to make visible/manifest. Semantic range: reveal, disclose, lay open. English variants: “made known,” “plain,” “manifest.” Theological meaning: Paul’s transparent life is fully open before God and, he hopes, before the Corinthians’ conscience. Portuguese: manifestar(-se) [Low].
• συνείδησις (syneidēsis) — [NEW TERM] literal: conscience, moral self-awareness. Semantic range: the inner faculty of moral judgment; a Pauline term with no exact Hebrew antecedent, prominent across his letters. English variants: “conscience.” Theological meaning: the Corinthians’ own moral awareness should confirm Paul’s sincerity. Portuguese: consciência [Medium] — lexically stable, but must be distinguished from a merely psychological or Spiritist “consciência espiritual” (a spirit’s accumulated moral awareness carried across incarnations); here it denotes a God-accountable moral faculty active in this life.

2 Corinthians 5:12

Greek: οὐ πάλιν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστάνομεν ὑμῖν, ἀλλὰ ἀφορμὴν διδόντες ὑμῖν καυχήματος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, ἵνα ἔχητε πρὸς τοὺς ἐν προσώπῳ καυχωμένους καὶ μὴ ἐν καρδίᾳ.

• συνιστάνω (synistanō) — literal: to commend, set together, present favorably. English variants: “commend,” “recommend.” Theological meaning: Paul disclaims self-promotion. Portuguese: recomendar(-se) [Low].
• καύχημα / καυχάομαι (kauchēma / kauchaomai) — [NEW TERM] literal: boast, ground for boasting; to boast. Semantic range: sinful self-glorying OR legitimate confidence/rejoicing in what God has done. English variants: “boast,” “pride,” “glory in.” Theological meaning: legitimate apostolic confidence given as ammunition for the Corinthians against the false apostles’ superficial boasting. Portuguese: orgulho / gloriar-se [Medium] — risk that “orgulho” reads as sinful pride in Portuguese; context must make clear this is warranted confidence “in the Lord” (cf. 10:17), not self-exaltation.
• πρόσωπον (prosōpon) — literal: face. Semantic range: outward appearance, surface presentation, person. English variants: “outward appearance,” “face,” “person.” Theological meaning: contrasted with “heart” — superficial credentials versus genuine character. Portuguese: aparência [Low].
• καρδία (kardia) — literal: heart. Semantic range: the seat of will, emotion, and moral character. English variants: “heart.” Theological meaning: true, inward integrity as opposed to outward show. Portuguese: coração [Low].

2 Corinthians 5:13

Greek: εἴτε γὰρ ἐξέστημεν, θεῷ· εἴτε σωφρονοῦμεν, ὑμῖν.

• ἐξίστημι (existēmi) — literal: to be beside oneself, out of one’s mind. Semantic range: ecstatic experience, apparent madness, being overcome. English variants: “beside ourselves,” “out of our mind,” “if we are ‘crazy.’” Theological meaning: Paul’s intense spiritual experiences (visions, zeal) belong to God alone, not for public display. Portuguese: estar fora de si [Medium] — care needed so this is not read as endorsing ecstatic trance phenomena valued in Afro-Brazilian and Spiritist practice (mediumistic incorporation); Paul relativizes, rather than showcases, such experience.
• σωφρονέω (sōphroneō) — literal: to be of sound mind, self-controlled. English variants: “in our right mind,” “sober,” “self-controlled.” Theological meaning: Paul’s ordinary, sober ministry is for the church’s benefit. Portuguese: ser sóbrio / ter juízo sóbrio [Low].

2 Corinthians 5:14

Greek: ἡ γὰρ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ συνέχει ἡμᾶς, κρίναντας τοῦτο, ὅτι εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν, ἄρα οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον·

• ἀγάπη (agapē) — [NEW TERM] literal: love. Semantic range: self-giving, covenantal, unconditional love, distinct from ἔρως (romantic desire) or φιλία (friendship affection). English variants: “love.” Theological meaning: Christ’s love as the controlling, compelling motive of apostolic ministry. Portuguese: amor [Medium] — Portuguese “amor” is broad and can carry romantic connotations if context is thin; theological teaching must anchor it to Christ’s self-giving, sacrificial love, distinct from generic affection.
• συνέχει (synechō) — literal: to hold together, hem in, control, compel. English variants: “controls,” “compels,” “constrains.” Theological meaning: Christ’s love as the driving, restraining force of Paul’s life. Portuguese: constranger / mover [Medium].
• Χριστός (Christos) — [TM-REUSE, cf. “messiah”] Portuguese: Cristo [Critical, per baseline messiah entry]. See ch.1 note on continuity of usage throughout the book.
• ἀποθνήσκω (apothnēskō) — literal: to die. English variants: “died.” Theological meaning: Christ’s representative, substitutionary death — “one died for all” — the ground of the “all died” statement (union with Christ in his death). Portuguese: morrer [Low], but the doctrinal freight (representative/substitutionary death) requires teaching alongside — see doctrine “Reconciliation with God.”

2 Corinthians 5:15

Greek: καὶ ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν, ἵνα οἱ ζῶντες μηκέτι ἑαυτοῖς ζῶσιν ἀλλὰ τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι.

• ζάω (zaō) — literal: to live. English variants: “live,” “the living.” Theological meaning: the new, Christ-centered orientation of life for those united with him. Portuguese: viver [Low].
• ἐγείρω (egeirō) — [TM-REUSE concept, cf. baseline “resurrection”] literal: to raise up. Semantic range: raise from sleep, raise from death. English variants: “raised,” “was raised.” Theological meaning: Christ’s bodily resurrection as the ground of the believer’s new life-orientation. Portuguese: ressuscitar / ressurreição [Critical, per baseline] — NEVER “reencarnação”; here the emphasis is that the risen Christ, not the believer’s own repeated embodiment, is the one “for whom” the believer now lives.

2 Corinthians 5:16

Greek: ὥστε ἡμεῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν οὐδένα οἴδαμεν κατὰ σάρκα· εἰ καὶ ἐγνώκαμεν κατὰ σάρκα Χριστόν, ἀλλὰ νῦν οὐκέτι γινώσκομεν.

• σάρξ (sarx) — [NEW TERM] literal: flesh, physical body. Semantic range: (1) physical body/humanity, (2) merely human/worldly point of view, (3) the sinful, self-oriented mode of existence opposed to the Spirit (as in Romans). English variants: “flesh,” “worldly standards,” “human point of view.” Theological meaning: Paul no longer evaluates people or even Christ by external, merely human criteria. Portuguese: carne [High] — risk of a dualistic “flesh is evil, spirit is the true self” reading that would resonate with Kardecist and Umbanda frameworks in which the physical body is a temporary vehicle for an evolving spirit across many lives; teaching must clarify Paul rejects a superficial, worldly evaluative standard, not embodiment itself.
• γινώσκω (ginōskō) — literal: to know. Semantic range: intellectual knowledge, relational/experiential knowledge. English variants: “know,” “regard,” “view.” Theological meaning: a transformed way of knowing Christ and others, post-conversion. Portuguese: conhecer [Low].

2 Corinthians 5:17

Greek: ὥστε εἴ τις ἐν Χριστῷ, καινὴ κτίσις· τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν, ἰδοὺ γέγονεν καινά.

• ἐν Χριστῷ (en Christō) — literal: “in Christ.” Semantic range: Paul’s characteristic incorporation/union formula. English variants: “in Christ,” “united with Christ.” Theological meaning: the locus of the believer’s new identity (doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ, cf. baseline Romans risk registry entry). Portuguese: em Cristo [High, per baseline analogous entry] — identity grounded in union with Christ, not inherited religious identity by birth nor a spirit’s cumulative standing across past lives.
• καινὴ κτίσις (kainē ktisis) — [NEW TERM — CORE DOCTRINE] literal: “new creation.” Semantic range: a fresh act of divine creative power; new order of existence; can denote the individual believer or (by extension) the whole cosmos renewed in Christ. English variants: “new creation,” “new creature,” “a new person.” Theological meaning: the decisive, once-for-all re-creation of the believer’s identity and standing through union with Christ, not a developmental or evolutionary process. Portuguese: nova criação [Critical] — the single highest-risk term in this passage for the Brazilian context: Kardecist Spiritism explicitly teaches a spirit’s gradual “evolução” through successive reincarnated lives toward moral perfection, and “nova criação” risks being absorbed into this evolutionary framework (a “new” incarnation/opportunity) rather than understood as an instantaneous, complete, non-repeating transformation accomplished by God at the moment of faith. Alternatives rejected: “uma nova fase de evolução espiritual,” “um novo ciclo de existência.” Requires an explanatory teaching note at every occurrence.
• ἀρχαῖα (archaia) / παρέρχομαι (parerchomai) — literal: “the old/ancient things” / “to pass away.” English variants: “the old has gone,” “old things have passed away.” Theological meaning: the definitive, non-reversible end of the old identity in Adam/sin. Portuguese: as coisas antigas passaram [Medium] — must not be read as merely one stage giving way to the next stage in an ongoing cycle.

2 Corinthians 5:18

Greek: τὰ δὲ πάντα ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ καταλλάξαντος ἡμᾶς ἑαυτῷ διὰ Χριστοῦ καὶ δόντος ἡμῖν τὴν διακονίαν τῆς καταλλαγῆς,

• καταλλάσσω / καταλλαγή (katallassō / katallagē) — [NEW TERM — CORE DOCTRINE] literal: to exchange, change from enmity to friendship; reconciliation. Semantic range: restoring a broken relationship, removing hostility, re-establishing peace between estranged parties. English variants: “reconcile,” “reconciliation.” Theological meaning: God himself, not the sinner, is the agent who resolves the enmity caused by sin, accomplishing this decisively through Christ. Portuguese: reconciliar / reconciliação [Critical] — must convey a decisive, God-initiated act resolving personal enmity with a holy, personal God. Alternatives rejected: “harmonização” or “equilíbrio cármico” (karmic harmonization/balance), which would recast reconciliation as an impersonal cosmic rebalancing achieved through the sinner’s own corrective efforts across lifetimes rather than a relational peace secured once for all by God through Christ’s death (cf. baseline “salvation” entry, same risk class).
• διακονία (diakonia) — [NEW TERM] literal: service, ministry, waiting at tables (etymological root). Semantic range: any form of practical service; specifically apostolic ministry of the word; in ch.8-9, the collection/relief ministry. English variants: “ministry,” “service.” Theological meaning: the specific charge entrusted to Paul (and, by extension, every believer) to proclaim reconciliation. Portuguese: ministério [Medium] — context-sensitive across the book (see chs. 3, 4, 8, 9, 11); risk is low but must not be reduced to “serviço social” divorced from gospel proclamation (cf. baseline doctrine “Christ-Centered Ministry”).

2 Corinthians 5:19

Greek: ὡς ὅτι θεὸς ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ κόσμον καταλλάσσων ἑαυτῷ, μὴ λογιζόμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ παραπτώματα αὐτῶν, καὶ θέμενος ἐν ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς.

• κόσμος (kosmos) — [NEW TERM] literal: world, ordered universe. Semantic range: the physical world, humanity collectively, the fallen human order in rebellion against God. English variants: “world.” Theological meaning: the comprehensive scope of God’s reconciling work — not a private or individualistic transaction only. Portuguese: mundo [Low].
• λογίζομαι (logizomai) — [TM-REUSE concept, cf. baseline “imputed_righteousness”] literal: to reckon, count, credit to an account. Semantic range: an accounting/legal metaphor. English variants: “count,” “reckon,” “hold against.” Theological meaning: the negative counterpart of imputation — God does NOT count believers’ trespasses against them, on the same forensic logic by which righteousness IS credited (cf. Romans 4). Portuguese: não imputar / não levar em conta [High] — should be taught alongside baseline “justiça imputada” as two sides of the same forensic transaction; must not be softened into “esquecer” (forget), which loses the legal/accounting sense.
• παράπτωμα (paraptōma) — [NEW TERM] literal: a false step, trespass. Semantic range: sin viewed as a specific transgression or lapse rather than a general condition. English variants: “trespasses,” “transgressions,” “sins.” Theological meaning: the specific offenses God does not hold against the reconciled. Portuguese: transgressões [Medium] — treat as a near-synonym cluster with baseline “pecado” (sin); do not introduce a separate doctrine, but note the accounting nuance above.
• λόγος (logos) — literal: word, message, account. English variants: “message,” “word.” Theological meaning: “the message/word of reconciliation” entrusted to the church. Portuguese: palavra / mensagem [Low].

2 Corinthians 5:20

Greek: ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ οὖν πρεσβεύομεν ὡς τοῦ θεοῦ παρακαλοῦντος δι’ ἡμῶν· δεόμεθα ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ, καταλλάγητε τῷ θεῷ.

• πρεσβεύω (presbeuō) — [NEW TERM — CORE DOCTRINE] literal: to be an elder/ambassador, to act as an official envoy. Semantic range: a diplomatic representative bearing another’s full authority and message. English variants: “ambassador,” “we are ambassadors,” “we act as representatives.” Theological meaning: apostolic authority as derivative and representative — Paul speaks with Christ’s authority, not his own. Central to the doctrine “Sincerity and Apostolic Authority.” Portuguese: embaixador(es) / rogar como embaixadores [High] — the diplomatic/political connotation of “embaixador” in Portuguese is the correct and standard rendering (consistent with the Almeida tradition), but teaching must clarify this is not mere human diplomatic office but a Spirit-given, Christ-commissioned authority to proclaim reconciliation — distinct from any human-appointed religious office, and distinct from the mediumistic “intermediary” role Kardecist and Umbanda traditions assign to spirit guides and mediums as messengers between the living and the spirit world.
• παρακαλέω (parakaleō) — [TM-REUSE, context-sensitive] Baseline records this as exortar [Low] for the “exhort/urge” sense. Here, however, the sense is closer to “appeal, plead, entreat” as God’s own appeal made through the apostle. Portuguese: rogar / suplicar [Medium] — flag as a distinct sense from the baseline’s “exortar”; do not default to “exortar” in this verse, since the force is a heartfelt divine appeal, not a directive exhortation. (See also ch.1 below, where the same verb’s dominant sense is “comfort.”)
• δέομαι (deomai) — literal: to beg, implore, ask urgently. English variants: “we implore,” “we beg.” Theological meaning: intensifies the appeal’s urgency. Portuguese: rogar / suplicar [Low].
• καταλλάγητε (katallagēte, imperative) — see καταλλάσσω above. Portuguese: reconciliai-vos [Critical, same entry as v.18].

2 Corinthians 5:21

Greek: τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν, ἵνα ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ.

• ἁμαρτία (hamartia) — [TM-REUSE] Portuguese: pecado [High, per baseline]. Here used in the paradoxical double sense: Christ, sinless, “made sin” for us — a substitutionary, imputational statement, not an ontological claim that Christ became morally corrupt. Requires careful teaching to avoid confusion.
• γινώσκω (ginōskō) — see v.16. Here: “who did not know/experience sin” — Christ’s sinlessness.
• ποιέω (poieō) — literal: to make, do. English variants: “made.” Theological meaning: God’s judicial act of reckoning Christ as sin-bearer (parallel to οὐ λογιζόμενος in v.19). Portuguese: fazer / tornar [Medium].
• δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ (dikaiosynē theou) — [TM-REUSE] Portuguese: justiça de Deus / justiça [Critical, per baseline]. Here the climactic exchange formula: Christ bears believers’ sin so that believers might become/receive God’s own righteousness “in him.” Must retain the forensic, imputed sense already established in baseline (cf. “imputed_righteousness” = justiça imputada), rejecting both the Tridentine “infused righteousness” category and the Kardecist “merit earned across successive lives” reading.
• γίνομαι (ginomai) — literal: to become, come to be. English variants: “become,” “might become.” Theological meaning: believers’ new righteous standing is something they become/receive, not something they achieve. Portuguese: tornar-se / vir a ser [Medium].

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PART 2 — CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER STUDY (Whole Book)

Chapter 1 — Suffering, Comfort, and the Faithfulness of God’s Promises

Term (Greek/translit.)	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
παράκλησις / παρακαλέω (paraklēsis / parakaleō) — comfort sense	a calling alongside; comfort, consolation, encouragement	comfort in suffering; also (elsewhere) exhortation/appeal — same root word, distinct dominant sense per context	”comfort,” “consolation,” “encourage"	"The God of all comfort” (1:3-7) who comforts Paul in affliction so he can comfort others. [NEW TERM]	consolação / consolar [Critical] — MAJOR Brazilian collision risk distinct from, and more acute than, the baseline’s “exortar” entry: Kardecist Spiritism’s most prominent pastoral appeal is precisely “consolação” offered through mediumistic contact with deceased loved ones (a doctrine and practice with deep cultural penetration in Brazil, memorialized in Kardec’s own foundational writings). 2 Corinthians 1’s “God of all comfort” must be taught as comfort located exclusively in a personal, sovereign God through Christ and the Spirit, explicitly distinguished from comfort sought through communication with the spirits of the dead.
θλῖψις (thlipsis)	pressure, affliction	tribulation, distress, persecution	”affliction,” “trouble,” “distress”	The real, historical suffering Paul endured in Asia (1:8), grounding the doctrine “Suffering and Comfort in Ministry.” [NEW TERM]	tribulação / aflição [Medium]
πάθημα (pathēma)	suffering, that which is suffered	suffering shared with/for Christ	”suffering,” “sufferings of Christ”	Paul’s sufferings as sharing in “the sufferings of Christ” (1:5). [NEW TERM]	sofrimento [Medium]
ναί / ἀμήν (nai / amēn)	yes / truly, so be it	affirmation formula	”Yes” and “Amen”	Christ as the “Yes” to all God’s promises (1:19-20) — ties to reused doctrine “Messianic Promise” and “Fulfillment of Prophecy.”	sim / amém [Low] — “amém” transliterated per established convention (cf. baseline instruction set).
ἐπαγγελία (epangelia)	promise	covenant promise; general promise	”promise,” “promises"	"All the promises of God find their Yes in him.” [NEW TERM]	promessa [Medium] — ties to baseline “covenant” (aliança [High]); teach together.
ἀρραβών (arrabōn)	down payment, pledge, guarantee	earnest money; guarantee of a future transaction	”guarantee,” “deposit,” “down payment”	The Spirit given as God’s “guarantee” of the believer’s future inheritance (1:22). [NEW TERM]	penhor / garantia [High] — ties to baseline doctrine “Assurance of Salvation” [Critical]; must not be softened into a provisional or revocable pledge, in contrast to Kardecism’s view that a spirit’s future standing always remains unresolved and subject to further reincarnated effort.
σφραγίζω (sphragizō)	to seal	mark of ownership, authentication, security	”sealed,” “seal”	The Spirit’s sealing of believers as a mark of secure ownership (1:22). [NEW TERM]	selar / selo [High] — same doctrinal pairing as ἀρραβών above.
κύριος, Χριστός, Ἰησοῦς, θεός, πνεῦμα (ἅγιον), υἱὸς θεοῦ, χάρις, εἰρήνη, ἐκκλησία, ἅγιοι, ἀπόστολος, σωτηρία, πίστις, χάρισμα	—	—	—	Standard epistolary opening and thanksgiving vocabulary.	[TM-REUSE]: Senhor, Cristo, Jesus, Deus, Espírito Santo, Filho de Deus, graça, paz, igreja, santos, apóstolo, salvação, fé, and (1:11) dons espirituais/dom [χάρισμα, High per baseline] — all reused exactly per baseline entries.

Chapter 2 — Forgiveness, Fragrance of Christ, and Sincerity in Ministry

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
εὐωδία (euōdia) / ὀσμή (osmē) sweet smell / odor	fragrance, aroma (often sacrificial, cf. LXX) “fragrance,” “aroma,” “smell”	Believers as “the aroma of Christ” spreading the knowledge of God — a positive aroma to some, the smell of death to others (2:14-16). [NEW TERM]	aroma / perfume de Cristo [Low-Medium]
καπηλεύω (kapēleuō) to peddle, hawk goods (of a huckster)	commercializing/adulterating goods for profit ”peddle,” “huckster,” “sell for profit,” “corrupt for profit”	Paul denies “peddling” (adulterating/commercializing) God’s word for gain (2:17) — foundational to “Sincerity and Apostolic Authority.” [NEW TERM]	mercadejar (a palavra de Deus) [High] — direct relevance to a Brazilian religious landscape marked by both the “teologia da prosperidade” (prosperity gospel) commercialization of ministry and, in some popular practice, paid mediumship/spiritual consultations; must be taught as rejecting any profit-driven distortion of gospel proclamation.
εἰλικρίνεια (eilikrineia) that which is judged pure in sunlight; sincerity	genuineness, transparency, purity of motive ”sincerity,” “genuineness”	Paul speaks “as from God, in the sight of God, in Christ” — a direct claim to sincere, unmixed motive. [NEW TERM]	sinceridade [High] — core term for the doctrine “Sincerity and Apostolic Authority”; must be distinguished from mere social politeness — this is theological transparency before God as the standard of authentic ministry, directly relevant to the contrast with the “false apostles” of chs. 11-12.

Chapter 3 — The New Covenant, Letter versus Spirit, and Transforming Glory

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
διαθήκη (diathēkē) covenant, testament	— “covenant,” “testament"	"Ministers of a new covenant” (3:6) contrasted with the old Mosaic covenant — core to the doctrine “New Covenant versus the Old.”	[TM-REUSE]: aliança [High, per baseline].
γράμμα (gramma) letter, written character	the written Law taken literally/externally, apart from the Spirit ”letter,” “written code"	"The letter kills, but the Spirit gives life” (3:6) — the old covenant’s inability, apart from the Spirit, to produce life. [NEW TERM]	letra [High] — must be paired explicitly with Espírito (Holy Spirit, TM-reuse Critical) in every occurrence; risk of being read as a general critique of all written Scripture/law rather than specifically the old covenant’s external, unaided demand.
δόξα (doxa) glory, radiance, honor	God’s manifest presence and honor ”glory”	The fading glory of Moses’ face versus the surpassing, permanent glory of the new covenant ministry (3:7-11, 18).	[TM-REUSE]: glória [Medium, per baseline].
κάλυμμα (kalymma) veil, covering	literal veil (Moses); figurative veil over hearts/minds ”veil”	The veil that is removed “in Christ” — unveiled access to God’s glory. [NEW TERM]	velo [Medium]
μεταμορφόω (metamorphoō) to change form, transfigure	inward transformation into Christ’s likeness ”transformed,” “transfigured”	Believers “being transformed from glory to glory” by beholding the Lord — the doctrinal engine behind ongoing sanctification. [NEW TERM]	transformar(-se) [de glória em glória] [High] — close conceptual neighbor to baseline’s “santificação” [High]; must reject a reading through Kardecist “evolução”/gradual perfecting across successive reincarnated lives, and instead convey Spirit-wrought transformation accomplished progressively within a single earthly life, grounded in union with the risen Christ.
εἰκών (eikōn) image, likeness	the visible representation/likeness of something ”image,” “likeness”	Believers transformed into “the same image” (i.e., Christ’s glory-image). [NEW TERM]	imagem [Low]
Ἰσραήλ, Μωϋσῆς (David/Moses/Israel background) —	— —	Old covenant background required for this chapter’s argument.	[TM-REUSE]: Israel [Low, per baseline]; Moisés per established Bible-name convention (see AI requirements doc).

Chapter 4 — Treasure in Jars of Clay: Suffering, Power, and Unseen Glory

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) good news	— “gospel"	"The gospel of the glory of Christ” veiled to unbelievers (4:3-4) — direct link to baseline doctrine “Gospel” [High].	[TM-REUSE]: evangelho [High, per baseline]. Same Kardecist “O Evangelho Segundo o Espiritismo” collision risk documented in the baseline applies fully here.
θησαυρός (thēsauros) / ὀστράκινα σκεύη (ostrakina skeuē) treasure / earthen (clay) vessels	precious contents in a fragile, ordinary container ”treasure in jars of clay,” “earthen vessels”	The gospel’s surpassing power displayed through the apostles’ human frailty — foundational to “Power in Weakness.” [NEW TERM]	tesouro / vasos de barro [Medium]
σάρξ (sarx) flesh	see 5:16 above ”flesh,” “mortal body"	"Death at work in us” for the sake of others’ life (4:11-12).	[NEW TERM, cross-referenced with 5:16]: carne [High].
ἔσω ἄνθρωπος / ἔξω ἄνθρωπος (esō anthrōpos / exō anthrōpos) inner man / outer man	the renewed inner self versus the decaying physical body ”inner self,” “outer self,” “inward man,” “outward man"	"Our outer self is wasting away, but our inner self is being renewed day by day” (4:16). [NEW TERM]	homem interior / homem exterior [High] — direct collision risk: Kardecism teaches that the true, persisting self (the “espírito,” clothed in a “perispírito”) survives bodily death and reincarnates into successive “outer” bodies. Paul’s language, if untaught, could be absorbed into this framework. Must be taught as describing the Spirit’s ongoing renewal of a single believer within a single earthly life, awaiting one bodily resurrection (see ch.5), not a persisting spirit cycling through multiple bodies.
αἰώνιος (aiōnios) vs. πρόσκαιρος (proskairos) eternal vs. temporary/for a season	permanent, age-lasting vs. transient ”eternal,” “momentary,” “temporary"	"Our light and momentary affliction” is producing “an eternal weight of glory” (4:17). [NEW TERM]	eterno / passageiro (momentâneo) [Medium]
δόξα (doxa) glory	see ch.3 ”glory,” “weight of glory”	The believer’s future glory, incomparably outweighing present suffering.	[TM-REUSE]: glória [Medium].

Chapter 5 — Additional Terms Beyond the Core Passage (vv. 1-10)

Verses 11-21 receive full verse-by-verse treatment above (Part 1). Verses 1-10 introduce additional load-bearing terms:

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
σκῆνος (skēnos) tent, temporary dwelling	the physical body as a temporary dwelling ”tent,” “earthly tent,” “earthly dwelling”	The physical body as a temporary “tent” to be exchanged, at death or Christ’s return, for a permanent “building from God” (5:1). [NEW TERM]	tabernáculo terreno [High] — significant collision risk: Kardecism teaches the soul/spirit is clothed in a semi-material “perispírito” that survives across a sequence of physical bodies (successive incarnations). Paul’s tent-to-permanent-building contrast must be taught as a single transition from this mortal body directly to the one resurrection body, not as one of many successive bodily “tents” across repeated lives.
οἰκία / οἴκημα ἐξ οὐρανοῦ (“house not made with hands”) house, building; “from heaven”	the resurrection body, God-given and permanent ”building from God,” “eternal house in heaven”	The resurrection body awaiting believers, contrasted with the present “tent.” [NEW TERM]	casa/edifício do céu, não feito por mãos humanas [High] — same collision class as σκῆνος above.
γυμνός (gymnos) / ἐνδύομαι (endyomai) naked / to be clothed	unclothed (bodiless) state vs. being clothed with the resurrection body ”naked,” “clothed,” “unclothed”	The intermediate state and the hope of being further “clothed” rather than left disembodied (5:2-4). [NEW TERM]	nu / vestir(-se) [Medium]
βῆμα (bēma) judgment seat, tribunal platform	official judicial bench (also used of Roman civic tribunals) “judgment seat"	"The judgment seat of Christ,” where believers’ works are evaluated for reward, not for condemnation (5:10) — must be taught alongside baseline “Assurance of Salvation” [Critical] to avoid confusion with condemnation-judgment. [NEW TERM]	tribunal de Cristo [Medium-High] — distinguish clearly from any notion of karmic accounting across lifetimes; this is a single, final evaluation of a life already secured in Christ.
πίστις (pistis) faith	see baseline ”faith,” “by faith, not by sight"	"We walk by faith, not by sight” (5:7).	[TM-REUSE]: fé [High, per baseline].

Chapter 6 — Unequal Yokes and the Temple of the Living God

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος (naos theou zōntos) temple of the living God	the sanctuary where God’s presence dwells ”temple of the living God”	Believers, corporately, are “the temple of the living God” (6:16) — exclusive divine indwelling. [NEW TERM]	templo do Deus vivo [High] — must be distinguished from Afro-Brazilian “terreiros” and Kardecist “centros/templos espíritas,” both of which use temple-like language for spaces of spirit communication/incorporation; also distinguished from a Catholic-culture reading limited to a physical church building. The temple is the gathered/individual believer indwelt by the one true God, not a site for contacting other spirits.
ἑτεροζυγέω (heterozygeō) to be yoked with a different kind of animal	mismatched partnership/union ”unequally yoked,” “mismatched”	The call to distinct, uncompromised covenant loyalty (6:14) — relevant to religious syncretism in the Brazilian context. [NEW TERM]	jungido(s) desigualmente [Medium-High] — practical application must be taught carefully given Brazil’s widespread religious syncretism (Catholic-Afro-Brazilian-Spiritist blending) without becoming a blanket condemnation of all social relationships with people of other faiths.
Βελίαρ (Beliar) (proper name) worthlessness; a name for Satan	— “Belial”	A name for the devil/the forces opposed to Christ (6:15), paired with idols. [NEW TERM]	Belial [Low] — transliterate as a proper name, per convention.

Chapter 7 — Godly Grief and Repentance

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
λύπη (lypē) grief, sorrow, pain	emotional distress; can be “godly” or “worldly” in cause and effect ”grief,” “sorrow,” “sadness"	"Godly grief” (κατὰ θεόν) produces repentance leading to salvation; “worldly grief” (τοῦ κόσμου) produces death (7:9-10). [NEW TERM]	tristeza (segundo Deus / do mundo) [Medium-High]
μετάνοια (metanoia) change of mind; repentance	a decisive reorientation of mind and life ”repentance”	The God-given, once-for-all turning that “leads to salvation without regret” (7:10). [NEW TERM]	arrependimento [High] — significant Brazilian collision risk: Kardecism teaches “reparação” (moral reparation) and “remorso” (remorse) as ongoing corrective processes worked out across successive incarnated lives, with no single decisive turning-point equivalent to biblical repentance. Must be taught as a definitive, this-life turning to God that “leads to salvation” once for all, not an installment plan of moral correction across future lives.

Chapter 8 — Generosity and the Grace of Giving

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
χάρις (charis) — “grace of giving” sense favor, gift, grace	here: God-given generosity expressed concretely in giving ”grace,” “gracious act,” “generous gift"	"The grace of God” that produced the Macedonian churches’ generosity (8:1) — a specific application of the baseline term.	[TM-REUSE]: graça [High, per baseline] — note the context-sensitive application to financial generosity; teach that this is the same unmerited, Spirit-worked grace already defined doctrinally, not a separate concept.
κοινωνία (koinōnia) — “sharing/partnership” sense fellowship, participation, sharing	shared participation in a common cause; here, financial partnership in ministry ”fellowship,” “sharing,” “participation"	"The fellowship (koinōnia) of ministering to the saints” (8:4) — the collection as an expression of true fellowship.	[TM-REUSE]: companheirismo [Low, per baseline], though here often better rendered contextually as comunhão/participação in the specific sense of shared material partnership; flag as context-sensitive per baseline note.
ἁπλότης (haplotēs) singleness, simplicity; by extension, generosity	unmixed, sincere generosity without ulterior motive ”generosity,” “sincerity,” “liberality”	The single-minded, uncalculating generosity called for in the collection (8:2; cf. 9:11,13). [NEW TERM]	generosidade (liberalidade) [Medium] — watch for distortion through Brazilian “teologia da prosperidade” motifs that reframe giving primarily as a means to personal financial return rather than sincere, Christ-modeled generosity.
πτωχεία (ptōcheia) / πλοῦτος (ploutos) poverty / wealth	Christ’s voluntary self-impoverishment for others’ enrichment ”poverty,” “riches"	"Though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor, so that you…might become rich” (8:9) — touches the doctrine of the Incarnation (baseline Critical entry). [NEW TERM]	pobreza / riqueza [Medium-High] — teach alongside baseline “encarnação” [Critical] to ensure Christ’s self-impoverishment is understood as the eternal Son’s voluntary, unique assumption of human poverty and limitation, not an analogy to a spirit’s karmic circumstances “assigned” by its accumulated merit for a given incarnation.
ἰσότης (isotēs) equality, fairness	equitable balance between abundance and need ”equality,” “fair balance”	The goal of the collection: equitable sharing, not enforced leveling (8:13-14). [NEW TERM]	igualdade (justa medida) [Low]

Chapter 9 — The Cheerful Giver

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
σπείρω / θερίζω (speirō / therizō) to sow / to reap	agricultural metaphor for giving and its results ”sow,” “reap"	"The one who sows sparingly will also reap sparingly” (9:6) — principle, not a mechanical guarantee. [NEW TERM]	semear / colher [Low-Medium] — must not be taught as a guaranteed prosperity formula (a live risk given the Brazilian “teologia da prosperidade” movement’s frequent use of this very passage).
ἱλαρός (hilaros) cheerful, joyful	glad, willing disposition ”cheerful"	"God loves a cheerful giver” (9:7) — the heart-disposition God desires in giving. [NEW TERM]	alegre (dador alegre) [Low]
προθυμία (prothymia) eagerness, readiness	willing, ready disposition ”readiness,” “eagerness”	The willing eagerness that should precede and accompany generous giving (8:11-12; 9:2). [NEW TERM]	prontidão / boa vontade [Low]

Chapter 10 — Weapons Not of the Flesh: Paul’s Defense of His Ministry

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
ὅπλα (hopla) weapons, tools of war	instruments of military or spiritual conflict ”weapons"	"The weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh” (10:4) — spiritual, not carnal, conflict. [NEW TERM]	armas [Medium-High]
ὀχύρωμα (ochyrōma) fortress, stronghold	a fortified defensive position; figuratively, entrenched false reasoning ”strongholds"	"Strongholds” of anti-God reasoning demolished by divine power (10:4). [NEW TERM]	fortalezas [High] — direct relevance to the Brazilian neo-Pentecostal culture of “guerra espiritual” (spiritual warfare), which frequently applies this exact vocabulary to specific Afro-Brazilian spiritual entities (orixás, exus) and practitioners; teaching must confine the metaphor to Paul’s stated target — deceptive arguments and reasoning “raised against the knowledge of God” — to avoid encouraging confrontational practices that fuel religious intolerance in Brazil’s pluralistic religious landscape.
καθαίρεσις (kathairesis) / λογισμός (logismos) tearing down / reasoning, argument	demolition (figurative) / a line of reasoning or argument ”destroy,” “arguments,” “reasoning”	The demolition of proud reasoning that opposes the knowledge of God (10:4-5). [NEW TERM]	demolição / argumentos [Medium-High] — same cultural sensitivity as ὀχύρωμα above.
καυχάομαι ἐν κυρίῳ (kauchaomai en kyriō) to boast in the Lord	legitimate boasting whose object is the Lord, not self ”let him boast in the Lord”	The corrective to the false apostles’ self-commendation (10:17-18; cf. 5:12).	[NEW TERM, cross-ref with 5:12]: gloriar-se no Senhor [Medium].

Chapter 11 — False Apostles and the Danger of Deception

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
ψευδαπόστολοι (pseudapostoloi) false apostles	those falsely claiming apostolic authority ”false apostles”	The direct named threat confronting the Corinthian church — core to “Genuine versus False Apostleship.” [NEW TERM]	falsos apóstolos [Critical] — must be taught with clear, non-negotiable doctrinal and behavioral criteria (fidelity to the true gospel, sincerity, Christlike suffering) distinguishing genuine from false apostolic claims, given Brazil’s crowded religious marketplace of competing spiritual authority claims (neo-Pentecostal apostolic titles, Kardecist mediums, Afro-Brazilian spiritual leaders).
ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι (hyperlian apostoloi) super-, superlative apostles	Paul’s ironic term for self-promoting rival “apostles" "super-apostles,” “these super-apostles,” (Almeida: “os mais excelentes apóstolos”)	Paul’s ironic contrast between his own weakness and the rivals’ self-exalted claims (11:5; 12:11). [NEW TERM]	apóstolos supereminentes [High] — render ironically per context; alternatives rejected: a flattering, non-ironic rendering that would obscure Paul’s sarcasm and blunt the doctrinal point.
μετασχηματίζω (metaschēmatizō) to change outward form, disguise	transform in outward appearance while inward reality differs ”disguises himself,” “masquerades as"	"Satan disguises himself as an angel of light,” and his servants as apostles of righteousness (11:13-15). [NEW TERM]	disfarçar(-se) [High]
ἄγγελος φωτός (angelos phōtos) angel of light	a deceptive, benevolent-seeming spiritual appearance ”angel of light”	Satan’s characteristic mode of deception — appearing benevolent and enlightened. [NEW TERM]	anjo de luz [Critical] — the single most acute Brazilian collision risk in this chapter: Kardecist Spiritism and Umbanda both use “espíritos de luz” / “guias de luz” (“spirits/guides of light”) as a mainstream, positively-valued category of benevolent, advanced spiritual beings believed to guide and assist the living. Paul’s warning that Satan himself “disguises” as precisely such a figure directly and pointedly confronts this widespread Brazilian religious category. This term requires explicit theological teaching in every occurrence and must never be softened to avoid the confrontation.
πανουργία (panourgia) / ὄφις (ophis) craftiness / serpent	cunning deception; the Genesis serpent ”cunning,” “craftiness,” “serpent”	Eve’s deception by the serpent’s cunning as the paradigm for the Corinthians’ vulnerability to deceptive teaching (11:3). [NEW TERM]	astúcia / serpente [Medium]

Chapter 12 — Visions, Weakness, and the Sufficiency of Grace

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis) unveiling, revelation	disclosure of hidden divine truth ”revelation,” “revelations”	Paul’s “surpassingly great revelations” (12:1,7), given directly by God, not sought through any human or spiritual intermediary. [NEW TERM]	revelações [High] — must be explicitly distinguished from psicografia (Kardecist mediumistic transcription of messages from the deceased, already flagged Low-but-noted in the baseline’s “prophecy” entry) and from Umbanda/Candomblé mediumistic trance-revelation; apostolic revelation is a sovereign, unrepeatable divine disclosure to a specific apostle for the church’s benefit, not an ongoing, accessible channel of communication with departed or discarnate spirits.
ἁρπάζω (harpazō) to seize, snatch away	forcible removal/transport ”caught up,” “snatched up”	Paul “caught up” to the third heaven/paradise (12:2,4) — an involuntary, God-initiated experience. [NEW TERM]	arrebatado [Medium]
τρίτος οὐρανός (tritos ouranos) / παράδεισος (paradeisos) third heaven / paradise	Jewish cosmological terms for God’s dwelling / the blessed afterlife realm ”third heaven,” “paradise”	The location of Paul’s vision; not the object of teaching in itself. [NEW TERM]	terceiro céu / paraíso [Medium]
σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί (skolops tē sarki) a thorn/stake in the flesh	a persistent, painful affliction ”thorn in the flesh”	Paul’s unnamed persistent affliction, given to keep him humble (12:7) — central to “Power in Weakness.” [NEW TERM]	espinho na carne [High]
ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ (angelos Satana) messenger/angel of Satan	a hostile spiritual agent permitted to afflict ”messenger of Satan”	The agent behind Paul’s thorn, explicitly identified as satanic, yet operating only within God’s sovereign permission and purpose. [NEW TERM]	mensageiro de Satanás [Critical] — direct collision with the mainstream Brazilian folk-spiritual and Kardecist/Umbanda concept of “encosto” or “obsessão espiritual” (an attaching or afflicting spirit causing illness, misfortune, or torment, addressed through mediumistic cleansing rituals). Must be taught as a hostile spiritual affliction permitted by a sovereign God for Paul’s sanctification and humility — resolved through God’s sufficient grace, not through mediumistic intervention, exorcistic ritual detached from Christ’s authority, or the afflicted person’s own accumulated karmic resolution.
ἀσθένεια (astheneia) / δύναμις (dynamis) weakness / power	frailty, incapacity / strength, might, ability ”weakness,” “power"	"My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness” (12:9) — the theological center of “Power in Weakness.” [NEW TERM / TM-REUSE for δύναμις]	fraqueza [High, NEW]; poder — [TM-REUSE: poder de Deus, Medium, per baseline], here specifically Christ’s power perfected in and through human weakness, not human strength or achieved spiritual mastery.
σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα (sēmeia kai terata) signs and wonders	miraculous, authenticating acts ”signs and wonders”	Authenticating marks of genuine apostleship (12:12) — must be distinguished from generic paranormal phenomena. [NEW TERM]	sinais e prodígios [Medium-High] — teach as authenticating a specific apostolic commission from God, not as generically validating any claimed spiritual power, including mediumistic “phenomena” (materializations, effects) reported in Kardecist and Umbanda practice.

Chapter 13 — Final Examination and the Trinitarian Benediction

Terms	Variants	Theological meaning	Portuguese rendering & risk
δοκιμάζω (dokimazō) to test, examine, prove genuine	testing for authenticity ”test,” “examine,” “prove"	"Examine yourselves, to see whether you are in the faith” (13:5). [NEW TERM]	examinar-se [Medium]
ἀδόκιμος (adokimos) failing the test, disqualified, counterfeit	rejected upon testing ”disqualified,” “failing the test”	The negative outcome of self-examination if genuine faith is absent (13:5-7). [NEW TERM]	reprovado [Medium]
κατάρτισις (katartisis) / καταρτίζω (katartizō) mending, equipping, bringing to completeness	restoring to proper condition; making complete, mature ”restoration,” “completeness,” “be made complete”	Paul’s prayer for the Corinthians’ “restoration”/completeness (13:9,11). [NEW TERM]	restauração [High] — alternatives rejected: “aperfeiçoamento” (perfecting), which in the Brazilian context risks direct assimilation to the Kardecist doctrine of “aperfeiçoamento espiritual” — the gradual moral perfecting of a spirit across successive reincarnated lives. “Restauração” better preserves the sense of the Spirit’s completing, maturing work within this life and this church, without invoking a multi-life developmental framework.
χάρις, ἀγάπη, κοινωνία (τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος) — Trinitarian benediction grace, love, fellowship/communion (of the Holy Spirit)	the closing apostolic benediction (13:13[14]) “the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the communion/fellowship of the Holy Spirit”	The book’s climactic Trinitarian formula.	[TM-REUSE for χάρις: graça, High]; [NEW TERM for ἀγάπη: amor, Medium]; κοινωνία here [Critical, context-sensitive departure from baseline default] — render as comunhão do Espírito Santo, following the fixed Almeida liturgical/benedictory convention, rather than the baseline’s general-purpose “companheirismo.” This fixed formula must be rendered identically in every occurrence across the curriculum per the Theological Consistency Rules established in the AI Translation Requirements.

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This document extends, and must be read alongside, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json. It does not contradict any established baseline rendering; all baseline terms recurring in 2 Corinthians are reused exactly as recorded there.