Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Samuel
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of 1 Samuel (chs. 1-31) with the core passage (16:1-13) as theological anchor. Terms marked [BASELINE] are already fixed in the Romans translation_memory.json and must be reused exactly, without modification. Terms marked [NEW] are proposed additions for this curriculum’s translation memory extension and require the same version-increment and theologian-flagging procedure the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions specify.
Risk tiers and review routing follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical — Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Automated review sufficient.
A. Reused Baseline Terms (must match translation_memory.json exactly)
| Term (EN) | Hebrew/LXX Root | Portuguese Term | Risk | Chapters | 1 Samuel-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אֱלֹהִים / θεός | Deus | Critical | 1-31 | Reused exactly; see also idol-polemic terms below (Dagon, Baal, Ashtoreth) for the syncretism caution already flagged in baseline. |
| LORD (as Christ’s title)/Lord | אָדוֹן / κύριος (generic “lord”) | Senhor | Critical | contextual | Reused for generic “lord” address forms (e.g., “my lord the king,” 24:8); do not confuse with SENHOR (YHWH), see New Term below. |
| Holy Spirit | — (NT doctrinal referent) | Espírito Santo | Critical | continuity with chs.10,16,19 | The OT “Espírito do SENHOR/de Deus” (see New Terms) is the same divine Person under a different covenantal mode of relation; reuse “Espírito Santo” only for direct NT-doctrinal cross-teaching, not as the primary in-narrative OT rendering. |
| holy | קָדוֹשׁ / ἅγιος | santo | High | 1, 6 | Reused exactly for the ark’s holiness (ch.6) and consecration language (ch.16 v.5). |
| saints | — | santos | Critical | teaching cross-reference only | Not a 1 Samuel narrative term; retained for cross-curriculum consistency when teaching Doctrine 7 alongside NT sainthood. |
| sanctification | — | santificação | High | 16 (consecrate) | See New Term “consagrar-se/santificar-se,” tied to this baseline noun. |
| sin | חָטָא / ἁμαρτία | pecado | Medium | 2, 12, 15 | Reused exactly (Eli’s sons, ch.2; Saul’s disobedience, ch.15). |
| covenant | בְּרִית / διαθήκη | aliança | High | 4 (ark), 18, 20, 23 | Reused exactly for both the Ark of the Covenant and the David-Jonathan covenant. |
| election | בָּחַר / ἐκλέγομαι | eleição | High | 16 (core passage, vv.8-10) | Reused as the doctrinal frame for the narrative verb “escolher” (see New Term). |
| prophet | נָבִיא / προφήτης | profeta | Low | 3, 9, 10 | Reused exactly; note the collision-risk synonym “vidente” (seer) below, which is NOT low risk. |
| prophecy/prophesy | נְבוּאָה / προφητεία, הִתְנַבֵּא / προφητεύω | profecia / profetizar | Low | 10, 19 | Reused exactly. |
| salvation | יְשׁוּעָה / σωτηρία | salvação | Critical | teaching cross-reference from ch.14, 17 | Reserve for the technical soteriological sense only. In-narrative temporal deliverance in chs.14, 17, 23, 30 should be rendered “livramento/libertação” (see New Term) with an explicit typological footnote connecting to this baseline term, not a direct substitution. |
| faith | אֱמוּנָה (concept; term itself not lexically frequent) / πίστις | fé | High | 17 (embodied), teaching note | Reused for doctrinal teaching on Faith versus Fear (Doctrine 5); the Hebrew narrative shows faith enacted (ch.17, ch.30) more than it names it lexically — teach as the doctrinal category the narrative embodies. |
| grace | חֵן / χάρις | graça | High | teaching cross-reference | Reused; must be kept distinct from the new covenant-loyalty term “chesed” (see New Term) — do not merge the two Hebrew concepts under one Portuguese word without a clarifying note. |
| righteousness | צֶדֶק/צְדָקָה / δικαιοσύνη | justiça | Critical | 24 (comparative moral usage) | Reused exactly; footnote the distinction between ch.24’s comparative narrative usage and the baseline’s forensic doctrinal usage. |
| resurrection | — (concept guard-term) | ressurreição | Critical | 2 (Hannah’s song), 28 (Endor) | NEVER reencarnação. Explicitly invoked as a forbidden-substitution guard term at 1 Samuel 2:6 (“the LORD kills and brings to life”) and around ch.28’s necromancy narrative, both high-risk sites for a reincarnation misreading. |
| Messiah | מָשִׁיחַ / χριστός | Messias | Critical | teaching cross-reference from 2:10, 16:6, 24:6 | Reserved exclusively for the fixed eschatological title. Must be kept lexically distinct from the narrative title “o ungido (do SENHOR)” applied to Saul/David (see New Term), while the typological bridge between them is taught explicitly. |
| Father | אָב / πατήρ | Pai | Critical | minimal direct use | Retained for consistency; 1 Samuel does not develop divine fatherhood extensively, reserved for cross-curriculum use. |
| glory | כָּבוֹד / δόξα | glória | Medium-High | 4 (Ichabod, negative usage) | Reused exactly; footnote the negative (“glory departed”) usage as distinct from, but not contradictory to, the baseline’s positive doctrinal usage. |
| obedience of faith | — | obediência da fé | High | teaching cross-reference from 15:22 | Reused for doctrinal bridging only; the narrative term itself is the New Term “obedecer/obediência” below. |
| power of God | — | poder de Deus | Medium | 10, 11, 16 (Spirit empowerment) | Reused for the doctrinal frame around Spirit-empowerment narratives. |
| providence | — | providência | High | 15 (regret language), 26 (repay) | Reused; explicit caution against a lei de causa e efeito reading, especially at ch.26’s “the LORD repays.” |
| called/calling | קָרָא / καλέω, κλῆσις | chamado | High | 3 (Samuel’s call) | Reused for doctrinal bridging; footnote the lexical distinction between narrative “chamar” (New Term) and the doctrinal noun “chamado.” |
| kingdom of God | — | reino de Deus | Medium | teaching contrast with chs.8, 13 | Reused as the doctrinal contrast term against the earthly “reino de Israel” (New Term “reino”). |
| peace | שָׁלוֹם / εἰρήνη | paz | Medium | 16:4-5 (greeting sense) | Reused; footnote the greeting-register usage here as distinct from the baseline’s technical justification-peace doctrine. |
B. New Terms Proposed for Translation Memory Extension
| Term (EN) | Hebrew (translit.) | LXX Greek (translit.) | Portuguese Rendering | Doctrine | Risk | Chapters | Rationale / Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| king | melek | basileus | rei | Transition from Judges to Monarchy | Medium | 1-31 (pervasive) | Distinguish the earthly office from “reino de Deus” [BASELINE]. |
| kingdom (earthly) | mamlakah / malkuth | basileia | reino | Transition from Judges to Monarchy | Medium | 13, 15, 20, 24 | Earthly, dynastic, revocable (Saul’s) versus enduring (David’s) — set up the typological contrast with “reino de Deus” [BASELINE]. |
| to reign | malak | basileuō | reinar | Transition from Judges to Monarchy | Low | 8, 12, 13 | Standard verb form of “rei.” |
| judge (office) | shofet | krinō / kritēs | juiz | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | Medium | 7, 8 | Distinguish OT charismatic-judicial office from a modern courtroom judge. |
| seer | ro’eh | ho blepōn / ho horōn | vidente | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | Critical | 9 | Direct lexical collision with the mainstream Brazilian Kardecist/Umbanda “vidente” (clairvoyant). Requires explicit teaching note distinguishing the biblical seer-prophet, a verified spokesperson of God’s specific word, from a consulted psychic/medium figure. |
| medium / necromancer | ba’alat-ov | engastrimythos | necromante / invocadora de espíritos (NEVER “médium” in running text) | Danger of Rejecting God as King | Critical | 28 | The single sharpest Brazil-specific collision term in the book: functionally identical vocabulary to legitimate, mainstream Kardecist mediunidade, applied here to an act Scripture explicitly condemns. Must never use “médium” as the primary rendering; human theologian review required for every occurrence. |
| anoint (verb) | mashach | chriō | ungir | The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah | Critical | 2 (song), 9, 10, 15 (implied), 16 (core), 24, 26 | Root of “Messias” [BASELINE] and Greek christos; must remain lexically distinct from “Messias” while the typological connection is taught explicitly every occurrence. |
| anointed (noun/title) | mashiach | christos | ungido | The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah | Critical | 2:10, 16:6, 24:6, 24:10, 26:9-11, 26:16, 26:23 | The office-title applied to Saul/David; distinct from, but typologically pointing toward, “Messias” [BASELINE]. Every occurrence of “o ungido do SENHOR” is a Doctrine 6 teaching moment. |
| anointing | mishchah | chrisma | unção | The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah | High | 16 (core, implied noun form) | Nominal form; same handling as “ungir.” |
| heart | lev / levav | kardia | coração | God’s Sovereign Choice of David | High | 16:7 (core) | God’s criterion of selection is internal moral-spiritual character sovereignly discerned by God, never a self-generated or merit-accumulated status; explicit caution against any reading resembling Kardecist “evolução espiritual.” |
| reject | ma’as | exoutheneō / apodokimazō | rejeitar | Danger of Rejecting God as King / Obedience versus Sacrifice | High | 8, 10:19, 12:12,17-19, 15:23,26, 16:1,7 | Must use the identical Portuguese verb across every occurrence to preserve the book’s rejection-of-God-as-king structural motif (God rejecting Saul mirrors Saul’s prior rejection of God’s word). |
| choose (verb) | bachar | eklegomai | escolher | God’s Sovereign Choice of David | High | 16:8-10 (core) | Narrative verb form of [BASELINE] “eleição”; God’s choice precedes and is independent of human merit, pedigree, or appearance. |
| sacrifice / offering | zevah / olah / minchah | thysia / holokautōma | sacrifício / oferta | Obedience versus Sacrifice | High | 1, 2, 15, 16:2-5 | Contrast term for Doctrine 3’s thesis; also guard against conflation with Afro-Brazilian oferendas to orixás as a parallel “valid” ritual practice. |
| obey / obedience | shama | hypakouō | obedecer / obediência | Obedience versus Sacrifice | High | 15 (thesis chapter), 16:4 (Samuel’s model) | Related to, but lexically and doctrinally distinct from, [BASELINE] “obediência da fé” — command-obedience versus faith-flowing obedience; footnote the relationship. |
| ”to obey is better than sacrifice” (fixed formula) | shemo’a mi-zevach tov | hypakoē hyper thysian agathē | obedecer é melhor que sacrificar | Obedience versus Sacrifice | Critical | 15:22 | Fixed-wording requirement across every lesson referencing this verse, parity with the baseline’s verbatim-consistency rule for Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, 10:9-10. |
| utterly destroy (the ban) | charam | exolethreuō / anathematizō | destruir totalmente / consagrar à destruição | Obedience versus Sacrifice | High | 15 | Unique, historically-bounded theocratic command; requires explicit framing against generalized or contemporary application. |
| the LORD regretted/relented | nacham | metamelomai | o SENHOR se entristeceu / lamentou | Obedience versus Sacrifice | High | 15:11, 15:35 | Anthropopathic language; must not imply divine mutability or error, consistent with baseline providence doctrine of God’s unchanging character. |
| fear (terror/dismay) | yare / pachad / chatat | phobeomai / ptoeō | medo / temor / pavor | Faith versus Fear | Medium | 16:2, 17:11,24, 18:12,15,29 | Distinguish sharply from reverent “temer o SENHOR” (below); this is circumstantial dread, the negative pole of Doctrine 5. |
| fear the LORD (reverent) | yare et-YHWH | phobeomai ton Kyrion | temer o SENHOR | Faith versus Fear / Samuel’s Role | Medium | 12 | Positive, covenantal reverence, not circumstantial dread. |
| trust / confidence | batach (concept) | pepoithēsis (concept) | confiar / confiança | Faith versus Fear | High | 17 (embodied throughout) | Concrete narrative embodiment of [BASELINE] “fé”; teach the two together. |
| strengthen oneself [in the LORD] | chazak | enischyō | fortalecer-se [no SENHOR] | Faith versus Fear | Medium | 23:16, 30:6 | Positive model of deliberate faith-response to fear; pairs directly with Doctrine 5’s core teaching passages outside ch.17. |
| deliver / deliverance (temporal) | yasha’ / natzal / teshu’ah | sōzō / rhyomai / sōtēria | livrar / livramento / libertação | Faith versus Fear; typological bridge to Salvation | Medium-High | 14:39,45; 17:37; 23:5; 30:8,18-19 | Distinguish from [BASELINE] “salvação,” reserved for the technical soteriological sense; use with an explicit typological footnote connecting temporal rescue to ultimate salvation. |
| covenant loyalty / steadfast love | chesed | eleos | bondade aliançada / fidelidade leal | (supports Doctrine 2 and 6 via David-Jonathan typology) | High | 18, 20 | Distinct from [BASELINE] “graça” (unmerited favor to the undeserving); this is loyal faithfulness within an existing covenant bond. Do not merge the two Portuguese renderings. |
| LORD (the divine name, YHWH) | YHWH (Tetragrammaton) | Kyrios | SENHOR (all-caps, per Almeida convention) | (foundational, all doctrines) | Critical | 1-31 (pervasive) | Distinguish typographically and doctrinally from Senhor (mixed case, Adonai/generic “lord,” reused from [BASELINE lord]). Case must be preserved in all typesetting; conflating the two erodes the tetragrammaton’s covenant-name significance underlying every doctrine in this book. |
| LORD of Hosts | YHWH Tzevaot | Kyrios tōn dynameōn | SENHOR dos Exércitos | Faith versus Fear; Samuel’s Role | Medium-High | 1, 17 | Must not be reduced to militaristic nationalism; God’s sovereign command over all forces, foundational to David’s confession in ch.17. |
| word of the LORD | devar YHWH | rhēma/logos Kyriou | palavra do SENHOR | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | High | 3, 15:23,26 | Ties to baseline-adjacent inspiration_of_scripture doctrine; direct collision-relevance with Kardecist psicografia claims of ongoing revelation. |
| Spirit of the LORD / Spirit of God (OT mode) | ruach YHWH / ruach Elohim | pneuma Kyriou / pneuma Theou | Espírito do SENHOR / Espírito de Deus | God’s Sovereign Choice of David; Samuel’s Role | Critical | 10, 11, 16, 19 | Same divine Person as [BASELINE] “Espírito Santo,” but under the OT mode of temporary, task-specific, revocable empowerment (contrast 16:13’s “rushed upon” with 16:14’s “departed from”). Never render with vocabulary suggesting incorporação, transe, or an impersonal force; always personal, always tied grammatically to “do SENHOR.” |
| evil/harmful spirit [from the LORD] | ruach ra’ah me’et YHWH | pneuma ponēron para Kyriou | espírito mau [permitido] pelo SENHOR | Danger of Rejecting God as King | Critical | 16:14, 18:10, 19:9 | God’s sovereign judicial permission of torment as judgment, not an independent evil deity or a Kardecist/Umbanda-style possessing entity; requires explicit theologian-level framing every occurrence. |
| man of God | ish ha-Elohim | anthrōpos tou Theou | homem de Deus | Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | Low-Medium | 2:27, 9:6-10 | Emphasizes divine commissioning, not personal spiritual attainment. |
| consecrate / sanctify oneself | qadash | hagiazō | consagrar-se / santificar-se | (supports Doctrine 2, ties to holy/sanctification [BASELINE]) | Medium | 16:5 | Ritual and moral set-apartness as prerequisite to encountering God’s chosen work; keep terminologically linked to “santo” family. |
| ark of the covenant | aron ha-brit | kibōtos tēs diathēkēs | arca da aliança | (background to Samuel’s Role and national apostasy/repentance arc) | High | 4, 5, 6 | Guard against talismanic misreading (Israel’s own error in ch.4); relevant caution given Luso-Brazilian folk-Catholic relic veneration. |
| foreign gods / idols (Baal, Ashtoreth, Dagon) | elohei ha-nekhar / Ba’al / Ashtoret / Dagon | theoi allotrioi | deuses estrangeiros / Baal / Astarote / Dagom | (background exclusive-monotheism polemic) | High | 5, 7 | Direct case-study relevance to Brazil’s orixá/saint syncretism caution already flagged under [BASELINE god]. |
| vow | neder | euchē | voto | (background to Samuel’s dedication, ch.1; contrast ch.14’s rash vow) | Medium | 1, 14 | Scripturally regulated pledge, not a merit-generating religious work; distinguish from any implication of spiritual merit accumulation. |
| the LORD’s anointed (fixed phrase) | meshiach YHWH | christos Kyriou | o ungido do SENHOR | The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah | Critical | 16:6, 24:6,10, 26:9,11,16,23 | Fixed phrase; every occurrence is a teaching opportunity for the Doctrine 6 typology bridge to “Messias” [BASELINE]. |
| chosen [confirmed by casting lots / by God] (procedural) | avar (pass before), goral (lot) | — | passar diante de / lançar sortes | Transition from Judges to Monarchy | Low | 10:20-21, 16:9-10 | Procedural/administrative terms confirming the chosen candidate; low doctrinal weight but narratively load-bearing. |
| repay | shalem / yashiv | apodidōmi | retribuir / recompensar | (supports providence [BASELINE] caution) | Medium-High | 24:19, 26:23 | Divine moral accounting, not karmic self-generated cause-and-effect; cross-reference baseline providence note against lei de causa e efeito. |
| bread of the Presence | lechem ha-panim | artoi tēs protheseōs | pão da Presença | (background; canonical bridge to Matthew 12) | Medium | 21 | Consecrated bread; supports Doctrine 3’s mercy-over-ritual theme when taught alongside the Gospels. |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Index
| Doctrine | Primary Passages | Key Terms (this glossary) |
|---|---|---|
| The Transition from Judges to Monarchy | 1 Sam 8; 12; 13:13-14 | rei, reino, reinar, juiz, rejeitar |
| God’s Sovereign Choice of David | 1 Sam 16:1-13 | escolher, eleição [BASELINE], coração, ungir, ungido, o ungido do SENHOR |
| Obedience versus Sacrifice (15:22) | 1 Sam 15 | obedecer/obediência, sacrifício/oferta, “obedecer é melhor que sacrificar,” destruir totalmente, o SENHOR se entristeceu |
| The Danger of Rejecting God as King | 1 Sam 8; 10:19; 12; 15; 16:1,14; 28; 31 | rejeitar, espírito mau [permitido] pelo SENHOR, necromante/invocadora de espíritos |
| Faith versus Fear (David and Goliath) | 1 Sam 17; 14; 23; 30 | medo/temor/pavor, temer o SENHOR, confiar/confiança, fortalecer-se [no SENHOR], livrar/livramento, SENHOR dos Exércitos |
| The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah | 1 Sam 2:10; 16:1-13; 24; 26 | ungir, ungido, unção, o ungido do SENHOR, Messias [BASELINE] |
| Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge | 1 Sam 3; 7; 9; 10; 12 | profeta [BASELINE], profecia/profetizar [BASELINE], juiz, vidente, homem de Deus, palavra do SENHOR, chamado [BASELINE] |
D. Forbidden Substitutions (extending baseline list for 1 Samuel)
| Concept | NEVER use | Always use |
|---|---|---|
| Resurrection/life-giving language (1 Sam 2:6) | “reencarnação" | "ressurreição” [BASELINE] / “o SENHOR mata e faz viver” with explicit anti-reincarnation note |
| Medium/necromancer at Endor (1 Sam 28) | “médium” as the primary in-text rendering | ”necromante” / “invocadora de espíritos” / “mulher que tinha espírito adivinhador” |
| Seer (1 Sam 9) | unqualified “vidente” without teaching note | ”vidente” always paired with an explicit note distinguishing the biblical prophetic seer from Kardecist/Umbanda clairvoyance |
| Spirit of the LORD/God (OT empowerment, chs.10,16,19) | vocabulary implying incorporação, transe, or an impersonal spirit-force | ”Espírito do SENHOR” / “Espírito de Deus,” always personal, always grammatically tied to “do SENHOR”/“de Deus” |
| Anointing/anointed (chs.2,9,10,15,16,24,26) | unqualified merger with “Messias" | "ungir/ungido” kept lexically distinct from “Messias” [BASELINE], typology taught explicitly |
| Providence/divine repayment (ch.26) | “lei de causa e efeito” framing | ”retribuir/recompensar” tied to personal, purposive divine governance [BASELINE providence] |
| The LORD’s name (YHWH) vs. generic lord | conflating “SENHOR” (YHWH) and “Senhor” (Adonai/generic) typographically or doctrinally | preserve the case distinction consistently throughout |
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the Romans baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json. All New Terms above are proposed for formal addition to translation memory prior to Phase 2 segment translation, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Deus
Transliteration: Elohim / theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Standard and unambiguous. Note for pastoral awareness in Afro-Brazilian contexts: Candomblé/Umbanda orixás are sometimes syncretized with Catholic saints (e.g. Iemanjá with Our Lady of Navigators), which can blur exclusive monotheism if not addressed directly. In 1 Samuel this caution becomes concrete and narrative (Dagon, Baal, Ashtoreth, chs. 5, 7). [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Lord
Approved rendering: Senhor
Transliteration: kyrios (NT referent)
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Senhor apenas em sentido devocional, sem reivindicação de senhorio total
CRITICAL: reserved for the NT confession of Christ’s exclusive lordship. 1 Samuel does not use this baseline form directly; retained for cross-curriculum consistency and to anchor the case-distinction from ‘senhor’ (generic human honorific, NEW below) and ‘SENHOR’ (YHWH, NEW below). [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Espírito Santo
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: espíritos guias ou mentores espirituais (espiritismo), orixás e guias (Candomblé/Umbanda)
CRITICAL: the personal third Person of the Trinity. Use ONLY for direct NT-doctrinal cross-teaching in this curriculum, not as the primary in-narrative rendering for 1 Samuel’s OT Spirit-empowerment texts (see ‘spirit_of_the_lord_ot’ below), which name the same divine Person under a different covenantal mode of relation. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Father
Approved rendering: Pai
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
God as personal Father; standard and unambiguous. 1 Samuel does not develop divine fatherhood extensively; retained for cross-curriculum doctrinal consistency. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messias
Transliteration: mashiach / christos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: um espírito superior ou mais evoluído (leitura espírita de Jesus como ‘o mais evoluído dos espíritos’)
CRITICAL: reserved exclusively for the fixed eschatological title. Must be kept lexically distinct from the 1 Samuel narrative title ‘ungido’/‘o ungido do SENHOR’ (NEW below) applied to Saul and David, while the typological bridge between them is taught explicitly at every occurrence of ‘ungido.’ [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Righteousness
Approved rendering: justiça
Transliteration: tzedeq / tzedaqah / dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: mérito conquistado por esforço moral próprio
CRITICAL: right standing before God granted through faith. 1 Samuel 24:17 uses the adjectival cognate ‘justo’ in a comparative moral sense (Saul confesses David ‘more righteous’); footnote this narrative usage as distinct from the baseline’s forensic, Christ-grounded doctrinal sense so David’s righteousness is never taught as self-generated merit. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Salvation
Approved rendering: salvação
Transliteration: yeshu’ah / sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: evolução espiritual através de reencarnações sucessivas
CRITICAL: reserved for the technical soteriological sense only. In-narrative temporal deliverance in 1 Samuel (14:39,45; 17:37; 23:5; 30:8,18-19) must be rendered with ‘livrar/livramento/libertação’ (NEW below), never this term, to avoid collapsing this-worldly rescue into decisive reconciliation with Christ. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Saints
Approved rendering: santos
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: santos venerados e invocados como intercessores
CRITICAL: not a 1 Samuel narrative term; retained for cross-curriculum consistency when teaching Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge alongside NT sainthood doctrine. Requires the same explanatory note as in Romans whenever invoked. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ressurreição
Transliteration: guard-term; cf. memit u-mechayeh / thanatoi kai zōogonei
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: reencarnação
CRITICAL: NEVER ‘reencarnação.’ Functions as a guard-term at two high-risk narrative sites in 1 Samuel: 2:6 (‘the LORD kills and brings to life,’ Hannah’s Song) and the Endor apparition narrative (ch. 28), both requiring explicit anti-reincarnation teaching notes given Brazil’s uniquely large Spiritist population. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Seer
Approved rendering: vidente
Transliteration: ro’eh / ho blepōn / ho horōn
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
Rejected alternatives: vidente sem nota explicativa
CRITICAL: identical-sounding modern Portuguese ‘vidente’ is the standard term for a mainstream, socially respected Kardecist/Umbanda clairvoyant consulted for personal guidance. Every occurrence (ch. 9) requires an explicit teaching note distinguishing the biblical seer, a verified spokesperson of God’s specific and fulfilled word, from a consulted psychic figure. Human theologian review mandatory.
Messiah Narrative Anointed Verb
Approved rendering: ungir
Transliteration: mashach / chriō
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah
Rejected alternatives: consagrar (loses office-specific consecration sense)
CRITICAL: root of ‘Messias’ [BASELINE] and Greek ‘christos.’ Occurrences: 9:16; 10:1; 15:1,17; 16:3,12-13; 24:6; 26:9-11,16,23. Must remain lexically distinct from ‘Messias’ while every occurrence is paired with explicit teaching that the Davidic anointing typologically points forward to the ultimate Anointed One, without collapsing office-designation into the fixed eschatological title.
Anointed Title
Approved rendering: ungido
Transliteration: mashiach / christos
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah
CRITICAL: office-title applied to Saul/David (2:10; 16:6; 24:6,10; 26:9,11,16,23). Distinct from, but typologically pointing toward, ‘Messias’ [BASELINE]; every occurrence is a Doctrine 6 teaching moment requiring human theologian review.
The Lords Anointed Fixed Phrase
Approved rendering: o ungido do SENHOR
Transliteration: meshiach YHWH / christos Kyriou
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah
CRITICAL fixed phrase invoked by David as grounds for refusing to harm Saul (24:6,10; 26:9,11,16,23; also seeded at 2:10 and 16:6). Requires verbatim-consistent rendering across every lesson referencing these passages, parity with the baseline’s Romans 10:9 consistency rule.
Obey Better Than Sacrifice Fixed
Approved rendering: obedecer é melhor que sacrificar
Transliteration: hineh shemo’a mi-zevach tov
Doctrine: Obedience versus Sacrifice (1 Samuel 15:22)
Rejected alternatives: é bom obedecer, mas o sacrifício também tem valor (softened/qualified rendering)
CRITICAL fixed formula (15:22), the chapter’s and one of the book’s thesis statements. Must never be softened into a mere preference — a categorical judgment that ritual performance without heart-obedience is worthless. Requires fixed, verbatim-consistent wording across every lesson referencing 15:22, paralleling the baseline’s Romans 1:16-17/8:28/10:9-10 verbatim-consistency rule.
Yhwh The Divine Name
Approved rendering: SENHOR
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
Rejected alternatives: Iavé / Jeová (non-standard, outside Almeida-tradition typesetting convention), senhor (lowercase, would erase the tetragrammaton’s covenant-name significance)
CRITICAL: the personal covenant name of God, rendered ‘SENHOR’ in full capitals per Almeida-tradition convention. Sharply distinguished in case from generic ‘senhor’ (below) and from the baseline’s Christological ‘Senhor.’ Case must be preserved in ALL typesetting throughout 1-31; conflation erodes the covenant-name significance underlying every doctrine in this book.
Spirit Of The Lord Ot
Approved rendering: Espírito do SENHOR / Espírito de Deus
Transliteration: ruach YHWH / ruach Elohim / pneuma Kyriou / pneuma Theou
Doctrine: The Spirit of the LORD’s Empowerment and Withdrawal
Rejected alternatives: incorporação do Espírito, transe espiritual, força espiritual impessoal
CRITICAL: the Spirit of God coming powerfully upon an individual for a specific, task-bound ministry (10:6,10; 11:6; 16:13; 19:20,23). Same divine Person as ‘Espírito Santo’ [BASELINE], under the OT mode of temporary, task-specific, revocable empowerment (contrast 16:13 with 16:14). Must NEVER use vocabulary suggesting incorporação, transe, or an impersonal spirit-force, given mainstream Kardecist and Umbanda/Candomblé practice of mediums ‘taken over’ by spirit guides or orixás.
Evil Spirit From The Lord
Approved rendering: espírito mau [permitido] pelo SENHOR
Transliteration: ruach ra’ah me’et YHWH / pneuma ponēron para Kyriou
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King
Rejected alternatives: encosto (Umbanda-adjacent possession vocabulary), espírito perturbado buscando orientação (Kardecist framing)
CRITICAL: a spirit of torment permitted by God as an instrument of judicial judgment against the rejected Saul (16:14; 18:10; 19:9). Must be taught as God’s sovereign judicial permission, not an independent evil deity or a Kardecist/Umbanda-style possessing entity resolved through mediumistic intervention. Requires theologian-level framing at every occurrence.
Medium Necromancer
Approved rendering: necromante / invocadora de espíritos / mulher que tinha espírito adivinhador
Transliteration: ba’alat-ov / engastrimythos
Doctrine: Illegitimate Spiritual Contact and Necromancy
Rejected alternatives: médium (would place the condemned biblical practice under the exact vocabulary of a legitimate, mainstream Brazilian religious role)
CRITICAL: the single sharpest Brazil-specific collision term in this book. The Endor practice (ch. 28) is explicitly forbidden (Leviticus 19:31; 20:6; Deuteronomy 18:10-11) and confirmed as gravely sinful by the narrator, yet functionally identical in vocabulary/practice to mainstream Kardecist mediunidade and Umbanda/Candomblé spirit consultation. NEVER ‘médium’ as the primary rendering in running biblical text. Human theologian review mandatory at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: obediência da fé
Transliteration: hypakoē pisteōs
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: cumprimento de preceitos religiosos, disciplina moral espírita de autoaperfeiçoamento
Reused for doctrinal bridging only from 1 Samuel 15:22. The 1 Samuel narrative term itself is ‘obedecer/obediência’ (NEW below) — plain command-obedience, distinct from, though anticipating, this developed NT doctrine of obedience flowing from justifying faith. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Covenant
Approved rendering: aliança
Transliteration: brit / diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contrato legal
Relational covenant bond, not a mere legal contract. Applied in 1 Samuel to both the Ark of the Covenant (chs. 4-6) and the David-Jonathan covenant (chs. 18, 20). [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Election
Approved rendering: eleição
Transliteration: bachar / eklegomai
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: mérito conquistado ao longo de reencarnações
God’s sovereign personal choice, not merit earned across lifetimes. Serves as the doctrinal frame for the 1 Samuel 16:8-10 narrative verb ‘escolher’ (NEW below); David’s kingship is a concrete instance of the same divine prerogative. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Providence
Approved rendering: providência
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: lei de causa e efeito espírita (regência cármica das reencarnações)
God’s personal, purposive governance, not the Kardecist ‘lei de causa e efeito.’ Especially relevant to 1 Samuel 26:23’s ‘the LORD repays’ (see ‘repay,’ NEW below) and 15:11,35’s anthropopathic ‘regret’ language. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Faith
Approved rendering: fé
Transliteration: emunah (concept) / pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: convicção espírita, fé genérica em forças espirituais
Personal trust in Christ/God, not generic belief in the spirit world. 1 Samuel narrates faith (David’s confidence, ch. 17) more than it names it lexically; do not insert ‘fé’ anachronistically into narrative prose — reserve for doctrinal teaching notes naming the category the narrative embodies. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Grace
Approved rendering: graça
Transliteration: chen / charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: mérito espiritual acumulado ao longo de vidas sucessivas
Unmerited favor received by faith. Must be kept distinct from 1 Samuel’s ‘chesed’ vocabulary (‘bondade aliançada / fidelidade leal,’ NEW below), which is loyal faithfulness within an already-existing covenant bond, not favor to the undeserving. Do not merge the two Portuguese renderings. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Calling
Approved rendering: chamado
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: vocação (narrow sense of a call to priesthood or religious life)
Universal divine calling of every believer, not the narrow Catholic-culture sense of ‘vocação.’ Retained for cross-curriculum doctrinal consistency; 1 Samuel’s own narrative vocabulary is ‘chamar’ (NEW below). [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Holy
Approved rendering: santo
Transliteration: qadosh / hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: puro em sentido ritual
Set apart for God and morally pure. Applied in 1 Samuel to the ark’s holiness (6:20) and to consecration before the anointing (16:5); reinforces rather than contradicts the baseline doctrine. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Sanctification
Approved rendering: santificação
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: purificação cármica ao longo de reencarnações (leitura espírita)
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy, not Kardecist gradual purification across incarnations. Doctrinal frame for 1 Samuel’s narrative verb ‘consagrar-se/santificar-se’ (NEW below, 16:5). [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: palavra do SENHOR
Transliteration: devar-YHWH / rhēma Kyriou
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of God’s Word
Rejected alternatives: mensagem psicografada
God’s authoritative, rare, and precious spoken revelation (3:1,7,21). Kardecist psicografia (mediums transcribing messages purportedly from discarnate spirits) is a direct, mainstream rival claim to revealed authority in Brazil; teach as closed, non-repeatable, prophetically verified revelation at every occurrence, especially ch. 3 and 15:23,26.
Foreign Gods Idolatry
Approved rendering: deuses estrangeiros / Baal / Astarote / Dagom
Transliteration: elohei ha-nekhar / Dagon / Ba’al / Ashtarot
Doctrine: Exclusive Worship of YHWH versus Idolatry
Rival deities of surrounding nations (chs. 5, 7). Direct case-study relevance to Brazil’s syncretistic landscape (orixás conflated with Catholic saints); must be taught as an explicit case study against syncretism, not left implicit.
Anointing Noun
Approved rendering: unção
Transliteration: mishchah / chrisma
Doctrine: The Anointed King as a Type of the Messiah
Nominal form implied in 16:13’s horn of oil. Same handling as ‘ungir’; do not flatten into a generic ritual term that loses the office-consecration sense.
Heart
Approved rendering: coração
Transliteration: levav / lev / kardia
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Choice of David
Rejected alternatives: disposição espiritual desenvolvida ao longo de vidas sucessivas
The inner person God alone sees and sovereignly evaluates (16:7). Requires the same theologian-level caution the baseline gives ‘graça’/‘justiça’: must never be taught as endorsing a self-generated, effort-accumulated moral status resembling Kardecist ‘evolução espiritual.‘
Reject
Approved rendering: rejeitar
Transliteration: ma’as / exoutheneō / apodokimazō
Doctrine: The Danger of Rejecting God as King
Must use the identical Portuguese verb across every occurrence (8:7; 10:19; 12:12-19; 15:23,26; 16:1,7) to preserve the book’s structural rejection-of-God-as-king motif — God’s rejection of Saul deliberately mirrors Saul’s own prior rejection of God’s word.
Choose Verb
Approved rendering: escolher
Transliteration: bachar / eklegomai
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Choice of David
Narrative verb form of ‘eleição’ [BASELINE] describing God’s rejection of Jesse’s older sons and selection of David (16:8-10). Never frame as though the sons ‘earned’ or ‘failed to earn’ selection through merit, age, or appearance.
Sacrifice Offering
Approved rendering: sacrifício / oferta
Transliteration: zevah / olah / minchah / thysia / holokautōma
Doctrine: Obedience versus Sacrifice (1 Samuel 15:22)
Rejected alternatives: oferenda (risks conflation with Afro-Brazilian ritual offerings to orixás)
Ritual offerings presented at the altar to the LORD (ch. 1; 16:2-5; the thesis contrast of ch. 15). Must not be flattened into generic ‘offering,’ nor conflated with Afro-Brazilian oferendas presented to orixás as an equally legitimate ritual practice.
Obey Obedience
Approved rendering: obedecer / obediência
Transliteration: shama / hypakouō
Doctrine: Obedience versus Sacrifice (1 Samuel 15:22)
To hear a divine command and thereby comply (ch. 15 condemnation of Saul; 16:4 Samuel’s model). Related to, but lexically and doctrinally distinct from, ‘obediência da fé’ [BASELINE] — plain command-obedience, not yet the developed NT doctrine of obedience flowing from justifying faith. Footnote the relationship without collapsing the two.
Utterly Destroy Ban
Approved rendering: destruir totalmente / consagrar à destruição
Transliteration: charam / exolethreuō / anathematizō
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and the Ban (Herem)
Unique, historically-bounded theocratic command against Amalek (ch. 15) under direct prophetic mandate, not a transferable ethic of warfare or personal vengeance. Requires explicit historical-theological framing every time it is taught.
The Lord Regretted
Approved rendering: o SENHOR se entristeceu / lamentou
Transliteration: nacham / metamelomai
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Governance and Retribution
Rejected alternatives: o SENHOR mudou de ideia / se arrependeu de ter escolhido Saul (implies divine error or mutability)
Anthropopathic language describing God’s grieved response to Saul’s persistent disobedience (15:11,35). Must not imply divine mutability, error, or failed foreknowledge; relational grief expressed in human terms, requiring theologian-level framing consistent with the baseline’s providence doctrine of God’s unchanging character.
Trust Confidence
Approved rendering: confiar / confiança
Transliteration: batach (concept) / pepoithēsis (concept)
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear (David and Goliath)
Rejected alternatives: autoconfiança / confiança nas próprias forças (self-reliance framing)
Confident reliance on God’s character and past faithfulness in the face of danger (17:34-37,45-47). Concrete narrative embodiment of ‘fé’ [BASELINE]; must not be read as self-assurance or battlefield bravado.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: SENHOR dos Exércitos
Transliteration: YHWH Tzevaot / Kyrios tōn dynameōn
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear (David and Goliath)
Rejected alternatives: Deus dos exércitos (lowercase/generic, loses the covenant-name association)
God’s title as sovereign commander over all created and heavenly armies (1:3; grounds David’s confession, 17:45). Must not be reduced to militaristic nationalism or a tribal war-god; conveys total divine sovereignty, foundational to Doctrine 5.
Deliverance Temporal
Approved rendering: livrar / livramento / libertação
Transliteration: yasha’ / natzal / teshu’ah / sōzō / rhyomai
Doctrine: Temporal Deliverance as a Type of Salvation
Rejected alternatives: salvação (would collapse the technical soteriological term into a this-worldly rescue)
Temporal, this-worldly rescue from military or physical danger (14:39,45; 17:37; 23:5; 30:8,18-19). Must be distinguished from ‘salvação’ [BASELINE, reserved]; use with an explicit typological footnote connecting temporal rescue to ultimate salvation.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: arca da aliança
Transliteration: aron ha-brit / kibōtos tēs diathēkēs
Doctrine: Misuse of Sacred Objects (the Ark as Talisman)
The portable chest symbolizing God’s covenant presence (chs. 4-6). Israel’s treatment of the ark as a talisman in battle (4:3-4) is a cautionary type directly relevant to popular relic-veneration practices in Luso-Brazilian folk Catholicism; teach explicitly, not as an implicit parallel.
Covenant Loyalty Chesed
Approved rendering: bondade aliançada / fidelidade leal
Transliteration: chesed / eleos
Doctrine: Covenant Loyalty (Chesed) Between Believers
Rejected alternatives: graça (would blur the covenant-loyalty nuance), bondade genérica (loses the covenantal binding force)
Loyal, faithful love within an existing covenant relationship (David and Jonathan, chs. 18, 20). Distinct from ‘graça’ [BASELINE]; do not merge, and do not let this be read as reciprocal merit-exchange resembling Kardecist doctrines of earned spiritual credit across incarnations.
Repay
Approved rendering: retribuir / recompensar
Transliteration: shillem / yashiv / apodidōmi
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Governance and Retribution
Rejected alternatives: lei de causa e efeito (Kardecist karma-adjacent framing)
God’s own act of repaying each person according to righteousness or wickedness (24:19; 26:23). Personal, purposive divine moral accounting, never impersonal karmic self-generated cause-and-effect; cross-reference baseline ‘providence’ caution against ‘lei de causa e efeito.‘
Ichabod
Approved rendering: Icabode (“sem glória” / “a glória se foi”)
Transliteration: I-khavod
Doctrine: Misuse of Sacred Objects (the Ark as Talisman)
Rejected alternatives: transliteração isolada sem glosa (perde o ponto teológico do nome)
Transliterate the name (4:21) but always gloss its meaning in-line or via footnote, since the etymology is doctrinally load-bearing (God’s judicial withdrawal of glory) and would otherwise be lost to a reader unfamiliar with Hebrew name etymology.
Medium Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: glória
Transliteration: kavod / doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
God’s radiant honor and presence. 1 Samuel 4:21-22 (‘Ichabod,’ glory departed) applies the term negatively, marking God’s judicial withdrawal; footnote this narrative low point as consistent with, not contradictory to, the term’s positive doctrinal sense elsewhere. Elevated to High risk in this narrative context per 1 Samuel-specific registry. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel, risk elevated to High for the Ichabod usage.]
Power Of God
Approved rendering: poder de Deus
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Standard, unambiguous rendering; used as the doctrinal frame around 1 Samuel’s Spirit-empowerment narratives (chs. 10, 11, 16). [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Called
Approved rendering: chamado
Transliteration: qara / klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: convocado (bureaucratic register)
Context-sensitive divine summons. Reused for doctrinal bridging from Samuel’s prophetic call (ch. 3); footnote the lexical distinction from the narrative verb ‘chamar’ (calling out a name, NEW below) while affirming thematic continuity. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: reino de Deus
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
God’s sovereign reign, the doctrinal contrast term against 1 Samuel’s earthly, revocable monarchy vocabulary (‘reino,’ NEW below, chs. 8, 13, 15). [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Peace
Approved rendering: paz
Transliteration: shalom / eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: tranquilidade emocional
Relational peace with God through justification. 1 Samuel 16:4-5 uses the same root as a disarming greeting (‘Tudo em paz?’); footnote this greeting-register usage as distinct from, though rooted in, the baseline’s technical justification-peace doctrine. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Sin
Approved rendering: pecado
Transliteration: chata’ / hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: erro a ser corrigido em vidas futuras (leitura espírita)
Moral transgression before a personal, holy God. Used in 1 Samuel of Eli’s sons’ priestly corruption (2:12-17,22-25) and Saul’s disobedience (ch. 15). Elevated to High risk in this narrative context per 1 Samuel-specific registry. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel, risk elevated to High.]
King
Approved rendering: rei
Transliteration: melek / basileus
Doctrine: The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
The civil office of sovereign ruler over Israel, first requested in ch. 8 and inaugurated with Saul. Distinguish the earthly office from ‘reino de Deus’ [BASELINE]. Pervasive across chs. 1-31.
Kingdom Earthly
Approved rendering: reino
Transliteration: mamlakah / basileia
Doctrine: The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
The earthly, dynastic kingdom of Israel, revocable in Saul’s case (13:14) and enduring in David’s, anticipating 2 Samuel 7. Sets up the typological contrast with ‘reino de Deus’ [BASELINE]. Chapters 13, 15, 20, 24.
Judge Office
Approved rendering: juiz
Transliteration: shafat / krinō
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
The pre-monarchic office of charismatic spiritual-political leadership and legal arbitration exercised by Samuel (ch. 7). Distinguish from a modern courtroom judge; supply a definitional footnote at first occurrence.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: homem de Deus
Transliteration: ish ha-Elohim / anthrōpos tou Theou
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
A further title for a prophetic figure (2:27; 9:6-10). Emphasizes divine commissioning rather than personal spiritual attainment, guarding against alignment with self-cultivated spiritual mastery frameworks.
Chamar Narrative
Approved rendering: chamar
Transliteration: qara / kaleō
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
Narrative verb for calling out a person’s name/summoning (ch. 3, Samuel’s call). Distinct lexically from the doctrinal noun ‘chamado’ [BASELINE]; footnote the lexical distinction while affirming thematic continuity.
Hand Of The Lord
Approved rendering: a mão do SENHOR
Transliteration: yad-YHWH / cheir Kyriou
Doctrine: Exclusive Worship of YHWH versus Idolatry
Idiom for direct divine action, often judgment (5:6,9,11; 6:3,5). Kept literal (‘a mão do SENHOR’) to preserve the concreteness of divine intervention in the Philistine plague narrative.
Fear Dismay
Approved rendering: medo / temor / pavor
Transliteration: yare / pachad / chatat / phobeomai / ptoeō
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear (David and Goliath)
Circumstantial terror or dismay before a threat (16:2; 17:11,24; 18:12,15,29). Distinguish sharply from reverent ‘temer o SENHOR’ below — this is the negative pole of the Faith versus Fear doctrine.
Fear The Lord Reverent
Approved rendering: temer o SENHOR
Transliteration: yare et-YHWH / phobeomai ton Kyrion
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear (David and Goliath)
Reverent, covenantal awe and submission (12:14,24), the positive covenant response, distinguished from circumstantial dread rendered ‘medo/pavor’ above.
Strengthen Oneself In The Lord
Approved rendering: fortalecer-se [no SENHOR]
Transliteration: chazak / enischyō
Doctrine: Faith versus Fear (David and Goliath)
To deliberately fortify one’s own resolve and confidence in God amid crisis (23:16; 30:6). A positive model of active faith-response to fear or abandonment.
Lord Generic
Approved rendering: senhor
Transliteration: adon / kyrios (generic)
Doctrine: The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
Generic honorific ‘lord/master’ used of human superiors (e.g. ‘my lord the king,’ 24:8; 26:17-19). Rendered lowercase ‘senhor,’ distinct in case and referent from ‘SENHOR’ (YHWH) and the baseline’s capitalized ‘Senhor’ (Christ’s exclusive lordship).
Consecrate Oneself
Approved rendering: consagrar-se / santificar-se
Transliteration: qadash (hitpael/piel) / hagiazō
Doctrine: Separation unto God’s Service
Ritual and moral preparation for participation in a sacred act (16:5, Jesse’s household before the anointing). Keep terminologically linked to the ‘santo’ word-family [BASELINE]; avoid a merely ritual-purity gloss losing the moral dimension.
Vow
Approved rendering: voto
Transliteration: neder / euchē
Doctrine: Vows and Dedication to God
A binding promise made to God (Hannah’s vow, ch. 1; Saul’s rash vow, ch. 14). Scripturally regulated (cf. Numbers 30); must not be taught as a merit-generating transaction, distinguished from Brazilian folk-Catholic ‘promessa’ culture understood as bargaining for favor.
Bread Of The Presence
Approved rendering: pão da Presença
Transliteration: lechem ha-panim / artoi tēs protheseōs
Doctrine: Obedience versus Sacrifice (1 Samuel 15:22)
Consecrated bread from the tabernacle given to David at Nob (ch. 21), later cited by Jesus (Matthew 12:3-4) — a canonical bridge into NT teaching on mercy/need over ritual technicality.
Ephod
Approved rendering: éfode
Transliteration: ephod
Doctrine: Samuel’s Role as Prophet and Judge
Rejected alternatives: manto / veste (loses the object’s specific priestly-oracular function)
No functional Portuguese equivalent; transliterate with a footnote at first occurrence (2:18; 23:9) describing its priestly, oracular function.
Urim And Thummim
Approved rendering: Urim e Tumim
Transliteration: Urim ve-Tummim
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of God’s Word
No Portuguese equivalent; transliterate with an explanatory footnote describing them as a divinely sanctioned means of discerning God’s will through the priest, explicitly distinct from divination/omen-reading practices Scripture elsewhere condemns (14:41, LXX tradition).
Teraphim
Approved rendering: ídolos domésticos
Transliteration: teraphim
Doctrine: Exclusive Worship of YHWH versus Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: santinhos (risks evoking Catholic devotional statuettes and blurring the polemical point)
Household idols referenced at 19:13,16. No native Portuguese lexical equivalent; use the descriptive paraphrase with a footnote, avoiding diminutives associated with Catholic devotional imagery.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: profeta
Transliteration: navi / prophētēs
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: médium (channeler of spirit messages)
God’s spokesperson, not a Kardecist medium channeling messages from discarnate spirits. Note the collision-risk synonym ‘vidente’ (seer, NEW below), which carries substantially higher risk than ‘profeta’ itself. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Prophecy
Approved rendering: profecia
Transliteration: nevu’ah / prophēteia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: psicografia (spirit messages transcribed through mediums)
God-inspired declaration, not psicografia. Used in 1 Samuel 10 and 19 for controlled, communally recognized prophetic phenomena, distinct from open-ended Kardecist mediumship. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
David
Approved rendering: Davi
Transliteration: Dawid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Standard proper name. In 1 Samuel, David is the curriculum’s central human figure (16:1-13 core passage and throughout); still lexically Low risk despite doctrinal centrality — the risk lies in surrounding vocabulary (ungido, coração, escolher), not the name itself. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Standard proper name; in 1 Samuel denotes the covenant nation under Samuel’s judgeship and Saul’s/David’s kingship. [Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for 1 Samuel.]
To Reign
Approved rendering: reinar
Transliteration: malak / basileuō
Doctrine: The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
Standard verb form of ‘rei’; minimal doctrinal risk. Chapters 8, 12, 13.
Chosen Procedural
Approved rendering: passar diante de / lançar sortes
Transliteration: avar / goral
Doctrine: The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
Procedural terms for formally presenting a candidate before an assembly or casting lots to confirm a divinely indicated choice (10:20-21; 16:9-10). Low doctrinal weight but narratively load-bearing.
Kinnor
Approved rendering: harpa
Transliteration: kinnor
Doctrine: The Spirit of the LORD’s Empowerment and Withdrawal
Rejected alternatives: quinor (unattested phonetic transliteration)
David’s instrument (16:16,23). Approximate but conventional equivalent, matching Portuguese Bible tradition’s Psalms terminology; low doctrinal weight.
Military Rank Sar Elef
Approved rendering: comandante de mil
Transliteration: sar-elef
Doctrine: The Transition from Judges to Monarchy
Rejected alternatives: general (imports anachronistic modern institutional rank)
Military rank term (18:13) with no precise modern Portuguese institutional equivalent; use functional paraphrase rather than a modern rank title.
Referenced passages